All language subtitles for Warlords Hitler vs Stalin

on July the 6th 1940 in Berlin Adolf

Hitler celebrated his victory in Europe

[Music]

his army chief called him the greatest

warlord in history

from Moscow Hitler's collaborator the

Russian leader Joseph Stalin that sends

his congratulations in London the

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

was isolated in Washington the American

President Franklin Roosevelt stood aloof

in the coming five years everything in

the relationship between these four men

would change in ways that seemed

unimaginable while their nations fought

a war of weapons these four great

warlords of the 20th century fought a

war of the mind at the heart of this

private war was a series of

psychological duels in which they lied

schemed charmed flattered and deceived

to win what was curious was that these

duels took place not between enemies but

between men who at the time were allies

yet their behavior was egotistical

tempestuous monstrous and politically

despite the rosy glow in which summer

seemed today always selfish

the duals of the warlords decided the

strategy for the greatest battles in

history

they were also the epicenter of a

seismic shift in world power from the

age of European empires to the age of

two ideologically opposed superpowers

with devastating consequences for

hundreds of millions of people

[Music]

Obersalzberg in southern Germany one of

the world's loveliest places it was here

in August 1939 that Adolf Hitler was

thinking the unthinkable

Hitler had set his heart on invading

Poland and his generals had told him he

must attack before the autumn rains came

[Music]

but Britain and France had said they

would go to war for Poland one thing

stood in Hitler's way the fear that

Russia would also turn against him and

propel him into a war on two fronts this

was the very thing imprinted in Hitler's

mind as having helped to lose Germany

the first world war 20 years before

there was only one way out a pact with

his greatest ideological enemy Joseph

Stalin Hitler put out feelers to Moscow

though he little realized it he was

instigating a mental duel with Stalin

which over the next two years would

decide the destiny of the Second World

War

[Applause]

Stalin was deeply suspicious of Hitler's

approach he spent hours reading mine

camp written 15 years before underlining

key passages like Hitler's views of the

Bolshevik leaders men such as Stalin

himself never forget that the rulers of

present-day Russia are common

blood-stained criminals that they are

the scum of humanity but Stalin could

see that Hitler was now desperate for a

deal and offering to send his foreign

minister Ribbentrop to Moscow Stalin

decided he would go with Hitler

Hitler's propaganda chief Joseph

Goebbels noted in his diary 22nd of

August 1939 non-aggression pact with

Moscow perfect Ribbentrop in Moscow on

Wednesday that is something we're on top

again now we can sleep more easily

on August the 23rd Ribbentrop landed in

Moscow but Hitler needed one piece of

reassurance

he sent his personal photographer

heinrich hoffmann to film Stalin's

earlobes to see whether they were

ingrown and Jewish or separate and Arian

they were separate Stalin passed

Hitler's test

[Music]

shortly after midnight on August the

24th 1939 the nazi-soviet pact was

signed and with it a secret protocol on

the which Germany and Russia would carve

Poland into two

Hitler phoned Ribbentrop this will hit

like a bombshell

but as gurbles noted it was not strength

but fear of Stalin knifing him in the

back that had forced Hitler into

history's biggest you turn the Fira

believes he's in the position of

scrounging for favors and beggars can't

be choosers in times of famine the devil

feeds on flies

[Music]

in the Kremlin Stalin proposed a toast I

know how much the German nation loves

its Fuhrer I should therefore like to

drink his health

[Music]

but like Hitler Stalin was also acting

from fear that Hitler would attack him

that evening he told his in a circle of

course it's all a game to see who can

fool whom he thinks he's outsmarted me

but actually it's I who's tricked him

[Music]

Stalin had found a bed fellow for who's

cunning he had held a long and sneaking

admiration

[Music]

back in 1934 Stalin had observed Hitler

eliminated rivals within the Nazi Party

in the so-called night of the Long

Knives he remarked did you hear what

happened in Germany some fellow that

Hitler splendid

that's a deed of some skill Hitler had

felt no such mutual admiration in his

early years in power he was set on the

dreams of mine camp an alliance with

Britain Sea Empire while he expanded to

the east and built his German land

empire on the continent only when that

plan had clearly failed did Hitler begin

to see in Stalin someone he might do

business with

Stalin was the first of the two to be a

mass murderer his terrors killed

millions he once compared his victims

with the boy our land owners massacred

by Ivan the Terrible 400 years before

who's going to remember all this

riffraff in 10 or 20 years time no one

who remembers the names now of the

boyars Ivan the Terrible got rid of no

one a week before he invaded Poland

Hitler made an eerily similar remark to

his generals jenga's Khan had millions

of men and women killed by his own will

and with a gay heart history sees him

only as a great state builder and who

after all speaks today of the

annihilation of the emini ins for both

men mass murder was just another weapon

in the ideological struggle the state

where the communist or Nazi was supreme

individuals were its disposable tools

[Music]

they even extended this idea to their

domestic lives

Hitler had secret mistresses most

notably Ava Braun but in public no woman

could come between him and his nation

what of his secretaries recalled that he

emphasized again and again my lover is

Germany

Stalin did marry twice and had children

but the suicide of his second wife Nadia

in 1932 further brutalized him echoing

Hitler he told an associate a true

Bolshevik shouldn't and couldn't have a

family because he should give himself

wholly to the party

Stalin told his son Vasily I'm not

Stalin Stalin his Soviet power now in

August 1939 these two great

ideologically opposed warlords were

inextricably linked eight days after the

signing of the pact Hitler invaded

Poland

Britain declared war Winston Churchill

rejoined the British Cabinet Stalin

publicly supported his Nazi collaborator

he told the world it is not Germany who

has attacked England and France but

England in France who have attacked

Germany

the enslavement of Poland further United

the two extreme proponents of

totalitarian violence SS units killed

60,000 Jews and members of the Polish

ruling class it was Hitler's first

experience of mass murder and profoundly

influenced him it showed him his

followers would actually do

Stalin's secret police the NKVD long

versed in mass killing will carry out

similar massacres in the east of Poland

among their victims were more than

20,000 Polish officers and political

prisoners whose bodies will be

discovered three years later

as their secret police mutilated Poland

the to dictators faced their destinies

hand-in-hand over the next two years

in a mind war unparalleled in world

history they would both become gripped

by a series of delusions that would lead

them into colossal error and the

bloodiest conflict there has ever been

[Music]

Stalin had entered his pact with Hitler

with open eyes he never doubted he was

suffering with the devil but he believed

the pact would give the Soviet Union

both protection and opportunity just a

week after the Nazis invaded Poland he

told his inner circle a war is on

between two groups of capitalist

countries Hitler without understanding

it or desiring it is shaking and

undermining the capitalist system we can

maneuver pit one side against the other

to set them fighting with each other as

fiercely as possible Stalin was also

eyeing up a further desirable outcome

the chance to expand his communist

Empire what would be the harm if as a

result of the rout of Poland we were to

extend the socialist system onto new

territories and populations for Hitler

the pact also opened the door to

conquest he could now turn all his

energy and attention to planning the

invasion of France Joseph Goebbels noted

Hitler's hopes for a long-term

collaboration with Stalin 1st of October

1939 conference with the Fuhrer in

private he is convinced of Russia's

loyalty after all Stalin is set to

pocket a huge profit

[Music]

but Stalin saw no such loyalty and

Hitler Mayon camp was etched in his mind

above all Hitler's youthful ambitions to

conquer Russian territory for the new

German Reich if we speak of territory in

Europe today we can primarily have in

mind only Russia and her vessel barter

States because he calculated that Hitler

might still one day turn on him Stalin

set out to build a line of buffer zones

to protect himself against possible Nazi

attack he forced the Baltic states

Lithuania Estonia and Latvia to accept

Russian Garrison's he told a Latvian

delegation there has been an unexpected

turn but one cannot rely upon it we must

be prepared in time others who were not

prepared paid for it the Germans might

attack

Stalin also tried to bully Finland into

giving him a swathe of territory as a

further buffer the fenders refused

Stalin invaded their country it was a

disaster

within days thousands of frozen Russian

corpses littered the snow finally the

Finns were beaten but not before killing

a hundred and twenty five thousand

Russian soldiers

Stalin sent in his political commissar

to shoot the Soviet commanders but the

real fault was his own his terror had

got rid of the Red Army's best officers

as Goebbels noted the Red Army's

incompetence

offered Hitler yet more comfort 15th of

March 1940 the Russians can never become

dangerous for us if Stalin shoots his

own generals we won't need to do it so

far we've had nothing but advantages

from our alliance with Russia

[Music]

a May the 10th 1940 Hitler with his

Eastern Front secured by Stalin launched

his blitzkrieg to the west

[Music]

the German army sliced through France

Belgium and Holland

the British were driven from the

continent

for Hitler it was a triumph a Stalin a

disaster Nikita Khrushchev later

Russia's Prime Minister recalled

Stalin's reaction to Hitler's lightning

victories I remember being with Stalin

he was extremely nervous he was racing

around cursing like a cab driver he cost

the French because the English how could

they allow Hitler to defeat them to

crush them stalin not only saw the

superiority of the german army he knew

that the germans sensed our weakness

because of the war we had fought with

finland

[Music]

On June the 17th 1940 the French

government sued for peace the

long-lasting a mutually destructive war

of the capitalist and fascist States

which Stalin had so gleefully

anticipated was over in a trice

the next day is Hitler celebrated in

Munich with the Italian dictator

Mussolini Stalin with gritted teeth

sends his congratulations on the beer

Marc's splendid success

[Applause]

for Hitler victory had Lance the boil

Germany's defeat in the First World War

had been avenged now for the first time

in his political life he wanted a rest

from conquest and reversing to his old

instincts peace with Britain

[Music]

the italian Foreign Minister Ken Kelly

Otsuchi Anna was also a Munich an

observed headless state of mind it makes

many reservations on the desirability of

dismantling the British Empire which he

considers even today to be an important

factor in world equilibrium Italy is now

like the gambler abou having made a big

win would like to leave the table

risking nothing more but Stalin feared

that Hitler having won his victory in

the West might immediately be tempted by

his long-held ambition of expanding to

the east

Starlin now embarked on a hugely risky

double strategy going on a tenday land

grab to expand and protect his empire

while also trying not to provoke Hitler

he occupied the Baltic States and

Bessarabia the northern province of

Romania this was allowed under the

nazi-soviet pact but he also decided to

invade another Romanian province

Bukovina it was not assigned to Stalin

under the pact hitlist chief of staff

general Franz Halder noted Hitler's

alarm in his diary 25th of June 1940 the

issue of Bukovina raised by Russia is

new and goes beyond our agreements with

the Russians precisely this moment

Stalin's duel with Hitler took a second

unexpected twist

the Soviet leader received his first

letter from Winston Churchill who'd

become British Prime Minister on the day

Hitler launched his blitzkrieg it was an

appeal to Stalin to beware of Hitler and

come over to Britain signed Stalin did

not reply instead to show Hitler his

loyalty he reported Churchill's approach

to Berlin

Hitler now began to make his own

interpretation of these two pieces of

evidence

Stalin's opacity and Romania and

Churchill's approach

[Music]

before the wall Hitler had described to

his adjutant his secrets of mental

processes bear in mind that my brain

works like a Cajun eating machine each

person who makes the presentation to me

introduces into this calculating

received the small wheel of information

their forms a certain picture or a

number on each wheel I press a button

and there flashes into my mind the sum

of all this information

now the Hitler calculating machine began

to build a conspiracy theory which would

have devastating consequences

[Music]

on July the 6th 1940

the victor in Europe returned to Berlin

to a hero's welcome our wonderful July

Sun shines all over the place an

unimaginable ecstasy fills the city the

crowd roars the station looks like a

great banqueting-hall then the fear

arrives a roar of joy fills the station

on this day Hitler's army chief General

Keitel called him the greatest warlord

in history

but amid his triumph Hitler was

increasingly tormented by one overriding

thought as far as he was concerned he

had won the war so why did the British

not recognize that fact and make peace

with him he began to convince himself

that there must be some external factor

that Britain and Churchill were relying

on

a week after the day of glory in Berlin

general hauzer recorded a momentous

developments in Hitler's reasoning 13th

of July 1940 the Fuhrer is greatly

puzzled by Britain's persistent and

willingness to make peace he sees the

answer in Britain's hope in Russia

[Music]

[Applause]

[Music]

on July the 19th 1940 in a speech to the

rice day Hitler made his final plea for

peace to Britain Churchill and the

British were not interested later that

day a further wheel of information from

the United States entered Hitler's mind

[Music]

franklin roosevelt's was nominated by

the democrat party to run for president

for the third time

[Applause]

his acceptance speech contained an

attack on Nazi aggression

[Applause]

Hitler was now seeing spectres across

the globe 22nd of July in 1940 Firoz

view reasons for continuation of war by

Britain one it hopes for a change in

America - it puts hope in Russia Stalin

is flirting with Britain to keep her in

the war and tie us down

Hitler retreated to the mountains of

Obersalzberg the delusion was building

[Music]

here the summer before he'd been

dreaming up his pact with Stalin now he

suspected him

[Music]

at the end of July he announced to his

generals the results of weeks of

agonized reflection 31st of July in 1940

11:30 dark wolf

Fuhrer concludes Russia is the factor on

which Britain is relying the most

something must have happened in London

the British were completely down now

they have perked up again with Russia

smashed Britain's last hope would be

shattered the sooner Russia has crushed

the better if we were to start in May

1941 we would have five months to finish

the job it was as yet only an idea but

two enormous delusions the first that he

had already won the war and the second

that some secret deal was brewing

between Britain and Russia were leading

Hitler down the road to catastrophe

[Music]

for Hitler the invasion of Russia was

still only a contingency plan should all

other means of forcing the British to

make peace fail the autumn of 1940 now

brought four long months of frustration

the RAF defeated the Luftwaffe in the

Battle of Britain plans for a

cross-channel invasion were quietly show

yet despite these setbacks Hitler hidden

himself that he'd done enough 15 -

fucked Ober 1940 Fuhrer on military

situation war is one

rest is mere question of time

but Hitler could still not force the

British to come to terms

and he had become split minded about

Russia moving troops nearer her borders

but also wanting Stalin to join him in

the fight against Britain

[Music]

Hitler's adjutants magic Gerhart Engel

noted in his diary fourth of November

1944 visibly depressed he conveys the

impression that at the moment he does

not know how things should proceed

then came the defining moment

[Music]

on November the 12th 1940 the Russian

Foreign Minister biatches left Molotov

arrived in Berlin at Hitler's invitation

Molotov was given the full Nazi fanfare

but the conversations that followed were

tense

Hitler's purpose in summoning Molotov

was to offer Russia a share in the

spoils of victory if it helped him

finish off the British he told him

England's final capitulation is just a

matter of time

fragments of its empire will be left all

over the world it's time to think about

division of this property without a

master after our victory but Stalin

wasn't interested in joining Hitler's

war or speculative carve ups of the

British Empire his instructions to

Molotov were to find out what Hitler's

troops were up to in Finland and Romania

places right on his doorstep

Molotov put the questions bluntly Hitler

gave vague reassurances despite the

superficial courtesies Molotov scold

arrogance and is needling on the

question of territory in Eastern Europe

infuriated Hitler and it reinvigorated

him

15th of November 1940 the talks had

shown where the Russian plans were

heading Molotov had let the cat out of

the bag

Hoover was really relieved it would not

even remain a marriage of convenience

when Molotov reported back to Moscow on

the talks in Berlin Stalin realized that

Hitler was turning against him in early

December he told his generals we know

that Hitler is intoxicated by his

victories and believes that the Red Army

will need at least four years to prepare

for war obviously four years would be

more than enough for us but we must be

ready much earlier we will try to delay

the war for another two years

but Hitler was moving at a pace Stalin

could not imagine on December the 18th

1940 he issued war directed number 23

the German via mock must be prepared

before the ending of the war against

England to crush Soviet Russia in a

rapid campaign

the invasion date was set for May 1941

but behind the order lay uncertainty

18th of December 1940 unconvinced that

the Fuhrer himself does not know how it

would turn out he is very concerned at

the lack of clarity as regards the

strength of the Russians hopes for an

English surrender does not think America

will enter the wall

[Music]

Hitler had finally made the momentous

decision a war on two fronts the very

thing he'd sought to avoid when he first

made his pact with Stalin but he deluded

himself the one front Britain was

already one it simply required a

knockout blow against Russia for the

British to understand their defeat

[Music]

Hitler's line of reasoning never began

to occur to Stalin

he believed that Hitler either had to

beat Churchill or make a deal with him

before he could think of turning against

Russia in early 1941 he told Politburo

members we must cherish no illusions

fascist Germany is clearly preparing for

an attack on the Soviet Union

why does Hitler want to make an

agreement with England because he wants

to avoid war on two fronts Stalin was

trusting Hitler to act rationally and to

fight Britain and Russia at the same

time was clearly irrational but Stalin

failed to realize that despite their

similarities there was one profound

difference between him and Hitler which

made his perfect logic irrelevant he

himself was a methodical calculating

hardworking man a master of detail

personally signing death lists at one

extreme and at the other keeping the

tiniest details of gold production in

his notebook Hitler by contrast was at

heart an idle dreamer

he once described why he loved the

mountains of Obersalzberg when I go to

Oh besides back I'm not drawn there

merely by the beauty of the landscape I

feel myself far from petty things my

imagination is stimulated when I study a

problem elsewhere I see it less clearly

I'm submerged by the details by light at

the Berghof I often remain for hours

with my eyes open

contemplating from my bed mountains lit

up by the moon it's at such moments that

brightness enters my mind

[Music]

for Hitler the big idea was never to be

disrupted by small facts and having made

up his mind to attack Russia for

tactical reasons the original and

biggest idea of all was reasserting

itself the ideological struggle against

Jews and Bolsheviks throughout 1940

Hitler had hardly mentioned the Jews but

on January the 30th 1941 in his

traditional speech marking the

anniversary of the Nazis rise to power

he repeated a chilling threat he'd first

made before war broke out

as a series of conferences with his

generals in the spring of 1941 Hitler

made his aims brutally clear 3rd of

March 1941 the forthcoming campaign will

lead to a showdown between two different

ideologies the Jewish Bolshevik

intelligentsia must be eliminated 30th

of March we must forget the concept of

comradeship between soldiers this is a

war of extermination while Hitler

planned his annihilation

Stalin still believed he had at least a

year to prepare on April the 13th 1941

he moved to protect his back signing a

pact with Hitler's ally Japan Stalin was

thrilled with his coup and got happily

tipsy with the Japanese foreign minister

Matsuoka but he was still following his

double strategy

as he said goodbye to Matsuoka the

German military attache in Moscow was

present

Stalin told him we must remain friends

and you must now do everything to that

end we will stay friends with you

whatever happens

but Stalin knew such long-term

friendship was a fantasy soon after he

told graduates of Moscow's military

academy there will be war and the enemy

will be Germany but that war would not

happen yet up until this point

Stalin's reasoning was irreproachable

he'd foreseen the eventual conflict with

Germany and was steadily preparing for

it

[Music]

but a bizarre twist would now propel him

into his own huge delusion in April 1941

Stalin received his second letter from

Winston Churchill like the first it

would have an electrifying effect on his

duel with Hitler

Churchill told him the British had

received intelligence reports of German

troop movements which could only be

preparations for a Nazi attack on Russia

Stalin was instantly suspicious not of

Hitler but of Churchill he told his army

chiefs Britain is threatening us with

the Germans and threatening the Germans

with the Soviet Union they're playing us

off against each other then on May the

10th 1941 in one of the Wars strangest

moments Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess took

off from Germany and a Messerschmitt

fighter flew across the North Sea and

parachuted to the ground in Scotland at

that time

Stalin's assistant presence of his key

meetings was your ichigaya who noted

down and later typed up everything

stalin said from gdf secret unpublished

record it is possible to piece together

how Churchill's message and Hess's

flight began to lead Stalin towards a

conspiracy theory which would have

immensely destructive consequences for

his country

three days after has landed Jedi are

accorded the interpretation Stalin gave

of these two events

on the one hand churchill sends us a

personal message in which he warns us

about hitler's aggressive intentions and

on the other hand the british meet hess

who is undoubtedly hitler's confidant

what is the conclusion then apparently

when churchill sent us his personal

warning he believed that we would

activate our military machine then

hitler would have a direct and fair

reason to launch a preventive crusade

against the soviet union in Stalin's

eyes

Churchill's warning was deliberately

designed to provoke a war between

Germany and Russia and Churchill was

meeting Hess to tell Germany it should

strike first

as he brooded on this idea

Stalin concluded that Churchill was not

the only provocateur On June the 5th he

told his military chiefs England France

and America see in Germany the only hope

to get rid of Bolshevism and therefore

helped the Nazis in all possible ways in

their crusade to the east

[Music]

this deduction that the democratic

nations of your of an America were

ganging up on him became a blinding

article of faith throughout May and June

intelligence reports gave warning after

warning of imminent German attack Stalin

dismissed every one of them as part of

the great conspiracy to provoke him On

June the 12th he told his generals I am

certain that Hitler will not risk

creating a second front by attacking the

Soviet Union Hitler is not such an idiot

millions of German troops gathered

within striking distance of Russia's

borders Operation Barbarossa as it was

now called was scheduled for ten days

time June the 22nd the duel between

Hitler and Stalin was reaching its end

as Operation Barbarossa drew near Hitler

convinced himself he was fulfilling his

destiny

On June the 16th 1941 with six days to

go

he told girls that which we have spent

our lives fighting

we will now annihilate with a right or

wrong we must win and when we have one

who will ask about the method

that day a Soviet spy in the Luftwaffe

sent yet another warning of imminent

German attack Stalin retorted tell the

source in the staff of the German air

force to his mother on June the 18th

Stalin's two top generals Zhukov and

Timoshenko pleaded with him for a full

alert Stalin reminded them that Hitler

could not attack without first doing a

deal with Britain you have to realize

that Germany will never fight Russia on

their own you must understand this on

June 20th two days to go Hitler chose

his fanfare for victory a passage from

Liszt symphonic poem they prelude

[Music]

though Stalin still refused to see it

coming

it was now apparent to his closest

associates that the Nazis were on their

way on June the 21st one of them Georgi

Dimitrov was in Moscow rumors of an

impending attack are multiplying on all

sides have to be on guard called Molotov

this morning Molotov says the situation

is unclear there is a major game

underway

[Music]

On June the 22nd the same day Napoleon

at once invaded Russia Hitler followed

in his footsteps

[Music]

at 3:30 a.m. the attack begins that

greatest deployment in world history the

Fuhrer is as if released from a bad

dream

the nearer we get to the decisive moment

all his tiredness seems to disappear and

given a deep insight into his thoughts

we have no option but to attack this

cancerous abscess must be cauterized

Stalin will fall at 7:00 a.m. I was

urgently summoned to the Kremlin Germany

has attacked the USSR the war has begun

Stalin to me they attacked us without

declaring any grievances without

demanding any negotiations they attacked

us viciously like gangsters Stalin's

great conspiracy theory that the

democracies were plotting to provoke him

was shattered his miss reading of Hitler

the man he'd viewed as a rational

strategist was total Hitler had

completed an extraordinary mental

journey a year before he had seen the

invasion as a tactic to make Britain

crumble

now the ideology with which he had set

out 20 years before had once again taken

pride of place he wrote to his Italian

ally Benito Mussolini let me say one

more thing duty since I struggled

through to this decision I again feel

spiritually free the partnership with

the Soviet Union was often very irksome

to me for in some way or other it seemed

to me to be a break with my whole origin

my concepts and my former obligations I

am happy now to be relieved of these

mental agony 'he's

[Music]

while Operation Barbarossa cleansed

Hitler it only shocked and depress

Stalin his fury was directed equal it

Hitler and that his own generals whose

positioning of their forces insisted

upon by Stalin himself had allowed the

Germans to smash through Russian

defenses this is a monstrous crime those

responsible must lose their heads NKVD

units were sent to the front to arrest

the guilty man the commander general

Pavlov was shot five days later

Stalin remarked Lenin founded our state

and we've stood up the Red Army taken by

surprise because Stalin had refused to

allow it to prepare was in headlong

retreat two weeks after the invasion

general holder noted in his diary 3rd of

July 1941 it is probably no

overstatement to say that the Russian

campaign has been won in the space of

two weeks

militarily Barbarossa turned the war on

its head and his experience with Hitler

also had a vital psychological effect on

Stalin he later remarked when you're

trying to make a decision never put

yourself into the mind of the other

person because if you do you can make a

terrible mistake

Stalin had lost the mine game Hitler had

outwitted him but Hitler would be the

eventual loser his decision to attack

Russia signed the death warrants of his

own dreams of empire and of European

imperialism in general

[Music]

and it would create an unlikely

coalition of three ideologically opposed

warlords to fight him but the

relationship between the two great

Democrats in that coalition began with

another mental duel which ran in

parallel with the duel of the dictators

it too was riddled with mutual

suspicions false promises and evasion it

too would shape the destiny of the world

you