All language subtitles for 04 Loch Ness

Earth, a 4.5- Billion-year-old planet,
still evolving.

As continents shift and clash, volcanoes
erupt, glaciers grow and recede,

the Earth's crust is carved
in numerous and fascinating ways,

leaving a trail of
geological mysteries behind.

In this episode, Loch Ness, in
the Highlands of Scotland, is explored.

It holds more water
than any other lake in Britain,

with a bedrock containing some
of the oldest rocks on the planet.

Set in a landscape that was
once part of America,

Loch Ness is a lake with an
enduring myth, the Loch Ness monster.

A team of scientists investigate
how Loch Ness was made.

The clues they uncover
also provide a window

into the formation of the Earth itself.

Deep, dark and full of mystery.

This is Loch Ness
in the Highlands of Scotland.

For a thousand years, there
have been claims that this vast lake

hides a strange and terrible secret,
the fabled Loch Ness monster.

A mythical beast, suggested by some
as a descendant of the dinosaurs

which once roamed
this part of Scotland.

Loch Ness would be the perfect
hiding place for a prehistoric monster.

At 23 miles long, and a mile wide,
this vast freshwater lake

covers the same area as
New York's Manhattan Island.

And it's more than 700 feet deep.

But the monster is not the only mystery
that surrounds Loch Ness.

In the hills above the loch,
there is a type of rock

whose origin baffled scientists for years.

It's a sandstone,

and it's the start of the investigation
into how Loch Ness was made.

It's known
as the old red sandstone,

and it's given that name
because it's red and it's a sandstone,

and it's called old

because
it's about 350 million years old.

The old red sandstone runs down
one side of Loch Ness.

But the most astonishing fact
about these rocks is not their age,

but where they come from.

These rocks actually belong
to my homeland of North America,

because these rocks originated
on the North American continent,

and then have separated
from North America.

But in many ways this is almost a little
bit of home for me here in Scotland.

But how do geologists know
that this old red sandstone

comes from 3,000 miles away,
on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean?

These rocks are identical
in age and character

to the rocks that actually form
the Catskill Mountains,

and so this part of Scotland belonged
to northeastern North America.

For more than a thousand years,
old red sandstone has been used

for building castles
in this part of Scotland.

But it's also been quarried in the US

and used for brownstone buildings
in New York City.

Under the microscope,

rocks from both continents
have an identical crystal structure,

and chemical analysis has also proved
that they're exactly the same age.

But how did part of America end up
on the shores of Loch Ness?

To answer this crucial question,

the investigation must go
much further back in time,

to look for evidence in the ancient
bedrock of northern Scotland.

It's here that the story
of Loch Ness begins.

The trail starts north of Loch Ness,
where the bedrock comes to the surface.

This landscape is full
of the extraordinary mysteries

of an unimaginably ancient past.

It's made of a type of rock
called Lewisian gneiss.

Recent drilling and blasting for
a new road cut have exposed evidence

which uncovers an amazing chapter
in Earth's history.

The long straight lines are the drill holes
left in the rock face.

Modern radioisotope dating
has given geologists the first clue

to understanding the origin
and formation of these rocks.

These rocks are very special
to geologists.

They are some of the very
oldest rocks in the world.

We see them in very few places,

perhaps a dozen places across
the globe contain rocks of this age,

talking about two and a half
to three billion years old.

The origin of the grey Lewisian gneiss
lies in the first crust

that cooled on the surface of the Earth.

After its formation 4.5 billion years ago,
parts of this crust were mixed together

with the earliest sediments,
buried, re-melted and forced back up,

again and again,
for more than a billion years.

These extraordinary rocks
are the result

of that devastating period
in our planet's history.

And there's more evidence
exposed in this road cut,

revealing crucial information about the
early history of the Loch Ness region.

This exposure contains

three important pieces
of geological jigsaw puzzle.

First, we have the grey gneiss,
2.5 to 3 billion years old.

Secondly, we have
this black igneous material

which has been intruded into the area.

This is two billion years old.

And thirdly, we have
this pink granitic intrusion

that both intrudes the black material
and the gneiss,

and this is 1.8 billion years old.

This evidence reveals that after
the formation of the Lewisian gneiss,

much younger rocks were then melted
and mixed into the ancient crust.

But this process took
an incredible length of time.

What we've got here

are rocks that record over a billion years
of Earth history.

Now, to put that into perspective,

that is almost a quarter of the age
of the Earth recorded in this exposure.

This is the bedrock of Loch Ness.

It carries an extraordinary story
of a major part of Earth's history.

And there are yet more secrets
hidden in these rocks.

It looks very much because
of the temperatures and pressures

that these rocks were under that they've
been to depths of perhaps 50 miles

beneath the Earth's surface in the past.

This suggests that these rocks
have been to hell and back

two or three occasions
over a billion year period.

Geologists now know that
the only force powerful enough

to produce this extraordinary mix
of rocks is plate tectonics.

Plate tectonics is the process by which
the giant plates of the Earth's crust

are driven slowly across the planet's
surface by vast convection currents

deep in the Earth's hot mantle.

In the Loch Ness region,
the evidence in the road cut

reveals that incredible pressures forced
the crust deep down into the earth,

where it was melted, deformed,
mixed together,

then finally brought back to the surface.

After that, for another billion years, this
ancient land mass quietly eroded down

to a rough, rolling landscape.

But this wasn't the green terrain
we see now.

There was much less oxygen
in the Earth's atmosphere than today,

and the surface would have looked like
a lunar landscape - desolate and sterile.

Incredibly, remnants of that billion year
old landscape are still preserved today.

The clues are revealed
in another road cut,

where the trained eye
can draw amazing conclusions

from what looks like a jumble of rocks.

At this road cut,
we can see Lewisian gneiss

which is between two and a half
and three billion years old.

But up here we have something
completely different.

If I go up to this level
and look above it,

we have horizontally bedded
red sandstones.

This sudden change in rock type
helps to unravel the mystery

hidden in these ancient formations.

They're believed to have been laid down
in a continental environment by rivers.

We've got river systems that laid down
horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks

on an ancient landscape.

So this simple outcrop reveals
that even in a world with little oxygen,

the ancient bedrock of Scotland
was covered in rivers a billion years ago.

And there's yet another
secret hidden here.

There is a junction between these rocks
which are almost a billion years old

and the rocks below that are two
and a half to three billion years old.

This is a major time gap of between
one and a half and two billion years.

The time gap revealed here
is extraordinary.

It shows that after the traumas
of their early formation,

the rocks of the Loch Ness region
went through a period of calm

which lasted more than a third
of the age of the Earth.

The investigation into how
Loch Ness was made

has uncovered its first evidence.

Identical old red sandstone
found on two continents

proves that Scotland and America
were once joined together.

Some of the oldest rocks in the world

reveal that the bedrock
underlying Loch Ness

was made during the primeval creation
of the Earth's crust.

Bedded sandstones
lying on the ancient bedrock

show that rivers flowed over
this landscape a billion years ago,

during a long period of tranquillity.

But the calm couldn't last forever.

A major continental collision
was looming,

and with it the union
between Scotland and England.

The investigation
into how Loch Ness was made

will next uncover
the geological structures

which would eventually create
Loch Ness.

The search for evidence begins
with a 19th-century scientific mystery.

In the 1880s, geologists in Scotland
were baffled by a sequence of rocks

they found north of Loch Ness.

Here in a remote hillside
lay the problem.

A huge mass of very old Lewisian gneiss
was lying on top of much younger rocks.

But the 19th-century geologists
had never encountered this before.

In their experience, younger rocks
always lay on top of older beds.

Then, one scientist invented a novel
approach to try to solve the puzzle.

A survey geologist back in
the Victorian age, 125 years ago,

mapped this area
and his name was Henry Cadell.

He went back to Edinburgh and he
worried about what he'd seen in the field

and thought, "How do I replicate what
I've seen? How does this happen?"

So he built a model and he attempted
then to show, using the model,

what it was that he saw in the field.

Cadell's model was simple.

He suspected that some force
had squeezed the rocks horizontally

to make this upside-down sequence,

so he built an apparatus containing
layers of sand and clay to test his ideas.

Professor Underhill is using
a replica of Cadell's equipment,

filled with alternating layers
of black sand and plaster of Paris,

to try and duplicate Cadell's experiment.

Turning the screw
winds the block forward,

imitating the horizontal pushing force
that Cadell thought was the culprit.

As the horizontal force increases,
the layers are pushed over each other

along a shallow plane which geologists
now call a thrust fault.

And we've got
the first thrust appearing.

Oh, look at that, another thrust going in.

The experiment showed Cadell
exactly how older layers,

the ones on the bottom,

are pushed over and on
top of the younger layers

along the plane of the thrust fault.

There's some beautiful
structures in here,

there's a thrust fault running through
here which duplicates the white layer,

and another one through here
and the final thrust fault

which is at the lowest angle,
out here towards the left-hand side.

A success in terms
of a simple model

replicating what we see on the ground,
and I can see how Cadell and others,

when attempting such things,

began to understand what it was
that they saw in the field.

They could replicate it
in a simple, crude model,

but replicate it
in a very successful manner.

Once Cadell and his colleagues
understood the principle of thrust faults,

the apparently illogical sequence of the
rocks they saw in northwest Scotland

began to make sense.

Well, the slope
represents a thrust fault.

What we have underneath it is
a bedded younger quartzite succession

which is pink.

Above it, the grey rock,
the rubbly grey hillside we see above

is the Lewisian gneiss again.

And the surface in between,
which is putting older rock,

the grey material, onto the pink rock,
the younger material,

is the thrust fault, just like in the model
that we saw before.

Geologists now know that a thrust fault
is the smoking gun

that shows where
continents have collided.

But which continents were colliding
to make the thrust faults in Scotland?

And how were they involved
in making Loch Ness?

The scientists' trail now led them
to another thrust fault,

the Moine Thrust.

The Moine Thrust is one of
the biggest thrust faults on Earth.

Running for 120 miles down
the northwest of Scotland,

it's mostly hidden from view,

but Professor Underhill
has found one of the rare locations

where the thrust can be seen
on the surface.

This apparently insignificant join
between two rock layers

is the actual line of the thrust,
and it reveals a geological bombshell.

The dark layer above the thrust
comes from England,

but the surprise lies
in the yellow limestone below it.

Just like the old red sandstone
at Loch Ness,

this rock comes from North America.

This one small piece of evidence
has enormous implications

for the formation of Loch Ness.

The amazing thing about this contact

is that it's the meeting point
between two continents.

So here we are on a wet Scottish hillside
on a Sunday afternoon

and I am touching
the contact between, effectively,

America and northwestern Scotland
on one hand, and England on the other

as was 425 million years ago.

But how did these two
ancient continents collide?

450 million years ago, a supercontinent
containing North America and Scotland

lay deep in the southern hemisphere.

At its margin was an ocean wider
than the present-day Atlantic.

On the other side was
England and Europe.

But the forces
of plate tectonics

were slowly pushing

the two land
masses together.

Well, around 450 million
years ago there was a major ocean

where we're standing now.

It was called the lapetus Ocean

and it separated America
and northwestern Scotland on one hand,

from, effectively, southeastern Scotland
and England on the other hand.

Now, what happened
in the 20 million years after that,

that ocean closed,
and eventually was closed sufficiently

that two continents collided
into each other.

The collision between America and
Europe pushed massive layers of rock

over each other,
forcing upwards a range of mountains

higher than the Himalayas are today.

Still firmly attached to America, Scotland
and England became fused together.

But what did this collision have to do
with the making of Loch Ness?

The loch itself provides
the most fundamental evidence.

The one thing that's quite
striking about Loch Ness

is that when you look at it,
particularly from this perspective,

you can see that it runs straight,
almost straight as an arrow,

and that straightness
goes on for about 20 miles.

And as a geologist, that tells me
that there has to be a control

on this topographic straightness,

because nature doesn't produce things
in straight lines.

And so there is a structure here

that is controlling the overall shape
of Loch Ness itself.

This structure is the Great Glen Fault,
a major geological fault line

formed during the continental collision
425 million years ago.

It runs for more than 300 miles
right across Scotland,

slicing the country in two.

Loch Ness exactly follows
the line of the Great Glen Fault.

The Great Glen Fault is not
a thrust fault like the Moine Thrust

where material has been
pushed up over,

it's not a normal fault where material
drops down vertically, it's lateral motion.

The Great Glen Fault is Scotland's
version of the San Andreas Fault,

it's just 400 million years older.

The Great Glen Fault is no longer active,

but this giant split
in the Earth's crust has been a feature

of the Scottish landscape
for more than 400 million years.

It's the foundation of Loch Ness,
and without it the loch could not exist.

Nor could the legend of
the Loch Ness monster.

The investigation into how
Loch Ness was made

has uncovered more evidence.

The discovery of thrust faults
showed geologists what happens

when continents collide.

Yellow limestone from North America
found at the Moine Thrust

proves that America and Scotland

crashed into England
450 million years ago.

And the shape of Loch Ness
reveals the straight line

of the underlying Great Glen Fault,
formed during that continental collision.

After the collision,
the forces of plate tectonics

drove Scotland south
round the surface of the Earth.

Now the investigation must
follow its amazing journey.

The next step in the investigation
into how Loch Ness was made

traces Scotland's journey
round the surface of the Earth,

driven by the forces of plate tectonics.

Understanding what the environment
was like in the past gives clues

to the location of Loch Ness
millions of years ago.

So the investigation now moves on
to the Jurassic period,

165 million years ago.

The trail leads to the Isle of Skye, an
island off the west coast of Scotland.

At Staffin Bay there is
an incredible piece of evidence

which sheds light on this period
in Scotland's past.

Astonishingly, it lay in plain sight
but undiscovered until 1994,

when an amateur geologist
made an extraordinary find.

On the flat, rocky shoreline
of this popular beach,

he discovered a fossilised footprint
of a giant dinosaur.

Dr Anjana Khatwa has come to analyse
the details of this remarkable evidence.

When you walk across these ledges,
it's just an incredible feeling

to think that dinosaurs walked on the
same ledge that I'm walking on now,

165 million years ago.

This ledge, we've got this
wonderful megalosaurus footprint.

The megalosaur was
a 25-foot high carnivorous dinosaur,

quite a formidable predator
during Jurassic times.

(ROARS)

With some individuals standing
as tall as a football goalpost,

megalosaurus was a fearsome monster.

But how could something
as temporary as a footprint

be preserved for 165 million years?

The footprints
are so unique.

What's happened is that a dinosaur has
travelled over a kind of sticky gooey mud

and their impressions
have been left behind.

That mud has dried off and
it's hardened and then, over time,

wind-blown sand has come in
and covered that footprint over

and then as further time has developed,

we get layers of clay and sand
building up over that footprint

and that footprint becomes fossilised
over time.

Now, over a few million years,

erosion occurs and those footprints
become exposed for us to see today.

Dr Khatwa is making a plaster cast
of one of the footprints

so she will be able to examine it
more closely.

We take the cast in order
to have a record of the footprints

so we can take them back to the lab
and have a look at them and understand

how this creature used to live.

As she carefully removes
the plaster cast,

its shape reveals
a 165-million-year-old secret.

One thing that really strikes me,
actually, is the deep impression

that this front toe has made,
and how pointed it is,

and this tells me that this dinosaur
was moving at a fast speed

and really pushing down
on its front three toes,

so it might have been chasing
some kind of prey.

(SCREECHING)

But megalosaurus
wasn't the only dinosaur

to leave its footprints in these rocks
only 60 miles from Loch Ness.

This the smallest dinosaur footprint that
anybody has ever found in the world.

You can actually see
it's about the size of my fingernail.

And we think it's a coelophysis,
and it's quite interesting

because the small footprint here,
which we think is from a hatchling,

is embedded in the larger one
here that you can see.

What we think this tells us

is that the young travelled
with their parents in groups

and that most probably that adults
were looking after the young.

Geologists have used
the amazing evidence

of the footprints of coelophysis
and megalosaurus,

together with the muddy rocks
they were found in,

to better reveal the story of Loch Ness
in the Jurassic period.

At the time, Scotland was
still attached to America.

Plate tectonics had driven this land mass
much nearer the equator,

2,000 miles further south than it is now.

And that had a major effect on the
climate and environment of Loch Ness.

Back during
the Jurassic times,

the climate and the environment was
very, very different to what we see today.

There would have been lush jungles
full of tropical vegetation

and the dinosaurs would have been
living on the edge of these jungles,

travelling over lagoonal type
of wetlands.

This climate was ideal
for dinosaurs to live in,

because it supported
a huge ecosystem of wildlife

that they would have predated on.

The bones of one more dinosaur

have recently been found
on the Isle of Skye -

the plesiosaur.

But this discovery generated
a completely different kind of interest.

Enthusiasts see a strong resemblance
between the shape of the plesiosaur

and some descriptions
of the Loch Ness monster.

Could a descendant
of the long-extinct plesiosaur

really be the source of the legend?

(GROWLS)

The evidence to unravel the
extraordinary geological history

of Loch Ness is getting stronger.

The findings of megalosaurus
and coelophysis footprints

prove that dinosaurs lived in Scotland
165 million years ago,

and that Loch Ness was then
a sub-tropical paradise,

2,000 miles further south
than it is today.

But about 60 million years ago,

five million years after
the dinosaurs became extinct,

plate tectonics would tear
Loch Ness and America apart.

The investigation into how Loch Ness
was made

now moves forward to a time
60 million years ago.

Scotland and America
are still firmly joined together.

The next question is, when and how
did they become separated?

On the Isle of Skye,
the landscape is full of evidence

which can unlock the secrets of this
turbulent period in Scotland's past.

At Talisker Bay, the massive
sea cliffs provide the first clue

to the events that devastated the region.

They're made entirely of volcanic lava.

I'm standing here on a single lava flow,

and this lava flow
is only about ten feet thick.

But this whole cliff above me is made up
of lava flows, maybe 150 feet or more,

and stretching for miles in all directions.

Now, these lava flows
are composed of basalt,

that's the same type of rock
that is being erupted today

from modern volcanoes
like Hawaii or Iceland.

Geologists have calculated
that these basalt lavas on Skye

are about 60 million years old,

but where is the volcano
which erupted them?

The clue comes from a range of
mountains on the southern tip of Skye,

the Cuillin hills.

It's the type of rock that
makes up these craggy peaks

which provide the evidence.

They're made
of a rock called gabbro.

Now, these are
the same chemical composition

as the basalt that's been
erupted on to the surface,

but there's a difference.

The basalt that was erupted
was cooled very quickly

because it was exposed to the air.

Geologists call that fine-grained.

On the other hand,
the magma that was trapped

maybe a mile down beneath the Earth's
surface, that cooled pretty slowly,

it was kept warm
for quite a long time,

and so you've got
very large crystals growing.

And when you get a rock
with large crystals,

that's what we call coarse-grained.

The large crystals in the gabbro rocks
give away their origin.

They tell geologists that the Cuillin hills
are the remains

of an enormous magma chamber
deep below the volcano,

where lava was stored
before being erupted on to the surface.

But how much lava was there?

We may be looking now

at a beautiful green valley,

but actually all these hills around here
are made up of rocks

that were formed in a series
of massive volcanic eruptions,

about 60 million years ago.

And at that time, there were volcanoes
erupting all over Scotland.

Here we are on Skye
and it's just one of those volcanoes.

It's now known that an
incredible 500 cubic miles of lava

was erupted on Skye alone.

That's enough to cover the whole of
Texas with a layer of lava ten feet thick.

But this was just the tip of the iceberg.

The rocks themselves reveal that
volcanoes erupted all over Scotland

on a massive scale.

The evidence is here.

Huge, regular columns in the lava flows,

looking like they've been
carved out of the rock.

In reality, these amazing formations are
made by gentle cooling of thick lavas.

Exactly the same type of columns
are found in outcrops

of basalt lava 80 miles away
off the west coast of Scotland,

and as far away as the coast of Ireland,
150 miles from Skye.

These lavas have all been
dated at about 60 million years old,

and they were also part of the
same series of massive eruptions

which spread out for hundreds of miles
in all directions.

But what was the cause
of the eruptions?

Dr Goodenough has found another clue

which points to the origins
of these lavas,

and their role in the creation
of Loch Ness.

This is the ropey top
to a lava flow.

In Hawaii they call it pahoehoe.

And what happens is that the lava gets
a thin skin on its surface as it cools,

but it's still flowing underneath that skin.

And the thin skin wrinkles
and gets pushed forward,

giving this ropey texture
that we can see here.

But it's really quite rare to see them
like this in these old lava flows.

But it tells us a lot
about the type of magma

that was erupting from that volcano.

Geologists know that this kind of magma
comes from deep within the Earth.

It usually erupts on the surface

when tectonic forces split
the Earth's crust apart.

Is that what happened here,
60 million years ago?

GOODENOUGH: At that time, Scotland
was still joined to North America,

but the two continents
were being stretched and thinned,

due to tectonic forces.

And that allowed molten rock,
or magma, from deep within the Earth

to well up and to be erupted
from those volcanoes,

and eventually that volcanic activity
led to the development of a new ocean

between Scotland and North America,
the Atlantic Ocean.

So the lavas are the trail of evidence

which show that the opening up
of the Atlantic Ocean

began with volcanic eruptions
all over Scotland.

As magma erupted under the ocean,
the sea floor spread out,

slowly pushing Scotland
and America apart.

The birth of the Atlantic Ocean
had a direct effect

on the making of Loch Ness.

As the ocean grew, the huge
forces involved reawakened

the 400-million-year-old
Great Glen Fault.

So faults
like the Great Glen,

these are zones of weakness
in Earth's crust

and they're like scars or wounds,
they can reopen.

And in the case of the Great Glen,

it was reactivated
when the Atlantic began opening

50 to 60 million years ago.

And this is why you see this feature
now present in today's landscape,

even though the fault itself
is 400 million years old.

The massive geological
movements shattered

and weakened the rocks along the fault.

Along this line of weakness,

a river started cutting down
through the shattered rocks,

slowly carving out a valley.

For the next 55 million years,

the landscape of Scotland
weathered and eroded.

The outlines of the mountains softened,

and the coastline began
to take on its present shape.

Loch Ness became a long river valley,
following the line of the Great Glen Fault.

The investigation is close to
uncovering the final stages

in the story of how
Loch Ness was made.

Huge lava flows on the Isle of Skye
reveal that massive volcanic eruptions

60 million years ago
were the start of the separation

of Scotland and America.

The sharp outline of the
400-million-year-old Great Glen Fault

shows that the fault was reawakened as
Scotland and America were torn apart.

But there was one final
land-changing event to come.

Nature wasn't finished with Loch Ness,

and it was this event
that created the lake we see today.

Tracing a violent history
that lasted for three billion years,

the investigation into how Loch Ness
was made

now moves forward to the recent past,
only 10,000 years ago.

The final link in the chain
of evidence is to discover

how the wide, deep waters
of Loch Ness were finally made,

and whether a descendant
of the dinosaurs

could possibly have survived there

to create the myth
of the Loch Ness monster.

A vital clue was uncovered
in the 19th century

by one of the greatest scientific minds
the world has ever known,

Charles Darwin.

In 1838, Darwin came to Scotland

to investigate a mystery
in the remote valley

of Glen Roy, about 20 miles
from Loch Ness.

For hundreds of years,

people had been baffled
by three extraordinary parallel lines

which run round both sides
of the valley -

strange horizontal cuts in the hillside,
in some places more than 30 feet wide.

These Parallel Roads,
as they are called,

run exactly level for more than 20 miles.

What could have made them?

Dr Pete Nienow is following
in Darwin's footsteps

to the Glen Roy Parallel Roads
and the story they reveal.

Their creation was a mystery
for a very long time

and initially people, you know,
just thought they were,

you know, perhaps created by giants,
a thing of myth or legend.

And then in the... in the 19th century,
a number of scientists came here,

including Charles Darwin,
and when he saw them,

he thought they were exactly the same

as features he'd seen
in South America,

where earthquakes had uplifted
old marine shorelines

and left them abandoned
higher up from the sea.

Darwin was so convinced

the Parallel Roads were
the remains of old seashores

that he published a paper
with his results,

and the world of science believed him.

But for once, Darwin was wrong.

In 1840, two years after Darwin's visit,

a Swiss scientist named Louis Agassiz
came to Glen Roy.

Agassiz had spent a lifetime
studying glaciers

and the effects of glaciation
on the landscape of the Swiss Alps.

When he examined the parallel roads,

Agassiz realised that
they were ancient shorelines,

but that the valley had been
filled not by the sea,

but by a freshwater lake.

From his knowledge of glaciers
in the Alps,

Agassiz was able to show
that a freshwater lake

had once filled the valley.

The lake was kept full by a huge glacier
which blocked the end of the valley.

As the glacier melted and froze again
three times,

the water in the valley emptied
and filled up to a different level,

carving out the three relic beaches.

Initially, Agassiz wasn't believed,
'cause people believed Darwin,

and then over time it became clear
that Agassiz was correct

and Darwin claimed, you know,
it was one of his great embarrassments

that he'd got something
so terribly wrong,

which sort of shows that, you know,

even great scientists
can make mistakes.

The evidence at Glen Roy convinced
Agassiz that many features

in the Scottish landscape
must have been made by glaciers.

And that led him to the startling
conclusion at the time,

that the whole of Scotland
had once been covered by ice.

The moment
you make that leap

that what you've got here
was created by glaciers,

you've instantly got to make the leap
to the fact

that we must have had
a very cold climate here in the past,

cold enough for... for ice sheets
and glaciers to... to build up.

This site is... is of... of world importance

in terms of the understanding
of glaciations

and the... you know,
the... the fact that, in the past,

ice covered a much larger proportion
of the planet than it currently covers.

This extraordinary investigation led
eventually to the idea of the Ice Age,

periods in the geological past when
much of the northern hemisphere

was covered in glaciers and ice sheets.

Since Agassiz's discoveries, scientists
have been investigating the role of ice

in making Loch Ness.

About two and a half million years ago,
the global climate started to cool

and since then we've had a series
of repeated glaciations,

roughly about once every 100,000 years.

Each time the ice advanced,
temperatures plummeted.

Average winter temperatures were
at least 30 degrees colder than today.

As the ice built up, it reached
extraordinary thicknesses.

The ice sheet over
the centre of Scotland

would have been three
or four thousand feet thick.

And here in Loch Ness,

it would have certainly been
a couple of thousand feet thick.

You might have seen a few
of the highest mountains

just peeking out the top of the ice sheet,

but in the main,
the whole of the landscape

would have just been
blanketed by... by ice.

But what effect did this vast weight of ice
have on the creation of Loch Ness?

The loch itself is difficult to investigate,
because it's full of water.

But there's another location
where the evidence is clear.

Just 20 miles from Loch Ness
is the forbidding valley of Glencoe.

Glencoe is a legendary place
in Scottish history,

as it was here that an infamous
massacre took place in 1692,

when the MacDonald clan
were murdered in their beds

by the Campbells.

The shape of this valley sheds light
on the way Loch Ness was made.

If you could actually drain
the water out of Loch Ness,

what you'd actually end up with
is a valley with this sort of shape.

And looking down Glencoe

you can see it's a very, very steep-sided,
flat-bottomed valley

and it's basically been created
by glaciers

repeatedly flowing down the valley,

eroding it and basically gouging out
what was originally a V-shaped valley

and turning it into
an over-deepened U-shaped valley.

Glaciers are extremely efficient
at eroding the landscape.

They pick up vast amounts
of rock debris,

which is carried along at the base
of the glacier.

With the weight of millions
of tons of ice on top of it,

this rock debris grinds away the bedrock
like sandpaper,

scouring and deepening the valleys
to a characteristic U shape.

Across Scotland,
there are hundreds of valleys

with this distinctive U shape,

bearing witness
to the huge number of glaciers

which once covered this whole region.

At Loch Ness,
underwater mapping has revealed

that the loch
has this signature U shape.

It's flat-bottomed, with very steep sides.

In some places only 50 feet
from the shoreline,

the water is over 500 feet deep,

further proof that Loch Ness was made
by a glacier.

There was already a long river valley

which had formed
along the line of weakness

created by the shattered rocks
along the Great Glen Fault.

Then, during the last Ice Age,

a giant glacier flowed down the valley,
slowly carving out Loch Ness.

As ice flows down it, it scours it out,
deepens it

and over a... over
a series of glaciations

it deepens it to the extent that it's now,
you know, a loch 750 feet deep.

The investigation is now faced
with two final questions.

How did Loch Ness
fill up with freshwater?

And what keeps it full?

Loose rock and boulders found
on a huge ridge 250 feet high

at the head of the loch
could provide the answer.

The immediately obvious thing
about these large rocks

is that they're extremely smooth
and well-rounded

and that indicates that they've
been transported by... by water.

They're also very large, this is very
heavy, so you need a lot of energy,

so that tells you that you've got
a lot of meltwater that's carried it

and then subsequently dumped it
where we are now.

This evidence, combined
with discoveries about climate change,

shows what happened here.

About 10,000 years ago,
global temperatures rose rapidly,

the ice began to melt,
and the glaciers retreated.

Glaciers down there would
have been eroding Loch Ness,

bringing up large amounts
of sediment

and that sediment is then
being transported in this direction

by the... by the flowing ice
and also by flowing meltwater.

As the ice melted, a huge river
formed under the Loch Ness glacier,

carrying with it vast amounts
of rock debris.

And then what we've got here, what
we're standing on is in effect the zone

where the glacier is now
dumping that sediment.

Millions of tons of rocks
created an enormous plug

which dammed the river
and stopped the water from escaping.

As the ice melted,
the valley filled up,

finally making the lake
we know as Loch Ness.

Loch Ness is only 10,000 years old,

but the investigation into its history
has revealed an amazing story.

Old red sandstone rocks
show that Scotland and the US

were once joined together.

The shape of Loch Ness
is controlled by the Great Glen Fault,

formed when Scotland and America
crashed into England

more than 400 million years ago.

Fossilised dinosaur footprints
place Loch Ness near the equator

during the Jurassic period.

Lava flows reveal that massive
volcanic eruptions 60 million years ago

began the separation
of Scotland and America.

And the profile of Loch Ness

proves that it was carved out
by glaciers 10,000 years ago,

finally creating the Loch Ness
we know today.

But what of the Loch Ness monster?

The iconic image
is now known to be a fake.

But is there any way
that the mythical beast

could be a descendant of the dinosaurs?

We have two
geological facts

that tell us that Loch Ness

could not be inhabited by a dinosaur -

one is the dinosaurs died a long, long,
long time ago,

and the loch itself, geologically,
is very young.

Dinosaurs went extinct
65 million years ago.

So, 65 million years to 10,000 years,

it's a long time distance and there is
no chance at all that you would have,

preserved in this loch,
an ancient monster

from times millions of years ago.

The loch's too young.

(GROWLS)

So the geological evidence
proves that Loch Ness

could not be home to a dinosaur
that somehow survived there

since the Jurassic.

The awesome geological history of Loch
Ness has thrown up many mysteries.

But for science, the Loch Ness monster
is not one of them.