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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:06,620 within six years of its inception the 2 00:00:04,339 --> 00:00:09,020 Gestapo had grown from a regional secret 3 00:00:06,620 --> 00:00:10,850 police force into a crucial element in 4 00:00:09,020 --> 00:00:11,480 the rise and expansion of the Third 5 00:00:10,850 --> 00:00:13,250 Reich 6 00:00:11,480 --> 00:00:16,250 under the guidance of its shadowy 7 00:00:13,250 --> 00:00:18,740 director I'm dick moolah it had evolved 8 00:00:16,250 --> 00:00:20,900 into an instrument of terror whose 9 00:00:18,740 --> 00:00:24,919 success in crushing resistance to Hitler 10 00:00:20,900 --> 00:00:27,349 was unequaled by 1939 few people in Nazi 11 00:00:24,919 --> 00:00:30,949 Germany dared risk opposing the Fuhrer 12 00:00:27,349 --> 00:00:33,500 or the Reich this was Hitler's primary 13 00:00:30,949 --> 00:00:35,899 objective as it had been so dazzlingly 14 00:00:33,500 --> 00:00:38,180 well achieved he was ready to move ahead 15 00:00:35,899 --> 00:00:40,640 unhindered by opposition to the next 16 00:00:38,180 --> 00:00:43,420 step of his master plan the Gestapo was 17 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:46,719 graduating to a new role on a new 18 00:00:43,420 --> 00:00:46,719 international stage 19 00:00:50,840 --> 00:01:01,220 I am the man who started the war an 20 00:00:58,040 --> 00:01:05,540 incredible claim be cynical if you like 21 00:01:01,220 --> 00:01:09,080 it's true I was the triggerman who lit 22 00:01:05,540 --> 00:01:11,990 the fuse to Europe in 1939 there was a 23 00:01:09,080 --> 00:01:14,720 specific incident which began the chain 24 00:01:11,990 --> 00:01:17,150 reaction of bloodshed and violence and 25 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:21,320 of course there had to be one man to 26 00:01:17,150 --> 00:01:24,550 engineer the incident I was that man 27 00:01:21,320 --> 00:01:28,010 the night of the 31st of August 1939 28 00:01:24,550 --> 00:01:29,330 eastern Germany a handful of trucks set 29 00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:33,170 out on a secret mission 30 00:01:29,330 --> 00:01:35,240 this was Operation Tannenberg executed 31 00:01:33,170 --> 00:01:37,640 on direct orders from the security chief 32 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:41,210 Reinhard Heydrich and his deputy head of 33 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:42,530 the Gestapo Heinrich Mueller attention 34 00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:44,840 had been mounting along the border 35 00:01:42,530 --> 00:01:46,910 between Germany and Poland the German 36 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:49,040 press had reported multiple allegations 37 00:01:46,910 --> 00:01:54,680 of polish provocation all of them 38 00:01:49,040 --> 00:01:56,930 spurious Alfred Knox was a security 39 00:01:54,680 --> 00:01:59,420 officer and a Gestapo command and later 40 00:01:56,930 --> 00:02:02,360 was happy to describe the part he played 41 00:01:59,420 --> 00:02:05,869 that night I was directed to go to 42 00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:08,240 climates with five or six SD men and 43 00:02:05,869 --> 00:02:10,090 wait there until I received a code word 44 00:02:08,240 --> 00:02:12,910 from Heydrich 45 00:02:10,090 --> 00:02:17,180 Knox was waiting for the codeword 46 00:02:12,910 --> 00:02:20,500 grandma's dead when it came nigh ox and 47 00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:23,120 his team swung into action Heydrich said 48 00:02:20,500 --> 00:02:26,000 in order to carry out this attack report 49 00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:28,490 it to Muller for canned goods 50 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:32,090 canned goods was code for a fresh corpse 51 00:02:28,490 --> 00:02:34,430 which was duly collected then Knox and 52 00:02:32,090 --> 00:02:35,950 his men stormed the local radio station 53 00:02:34,430 --> 00:02:39,050 on the German side of the border 54 00:02:35,950 --> 00:02:41,840 pretending to be Polish soldiers they 55 00:02:39,050 --> 00:02:44,360 fired a few shots and a German speaking 56 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:46,460 in Polish made a broadcast urging the 57 00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:47,180 local population to rise up against the 58 00:02:46,460 --> 00:02:49,790 Nazis 59 00:02:47,180 --> 00:02:52,610 the fake poles then disappeared leaving 60 00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:54,970 the corpse behind except he wasn't quite 61 00:02:52,610 --> 00:02:54,970 dead 62 00:02:55,750 --> 00:03:01,300 I heard him laid down at the entrance to 63 00:02:57,670 --> 00:03:04,950 the station he was alive but completely 64 00:03:01,300 --> 00:03:07,150 unconscious I tried to open his eyes I 65 00:03:04,950 --> 00:03:10,540 couldn't recognize by his eyes that he 66 00:03:07,150 --> 00:03:13,000 was alive only by his breathing I didn't 67 00:03:10,540 --> 00:03:15,970 see the shot wounds but there was a lot 68 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:17,130 of blood smeared across his face he was 69 00:03:15,970 --> 00:03:20,200 in civilian clothes 70 00:03:17,130 --> 00:03:22,450 the man was Francey check on iakh a 71 00:03:20,200 --> 00:03:24,790 German citizen who had been arrested for 72 00:03:22,450 --> 00:03:27,250 sympathizing with the poles he died 73 00:03:24,790 --> 00:03:31,260 where Nayak's laid him and would be used 74 00:03:27,250 --> 00:03:31,260 as proof of Polish aggression 75 00:03:32,380 --> 00:03:37,780 Volta schellenberg a senior spymaster 76 00:03:35,350 --> 00:03:41,620 and subsequent head of the German secret 77 00:03:37,780 --> 00:03:44,800 service knew all about the plot it was 78 00:03:41,620 --> 00:03:48,960 one of Hitler's secret orders by the 1st 79 00:03:44,800 --> 00:03:52,270 of September 1939 if possible and 80 00:03:48,960 --> 00:03:55,930 absolutely irreproachable calls for war 81 00:03:52,270 --> 00:03:58,780 had to be created one that was found in 82 00:03:55,930 --> 00:04:01,000 history as justification and would brand 83 00:03:58,780 --> 00:04:04,210 Poland in the eyes of the world as the 84 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:05,470 aggressor against Germany elsewhere 85 00:04:04,210 --> 00:04:07,540 along the border Muller made 86 00:04:05,470 --> 00:04:10,540 arrangements for the delivery of more 87 00:04:07,540 --> 00:04:13,030 canned goods in my presence Muller 88 00:04:10,540 --> 00:04:14,770 discussed another border incident in 89 00:04:13,030 --> 00:04:16,270 which it should be made to appear that 90 00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:17,130 Polish soldiers were attacking German 91 00:04:16,270 --> 00:04:19,360 troops 92 00:04:17,130 --> 00:04:21,550 Mulla stated that he had twelve or 93 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:24,100 thirteen condemned criminals who were to 94 00:04:21,550 --> 00:04:25,360 be dressed in Polish uniforms and left 95 00:04:24,100 --> 00:04:27,190 dead on the ground at the scene of the 96 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:30,730 incident to show that they'd been killed 97 00:04:27,190 --> 00:04:33,490 while attacking for this purpose they 98 00:04:30,730 --> 00:04:37,570 were given fatal injections by a doctor 99 00:04:33,490 --> 00:04:39,940 employed by Hydra they were then also to 100 00:04:37,570 --> 00:04:41,650 be given gunshot wounds after the 101 00:04:39,940 --> 00:04:43,000 assaults members of the press and other 102 00:04:41,650 --> 00:04:46,150 persons who were to be taken to the 103 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:48,820 scene of the incident a police report 104 00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:51,150 was subsequently to be prepared the 105 00:04:48,820 --> 00:04:54,160 Gestapo stratagem worked faultlessly 106 00:04:51,150 --> 00:04:56,950 within hours hitler denounced the total 107 00:04:54,160 --> 00:05:07,350 of 21 supposin order incursions by 108 00:04:56,950 --> 00:05:07,350 Polish troops and well I reckon idea 109 00:05:08,830 --> 00:05:20,020 I didn't plan Otoniel oh nice a nice 110 00:05:11,759 --> 00:05:22,419 billion put that on your custom the 111 00:05:20,020 --> 00:05:24,060 newsreels triumphantly amplified 112 00:05:22,419 --> 00:05:32,700 Hitler's battle craft 113 00:05:24,060 --> 00:05:36,130 [Music] 114 00:05:32,700 --> 00:05:37,180 - after Eva shuttle driver one example 115 00:05:36,130 --> 00:05:41,170 tonight from London 116 00:05:37,180 --> 00:05:43,900 that's if they drink it was indeed the 117 00:05:41,170 --> 00:05:46,030 beginning of war and not only on the 118 00:05:43,900 --> 00:05:48,220 eastern front only I was previously 119 00:05:46,030 --> 00:05:50,290 Great Britain that reaffirmed its 120 00:05:48,220 --> 00:05:53,100 solidarity with Poland and would 121 00:05:50,290 --> 00:05:55,840 inevitably be drawn into the conflict 122 00:05:53,100 --> 00:05:58,510 this is exactly what Hitler intended 123 00:05:55,840 --> 00:06:00,280 he was militarily well-prepared and the 124 00:05:58,510 --> 00:06:03,250 Gestapo had been working toward this 125 00:06:00,280 --> 00:06:05,770 moment for many months but Hitler was 126 00:06:03,250 --> 00:06:08,590 not just taking his army to war he was 127 00:06:05,770 --> 00:06:10,300 taking his police force designated 128 00:06:08,590 --> 00:06:13,210 trains carried mullahs men to the 129 00:06:10,300 --> 00:06:15,910 eastern frontier a total of 131 thousand 130 00:06:13,210 --> 00:06:18,880 offices in all they were organized and 131 00:06:15,910 --> 00:06:21,400 led by the Gestapo for this was the 132 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:23,950 start of their new role quelling 133 00:06:21,400 --> 00:06:25,780 Opposition in occupied territories in 134 00:06:23,950 --> 00:06:31,000 Hitler's grand plan tanks and soldiers 135 00:06:25,780 --> 00:06:31,870 were only the beginning their work was 136 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:34,419 to begin at once 137 00:06:31,870 --> 00:06:34,960 the police waited with the army at the 138 00:06:34,419 --> 00:06:39,090 border 139 00:06:34,960 --> 00:06:39,090 among them was Heinrich Bob 140 00:06:40,730 --> 00:06:44,970 everyday around 4 p.m. we left our 141 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:47,640 Gestapo unit so as to be at the border 142 00:06:44,970 --> 00:06:50,490 on time for the war to begin the war 143 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:54,140 machines were already rolling of the 144 00:06:50,490 --> 00:06:56,390 Polish army there was nothing to be seen 145 00:06:54,140 --> 00:06:58,700 as the German armed forces swarmed 146 00:06:56,390 --> 00:07:00,980 across the border squads of police and 147 00:06:58,700 --> 00:07:03,740 SS security officers were ordered by the 148 00:07:00,980 --> 00:07:05,840 Gestapo to complete the first task which 149 00:07:03,740 --> 00:07:08,210 was to liquidate the entire local 150 00:07:05,840 --> 00:07:10,370 leadership structure from there they 151 00:07:08,210 --> 00:07:15,530 moved on to the streets and local police 152 00:07:10,370 --> 00:07:17,990 units were drawn in to help them normal 153 00:07:15,530 --> 00:07:20,510 ID checks became an instrument of 154 00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:22,840 political oppression anyone who didn't 155 00:07:20,510 --> 00:07:25,670 fit the Gustavo's approved profile 156 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:28,280 acceptable citizen was arrested on the 157 00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:31,130 spot political protesters so-called 158 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:34,670 parasites intelligentsia and above all 159 00:07:31,130 --> 00:07:36,230 the Jews were rounded up on mass in the 160 00:07:34,670 --> 00:07:38,720 German press the role of the police was 161 00:07:36,230 --> 00:07:42,890 played down but abroad the truth was 162 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:44,510 starkly reported the key difference 163 00:07:42,890 --> 00:07:47,150 between the behavioristic star power 164 00:07:44,510 --> 00:07:48,880 abroad and the kiss behavior to stop her 165 00:07:47,150 --> 00:07:53,390 in Germany was that it's more worthless 166 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:55,280 because it's targeted on the foreign 167 00:07:53,390 --> 00:07:57,140 resistance and on the foreign 168 00:07:55,280 --> 00:08:01,430 ideological enemies above all the Jews 169 00:07:57,140 --> 00:08:05,000 but also poles and Slavs the Gestapo 170 00:08:01,430 --> 00:08:07,220 trademark was unmistakable the strategy 171 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:10,300 was to encourage the poles to indulge a 172 00:08:07,220 --> 00:08:12,200 long-held inclination to anti-semitism 173 00:08:10,300 --> 00:08:14,690 denouncing and attacking their own 174 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:18,300 countrymen and in effect doing the 175 00:08:14,690 --> 00:08:22,079 Gestapo offices work for them 176 00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,079 [Music] 177 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:29,100 those arrested were immediately deported 178 00:08:26,729 --> 00:08:31,110 to newly assembled concentration camps 179 00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:33,479 in the east modeled on Himmler's 180 00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:37,589 original camp on the outskirts of Munich 181 00:08:33,479 --> 00:08:39,810 Dachau the combined power of the fair 182 00:08:37,589 --> 00:08:41,250 mocked and the Gestapo was overwhelming 183 00:08:39,810 --> 00:08:44,310 within weeks 184 00:08:41,250 --> 00:08:45,990 Warsaw fell to the Nazis I was shocked 185 00:08:44,310 --> 00:08:50,660 at what had become of a beautiful city I 186 00:08:45,990 --> 00:08:54,870 had known ruined and burnt out houses 187 00:08:50,660 --> 00:08:57,570 starving and grieving people a pall of 188 00:08:54,870 --> 00:08:59,730 dust hung over the city and everywhere 189 00:08:57,570 --> 00:09:05,820 there was the Swedish smell of burnt 190 00:08:59,730 --> 00:09:08,300 flesh everything was quiet Warsaw was a 191 00:09:05,820 --> 00:09:08,300 dead City 192 00:09:17,970 --> 00:09:23,849 the Gestapo had proved it's worth from 193 00:09:21,359 --> 00:09:25,949 the moment Warsaw capitulated it would 194 00:09:23,849 --> 00:09:27,989 be the key to German control over all 195 00:09:25,949 --> 00:09:30,659 their newly occupied territories and 196 00:09:27,989 --> 00:09:33,749 form the bedrock of all further Nazi 197 00:09:30,659 --> 00:09:36,689 expansion the Gestapo for all its 198 00:09:33,749 --> 00:09:38,699 success was still quite small and its 199 00:09:36,689 --> 00:09:42,059 intelligence though extensive largely 200 00:09:38,699 --> 00:09:45,359 second hand when the Gestapo failed it 201 00:09:42,059 --> 00:09:57,089 failed spectacularly as a lone bombers 202 00:09:45,359 --> 00:09:59,489 attack on Hitler was soon to prove its 203 00:09:57,089 --> 00:10:02,369 unity often given in history over boy 204 00:09:59,489 --> 00:10:03,959 Taylor the Fuhrer at the pazham nom 205 00:10:02,369 --> 00:10:06,629 static quotes aside for a catastrophic 206 00:10:03,959 --> 00:10:08,369 philosophy where they couldn't cable 207 00:10:06,629 --> 00:10:11,819 give you please fill out them so head 208 00:10:08,369 --> 00:10:14,689 remark plans I until ironic the 209 00:10:11,819 --> 00:10:17,999 explosion was the heroic act of a lone 210 00:10:14,689 --> 00:10:20,220 anti-fascist assassin the Gestapo had 211 00:10:17,999 --> 00:10:22,919 not known about it or expected it nor 212 00:10:20,220 --> 00:10:26,339 and they detected the planted bomb it 213 00:10:22,919 --> 00:10:28,799 was a spectacular failure even for the 214 00:10:26,339 --> 00:10:32,479 Gestapo Apple of the Fury's eye recovery 215 00:10:28,799 --> 00:10:32,479 from such a disaster would not be easy 216 00:10:40,639 --> 00:10:46,259 with a stopover at a loss but without 217 00:10:43,739 --> 00:10:48,239 knowing it they had struck lucky but one 218 00:10:46,259 --> 00:10:49,979 of their routine border controls earlier 219 00:10:48,239 --> 00:10:52,199 in the day they had picked up a man 220 00:10:49,979 --> 00:10:53,999 attempting to cross into Switzerland to 221 00:10:52,199 --> 00:10:55,919 their surprise and relief they have the 222 00:10:53,999 --> 00:10:57,959 assassin Georg Elser 223 00:10:55,919 --> 00:11:00,329 already in custody Heinrich Mahler 224 00:10:57,959 --> 00:11:02,699 conducted Elsa's interrogation himself 225 00:11:00,329 --> 00:11:04,499 he was determined to redeem the 226 00:11:02,699 --> 00:11:08,070 reputation of the Gestapo and take 227 00:11:04,499 --> 00:11:10,650 sadistic and lingering revenge on Elsa 228 00:11:08,070 --> 00:11:12,570 Milas lips were compressed and there was 229 00:11:10,650 --> 00:11:16,950 a malevolent expression in his small 230 00:11:12,570 --> 00:11:20,970 eyes they said very gently with great 231 00:11:16,950 --> 00:11:22,710 emphasis I've never had a man in front 232 00:11:20,970 --> 00:11:25,860 of me yet whom I did not break in the 233 00:11:22,710 --> 00:11:28,310 end if Elsa had been given some of the 234 00:11:25,860 --> 00:11:31,550 medicine he had had from me earlier on 235 00:11:28,310 --> 00:11:35,430 he would never have tried this business 236 00:11:31,550 --> 00:11:38,670 that was moolah the little Munich police 237 00:11:35,430 --> 00:11:43,230 detective who now had practically 238 00:11:38,670 --> 00:11:45,480 unlimited power moolah subjected Elsa to 239 00:11:43,230 --> 00:11:46,500 what was called an intensified 240 00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:49,500 interrogation 241 00:11:46,500 --> 00:11:51,930 the Gestapo euphemism for torture in 242 00:11:49,500 --> 00:11:55,500 addition his entire family was arrested 243 00:11:51,930 --> 00:11:58,560 arrest of kin it was called it was the 244 00:11:55,500 --> 00:12:01,080 latest Gestapo accomplishment no one 245 00:11:58,560 --> 00:12:02,460 knew where these unfortunates were they 246 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:04,230 were not permitted to send to their 247 00:12:02,460 --> 00:12:06,480 relations any indication that they were 248 00:12:04,230 --> 00:12:09,450 still alive they themselves have no idea 249 00:12:06,480 --> 00:12:11,130 where they were being kept they 250 00:12:09,450 --> 00:12:12,630 deliberately spread the word that all 251 00:12:11,130 --> 00:12:15,360 relations of traitors were being 252 00:12:12,630 --> 00:12:17,220 executed they knew very well that 253 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:19,440 panicky terror this would create amongst 254 00:12:17,220 --> 00:12:22,530 all those who'd ever had oppositional 255 00:12:19,440 --> 00:12:24,840 ideas nevertheless in the end the 256 00:12:22,530 --> 00:12:27,930 Gestapo conceded that Elsa had been 257 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:30,630 acting alone he was not executed just in 258 00:12:27,930 --> 00:12:32,610 case he might still prove useful instead 259 00:12:30,630 --> 00:12:34,740 he was imprisoned in saxon housing 260 00:12:32,610 --> 00:12:38,810 concentration camp as hitler's special 261 00:12:34,740 --> 00:12:38,810 prisoner and later transferred to Dachau 262 00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:44,250 the swift resolution of the Beer Hall 263 00:12:41,670 --> 00:12:47,880 bomb episode went someway to rescuing 264 00:12:44,250 --> 00:12:51,540 the Gestapo reputation but ultimately 265 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:53,030 it's saving was that mullah Heydrich and 266 00:12:51,540 --> 00:12:56,610 Himmler had made themselves 267 00:12:53,030 --> 00:12:58,500 indispensable together they had an iron 268 00:12:56,610 --> 00:13:00,510 grip over the entire German security 269 00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:03,180 network and without their skills 270 00:13:00,510 --> 00:13:05,450 Hitler's large-scale objectives would 271 00:13:03,180 --> 00:13:08,820 have been placed in jeopardy 272 00:13:05,450 --> 00:13:10,890 for as the Reich expanded across Europe 273 00:13:08,820 --> 00:13:12,839 the Gestapo went with it playing a 274 00:13:10,890 --> 00:13:14,370 pivotal role not only in a suppression 275 00:13:12,839 --> 00:13:16,310 of political opposition but in 276 00:13:14,370 --> 00:13:18,600 implementing Hitler's cherished ambition 277 00:13:16,310 --> 00:13:21,050 the elimination of the Jews 278 00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:22,850 [Music] 279 00:13:21,050 --> 00:13:25,750 the plan was proceeding smoothly 280 00:13:22,850 --> 00:13:28,310 throughout Germany ss-untersturmführer 281 00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:30,410 curtly Jie who had proved a great 282 00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:33,230 success in dealing with Jewish affairs 283 00:13:30,410 --> 00:13:35,780 in the Berlin Gestapo was assigned to 284 00:13:33,230 --> 00:13:37,670 continue the task in Cologne there he 285 00:13:35,780 --> 00:13:39,890 soon filled his cells with dissident 286 00:13:37,670 --> 00:13:42,350 suspects and began work on a scheme to 287 00:13:39,890 --> 00:13:48,650 deport all the Jews from the city some 288 00:13:42,350 --> 00:13:51,610 12,000 people but before he could finish 289 00:13:48,650 --> 00:13:54,200 this job he was assigned a new posting 290 00:13:51,610 --> 00:13:55,700 having demonstrated his efficiency he 291 00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:59,180 was placed on the shortness for one of 292 00:13:55,700 --> 00:14:01,460 the posts of combat administrator these 293 00:13:59,180 --> 00:14:03,980 were the Gestapo Chiefs in the occupied 294 00:14:01,460 --> 00:14:07,250 countries their mission was to introduce 295 00:14:03,980 --> 00:14:09,740 tried and tested Gestapo methods to the 296 00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:13,910 suppression of resistance abroad lishka 297 00:14:09,740 --> 00:14:16,340 was given Paris he installed himself at 298 00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:18,860 once in splendid offices in the Rue de 299 00:14:16,340 --> 00:14:22,130 sousa a name that would become infamous 300 00:14:18,860 --> 00:14:24,500 in French history exactly as he had in 301 00:14:22,130 --> 00:14:26,890 Cologne he made the Gestapo in France 302 00:14:24,500 --> 00:14:29,330 into an organization of fear and dread 303 00:14:26,890 --> 00:14:32,240 there were fewer willing informers in 304 00:14:29,330 --> 00:14:34,450 Paris than at home so lishka faced more 305 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:36,740 of a challenge there was a growing 306 00:14:34,450 --> 00:14:38,570 well-organized resistance movement in 307 00:14:36,740 --> 00:14:41,600 France his attacks were carefully 308 00:14:38,570 --> 00:14:44,330 targeted and its successes together with 309 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:46,940 widespread anti-nazi propaganda kept 310 00:14:44,330 --> 00:14:49,670 french pride alive and so kept the 311 00:14:46,940 --> 00:14:51,950 gestapo very busy despite lishka x' 312 00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:55,430 attempts to maintain his officers morale 313 00:14:51,950 --> 00:14:57,350 paris was not an easy posting some of 314 00:14:55,430 --> 00:14:59,570 Lycia cos problems arose from fellow 315 00:14:57,350 --> 00:15:01,580 Germans who opposed their government and 316 00:14:59,570 --> 00:15:04,580 had gone abroad to try and defeat it 317 00:15:01,580 --> 00:15:07,820 among the anti-fascism France was Paton 318 00:15:04,580 --> 00:15:09,980 jingled soir vicious tisha al see also 319 00:15:07,820 --> 00:15:14,120 simple it was something important and 320 00:15:09,980 --> 00:15:16,400 symbolic through our activity the French 321 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:19,070 knew that not every German was a Nazi 322 00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:22,160 not every German was a fascist and there 323 00:15:19,070 --> 00:15:25,070 were other Germans to San Francisco and 324 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:27,680 the Doge Gingold altered his appearance 325 00:15:25,070 --> 00:15:30,860 and assumed a new identity 326 00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:32,389 under the name Pierre gamba he and his 327 00:15:30,860 --> 00:15:35,720 wife joined the struggle against the 328 00:15:32,389 --> 00:15:38,029 Nazis in the area around evil his job 329 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:40,459 was to distribute pamphlets aimed at the 330 00:15:38,029 --> 00:15:43,490 German army a high-risk activity that 331 00:15:40,459 --> 00:15:45,529 didn't last long a dish Farid would I 332 00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:47,980 was arrested by a Frenchman and then 333 00:15:45,529 --> 00:15:51,709 immediately handed over to the Gestapo 334 00:15:47,980 --> 00:15:53,329 skinny-fat Gingold knew the Gestapo 335 00:15:51,709 --> 00:15:55,490 would torture him to make him reveal 336 00:15:53,329 --> 00:15:59,059 everything about his organization but he 337 00:15:55,490 --> 00:16:02,569 was prepared I was brought here with 338 00:15:59,059 --> 00:16:06,050 four Gestapo men I wanted them to put me 339 00:16:02,569 --> 00:16:08,689 in front of this door that was a trap 340 00:16:06,050 --> 00:16:10,369 that I had somehow prepared before to 341 00:16:08,689 --> 00:16:14,600 run into the house and to escape through 342 00:16:10,369 --> 00:16:16,670 the other side you see we lived opposite 343 00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:19,759 and I always had to go to the Baker's 344 00:16:16,670 --> 00:16:21,589 they're going through this house it has 345 00:16:19,759 --> 00:16:25,009 a passageway through and their opposite 346 00:16:21,589 --> 00:16:28,869 was the Baker's that's how I knew this 347 00:16:25,009 --> 00:16:28,869 house that made my escape possible 348 00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:36,689 honey I knew I was running for my life I 349 00:16:34,529 --> 00:16:39,629 went out through this door and down the 350 00:16:36,689 --> 00:16:44,730 street to the right that's how it was 351 00:16:39,629 --> 00:16:46,620 for us King gold escaped and returned to 352 00:16:44,730 --> 00:16:48,449 the resistance he altered his appearance 353 00:16:46,620 --> 00:16:51,620 again this time adding a pair of 354 00:16:48,449 --> 00:16:51,620 spectacles in the mustache 355 00:16:51,870 --> 00:16:57,240 the Gestapo never caught him others such 356 00:16:54,720 --> 00:17:00,110 as Jakob Leonhardt a Swiss double agent 357 00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:00,110 were not so lucky 358 00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:05,890 [Music] 359 00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:08,559 I was working in a panic by stabbing 360 00:17:05,890 --> 00:17:10,679 pain as I tried to sit up and open my 361 00:17:08,559 --> 00:17:13,750 eyes someone hit me hard over the head 362 00:17:10,679 --> 00:17:16,270 there was a blocky SS man standing by my 363 00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:17,079 bed behind him was another one with a 364 00:17:16,270 --> 00:17:19,870 machine gun 365 00:17:17,079 --> 00:17:22,049 get up you Pig he shouted hitting me in 366 00:17:19,870 --> 00:17:24,549 the stomach with his caution winning me 367 00:17:22,049 --> 00:17:26,530 they called me from my bed and ordered 368 00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:29,620 me to get dressed beating me all the 369 00:17:26,530 --> 00:17:32,830 while took my passport and belongings 370 00:17:29,620 --> 00:17:34,510 and searched me for weapons from moment 371 00:17:32,830 --> 00:17:36,940 I thought the one with a machine gun was 372 00:17:34,510 --> 00:17:40,000 going to shoot me on the spot but the 373 00:17:36,940 --> 00:17:43,750 other stopped him no don't we have to 374 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:45,820 take this one in I was bleeding from my 375 00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:48,220 mouth my nose and my face was streaming 376 00:17:45,820 --> 00:17:51,549 with blood and my head was already 377 00:17:48,220 --> 00:17:53,049 swelling up I could hardly move they 378 00:17:51,549 --> 00:17:55,600 dragged me to their car and drove me a 379 00:17:53,049 --> 00:17:58,480 top speed through the city stopping at a 380 00:17:55,600 --> 00:18:01,740 house with a sign over the door secret 381 00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:03,610 state police Gestapo 382 00:18:01,740 --> 00:18:04,660 Leonardo is taken into protective 383 00:18:03,610 --> 00:18:07,179 custody 384 00:18:04,660 --> 00:18:09,940 the Gestapo euphemism for political 385 00:18:07,179 --> 00:18:12,990 arrest he protested his innocence to the 386 00:18:09,940 --> 00:18:15,400 interrogating officer Helen Archie said 387 00:18:12,990 --> 00:18:16,960 you know we have methods which would 388 00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:20,730 certainly make you give us a confession 389 00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:23,770 but I insisted I have nothing to confess 390 00:18:20,730 --> 00:18:25,960 they blindfolded me and straightaway 391 00:18:23,770 --> 00:18:29,020 they started to chop the back of my head 392 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:31,030 so that my face slammed into the wall my 393 00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:34,419 glass is shattered and I felt a stabbing 394 00:18:31,030 --> 00:18:35,980 pain in my eyes I staggered back but 395 00:18:34,419 --> 00:18:39,610 they wouldn't give up until I collapsed 396 00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:43,059 unable to move her brows torn cheeks 397 00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:45,309 split open and a broken nose Helen 398 00:18:43,059 --> 00:18:46,900 mozgov it was a Jewish resistance 399 00:18:45,309 --> 00:18:50,429 fighter working undercover in the 400 00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:52,870 brussels bestop office the word cellar 401 00:18:50,429 --> 00:18:56,950 had frightful connotations at the 402 00:18:52,870 --> 00:18:58,660 Gestapo it was a a torture chamber 403 00:18:56,950 --> 00:19:03,429 worthy of the Inquisition 404 00:18:58,660 --> 00:19:07,510 I heard loud scream so heart-rending 405 00:19:03,429 --> 00:19:11,049 that I lost my head and impulsively ran 406 00:19:07,510 --> 00:19:13,659 down towards their source the room to 407 00:19:11,049 --> 00:19:16,240 the door was open and inside were two 408 00:19:13,659 --> 00:19:16,970 torturers stripped to the waist whipping 409 00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:18,350 a man who 410 00:19:16,970 --> 00:19:21,980 chain to what looked like a butcher's 411 00:19:18,350 --> 00:19:25,429 block his swollen body was beaten to a 412 00:19:21,980 --> 00:19:28,760 pulp a mass of deep gash like welts and 413 00:19:25,429 --> 00:19:30,110 bleeding sores when the torturers saw me 414 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:31,340 they stopped in astonishment and 415 00:19:30,110 --> 00:19:33,590 demanded to know what the hell I was 416 00:19:31,340 --> 00:19:34,970 doing there I snapped that the man's 417 00:19:33,590 --> 00:19:36,770 Christ could be heard from upstairs and 418 00:19:34,970 --> 00:19:40,400 what was the point of beating him to 419 00:19:36,770 --> 00:19:42,380 death if he wouldn't talk in Paris 420 00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:45,080 Kurt lishka had been given a new 421 00:19:42,380 --> 00:19:46,909 assignment he was ordered to begin the 422 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:49,520 campaign to deport all the Jews from 423 00:19:46,909 --> 00:19:53,870 France this was a job he felt he could 424 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:57,200 do really well when Paris was ultimately 425 00:19:53,870 --> 00:19:59,059 liberated in 1944 the Gestapo had no 426 00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:01,940 time to destroy their records before 427 00:19:59,059 --> 00:20:04,130 hastily quitting the city the mountains 428 00:20:01,940 --> 00:20:08,539 of abandoned documents are a testament 429 00:20:04,130 --> 00:20:13,220 delicious industriousness he's very 430 00:20:08,539 --> 00:20:17,150 pompous all so Lucilius oh I'll get his 431 00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:19,700 file it's a very heavy file and show you 432 00:20:17,150 --> 00:20:24,980 that he was in charge of the Gestapo in 433 00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:27,530 France from 41 to 43 it's a proof that 434 00:20:24,980 --> 00:20:30,020 the Jews who are under German authority 435 00:20:27,530 --> 00:20:34,809 was sent to be exterminated without 436 00:20:30,020 --> 00:20:39,740 delay Kuleshov don't prove our Hjalmar 437 00:20:34,809 --> 00:20:41,660 though there were extra - your physique 438 00:20:39,740 --> 00:20:45,169 sized 439 00:20:41,660 --> 00:20:50,240 don't hear eliska's initials and his 440 00:20:45,169 --> 00:20:51,770 signature he's read this document and 441 00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:54,919 that's it Valeska 442 00:20:51,770 --> 00:20:59,919 and the Jewish Question honker voila 443 00:20:54,919 --> 00:20:59,919 suki concerned Escada or Dalek is Sophie 444 00:21:00,460 --> 00:21:06,640 as a first step all the stateless Jews 445 00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:09,260 would fled to France would be arrested 446 00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:12,020 they weren't enough Gestapo officers to 447 00:21:09,260 --> 00:21:13,730 accomplish this their neat solution was 448 00:21:12,020 --> 00:21:15,740 to give the task to the French 449 00:21:13,730 --> 00:21:18,890 collaborationist police working for 450 00:21:15,740 --> 00:21:20,990 Vichy law in the documents that we have 451 00:21:18,890 --> 00:21:22,970 published and all these books about the 452 00:21:20,990 --> 00:21:26,330 final solution of the Jewish Question in 453 00:21:22,970 --> 00:21:27,919 France we know today that 90% of the 454 00:21:26,330 --> 00:21:30,470 Jews in France were arrested by the 455 00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:32,539 French police under orders from the 456 00:21:30,470 --> 00:21:34,400 German occupiers of course and here the 457 00:21:32,539 --> 00:21:39,200 Gestapo naturally had a very very 458 00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:41,419 important role to play in total 80,000 459 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:43,429 people were held at Drancy transit camp 460 00:21:41,419 --> 00:21:46,829 and the Gestapo orders before being 461 00:21:43,429 --> 00:21:49,539 deported from France to Auschwitz 462 00:21:46,829 --> 00:21:52,119 but there was always more work for the 463 00:21:49,539 --> 00:21:54,190 Gestapo to do they would soon be 464 00:21:52,119 --> 00:21:58,049 organizing deportations from all the 465 00:21:54,190 --> 00:21:58,049 nations of nazi-occupied Europe 466 00:21:59,110 --> 00:22:05,540 it was 1941 and the war was going well 467 00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:07,640 for Hitler the majority of the German 468 00:22:05,540 --> 00:22:09,950 people intoxicated by the glory of his 469 00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:12,590 victories continued to support the Nazi 470 00:22:09,950 --> 00:22:14,870 regime with enthusiasm half of Europe 471 00:22:12,590 --> 00:22:17,630 was under German control and many people 472 00:22:14,870 --> 00:22:19,940 dreamed that peace would soon come with 473 00:22:17,630 --> 00:22:20,900 all the European nations united under 474 00:22:19,940 --> 00:22:23,960 the swastika 475 00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:26,360 but Hitler had a different dream far 476 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:28,940 from seeking peace he planned to extend 477 00:22:26,360 --> 00:22:32,570 the war and launch an attack on his most 478 00:22:28,940 --> 00:22:35,090 hated enemy the Soviet Union and he was 479 00:22:32,570 --> 00:22:37,970 eager to complete a policy already began 480 00:22:35,090 --> 00:22:41,180 the ex termination of all the Jews 481 00:22:37,970 --> 00:22:42,920 across Nazi occupied Europe the Gestapo 482 00:22:41,180 --> 00:22:45,260 had been dealing with the Jewish problem 483 00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:47,930 for some time but in a piecemeal fashion 484 00:22:45,260 --> 00:22:50,570 they had already hit on one idea to 485 00:22:47,930 --> 00:22:52,850 simplify matters to give undesirables 486 00:22:50,570 --> 00:22:57,740 identifying labels for instance yellow 487 00:22:52,850 --> 00:23:00,110 stars for Jews the beginning of 1942 saw 488 00:22:57,740 --> 00:23:01,910 Heinrich Muller chief of the Gestapo 489 00:23:00,110 --> 00:23:04,550 enroute to an important conference 490 00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:07,220 outside Berlin a Reinhard Heydrich 491 00:23:04,550 --> 00:23:10,010 Hitler's right-hand man had received 492 00:23:07,220 --> 00:23:12,260 instruction to start all necessary 493 00:23:10,010 --> 00:23:14,630 organizational practical and material 494 00:23:12,260 --> 00:23:16,910 preparations for a complete solution for 495 00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:19,970 the Jewish Question across the German 496 00:23:16,910 --> 00:23:23,000 area of influence in Europe complete 497 00:23:19,970 --> 00:23:24,650 solution actually meant genocide and the 498 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:27,070 Gestapo and the police forces they 499 00:23:24,650 --> 00:23:30,590 controlled would put it into practice 500 00:23:27,070 --> 00:23:32,750 Adolf Eichmann was the Jewish specialist 501 00:23:30,590 --> 00:23:36,179 at the Reich Security office 502 00:23:32,750 --> 00:23:39,179 iseman was an Austrian Nazi who 503 00:23:36,179 --> 00:23:41,100 rose through the ranks of the SD in 504 00:23:39,179 --> 00:23:43,679 Berlin to become one of the leading 505 00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:45,929 figures in the Gestapo by the war he's 506 00:23:43,679 --> 00:23:49,080 often being painted as a typical 507 00:23:45,929 --> 00:23:50,759 faceless bureaucrat who has no 508 00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:52,830 commitment to anything beyond the 509 00:23:50,759 --> 00:23:55,470 discharge of his own functions but I 510 00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:58,379 think it's important to recognize that - 511 00:23:55,470 --> 00:24:01,230 is anything but an automaton a Sherman 512 00:23:58,379 --> 00:24:03,179 was also an ideological believer who did 513 00:24:01,230 --> 00:24:05,940 things not simply because he was told to 514 00:24:03,179 --> 00:24:08,700 but because he was a fervent anti-semite 515 00:24:05,940 --> 00:24:11,190 - Eichmann took minutes at the 516 00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:13,289 conference as he later recalled during 517 00:24:11,190 --> 00:24:15,720 his trial at Nuremberg Reinhard Heydrich 518 00:24:13,289 --> 00:24:17,850 managed during the fancy conference to 519 00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:20,879 get everyone to use such expressions as 520 00:24:17,850 --> 00:24:22,350 kill exterminate and eliminate and have 521 00:24:20,879 --> 00:24:26,129 their statements recorded in the minutes 522 00:24:22,350 --> 00:24:27,539 pinning them down Heydrich then decided 523 00:24:26,129 --> 00:24:30,299 what was going to come into the minutes 524 00:24:27,539 --> 00:24:33,539 and what wasn't and then he polished it 525 00:24:30,299 --> 00:24:35,159 up a bit and that was that the Fuhrer 526 00:24:33,539 --> 00:24:38,610 had ordered the extermination of the 527 00:24:35,159 --> 00:24:41,009 Jews that's what Hydra told me and then 528 00:24:38,610 --> 00:24:42,929 unusually he paused for a long time as 529 00:24:41,009 --> 00:24:44,540 he wanted to see the effect his words 530 00:24:42,929 --> 00:24:48,560 would have 531 00:24:44,540 --> 00:24:50,120 at last the plans were agreed just as if 532 00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:53,690 this were an ordinary administrative 533 00:24:50,120 --> 00:24:56,270 task of a civilized government after the 534 00:24:53,690 --> 00:24:58,640 conference was over Heydrich Miller in 535 00:24:56,270 --> 00:25:01,820 my own insignificant self sat down 536 00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:03,650 comfortably in front of afar not to talk 537 00:25:01,820 --> 00:25:06,320 shop just to have a rest 538 00:25:03,650 --> 00:25:08,450 after the long exhausting hours the 539 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:09,920 importance of the conference though was 540 00:25:08,450 --> 00:25:12,440 the defect that it was to help the 541 00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:16,130 methods of the implementation of the 542 00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:18,320 final solution was decided upon by it 543 00:25:16,130 --> 00:25:21,080 must be said a bunch of second-string 544 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:24,580 bureaucrats not not the top Nath's it's 545 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:26,990 not Himmler I Goering Goebbels cetera 546 00:25:24,580 --> 00:25:29,660 Heydrich the most important person there 547 00:25:26,990 --> 00:25:31,190 and Eichmann's acting as his aide to 548 00:25:29,660 --> 00:25:33,740 calm his taking the minutes of the 549 00:25:31,190 --> 00:25:35,480 meeting but at the importance of the 550 00:25:33,740 --> 00:25:38,000 conference's it's the discussion of the 551 00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:39,650 implementation rather than decision to 552 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:44,210 do it that had been taken some time 553 00:25:39,650 --> 00:25:46,190 before Eichmann sent out the conference 554 00:25:44,210 --> 00:25:48,890 conclusions marked express and 555 00:25:46,190 --> 00:25:51,470 top-secret to all Gestapo and Police 556 00:25:48,890 --> 00:25:54,020 Services in the Reich this was the 557 00:25:51,470 --> 00:25:56,530 official order that triggered the final 558 00:25:54,020 --> 00:25:56,530 solution 559 00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:02,770 the apparatus was systematically 560 00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:04,390 prepared rounding up and transporting 561 00:26:02,770 --> 00:26:04,960 millions of people was a complicated 562 00:26:04,390 --> 00:26:07,210 business 563 00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:10,770 the Gestapo responded as it had in the 564 00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:13,960 past by drawing up lists lists of names 565 00:26:10,770 --> 00:26:15,840 millions of human lives that were to be 566 00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:19,030 terminated 567 00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:21,160 it was the gestalt post-roll to round up 568 00:26:19,030 --> 00:26:22,840 the Jews in every locality and to ship 569 00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:24,790 them away they would write to the Jews 570 00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:26,020 of any given community at the 571 00:26:24,790 --> 00:26:28,870 appropriate point 572 00:26:26,020 --> 00:26:31,000 tell them to assemble at the station 573 00:26:28,870 --> 00:26:33,370 typically from whence they then be 574 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:34,900 deported and it's also the Gestapo which 575 00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:37,690 is at the centre of organizing the 576 00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:39,760 deportations overall so it's the Gestapo 577 00:26:37,690 --> 00:26:42,460 which liaises with the rice railway 578 00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:45,730 system to coordinate the transports by 579 00:26:42,460 --> 00:26:48,010 train to the east the Gestapo drew upon 580 00:26:45,730 --> 00:26:50,260 all assistance available to them Jewish 581 00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:52,870 resistance fighter Alain muskie which 582 00:26:50,260 --> 00:26:56,529 had infiltrated their ranks 583 00:26:52,870 --> 00:26:58,150 I can't describe the fear I felt as I 584 00:26:56,529 --> 00:27:01,059 stepped inside the dreaded Gestapo 585 00:26:58,150 --> 00:27:04,330 building that morning until that moment 586 00:27:01,059 --> 00:27:07,360 I hadn't really appreciated my position 587 00:27:04,330 --> 00:27:10,120 a Belgian Jewish girl in the role of a 588 00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:12,039 German fräulein flanked by a novice Tom 589 00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:15,070 von Fuhrer the colonel in charge of the 590 00:27:12,039 --> 00:27:17,500 Brussels Gestapo walking down long 591 00:27:15,070 --> 00:27:20,409 hallways quietly past guard after guard 592 00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:24,250 being greeted by the rapid fire Heil 593 00:27:20,409 --> 00:27:26,649 Hitler salutes and clicking heels one of 594 00:27:24,250 --> 00:27:29,590 her lens jobs was to prepare the lists 595 00:27:26,649 --> 00:27:32,590 as usual the Gestapo got underlings to 596 00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:34,450 do the work for them the notice 597 00:27:32,590 --> 00:27:35,830 proclaimed that a reward of 40 Belgian 598 00:27:34,450 --> 00:27:37,690 francs was to be given to any citizen 599 00:27:35,830 --> 00:27:39,669 whose information led to the arrest of a 600 00:27:37,690 --> 00:27:41,409 Jew when the letters began to pour in 601 00:27:39,669 --> 00:27:43,809 they were referred to her office by the 602 00:27:41,409 --> 00:27:44,980 sergeant eventually we had to place some 603 00:27:43,809 --> 00:27:47,260 of the mail and they over strobe on 604 00:27:44,980 --> 00:27:49,149 Fuhrer's desk where they accumulated 605 00:27:47,260 --> 00:27:50,890 until a higher decision was made thanks 606 00:27:49,149 --> 00:27:52,720 to all these delays and to the fact that 607 00:27:50,890 --> 00:27:54,970 few two stayed long in one place a 608 00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:56,919 number of those reported were able to 609 00:27:54,970 --> 00:28:01,000 change their hideouts before the Gestapo 610 00:27:56,919 --> 00:28:04,809 reached them but too many failed to get 611 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:07,690 away on one of the lists was the my 612 00:28:04,809 --> 00:28:09,909 family from votes Berg including Ludvig 613 00:28:07,690 --> 00:28:13,110 the father nearly the mother and their 614 00:28:09,909 --> 00:28:13,110 12 year old son Herbert 615 00:28:14,980 --> 00:28:21,500 - darkest er some brief could come as 616 00:28:18,380 --> 00:28:23,420 well so a letter came telling us to be 617 00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:26,990 at such-and-such a time at the concert 618 00:28:23,420 --> 00:28:29,920 hall we're allowed to bring one suitcase 619 00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:33,320 and a little food or some such 620 00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:37,090 my parents have obeyed they didn't say 621 00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:39,610 we're not doing that you didn't do that 622 00:28:37,090 --> 00:28:43,040 you did what you were told 623 00:28:39,610 --> 00:28:46,940 so all the Jews in verts Berg went to 624 00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:52,850 the hall early in the morning without 625 00:28:46,940 --> 00:29:01,310 asking why or for what that was like a 626 00:28:52,850 --> 00:29:03,880 star poo everywhere across the Reich the 627 00:29:01,310 --> 00:29:06,410 Gestapo supervised the removal of Jews 628 00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:08,920 neighbors and friends look Tom but saw 629 00:29:06,410 --> 00:29:08,920 nothing 630 00:29:11,110 --> 00:29:16,429 Albertine schism well I'd say that 631 00:29:13,580 --> 00:29:18,559 people simply looked away they wanted to 632 00:29:16,429 --> 00:29:21,860 be able to say later but they didn't see 633 00:29:18,559 --> 00:29:24,860 anything but they did see it they just 634 00:29:21,860 --> 00:29:26,509 didn't want to see it in many cases 635 00:29:24,860 --> 00:29:28,940 these neighbors would have turned the 636 00:29:26,509 --> 00:29:33,009 Jews in themselves though at least in 637 00:29:28,940 --> 00:29:33,009 Brussels there would be some retribution 638 00:29:36,159 --> 00:29:41,539 and after a while the informers began 639 00:29:39,529 --> 00:29:44,480 calling to collect their forty francs 640 00:29:41,539 --> 00:29:46,669 we decided that each Informer would need 641 00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:48,230 an appointment to collect his money this 642 00:29:46,669 --> 00:29:50,149 enabled us to write down the names and 643 00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:51,950 addresses of the informers which we 644 00:29:50,149 --> 00:29:54,440 wrote on a list to be related to the 645 00:29:51,950 --> 00:29:57,769 resistance to be filed for future 646 00:29:54,440 --> 00:30:03,259 reference and retribution sometimes even 647 00:29:57,769 --> 00:30:05,570 after the war as instructed the 850 Jews 648 00:30:03,259 --> 00:30:08,720 of Watts burg gathered at the concert 649 00:30:05,570 --> 00:30:10,850 hall on the 25th of April 1942 they 650 00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:13,429 waited for further instructions amid the 651 00:30:10,850 --> 00:30:14,929 familiar signs of normal life there were 652 00:30:13,429 --> 00:30:18,110 posters up for the following night's 653 00:30:14,929 --> 00:30:19,730 concert a sold-out show featuring Ville 654 00:30:18,110 --> 00:30:22,159 Helms three aunts a singer of 655 00:30:19,730 --> 00:30:24,799 sentimental songs for those who 656 00:30:22,159 --> 00:30:26,990 assembled here this was the last they 657 00:30:24,799 --> 00:30:28,500 would see of anything either comforting 658 00:30:26,990 --> 00:30:31,930 or no 659 00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:34,270 few would ever see their homes or their 660 00:30:31,930 --> 00:30:37,369 homeland ever again 661 00:30:34,270 --> 00:30:37,369 [Music] 662 00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:43,120 19:42 and the Gestapo throughout the 663 00:30:40,990 --> 00:30:46,150 Reich and its occupied territories were 664 00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:49,720 frantically busy organizing deportations 665 00:30:46,150 --> 00:30:51,640 in votes burg 852 Jews have been 666 00:30:49,720 --> 00:30:54,670 summoned to assemble outside the towns 667 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:56,440 concert hall the supervising Gestapo 668 00:30:54,670 --> 00:30:57,400 officers made an album for their own 669 00:30:56,440 --> 00:31:00,120 entertainment 670 00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:03,700 they made captions mocking their victims 671 00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:08,100 the longer the day the finer the guests 672 00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:13,690 the best-looking among the chosen people 673 00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:17,850 sarah has to do some work for once in 674 00:31:13,690 --> 00:31:21,250 the waiting crowd stood the my family 675 00:31:17,850 --> 00:31:24,580 over there over night or two nights one 676 00:31:21,250 --> 00:31:26,500 morning it was just get out and we were 677 00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,840 marched off through the town to the 678 00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:33,340 railway station 679 00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:35,200 my parents continuously instilled in me 680 00:31:33,340 --> 00:31:41,410 that everything is okay don't worry 681 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:43,900 child you okay we are here and try to to 682 00:31:41,410 --> 00:31:47,110 which stated that I was not afraid 683 00:31:43,900 --> 00:31:48,820 because they took care of me and they 684 00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:51,730 were there and then everything able to 685 00:31:48,820 --> 00:31:55,300 be fine and I believe that and I didn't 686 00:31:51,730 --> 00:31:55,840 think of anything bad planning was as 687 00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:59,170 ever 688 00:31:55,840 --> 00:32:00,940 Farah a meticulous the concert hall was 689 00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,550 divided into different sections for men 690 00:32:00,940 --> 00:32:06,340 and women families were split up never 691 00:32:03,550 --> 00:32:08,410 to be reunited Gestapo officers 692 00:32:06,340 --> 00:32:11,270 supervised the whole undertaking some of 693 00:32:08,410 --> 00:32:14,240 them in plain clothes 694 00:32:11,270 --> 00:32:16,640 Oswald Gundlach the senior criminal 695 00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:21,380 assistance the votes burger staffer also 696 00:32:16,640 --> 00:32:22,880 took part in the deportation in 1922 he 697 00:32:21,380 --> 00:32:25,490 had joined the Bavarian Provincial 698 00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:28,429 Police Force and then in 1933 the 699 00:32:25,490 --> 00:32:30,380 Gestapo later he was to claim that he 700 00:32:28,429 --> 00:32:33,050 was transferred against his will and 701 00:32:30,380 --> 00:32:35,900 that all the tasks he fulfilled were 702 00:32:33,050 --> 00:32:37,300 perfectly normal and acceptable policing 703 00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:39,860 duties 704 00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:42,920 gunda Lac was ordered to accompany the 705 00:32:39,860 --> 00:32:46,760 852 Jews to the railway freight station 706 00:32:42,920 --> 00:32:50,480 a total of six deportation waves were 707 00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:53,740 sent out from the station 2063 Jews in 708 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:56,690 all the operation ran like clockwork 709 00:32:53,740 --> 00:32:59,500 most of the passengers believed they 710 00:32:56,690 --> 00:33:03,050 were going to be resettled 711 00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:05,420 the cross Eden vampire 712 00:33:03,050 --> 00:33:08,600 my grandparents were on the second 713 00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:14,990 transport from Nuremberg to his Bitzer 714 00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:17,180 in Poland in March 42 I know that the 715 00:33:14,990 --> 00:33:19,730 father of my mother accompanied her 716 00:33:17,180 --> 00:33:22,370 right up to the collection point at 717 00:33:19,730 --> 00:33:24,920 langmaster station where they were then 718 00:33:22,370 --> 00:33:28,160 deported and like Roslin along was a 719 00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:33,860 bahnhof was it an absence partly 720 00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:36,740 advancing I said Nevada my own severe I 721 00:33:33,860 --> 00:33:38,750 must say well we thought they would be 722 00:33:36,740 --> 00:33:40,790 put together in a ghetto somewhere and 723 00:33:38,750 --> 00:33:45,100 maybe there would be the possibility of 724 00:33:40,790 --> 00:33:45,100 coming together again later so some in 725 00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:51,310 sacramental acts especially evacuation 726 00:33:48,590 --> 00:33:53,720 transport train number da for nine 727 00:33:51,310 --> 00:33:56,960 lumbered through Germany on its way to 728 00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:59,060 the Lublin district of Poland it took a 729 00:33:56,960 --> 00:34:01,340 painfully slow four days to get there 730 00:33:59,060 --> 00:34:05,960 picking up more and more deportees 731 00:34:01,340 --> 00:34:07,880 enroute guna lacks report recorded the 732 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:10,490 special trains journey in typical 733 00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:12,260 bureaucratic style the transport was 734 00:34:10,490 --> 00:34:14,810 delivered complete there were no 735 00:34:12,260 --> 00:34:17,990 incidents no police action was required 736 00:34:14,810 --> 00:34:21,190 it stated his report was handed to the 737 00:34:17,990 --> 00:34:21,190 local Gestapo officer 738 00:34:22,870 --> 00:34:27,590 the officer then sent a telegram 739 00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:29,600 director Adolf Eichmann confirming the 740 00:34:27,590 --> 00:34:35,420 arrival of gun deluxe transport train in 741 00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:38,750 good order gun deluxe task ended at ease 742 00:34:35,420 --> 00:34:41,770 bitsa he was free to return but not so 743 00:34:38,750 --> 00:34:41,770 his consignment 744 00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:49,740 his beat sir is a tiny village south of 745 00:34:47,250 --> 00:34:52,740 Lublin in eastern Poland near the 746 00:34:49,740 --> 00:34:55,050 Ukrainian border it was at the heart of 747 00:34:52,740 --> 00:34:56,970 operation Reinhard a special operation 748 00:34:55,050 --> 00:35:00,240 direct from the desk of crime McKinley 749 00:34:56,970 --> 00:35:03,060 the aim was for two million Jews to be 750 00:35:00,240 --> 00:35:05,400 exterminated in this area of Poland his 751 00:35:03,060 --> 00:35:07,200 bid sir was set up to be a transit 752 00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:09,300 ghetto because it was situated 753 00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:11,550 conveniently at the junction of the rail 754 00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:14,310 network that linked the death camps at 755 00:35:11,550 --> 00:35:19,100 Belzec and Sobibor to the south and 756 00:35:14,310 --> 00:35:19,100 minor neck and Treblinka to the north 757 00:35:19,130 --> 00:35:24,540 Himmler himself paid a visit to the 758 00:35:21,750 --> 00:35:27,300 village the place played an important 759 00:35:24,540 --> 00:35:29,700 role in his vast project at his side 760 00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:32,790 stood the local east beat sir Gestapo 761 00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:35,880 chief Kurt Angle's angles began his 762 00:35:32,790 --> 00:35:38,520 career as a policeman in Cologne in 1940 763 00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:41,690 he arrived in his beat sir as the local 764 00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:44,190 Gestapo chief Angles was a brutal sadist 765 00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:46,320 for recreation he used to ride around 766 00:35:44,190 --> 00:35:54,030 the village on his motorbike looking for 767 00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:58,680 Jews to shoot he fabrica albeit it in a 768 00:35:54,030 --> 00:36:02,160 vexed at I worked in a garage and then 769 00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,230 angle to your common Pizza when a it's 770 00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:04,860 becoming hot when angles came to his 771 00:36:04,230 --> 00:36:08,250 beat sir 772 00:36:04,860 --> 00:36:10,080 we had a motorbike a BMW he came into 773 00:36:08,250 --> 00:36:16,050 the garage where I worked with a friend 774 00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:18,220 wolf wolf so I had to clean his 775 00:36:16,050 --> 00:36:20,830 motorbike all the time 776 00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:23,920 puts a recommend for the motorcycle but 777 00:36:20,830 --> 00:36:25,960 he found people Jews everyday and took 778 00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:29,950 them up to the cemetery and shot Hassan 779 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:32,680 and the feet off they said about angles 780 00:36:29,950 --> 00:36:36,790 that he couldn't have breakfast before 781 00:36:32,680 --> 00:36:40,210 he had shot a Jew early each morning 782 00:36:36,790 --> 00:36:44,410 he'd run out of his house and run around 783 00:36:40,210 --> 00:36:50,410 till he saw a face he didn't like they 784 00:36:44,410 --> 00:36:53,110 said he always laughed when he shot on 785 00:36:50,410 --> 00:36:55,120 the evening of the 28th of April when 786 00:36:53,110 --> 00:36:57,070 good relax train from boots Berg arrived 787 00:36:55,120 --> 00:37:00,370 it was Angles who received the 788 00:36:57,070 --> 00:37:02,650 consignment of deputies however its lead 789 00:37:00,370 --> 00:37:04,420 sir was already full and a backlog 790 00:37:02,650 --> 00:37:06,670 further up the line prevented him from 791 00:37:04,420 --> 00:37:09,550 sending the train load of human cargo on 792 00:37:06,670 --> 00:37:11,980 to the death camps Angles thought of a 793 00:37:09,550 --> 00:37:14,020 simple solution to his problem he 794 00:37:11,980 --> 00:37:16,420 organized and took part in the mass 795 00:37:14,020 --> 00:37:20,860 shooting of several thousand Jews who 796 00:37:16,420 --> 00:37:23,290 were on the train the my family survived 797 00:37:20,860 --> 00:37:26,080 this savage on salt only to perish later 798 00:37:23,290 --> 00:37:29,700 in labor camps Herbert was the only one 799 00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:29,700 who lived to see the end of the wall 800 00:37:33,410 --> 00:37:38,810 back in votes Berg the Gestapo kept 801 00:37:36,230 --> 00:37:40,850 meticulous accounts every expense was 802 00:37:38,810 --> 00:37:43,340 rigorously logged down to the last 803 00:37:40,850 --> 00:37:45,560 fennec this particular transport 804 00:37:43,340 --> 00:37:47,240 including transportation costs guards 805 00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:49,880 travel overnight expenses and 806 00:37:47,240 --> 00:37:52,040 electricity was invoiced at fifty two 807 00:37:49,880 --> 00:37:56,120 thousand nine hundred and thirty three 808 00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:57,680 rush mark and for thinik that's about 809 00:37:56,120 --> 00:38:02,180 one hundred and thirty thousand pounds 810 00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:03,920 in today's money working together the 811 00:38:02,180 --> 00:38:06,410 Gestapo and the police force combed 812 00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:08,920 German occupied Europe to deliver more 813 00:38:06,410 --> 00:38:11,480 loads of human beings to his beat sir 814 00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:12,830 over the following two years one and 815 00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:14,900 three-quarter million people were 816 00:38:12,830 --> 00:38:17,480 transported to the death camps via this 817 00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:19,610 route they could not have been done 818 00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:22,730 without the zealous work of the Gestapo 819 00:38:19,610 --> 00:38:25,190 but very soon a blow would fall that 820 00:38:22,730 --> 00:38:28,510 would shake all the Nazi security forces 821 00:38:25,190 --> 00:38:28,510 to their foundations 822 00:38:33,859 --> 00:38:41,339 may 1942 reinhard heydrich head of the 823 00:38:39,089 --> 00:38:43,380 reich security office was rewarded for 824 00:38:41,339 --> 00:38:46,950 his fervid loyalty to hitler by being 825 00:38:43,380 --> 00:38:50,160 posted to prague as a Reich protector in 826 00:38:46,950 --> 00:38:53,640 other words absolute ruler the glory 827 00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:55,680 suited his vanity and he had devised a 828 00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:57,720 straightforward solution to the stubborn 829 00:38:55,680 --> 00:39:00,480 Czech resistance that he encountered at 830 00:38:57,720 --> 00:39:04,230 his new posting he simply led the 831 00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:06,150 Gestapo off the leash they made hundreds 832 00:39:04,230 --> 00:39:08,490 of arrests and at Heydrich bidding 833 00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:10,500 carried out summary executions in the 834 00:39:08,490 --> 00:39:13,650 streets making a big show of public 835 00:39:10,500 --> 00:39:16,680 slaughter but the Gestapo became 836 00:39:13,650 --> 00:39:18,680 overconfident and the crackdown had the 837 00:39:16,680 --> 00:39:23,130 opposite effect of what was intended 838 00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:24,660 resistance hardened Hydra Prout to his 839 00:39:23,130 --> 00:39:26,700 office in Prague Castle and a 840 00:39:24,660 --> 00:39:29,520 convertible flying his personal pennant 841 00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:31,710 one day Czech resistance fighters threw 842 00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:33,599 a bomb into the open car the Reich 843 00:39:31,710 --> 00:39:36,480 protector was wounded but not killed 844 00:39:33,599 --> 00:39:41,540 outright a passerby called an ambulance 845 00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:41,540 and Heydrich died later in hospital 846 00:39:41,910 --> 00:39:49,049 the Gestapo once again and failed in the 847 00:39:45,720 --> 00:39:51,140 most public and humiliating way Heydrich 848 00:39:49,049 --> 00:39:54,020 SAS a summation sent shockwaves 849 00:39:51,140 --> 00:39:56,490 reverberating through Germany I was 850 00:39:54,020 --> 00:39:58,829 endure for Alemanni he'll get a shaft 851 00:39:56,490 --> 00:40:00,599 number photo honk if you Leland amiran 852 00:39:58,829 --> 00:40:05,730 Wolfe de praga book a name's Eric Lee 853 00:40:00,599 --> 00:40:08,280 Reinhard Heydrich for Weber his loss was 854 00:40:05,730 --> 00:40:11,369 greatly felt by the Nazi leadership 855 00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:14,280 Hitler was furious that he'd put himself 856 00:40:11,369 --> 00:40:17,430 in a position an unguarded position that 857 00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:19,440 he could be assassinated but I would say 858 00:40:17,430 --> 00:40:21,750 that amongst the Nazi leadership there 859 00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:24,119 was also a terrific sigh of relief 860 00:40:21,750 --> 00:40:26,160 because here was somebody that was 861 00:40:24,119 --> 00:40:29,640 feared even by the Nazi leaders 862 00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:34,109 themselves they all thought that this 863 00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:37,140 person was so ruthless that nobody was 864 00:40:34,109 --> 00:40:39,270 safe from him Heinrich Muller a Gestapo 865 00:40:37,140 --> 00:40:41,490 chief had to take charge personally once 866 00:40:39,270 --> 00:40:43,859 again the intelligence failure was 867 00:40:41,490 --> 00:40:45,359 addressed without delay the 868 00:40:43,859 --> 00:40:46,950 investigation was carried out with all 869 00:40:45,359 --> 00:40:49,980 the resources of modern detective 870 00:40:46,950 --> 00:40:51,599 science the official directive stated 871 00:40:49,980 --> 00:40:55,349 that the assassins were members of the 872 00:40:51,599 --> 00:40:57,210 Czech resistance movement many suspects 873 00:40:55,349 --> 00:41:00,660 were arrested and all known hideouts 874 00:40:57,210 --> 00:41:03,119 raided the reports read like the script 875 00:41:00,660 --> 00:41:06,089 of an exciting film 876 00:41:03,119 --> 00:41:08,309 in the absence of specific hard evidence 877 00:41:06,089 --> 00:41:10,890 the Gestapo chose a saturation approach 878 00:41:08,309 --> 00:41:13,170 to punishment 13,000 Czechs were 879 00:41:10,890 --> 00:41:16,829 arrested in the next days and 600 880 00:41:13,170 --> 00:41:20,150 executed in the village of lead Itza all 881 00:41:16,829 --> 00:41:22,769 the men were shot in a 10-hour massacre 882 00:41:20,150 --> 00:41:25,829 the women and children were deported to 883 00:41:22,769 --> 00:41:29,609 death camps days later another village 884 00:41:25,829 --> 00:41:33,329 was razed to the ground through the 885 00:41:29,609 --> 00:41:35,069 ruthlessness of the Gestapo 120 members 886 00:41:33,329 --> 00:41:36,900 of the Czech resistance were rounded up 887 00:41:35,069 --> 00:41:41,670 in a small Church in Prague where they 888 00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:46,769 were besieged I went to see mullah he 889 00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:48,089 said tomorrow we'd take the church let's 890 00:41:46,769 --> 00:41:53,130 hope the murderers are with the ones 891 00:41:48,089 --> 00:41:56,700 inside the next day an all-out attack 892 00:41:53,130 --> 00:42:00,210 was launched against the Church of the 893 00:41:56,700 --> 00:42:04,769 Czech resistance fighters not one fell 894 00:42:00,210 --> 00:42:07,589 into German hands alive a floodgate of 895 00:42:04,769 --> 00:42:09,989 revenge had been opened while Hitler 896 00:42:07,589 --> 00:42:12,059 buried Heydrich in Berlin violence and 897 00:42:09,989 --> 00:42:14,099 terror spread through the East the 898 00:42:12,059 --> 00:42:16,440 Gestapo and regular police forces 899 00:42:14,099 --> 00:42:18,599 involved in operation Reinhard why 900 00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:21,390 diverted in order to take part in the 901 00:42:18,599 --> 00:42:24,269 massacres among the number was Oswald 902 00:42:21,390 --> 00:42:26,489 gondola later he insisted that these 903 00:42:24,269 --> 00:42:27,940 were carefully coordinated operations 904 00:42:26,489 --> 00:42:31,059 against partisans 905 00:42:27,940 --> 00:42:31,059 [Music] 906 00:42:31,940 --> 00:42:35,390 the latest viewer abanda we are the 907 00:42:33,890 --> 00:42:36,559 organized in Strafford supérieur 908 00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:39,170 Murphy's house GABA 909 00:42:36,559 --> 00:42:40,700 isquite only became function Brandon he 910 00:42:39,170 --> 00:42:42,529 writes teen study schlub finger lock on 911 00:42:40,700 --> 00:42:45,160 that moon gained an heightened applet 912 00:42:42,529 --> 00:42:48,019 sight some concentration anger for 913 00:42:45,160 --> 00:42:50,089 Tahira and spawn a gift outcomes given 914 00:42:48,019 --> 00:42:52,519 in vague to the mutant botanist in 915 00:42:50,089 --> 00:42:58,210 brighter front vertical in the door she 916 00:42:52,519 --> 00:43:00,890 came Lublin in Poland in November 1943 917 00:42:58,210 --> 00:43:03,349 operation Harvest Festival was launched 918 00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:05,990 up until the days of the Czech massacres 919 00:43:03,349 --> 00:43:08,420 the Gestapo had not been systematic 920 00:43:05,990 --> 00:43:10,220 executioner's they had simply delivered 921 00:43:08,420 --> 00:43:12,740 their victims into the hands of others 922 00:43:10,220 --> 00:43:15,589 and washed their hands of the matter but 923 00:43:12,740 --> 00:43:17,900 in operation harvest festival they were 924 00:43:15,589 --> 00:43:20,960 confirmed in their new role as murderers 925 00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:23,809 the Gestapo killed 43 thousand Jews in 926 00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:26,440 Lublin Gestapo units had turned into 927 00:43:23,809 --> 00:43:26,440 death squads 928 00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:35,559 individual officers describe their new 929 00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:37,180 tasks in their letters and diaries if 930 00:43:35,559 --> 00:43:40,299 the victims didn't want to do what they 931 00:43:37,180 --> 00:43:42,099 were supposed to they'd be beaten many 932 00:43:40,299 --> 00:43:45,690 of them came quietly to the execution 933 00:43:42,099 --> 00:43:48,759 spots they had no choice 934 00:43:45,690 --> 00:43:51,489 it was always so strange as the victims 935 00:43:48,759 --> 00:43:53,769 fell into the ditch they didn't fall 936 00:43:51,489 --> 00:43:56,949 over in the same way but sometimes 937 00:43:53,769 --> 00:44:02,769 rocked sometimes fell in a regular order 938 00:43:56,949 --> 00:44:05,259 into the ditch I'm not fond of shooting 939 00:44:02,769 --> 00:44:06,039 defenseless people even if they're only 940 00:44:05,259 --> 00:44:10,269 Jews 941 00:44:06,039 --> 00:44:11,369 I prefer open combat well goodnight my 942 00:44:10,269 --> 00:44:13,959 sweet 943 00:44:11,369 --> 00:44:16,449 the war had wrought a change in the 944 00:44:13,959 --> 00:44:19,809 tightly run clinically organized Gestapo 945 00:44:16,449 --> 00:44:22,059 the unblinking extinction of human life 946 00:44:19,809 --> 00:44:25,329 had become routine a door had been 947 00:44:22,059 --> 00:44:28,150 opened gestapo brutality was primed a 948 00:44:25,329 --> 00:44:31,359 spiral out of control as it's focused 949 00:44:28,150 --> 00:44:32,590 attention turned to scrutinized Germany 950 00:44:31,359 --> 00:44:40,940 itself 951 00:44:32,590 --> 00:44:40,940 [Music] 71640

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