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within six years of its inception the
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Gestapo had grown from a regional secret
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police force into a crucial element in
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the rise and expansion of the Third
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Reich
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under the guidance of its shadowy
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director I'm dick moolah it had evolved
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into an instrument of terror whose
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success in crushing resistance to Hitler
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was unequaled by 1939 few people in Nazi
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Germany dared risk opposing the Fuhrer
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or the Reich this was Hitler's primary
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objective as it had been so dazzlingly
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well achieved he was ready to move ahead
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unhindered by opposition to the next
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step of his master plan the Gestapo was
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graduating to a new role on a new
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international stage
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I am the man who started the war an
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incredible claim be cynical if you like
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it's true I was the triggerman who lit
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the fuse to Europe in 1939 there was a
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specific incident which began the chain
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reaction of bloodshed and violence and
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of course there had to be one man to
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engineer the incident I was that man
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the night of the 31st of August 1939
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eastern Germany a handful of trucks set
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out on a secret mission
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this was Operation Tannenberg executed
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on direct orders from the security chief
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Reinhard Heydrich and his deputy head of
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the Gestapo Heinrich Mueller attention
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had been mounting along the border
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between Germany and Poland the German
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press had reported multiple allegations
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of polish provocation all of them
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spurious Alfred Knox was a security
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officer and a Gestapo command and later
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was happy to describe the part he played
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that night I was directed to go to
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climates with five or six SD men and
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wait there until I received a code word
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from Heydrich
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Knox was waiting for the codeword
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grandma's dead when it came nigh ox and
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his team swung into action Heydrich said
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in order to carry out this attack report
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it to Muller for canned goods
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canned goods was code for a fresh corpse
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which was duly collected then Knox and
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his men stormed the local radio station
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on the German side of the border
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pretending to be Polish soldiers they
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fired a few shots and a German speaking
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in Polish made a broadcast urging the
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local population to rise up against the
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Nazis
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the fake poles then disappeared leaving
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the corpse behind except he wasn't quite
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dead
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I heard him laid down at the entrance to
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the station he was alive but completely
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unconscious I tried to open his eyes I
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couldn't recognize by his eyes that he
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was alive only by his breathing I didn't
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see the shot wounds but there was a lot
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of blood smeared across his face he was
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in civilian clothes
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the man was Francey check on iakh a
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German citizen who had been arrested for
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sympathizing with the poles he died
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where Nayak's laid him and would be used
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as proof of Polish aggression
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Volta schellenberg a senior spymaster
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and subsequent head of the German secret
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service knew all about the plot it was
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one of Hitler's secret orders by the 1st
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of September 1939 if possible and
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absolutely irreproachable calls for war
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had to be created one that was found in
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history as justification and would brand
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Poland in the eyes of the world as the
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aggressor against Germany elsewhere
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along the border Muller made
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arrangements for the delivery of more
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canned goods in my presence Muller
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discussed another border incident in
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which it should be made to appear that
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Polish soldiers were attacking German
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troops
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Mulla stated that he had twelve or
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thirteen condemned criminals who were to
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be dressed in Polish uniforms and left
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dead on the ground at the scene of the
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incident to show that they'd been killed
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while attacking for this purpose they
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were given fatal injections by a doctor
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employed by Hydra they were then also to
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be given gunshot wounds after the
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assaults members of the press and other
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persons who were to be taken to the
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scene of the incident a police report
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was subsequently to be prepared the
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Gestapo stratagem worked faultlessly
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within hours hitler denounced the total
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of 21 supposin order incursions by
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Polish troops and well I reckon idea
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I didn't plan Otoniel oh nice a nice
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billion put that on your custom the
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newsreels triumphantly amplified
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Hitler's battle craft
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[Music]
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- after Eva shuttle driver one example
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tonight from London
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that's if they drink it was indeed the
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beginning of war and not only on the
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eastern front only I was previously
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Great Britain that reaffirmed its
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solidarity with Poland and would
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inevitably be drawn into the conflict
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this is exactly what Hitler intended
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he was militarily well-prepared and the
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Gestapo had been working toward this
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moment for many months but Hitler was
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not just taking his army to war he was
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taking his police force designated
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trains carried mullahs men to the
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eastern frontier a total of 131 thousand
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offices in all they were organized and
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led by the Gestapo for this was the
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start of their new role quelling
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Opposition in occupied territories in
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Hitler's grand plan tanks and soldiers
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were only the beginning their work was
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to begin at once
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the police waited with the army at the
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border
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among them was Heinrich Bob
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everyday around 4 p.m. we left our
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Gestapo unit so as to be at the border
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on time for the war to begin the war
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machines were already rolling of the
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Polish army there was nothing to be seen
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as the German armed forces swarmed
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across the border squads of police and
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SS security officers were ordered by the
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Gestapo to complete the first task which
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was to liquidate the entire local
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leadership structure from there they
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moved on to the streets and local police
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units were drawn in to help them normal
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ID checks became an instrument of
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political oppression anyone who didn't
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fit the Gustavo's approved profile
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acceptable citizen was arrested on the
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spot political protesters so-called
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parasites intelligentsia and above all
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the Jews were rounded up on mass in the
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German press the role of the police was
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played down but abroad the truth was
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starkly reported the key difference
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between the behavioristic star power
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abroad and the kiss behavior to stop her
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in Germany was that it's more worthless
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because it's targeted on the foreign
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resistance and on the foreign
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ideological enemies above all the Jews
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but also poles and Slavs the Gestapo
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trademark was unmistakable the strategy
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was to encourage the poles to indulge a
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long-held inclination to anti-semitism
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denouncing and attacking their own
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countrymen and in effect doing the
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Gestapo offices work for them
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[Music]
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those arrested were immediately deported
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to newly assembled concentration camps
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in the east modeled on Himmler's
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original camp on the outskirts of Munich
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Dachau the combined power of the fair
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mocked and the Gestapo was overwhelming
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within weeks
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Warsaw fell to the Nazis I was shocked
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at what had become of a beautiful city I
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had known ruined and burnt out houses
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starving and grieving people a pall of
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dust hung over the city and everywhere
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there was the Swedish smell of burnt
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flesh everything was quiet Warsaw was a
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dead City
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the Gestapo had proved it's worth from
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the moment Warsaw capitulated it would
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be the key to German control over all
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their newly occupied territories and
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form the bedrock of all further Nazi
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expansion the Gestapo for all its
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success was still quite small and its
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intelligence though extensive largely
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second hand when the Gestapo failed it
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failed spectacularly as a lone bombers
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attack on Hitler was soon to prove its
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unity often given in history over boy
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Taylor the Fuhrer at the pazham nom
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static quotes aside for a catastrophic
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philosophy where they couldn't cable
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give you please fill out them so head
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remark plans I until ironic the
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explosion was the heroic act of a lone
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anti-fascist assassin the Gestapo had
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not known about it or expected it nor
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and they detected the planted bomb it
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was a spectacular failure even for the
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Gestapo Apple of the Fury's eye recovery
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from such a disaster would not be easy
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with a stopover at a loss but without
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knowing it they had struck lucky but one
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of their routine border controls earlier
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in the day they had picked up a man
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attempting to cross into Switzerland to
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their surprise and relief they have the
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assassin Georg Elser
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already in custody Heinrich Mahler
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conducted Elsa's interrogation himself
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he was determined to redeem the
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reputation of the Gestapo and take
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sadistic and lingering revenge on Elsa
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Milas lips were compressed and there was
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a malevolent expression in his small
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eyes they said very gently with great
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emphasis I've never had a man in front
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of me yet whom I did not break in the
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end if Elsa had been given some of the
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medicine he had had from me earlier on
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he would never have tried this business
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that was moolah the little Munich police
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detective who now had practically
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unlimited power moolah subjected Elsa to
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what was called an intensified
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interrogation
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the Gestapo euphemism for torture in
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addition his entire family was arrested
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arrest of kin it was called it was the
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latest Gestapo accomplishment no one
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knew where these unfortunates were they
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were not permitted to send to their
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relations any indication that they were
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still alive they themselves have no idea
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where they were being kept they
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deliberately spread the word that all
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relations of traitors were being
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executed they knew very well that
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panicky terror this would create amongst
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all those who'd ever had oppositional
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ideas nevertheless in the end the
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Gestapo conceded that Elsa had been
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acting alone he was not executed just in
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case he might still prove useful instead
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he was imprisoned in saxon housing
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concentration camp as hitler's special
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prisoner and later transferred to Dachau
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the swift resolution of the Beer Hall
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bomb episode went someway to rescuing
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the Gestapo reputation but ultimately
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it's saving was that mullah Heydrich and
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Himmler had made themselves
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indispensable together they had an iron
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grip over the entire German security
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network and without their skills
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Hitler's large-scale objectives would
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have been placed in jeopardy
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for as the Reich expanded across Europe
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the Gestapo went with it playing a
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pivotal role not only in a suppression
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of political opposition but in
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implementing Hitler's cherished ambition
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the elimination of the Jews
278
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[Music]
279
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the plan was proceeding smoothly
280
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throughout Germany ss-untersturmführer
281
00:13:25,750 --> 00:13:30,410
curtly Jie who had proved a great
282
00:13:28,310 --> 00:13:33,230
success in dealing with Jewish affairs
283
00:13:30,410 --> 00:13:35,780
in the Berlin Gestapo was assigned to
284
00:13:33,230 --> 00:13:37,670
continue the task in Cologne there he
285
00:13:35,780 --> 00:13:39,890
soon filled his cells with dissident
286
00:13:37,670 --> 00:13:42,350
suspects and began work on a scheme to
287
00:13:39,890 --> 00:13:48,650
deport all the Jews from the city some
288
00:13:42,350 --> 00:13:51,610
12,000 people but before he could finish
289
00:13:48,650 --> 00:13:54,200
this job he was assigned a new posting
290
00:13:51,610 --> 00:13:55,700
having demonstrated his efficiency he
291
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:59,180
was placed on the shortness for one of
292
00:13:55,700 --> 00:14:01,460
the posts of combat administrator these
293
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were the Gestapo Chiefs in the occupied
294
00:14:01,460 --> 00:14:07,250
countries their mission was to introduce
295
00:14:03,980 --> 00:14:09,740
tried and tested Gestapo methods to the
296
00:14:07,250 --> 00:14:13,910
suppression of resistance abroad lishka
297
00:14:09,740 --> 00:14:16,340
was given Paris he installed himself at
298
00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:18,860
once in splendid offices in the Rue de
299
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sousa a name that would become infamous
300
00:14:18,860 --> 00:14:24,500
in French history exactly as he had in
301
00:14:22,130 --> 00:14:26,890
Cologne he made the Gestapo in France
302
00:14:24,500 --> 00:14:29,330
into an organization of fear and dread
303
00:14:26,890 --> 00:14:32,240
there were fewer willing informers in
304
00:14:29,330 --> 00:14:34,450
Paris than at home so lishka faced more
305
00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:36,740
of a challenge there was a growing
306
00:14:34,450 --> 00:14:38,570
well-organized resistance movement in
307
00:14:36,740 --> 00:14:41,600
France his attacks were carefully
308
00:14:38,570 --> 00:14:44,330
targeted and its successes together with
309
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:46,940
widespread anti-nazi propaganda kept
310
00:14:44,330 --> 00:14:49,670
french pride alive and so kept the
311
00:14:46,940 --> 00:14:51,950
gestapo very busy despite lishka x'
312
00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:55,430
attempts to maintain his officers morale
313
00:14:51,950 --> 00:14:57,350
paris was not an easy posting some of
314
00:14:55,430 --> 00:14:59,570
Lycia cos problems arose from fellow
315
00:14:57,350 --> 00:15:01,580
Germans who opposed their government and
316
00:14:59,570 --> 00:15:04,580
had gone abroad to try and defeat it
317
00:15:01,580 --> 00:15:07,820
among the anti-fascism France was Paton
318
00:15:04,580 --> 00:15:09,980
jingled soir vicious tisha al see also
319
00:15:07,820 --> 00:15:14,120
simple it was something important and
320
00:15:09,980 --> 00:15:16,400
symbolic through our activity the French
321
00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:19,070
knew that not every German was a Nazi
322
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:22,160
not every German was a fascist and there
323
00:15:19,070 --> 00:15:25,070
were other Germans to San Francisco and
324
00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:27,680
the Doge Gingold altered his appearance
325
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and assumed a new identity
326
00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:32,389
under the name Pierre gamba he and his
327
00:15:30,860 --> 00:15:35,720
wife joined the struggle against the
328
00:15:32,389 --> 00:15:38,029
Nazis in the area around evil his job
329
00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:40,459
was to distribute pamphlets aimed at the
330
00:15:38,029 --> 00:15:43,490
German army a high-risk activity that
331
00:15:40,459 --> 00:15:45,529
didn't last long a dish Farid would I
332
00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:47,980
was arrested by a Frenchman and then
333
00:15:45,529 --> 00:15:51,709
immediately handed over to the Gestapo
334
00:15:47,980 --> 00:15:53,329
skinny-fat Gingold knew the Gestapo
335
00:15:51,709 --> 00:15:55,490
would torture him to make him reveal
336
00:15:53,329 --> 00:15:59,059
everything about his organization but he
337
00:15:55,490 --> 00:16:02,569
was prepared I was brought here with
338
00:15:59,059 --> 00:16:06,050
four Gestapo men I wanted them to put me
339
00:16:02,569 --> 00:16:08,689
in front of this door that was a trap
340
00:16:06,050 --> 00:16:10,369
that I had somehow prepared before to
341
00:16:08,689 --> 00:16:14,600
run into the house and to escape through
342
00:16:10,369 --> 00:16:16,670
the other side you see we lived opposite
343
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:19,759
and I always had to go to the Baker's
344
00:16:16,670 --> 00:16:21,589
they're going through this house it has
345
00:16:19,759 --> 00:16:25,009
a passageway through and their opposite
346
00:16:21,589 --> 00:16:28,869
was the Baker's that's how I knew this
347
00:16:25,009 --> 00:16:28,869
house that made my escape possible
348
00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:36,689
honey I knew I was running for my life I
349
00:16:34,529 --> 00:16:39,629
went out through this door and down the
350
00:16:36,689 --> 00:16:44,730
street to the right that's how it was
351
00:16:39,629 --> 00:16:46,620
for us King gold escaped and returned to
352
00:16:44,730 --> 00:16:48,449
the resistance he altered his appearance
353
00:16:46,620 --> 00:16:51,620
again this time adding a pair of
354
00:16:48,449 --> 00:16:51,620
spectacles in the mustache
355
00:16:51,870 --> 00:16:57,240
the Gestapo never caught him others such
356
00:16:54,720 --> 00:17:00,110
as Jakob Leonhardt a Swiss double agent
357
00:16:57,240 --> 00:17:00,110
were not so lucky
358
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[Music]
359
00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:08,559
I was working in a panic by stabbing
360
00:17:05,890 --> 00:17:10,679
pain as I tried to sit up and open my
361
00:17:08,559 --> 00:17:13,750
eyes someone hit me hard over the head
362
00:17:10,679 --> 00:17:16,270
there was a blocky SS man standing by my
363
00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:17,079
bed behind him was another one with a
364
00:17:16,270 --> 00:17:19,870
machine gun
365
00:17:17,079 --> 00:17:22,049
get up you Pig he shouted hitting me in
366
00:17:19,870 --> 00:17:24,549
the stomach with his caution winning me
367
00:17:22,049 --> 00:17:26,530
they called me from my bed and ordered
368
00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:29,620
me to get dressed beating me all the
369
00:17:26,530 --> 00:17:32,830
while took my passport and belongings
370
00:17:29,620 --> 00:17:34,510
and searched me for weapons from moment
371
00:17:32,830 --> 00:17:36,940
I thought the one with a machine gun was
372
00:17:34,510 --> 00:17:40,000
going to shoot me on the spot but the
373
00:17:36,940 --> 00:17:43,750
other stopped him no don't we have to
374
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:45,820
take this one in I was bleeding from my
375
00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:48,220
mouth my nose and my face was streaming
376
00:17:45,820 --> 00:17:51,549
with blood and my head was already
377
00:17:48,220 --> 00:17:53,049
swelling up I could hardly move they
378
00:17:51,549 --> 00:17:55,600
dragged me to their car and drove me a
379
00:17:53,049 --> 00:17:58,480
top speed through the city stopping at a
380
00:17:55,600 --> 00:18:01,740
house with a sign over the door secret
381
00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:03,610
state police Gestapo
382
00:18:01,740 --> 00:18:04,660
Leonardo is taken into protective
383
00:18:03,610 --> 00:18:07,179
custody
384
00:18:04,660 --> 00:18:09,940
the Gestapo euphemism for political
385
00:18:07,179 --> 00:18:12,990
arrest he protested his innocence to the
386
00:18:09,940 --> 00:18:15,400
interrogating officer Helen Archie said
387
00:18:12,990 --> 00:18:16,960
you know we have methods which would
388
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:20,730
certainly make you give us a confession
389
00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:23,770
but I insisted I have nothing to confess
390
00:18:20,730 --> 00:18:25,960
they blindfolded me and straightaway
391
00:18:23,770 --> 00:18:29,020
they started to chop the back of my head
392
00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:31,030
so that my face slammed into the wall my
393
00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:34,419
glass is shattered and I felt a stabbing
394
00:18:31,030 --> 00:18:35,980
pain in my eyes I staggered back but
395
00:18:34,419 --> 00:18:39,610
they wouldn't give up until I collapsed
396
00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:43,059
unable to move her brows torn cheeks
397
00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:45,309
split open and a broken nose Helen
398
00:18:43,059 --> 00:18:46,900
mozgov it was a Jewish resistance
399
00:18:45,309 --> 00:18:50,429
fighter working undercover in the
400
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:52,870
brussels bestop office the word cellar
401
00:18:50,429 --> 00:18:56,950
had frightful connotations at the
402
00:18:52,870 --> 00:18:58,660
Gestapo it was a a torture chamber
403
00:18:56,950 --> 00:19:03,429
worthy of the Inquisition
404
00:18:58,660 --> 00:19:07,510
I heard loud scream so heart-rending
405
00:19:03,429 --> 00:19:11,049
that I lost my head and impulsively ran
406
00:19:07,510 --> 00:19:13,659
down towards their source the room to
407
00:19:11,049 --> 00:19:16,240
the door was open and inside were two
408
00:19:13,659 --> 00:19:16,970
torturers stripped to the waist whipping
409
00:19:16,240 --> 00:19:18,350
a man who
410
00:19:16,970 --> 00:19:21,980
chain to what looked like a butcher's
411
00:19:18,350 --> 00:19:25,429
block his swollen body was beaten to a
412
00:19:21,980 --> 00:19:28,760
pulp a mass of deep gash like welts and
413
00:19:25,429 --> 00:19:30,110
bleeding sores when the torturers saw me
414
00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:31,340
they stopped in astonishment and
415
00:19:30,110 --> 00:19:33,590
demanded to know what the hell I was
416
00:19:31,340 --> 00:19:34,970
doing there I snapped that the man's
417
00:19:33,590 --> 00:19:36,770
Christ could be heard from upstairs and
418
00:19:34,970 --> 00:19:40,400
what was the point of beating him to
419
00:19:36,770 --> 00:19:42,380
death if he wouldn't talk in Paris
420
00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:45,080
Kurt lishka had been given a new
421
00:19:42,380 --> 00:19:46,909
assignment he was ordered to begin the
422
00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:49,520
campaign to deport all the Jews from
423
00:19:46,909 --> 00:19:53,870
France this was a job he felt he could
424
00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:57,200
do really well when Paris was ultimately
425
00:19:53,870 --> 00:19:59,059
liberated in 1944 the Gestapo had no
426
00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:01,940
time to destroy their records before
427
00:19:59,059 --> 00:20:04,130
hastily quitting the city the mountains
428
00:20:01,940 --> 00:20:08,539
of abandoned documents are a testament
429
00:20:04,130 --> 00:20:13,220
delicious industriousness he's very
430
00:20:08,539 --> 00:20:17,150
pompous all so Lucilius oh I'll get his
431
00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:19,700
file it's a very heavy file and show you
432
00:20:17,150 --> 00:20:24,980
that he was in charge of the Gestapo in
433
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:27,530
France from 41 to 43 it's a proof that
434
00:20:24,980 --> 00:20:30,020
the Jews who are under German authority
435
00:20:27,530 --> 00:20:34,809
was sent to be exterminated without
436
00:20:30,020 --> 00:20:39,740
delay Kuleshov don't prove our Hjalmar
437
00:20:34,809 --> 00:20:41,660
though there were extra - your physique
438
00:20:39,740 --> 00:20:45,169
sized
439
00:20:41,660 --> 00:20:50,240
don't hear eliska's initials and his
440
00:20:45,169 --> 00:20:51,770
signature he's read this document and
441
00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:54,919
that's it Valeska
442
00:20:51,770 --> 00:20:59,919
and the Jewish Question honker voila
443
00:20:54,919 --> 00:20:59,919
suki concerned Escada or Dalek is Sophie
444
00:21:00,460 --> 00:21:06,640
as a first step all the stateless Jews
445
00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:09,260
would fled to France would be arrested
446
00:21:06,640 --> 00:21:12,020
they weren't enough Gestapo officers to
447
00:21:09,260 --> 00:21:13,730
accomplish this their neat solution was
448
00:21:12,020 --> 00:21:15,740
to give the task to the French
449
00:21:13,730 --> 00:21:18,890
collaborationist police working for
450
00:21:15,740 --> 00:21:20,990
Vichy law in the documents that we have
451
00:21:18,890 --> 00:21:22,970
published and all these books about the
452
00:21:20,990 --> 00:21:26,330
final solution of the Jewish Question in
453
00:21:22,970 --> 00:21:27,919
France we know today that 90% of the
454
00:21:26,330 --> 00:21:30,470
Jews in France were arrested by the
455
00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:32,539
French police under orders from the
456
00:21:30,470 --> 00:21:34,400
German occupiers of course and here the
457
00:21:32,539 --> 00:21:39,200
Gestapo naturally had a very very
458
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:41,419
important role to play in total 80,000
459
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:43,429
people were held at Drancy transit camp
460
00:21:41,419 --> 00:21:46,829
and the Gestapo orders before being
461
00:21:43,429 --> 00:21:49,539
deported from France to Auschwitz
462
00:21:46,829 --> 00:21:52,119
but there was always more work for the
463
00:21:49,539 --> 00:21:54,190
Gestapo to do they would soon be
464
00:21:52,119 --> 00:21:58,049
organizing deportations from all the
465
00:21:54,190 --> 00:21:58,049
nations of nazi-occupied Europe
466
00:21:59,110 --> 00:22:05,540
it was 1941 and the war was going well
467
00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:07,640
for Hitler the majority of the German
468
00:22:05,540 --> 00:22:09,950
people intoxicated by the glory of his
469
00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:12,590
victories continued to support the Nazi
470
00:22:09,950 --> 00:22:14,870
regime with enthusiasm half of Europe
471
00:22:12,590 --> 00:22:17,630
was under German control and many people
472
00:22:14,870 --> 00:22:19,940
dreamed that peace would soon come with
473
00:22:17,630 --> 00:22:20,900
all the European nations united under
474
00:22:19,940 --> 00:22:23,960
the swastika
475
00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:26,360
but Hitler had a different dream far
476
00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:28,940
from seeking peace he planned to extend
477
00:22:26,360 --> 00:22:32,570
the war and launch an attack on his most
478
00:22:28,940 --> 00:22:35,090
hated enemy the Soviet Union and he was
479
00:22:32,570 --> 00:22:37,970
eager to complete a policy already began
480
00:22:35,090 --> 00:22:41,180
the ex termination of all the Jews
481
00:22:37,970 --> 00:22:42,920
across Nazi occupied Europe the Gestapo
482
00:22:41,180 --> 00:22:45,260
had been dealing with the Jewish problem
483
00:22:42,920 --> 00:22:47,930
for some time but in a piecemeal fashion
484
00:22:45,260 --> 00:22:50,570
they had already hit on one idea to
485
00:22:47,930 --> 00:22:52,850
simplify matters to give undesirables
486
00:22:50,570 --> 00:22:57,740
identifying labels for instance yellow
487
00:22:52,850 --> 00:23:00,110
stars for Jews the beginning of 1942 saw
488
00:22:57,740 --> 00:23:01,910
Heinrich Muller chief of the Gestapo
489
00:23:00,110 --> 00:23:04,550
enroute to an important conference
490
00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:07,220
outside Berlin a Reinhard Heydrich
491
00:23:04,550 --> 00:23:10,010
Hitler's right-hand man had received
492
00:23:07,220 --> 00:23:12,260
instruction to start all necessary
493
00:23:10,010 --> 00:23:14,630
organizational practical and material
494
00:23:12,260 --> 00:23:16,910
preparations for a complete solution for
495
00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:19,970
the Jewish Question across the German
496
00:23:16,910 --> 00:23:23,000
area of influence in Europe complete
497
00:23:19,970 --> 00:23:24,650
solution actually meant genocide and the
498
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:27,070
Gestapo and the police forces they
499
00:23:24,650 --> 00:23:30,590
controlled would put it into practice
500
00:23:27,070 --> 00:23:32,750
Adolf Eichmann was the Jewish specialist
501
00:23:30,590 --> 00:23:36,179
at the Reich Security office
502
00:23:32,750 --> 00:23:39,179
iseman was an Austrian Nazi who
503
00:23:36,179 --> 00:23:41,100
rose through the ranks of the SD in
504
00:23:39,179 --> 00:23:43,679
Berlin to become one of the leading
505
00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:45,929
figures in the Gestapo by the war he's
506
00:23:43,679 --> 00:23:49,080
often being painted as a typical
507
00:23:45,929 --> 00:23:50,759
faceless bureaucrat who has no
508
00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:52,830
commitment to anything beyond the
509
00:23:50,759 --> 00:23:55,470
discharge of his own functions but I
510
00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:58,379
think it's important to recognize that -
511
00:23:55,470 --> 00:24:01,230
is anything but an automaton a Sherman
512
00:23:58,379 --> 00:24:03,179
was also an ideological believer who did
513
00:24:01,230 --> 00:24:05,940
things not simply because he was told to
514
00:24:03,179 --> 00:24:08,700
but because he was a fervent anti-semite
515
00:24:05,940 --> 00:24:11,190
- Eichmann took minutes at the
516
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:13,289
conference as he later recalled during
517
00:24:11,190 --> 00:24:15,720
his trial at Nuremberg Reinhard Heydrich
518
00:24:13,289 --> 00:24:17,850
managed during the fancy conference to
519
00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:20,879
get everyone to use such expressions as
520
00:24:17,850 --> 00:24:22,350
kill exterminate and eliminate and have
521
00:24:20,879 --> 00:24:26,129
their statements recorded in the minutes
522
00:24:22,350 --> 00:24:27,539
pinning them down Heydrich then decided
523
00:24:26,129 --> 00:24:30,299
what was going to come into the minutes
524
00:24:27,539 --> 00:24:33,539
and what wasn't and then he polished it
525
00:24:30,299 --> 00:24:35,159
up a bit and that was that the Fuhrer
526
00:24:33,539 --> 00:24:38,610
had ordered the extermination of the
527
00:24:35,159 --> 00:24:41,009
Jews that's what Hydra told me and then
528
00:24:38,610 --> 00:24:42,929
unusually he paused for a long time as
529
00:24:41,009 --> 00:24:44,540
he wanted to see the effect his words
530
00:24:42,929 --> 00:24:48,560
would have
531
00:24:44,540 --> 00:24:50,120
at last the plans were agreed just as if
532
00:24:48,560 --> 00:24:53,690
this were an ordinary administrative
533
00:24:50,120 --> 00:24:56,270
task of a civilized government after the
534
00:24:53,690 --> 00:24:58,640
conference was over Heydrich Miller in
535
00:24:56,270 --> 00:25:01,820
my own insignificant self sat down
536
00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:03,650
comfortably in front of afar not to talk
537
00:25:01,820 --> 00:25:06,320
shop just to have a rest
538
00:25:03,650 --> 00:25:08,450
after the long exhausting hours the
539
00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:09,920
importance of the conference though was
540
00:25:08,450 --> 00:25:12,440
the defect that it was to help the
541
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:16,130
methods of the implementation of the
542
00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:18,320
final solution was decided upon by it
543
00:25:16,130 --> 00:25:21,080
must be said a bunch of second-string
544
00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:24,580
bureaucrats not not the top Nath's it's
545
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:26,990
not Himmler I Goering Goebbels cetera
546
00:25:24,580 --> 00:25:29,660
Heydrich the most important person there
547
00:25:26,990 --> 00:25:31,190
and Eichmann's acting as his aide to
548
00:25:29,660 --> 00:25:33,740
calm his taking the minutes of the
549
00:25:31,190 --> 00:25:35,480
meeting but at the importance of the
550
00:25:33,740 --> 00:25:38,000
conference's it's the discussion of the
551
00:25:35,480 --> 00:25:39,650
implementation rather than decision to
552
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:44,210
do it that had been taken some time
553
00:25:39,650 --> 00:25:46,190
before Eichmann sent out the conference
554
00:25:44,210 --> 00:25:48,890
conclusions marked express and
555
00:25:46,190 --> 00:25:51,470
top-secret to all Gestapo and Police
556
00:25:48,890 --> 00:25:54,020
Services in the Reich this was the
557
00:25:51,470 --> 00:25:56,530
official order that triggered the final
558
00:25:54,020 --> 00:25:56,530
solution
559
00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:02,770
the apparatus was systematically
560
00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:04,390
prepared rounding up and transporting
561
00:26:02,770 --> 00:26:04,960
millions of people was a complicated
562
00:26:04,390 --> 00:26:07,210
business
563
00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:10,770
the Gestapo responded as it had in the
564
00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:13,960
past by drawing up lists lists of names
565
00:26:10,770 --> 00:26:15,840
millions of human lives that were to be
566
00:26:13,960 --> 00:26:19,030
terminated
567
00:26:15,840 --> 00:26:21,160
it was the gestalt post-roll to round up
568
00:26:19,030 --> 00:26:22,840
the Jews in every locality and to ship
569
00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:24,790
them away they would write to the Jews
570
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:26,020
of any given community at the
571
00:26:24,790 --> 00:26:28,870
appropriate point
572
00:26:26,020 --> 00:26:31,000
tell them to assemble at the station
573
00:26:28,870 --> 00:26:33,370
typically from whence they then be
574
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:34,900
deported and it's also the Gestapo which
575
00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:37,690
is at the centre of organizing the
576
00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:39,760
deportations overall so it's the Gestapo
577
00:26:37,690 --> 00:26:42,460
which liaises with the rice railway
578
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:45,730
system to coordinate the transports by
579
00:26:42,460 --> 00:26:48,010
train to the east the Gestapo drew upon
580
00:26:45,730 --> 00:26:50,260
all assistance available to them Jewish
581
00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:52,870
resistance fighter Alain muskie which
582
00:26:50,260 --> 00:26:56,529
had infiltrated their ranks
583
00:26:52,870 --> 00:26:58,150
I can't describe the fear I felt as I
584
00:26:56,529 --> 00:27:01,059
stepped inside the dreaded Gestapo
585
00:26:58,150 --> 00:27:04,330
building that morning until that moment
586
00:27:01,059 --> 00:27:07,360
I hadn't really appreciated my position
587
00:27:04,330 --> 00:27:10,120
a Belgian Jewish girl in the role of a
588
00:27:07,360 --> 00:27:12,039
German fräulein flanked by a novice Tom
589
00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:15,070
von Fuhrer the colonel in charge of the
590
00:27:12,039 --> 00:27:17,500
Brussels Gestapo walking down long
591
00:27:15,070 --> 00:27:20,409
hallways quietly past guard after guard
592
00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:24,250
being greeted by the rapid fire Heil
593
00:27:20,409 --> 00:27:26,649
Hitler salutes and clicking heels one of
594
00:27:24,250 --> 00:27:29,590
her lens jobs was to prepare the lists
595
00:27:26,649 --> 00:27:32,590
as usual the Gestapo got underlings to
596
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:34,450
do the work for them the notice
597
00:27:32,590 --> 00:27:35,830
proclaimed that a reward of 40 Belgian
598
00:27:34,450 --> 00:27:37,690
francs was to be given to any citizen
599
00:27:35,830 --> 00:27:39,669
whose information led to the arrest of a
600
00:27:37,690 --> 00:27:41,409
Jew when the letters began to pour in
601
00:27:39,669 --> 00:27:43,809
they were referred to her office by the
602
00:27:41,409 --> 00:27:44,980
sergeant eventually we had to place some
603
00:27:43,809 --> 00:27:47,260
of the mail and they over strobe on
604
00:27:44,980 --> 00:27:49,149
Fuhrer's desk where they accumulated
605
00:27:47,260 --> 00:27:50,890
until a higher decision was made thanks
606
00:27:49,149 --> 00:27:52,720
to all these delays and to the fact that
607
00:27:50,890 --> 00:27:54,970
few two stayed long in one place a
608
00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:56,919
number of those reported were able to
609
00:27:54,970 --> 00:28:01,000
change their hideouts before the Gestapo
610
00:27:56,919 --> 00:28:04,809
reached them but too many failed to get
611
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:07,690
away on one of the lists was the my
612
00:28:04,809 --> 00:28:09,909
family from votes Berg including Ludvig
613
00:28:07,690 --> 00:28:13,110
the father nearly the mother and their
614
00:28:09,909 --> 00:28:13,110
12 year old son Herbert
615
00:28:14,980 --> 00:28:21,500
- darkest er some brief could come as
616
00:28:18,380 --> 00:28:23,420
well so a letter came telling us to be
617
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:26,990
at such-and-such a time at the concert
618
00:28:23,420 --> 00:28:29,920
hall we're allowed to bring one suitcase
619
00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:33,320
and a little food or some such
620
00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:37,090
my parents have obeyed they didn't say
621
00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:39,610
we're not doing that you didn't do that
622
00:28:37,090 --> 00:28:43,040
you did what you were told
623
00:28:39,610 --> 00:28:46,940
so all the Jews in verts Berg went to
624
00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:52,850
the hall early in the morning without
625
00:28:46,940 --> 00:29:01,310
asking why or for what that was like a
626
00:28:52,850 --> 00:29:03,880
star poo everywhere across the Reich the
627
00:29:01,310 --> 00:29:06,410
Gestapo supervised the removal of Jews
628
00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:08,920
neighbors and friends look Tom but saw
629
00:29:06,410 --> 00:29:08,920
nothing
630
00:29:11,110 --> 00:29:16,429
Albertine schism well I'd say that
631
00:29:13,580 --> 00:29:18,559
people simply looked away they wanted to
632
00:29:16,429 --> 00:29:21,860
be able to say later but they didn't see
633
00:29:18,559 --> 00:29:24,860
anything but they did see it they just
634
00:29:21,860 --> 00:29:26,509
didn't want to see it in many cases
635
00:29:24,860 --> 00:29:28,940
these neighbors would have turned the
636
00:29:26,509 --> 00:29:33,009
Jews in themselves though at least in
637
00:29:28,940 --> 00:29:33,009
Brussels there would be some retribution
638
00:29:36,159 --> 00:29:41,539
and after a while the informers began
639
00:29:39,529 --> 00:29:44,480
calling to collect their forty francs
640
00:29:41,539 --> 00:29:46,669
we decided that each Informer would need
641
00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:48,230
an appointment to collect his money this
642
00:29:46,669 --> 00:29:50,149
enabled us to write down the names and
643
00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:51,950
addresses of the informers which we
644
00:29:50,149 --> 00:29:54,440
wrote on a list to be related to the
645
00:29:51,950 --> 00:29:57,769
resistance to be filed for future
646
00:29:54,440 --> 00:30:03,259
reference and retribution sometimes even
647
00:29:57,769 --> 00:30:05,570
after the war as instructed the 850 Jews
648
00:30:03,259 --> 00:30:08,720
of Watts burg gathered at the concert
649
00:30:05,570 --> 00:30:10,850
hall on the 25th of April 1942 they
650
00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:13,429
waited for further instructions amid the
651
00:30:10,850 --> 00:30:14,929
familiar signs of normal life there were
652
00:30:13,429 --> 00:30:18,110
posters up for the following night's
653
00:30:14,929 --> 00:30:19,730
concert a sold-out show featuring Ville
654
00:30:18,110 --> 00:30:22,159
Helms three aunts a singer of
655
00:30:19,730 --> 00:30:24,799
sentimental songs for those who
656
00:30:22,159 --> 00:30:26,990
assembled here this was the last they
657
00:30:24,799 --> 00:30:28,500
would see of anything either comforting
658
00:30:26,990 --> 00:30:31,930
or no
659
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:34,270
few would ever see their homes or their
660
00:30:31,930 --> 00:30:37,369
homeland ever again
661
00:30:34,270 --> 00:30:37,369
[Music]
662
00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:43,120
19:42 and the Gestapo throughout the
663
00:30:40,990 --> 00:30:46,150
Reich and its occupied territories were
664
00:30:43,120 --> 00:30:49,720
frantically busy organizing deportations
665
00:30:46,150 --> 00:30:51,640
in votes burg 852 Jews have been
666
00:30:49,720 --> 00:30:54,670
summoned to assemble outside the towns
667
00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:56,440
concert hall the supervising Gestapo
668
00:30:54,670 --> 00:30:57,400
officers made an album for their own
669
00:30:56,440 --> 00:31:00,120
entertainment
670
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:03,700
they made captions mocking their victims
671
00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:08,100
the longer the day the finer the guests
672
00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:13,690
the best-looking among the chosen people
673
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:17,850
sarah has to do some work for once in
674
00:31:13,690 --> 00:31:21,250
the waiting crowd stood the my family
675
00:31:17,850 --> 00:31:24,580
over there over night or two nights one
676
00:31:21,250 --> 00:31:26,500
morning it was just get out and we were
677
00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,840
marched off through the town to the
678
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:33,340
railway station
679
00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:35,200
my parents continuously instilled in me
680
00:31:33,340 --> 00:31:41,410
that everything is okay don't worry
681
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:43,900
child you okay we are here and try to to
682
00:31:41,410 --> 00:31:47,110
which stated that I was not afraid
683
00:31:43,900 --> 00:31:48,820
because they took care of me and they
684
00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:51,730
were there and then everything able to
685
00:31:48,820 --> 00:31:55,300
be fine and I believe that and I didn't
686
00:31:51,730 --> 00:31:55,840
think of anything bad planning was as
687
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:59,170
ever
688
00:31:55,840 --> 00:32:00,940
Farah a meticulous the concert hall was
689
00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,550
divided into different sections for men
690
00:32:00,940 --> 00:32:06,340
and women families were split up never
691
00:32:03,550 --> 00:32:08,410
to be reunited Gestapo officers
692
00:32:06,340 --> 00:32:11,270
supervised the whole undertaking some of
693
00:32:08,410 --> 00:32:14,240
them in plain clothes
694
00:32:11,270 --> 00:32:16,640
Oswald Gundlach the senior criminal
695
00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:21,380
assistance the votes burger staffer also
696
00:32:16,640 --> 00:32:22,880
took part in the deportation in 1922 he
697
00:32:21,380 --> 00:32:25,490
had joined the Bavarian Provincial
698
00:32:22,880 --> 00:32:28,429
Police Force and then in 1933 the
699
00:32:25,490 --> 00:32:30,380
Gestapo later he was to claim that he
700
00:32:28,429 --> 00:32:33,050
was transferred against his will and
701
00:32:30,380 --> 00:32:35,900
that all the tasks he fulfilled were
702
00:32:33,050 --> 00:32:37,300
perfectly normal and acceptable policing
703
00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:39,860
duties
704
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:42,920
gunda Lac was ordered to accompany the
705
00:32:39,860 --> 00:32:46,760
852 Jews to the railway freight station
706
00:32:42,920 --> 00:32:50,480
a total of six deportation waves were
707
00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:53,740
sent out from the station 2063 Jews in
708
00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:56,690
all the operation ran like clockwork
709
00:32:53,740 --> 00:32:59,500
most of the passengers believed they
710
00:32:56,690 --> 00:33:03,050
were going to be resettled
711
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:05,420
the cross Eden vampire
712
00:33:03,050 --> 00:33:08,600
my grandparents were on the second
713
00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:14,990
transport from Nuremberg to his Bitzer
714
00:33:08,600 --> 00:33:17,180
in Poland in March 42 I know that the
715
00:33:14,990 --> 00:33:19,730
father of my mother accompanied her
716
00:33:17,180 --> 00:33:22,370
right up to the collection point at
717
00:33:19,730 --> 00:33:24,920
langmaster station where they were then
718
00:33:22,370 --> 00:33:28,160
deported and like Roslin along was a
719
00:33:24,920 --> 00:33:33,860
bahnhof was it an absence partly
720
00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:36,740
advancing I said Nevada my own severe I
721
00:33:33,860 --> 00:33:38,750
must say well we thought they would be
722
00:33:36,740 --> 00:33:40,790
put together in a ghetto somewhere and
723
00:33:38,750 --> 00:33:45,100
maybe there would be the possibility of
724
00:33:40,790 --> 00:33:45,100
coming together again later so some in
725
00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:51,310
sacramental acts especially evacuation
726
00:33:48,590 --> 00:33:53,720
transport train number da for nine
727
00:33:51,310 --> 00:33:56,960
lumbered through Germany on its way to
728
00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:59,060
the Lublin district of Poland it took a
729
00:33:56,960 --> 00:34:01,340
painfully slow four days to get there
730
00:33:59,060 --> 00:34:05,960
picking up more and more deportees
731
00:34:01,340 --> 00:34:07,880
enroute guna lacks report recorded the
732
00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:10,490
special trains journey in typical
733
00:34:07,880 --> 00:34:12,260
bureaucratic style the transport was
734
00:34:10,490 --> 00:34:14,810
delivered complete there were no
735
00:34:12,260 --> 00:34:17,990
incidents no police action was required
736
00:34:14,810 --> 00:34:21,190
it stated his report was handed to the
737
00:34:17,990 --> 00:34:21,190
local Gestapo officer
738
00:34:22,870 --> 00:34:27,590
the officer then sent a telegram
739
00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:29,600
director Adolf Eichmann confirming the
740
00:34:27,590 --> 00:34:35,420
arrival of gun deluxe transport train in
741
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:38,750
good order gun deluxe task ended at ease
742
00:34:35,420 --> 00:34:41,770
bitsa he was free to return but not so
743
00:34:38,750 --> 00:34:41,770
his consignment
744
00:34:44,880 --> 00:34:49,740
his beat sir is a tiny village south of
745
00:34:47,250 --> 00:34:52,740
Lublin in eastern Poland near the
746
00:34:49,740 --> 00:34:55,050
Ukrainian border it was at the heart of
747
00:34:52,740 --> 00:34:56,970
operation Reinhard a special operation
748
00:34:55,050 --> 00:35:00,240
direct from the desk of crime McKinley
749
00:34:56,970 --> 00:35:03,060
the aim was for two million Jews to be
750
00:35:00,240 --> 00:35:05,400
exterminated in this area of Poland his
751
00:35:03,060 --> 00:35:07,200
bid sir was set up to be a transit
752
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:09,300
ghetto because it was situated
753
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:11,550
conveniently at the junction of the rail
754
00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:14,310
network that linked the death camps at
755
00:35:11,550 --> 00:35:19,100
Belzec and Sobibor to the south and
756
00:35:14,310 --> 00:35:19,100
minor neck and Treblinka to the north
757
00:35:19,130 --> 00:35:24,540
Himmler himself paid a visit to the
758
00:35:21,750 --> 00:35:27,300
village the place played an important
759
00:35:24,540 --> 00:35:29,700
role in his vast project at his side
760
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:32,790
stood the local east beat sir Gestapo
761
00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:35,880
chief Kurt Angle's angles began his
762
00:35:32,790 --> 00:35:38,520
career as a policeman in Cologne in 1940
763
00:35:35,880 --> 00:35:41,690
he arrived in his beat sir as the local
764
00:35:38,520 --> 00:35:44,190
Gestapo chief Angles was a brutal sadist
765
00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:46,320
for recreation he used to ride around
766
00:35:44,190 --> 00:35:54,030
the village on his motorbike looking for
767
00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:58,680
Jews to shoot he fabrica albeit it in a
768
00:35:54,030 --> 00:36:02,160
vexed at I worked in a garage and then
769
00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,230
angle to your common Pizza when a it's
770
00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:04,860
becoming hot when angles came to his
771
00:36:04,230 --> 00:36:08,250
beat sir
772
00:36:04,860 --> 00:36:10,080
we had a motorbike a BMW he came into
773
00:36:08,250 --> 00:36:16,050
the garage where I worked with a friend
774
00:36:10,080 --> 00:36:18,220
wolf wolf so I had to clean his
775
00:36:16,050 --> 00:36:20,830
motorbike all the time
776
00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:23,920
puts a recommend for the motorcycle but
777
00:36:20,830 --> 00:36:25,960
he found people Jews everyday and took
778
00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:29,950
them up to the cemetery and shot Hassan
779
00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:32,680
and the feet off they said about angles
780
00:36:29,950 --> 00:36:36,790
that he couldn't have breakfast before
781
00:36:32,680 --> 00:36:40,210
he had shot a Jew early each morning
782
00:36:36,790 --> 00:36:44,410
he'd run out of his house and run around
783
00:36:40,210 --> 00:36:50,410
till he saw a face he didn't like they
784
00:36:44,410 --> 00:36:53,110
said he always laughed when he shot on
785
00:36:50,410 --> 00:36:55,120
the evening of the 28th of April when
786
00:36:53,110 --> 00:36:57,070
good relax train from boots Berg arrived
787
00:36:55,120 --> 00:37:00,370
it was Angles who received the
788
00:36:57,070 --> 00:37:02,650
consignment of deputies however its lead
789
00:37:00,370 --> 00:37:04,420
sir was already full and a backlog
790
00:37:02,650 --> 00:37:06,670
further up the line prevented him from
791
00:37:04,420 --> 00:37:09,550
sending the train load of human cargo on
792
00:37:06,670 --> 00:37:11,980
to the death camps Angles thought of a
793
00:37:09,550 --> 00:37:14,020
simple solution to his problem he
794
00:37:11,980 --> 00:37:16,420
organized and took part in the mass
795
00:37:14,020 --> 00:37:20,860
shooting of several thousand Jews who
796
00:37:16,420 --> 00:37:23,290
were on the train the my family survived
797
00:37:20,860 --> 00:37:26,080
this savage on salt only to perish later
798
00:37:23,290 --> 00:37:29,700
in labor camps Herbert was the only one
799
00:37:26,080 --> 00:37:29,700
who lived to see the end of the wall
800
00:37:33,410 --> 00:37:38,810
back in votes Berg the Gestapo kept
801
00:37:36,230 --> 00:37:40,850
meticulous accounts every expense was
802
00:37:38,810 --> 00:37:43,340
rigorously logged down to the last
803
00:37:40,850 --> 00:37:45,560
fennec this particular transport
804
00:37:43,340 --> 00:37:47,240
including transportation costs guards
805
00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:49,880
travel overnight expenses and
806
00:37:47,240 --> 00:37:52,040
electricity was invoiced at fifty two
807
00:37:49,880 --> 00:37:56,120
thousand nine hundred and thirty three
808
00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:57,680
rush mark and for thinik that's about
809
00:37:56,120 --> 00:38:02,180
one hundred and thirty thousand pounds
810
00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:03,920
in today's money working together the
811
00:38:02,180 --> 00:38:06,410
Gestapo and the police force combed
812
00:38:03,920 --> 00:38:08,920
German occupied Europe to deliver more
813
00:38:06,410 --> 00:38:11,480
loads of human beings to his beat sir
814
00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:12,830
over the following two years one and
815
00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:14,900
three-quarter million people were
816
00:38:12,830 --> 00:38:17,480
transported to the death camps via this
817
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:19,610
route they could not have been done
818
00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:22,730
without the zealous work of the Gestapo
819
00:38:19,610 --> 00:38:25,190
but very soon a blow would fall that
820
00:38:22,730 --> 00:38:28,510
would shake all the Nazi security forces
821
00:38:25,190 --> 00:38:28,510
to their foundations
822
00:38:33,859 --> 00:38:41,339
may 1942 reinhard heydrich head of the
823
00:38:39,089 --> 00:38:43,380
reich security office was rewarded for
824
00:38:41,339 --> 00:38:46,950
his fervid loyalty to hitler by being
825
00:38:43,380 --> 00:38:50,160
posted to prague as a Reich protector in
826
00:38:46,950 --> 00:38:53,640
other words absolute ruler the glory
827
00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:55,680
suited his vanity and he had devised a
828
00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:57,720
straightforward solution to the stubborn
829
00:38:55,680 --> 00:39:00,480
Czech resistance that he encountered at
830
00:38:57,720 --> 00:39:04,230
his new posting he simply led the
831
00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:06,150
Gestapo off the leash they made hundreds
832
00:39:04,230 --> 00:39:08,490
of arrests and at Heydrich bidding
833
00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:10,500
carried out summary executions in the
834
00:39:08,490 --> 00:39:13,650
streets making a big show of public
835
00:39:10,500 --> 00:39:16,680
slaughter but the Gestapo became
836
00:39:13,650 --> 00:39:18,680
overconfident and the crackdown had the
837
00:39:16,680 --> 00:39:23,130
opposite effect of what was intended
838
00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:24,660
resistance hardened Hydra Prout to his
839
00:39:23,130 --> 00:39:26,700
office in Prague Castle and a
840
00:39:24,660 --> 00:39:29,520
convertible flying his personal pennant
841
00:39:26,700 --> 00:39:31,710
one day Czech resistance fighters threw
842
00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:33,599
a bomb into the open car the Reich
843
00:39:31,710 --> 00:39:36,480
protector was wounded but not killed
844
00:39:33,599 --> 00:39:41,540
outright a passerby called an ambulance
845
00:39:36,480 --> 00:39:41,540
and Heydrich died later in hospital
846
00:39:41,910 --> 00:39:49,049
the Gestapo once again and failed in the
847
00:39:45,720 --> 00:39:51,140
most public and humiliating way Heydrich
848
00:39:49,049 --> 00:39:54,020
SAS a summation sent shockwaves
849
00:39:51,140 --> 00:39:56,490
reverberating through Germany I was
850
00:39:54,020 --> 00:39:58,829
endure for Alemanni he'll get a shaft
851
00:39:56,490 --> 00:40:00,599
number photo honk if you Leland amiran
852
00:39:58,829 --> 00:40:05,730
Wolfe de praga book a name's Eric Lee
853
00:40:00,599 --> 00:40:08,280
Reinhard Heydrich for Weber his loss was
854
00:40:05,730 --> 00:40:11,369
greatly felt by the Nazi leadership
855
00:40:08,280 --> 00:40:14,280
Hitler was furious that he'd put himself
856
00:40:11,369 --> 00:40:17,430
in a position an unguarded position that
857
00:40:14,280 --> 00:40:19,440
he could be assassinated but I would say
858
00:40:17,430 --> 00:40:21,750
that amongst the Nazi leadership there
859
00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:24,119
was also a terrific sigh of relief
860
00:40:21,750 --> 00:40:26,160
because here was somebody that was
861
00:40:24,119 --> 00:40:29,640
feared even by the Nazi leaders
862
00:40:26,160 --> 00:40:34,109
themselves they all thought that this
863
00:40:29,640 --> 00:40:37,140
person was so ruthless that nobody was
864
00:40:34,109 --> 00:40:39,270
safe from him Heinrich Muller a Gestapo
865
00:40:37,140 --> 00:40:41,490
chief had to take charge personally once
866
00:40:39,270 --> 00:40:43,859
again the intelligence failure was
867
00:40:41,490 --> 00:40:45,359
addressed without delay the
868
00:40:43,859 --> 00:40:46,950
investigation was carried out with all
869
00:40:45,359 --> 00:40:49,980
the resources of modern detective
870
00:40:46,950 --> 00:40:51,599
science the official directive stated
871
00:40:49,980 --> 00:40:55,349
that the assassins were members of the
872
00:40:51,599 --> 00:40:57,210
Czech resistance movement many suspects
873
00:40:55,349 --> 00:41:00,660
were arrested and all known hideouts
874
00:40:57,210 --> 00:41:03,119
raided the reports read like the script
875
00:41:00,660 --> 00:41:06,089
of an exciting film
876
00:41:03,119 --> 00:41:08,309
in the absence of specific hard evidence
877
00:41:06,089 --> 00:41:10,890
the Gestapo chose a saturation approach
878
00:41:08,309 --> 00:41:13,170
to punishment 13,000 Czechs were
879
00:41:10,890 --> 00:41:16,829
arrested in the next days and 600
880
00:41:13,170 --> 00:41:20,150
executed in the village of lead Itza all
881
00:41:16,829 --> 00:41:22,769
the men were shot in a 10-hour massacre
882
00:41:20,150 --> 00:41:25,829
the women and children were deported to
883
00:41:22,769 --> 00:41:29,609
death camps days later another village
884
00:41:25,829 --> 00:41:33,329
was razed to the ground through the
885
00:41:29,609 --> 00:41:35,069
ruthlessness of the Gestapo 120 members
886
00:41:33,329 --> 00:41:36,900
of the Czech resistance were rounded up
887
00:41:35,069 --> 00:41:41,670
in a small Church in Prague where they
888
00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:46,769
were besieged I went to see mullah he
889
00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:48,089
said tomorrow we'd take the church let's
890
00:41:46,769 --> 00:41:53,130
hope the murderers are with the ones
891
00:41:48,089 --> 00:41:56,700
inside the next day an all-out attack
892
00:41:53,130 --> 00:42:00,210
was launched against the Church of the
893
00:41:56,700 --> 00:42:04,769
Czech resistance fighters not one fell
894
00:42:00,210 --> 00:42:07,589
into German hands alive a floodgate of
895
00:42:04,769 --> 00:42:09,989
revenge had been opened while Hitler
896
00:42:07,589 --> 00:42:12,059
buried Heydrich in Berlin violence and
897
00:42:09,989 --> 00:42:14,099
terror spread through the East the
898
00:42:12,059 --> 00:42:16,440
Gestapo and regular police forces
899
00:42:14,099 --> 00:42:18,599
involved in operation Reinhard why
900
00:42:16,440 --> 00:42:21,390
diverted in order to take part in the
901
00:42:18,599 --> 00:42:24,269
massacres among the number was Oswald
902
00:42:21,390 --> 00:42:26,489
gondola later he insisted that these
903
00:42:24,269 --> 00:42:27,940
were carefully coordinated operations
904
00:42:26,489 --> 00:42:31,059
against partisans
905
00:42:27,940 --> 00:42:31,059
[Music]
906
00:42:31,940 --> 00:42:35,390
the latest viewer abanda we are the
907
00:42:33,890 --> 00:42:36,559
organized in Strafford supérieur
908
00:42:35,390 --> 00:42:39,170
Murphy's house GABA
909
00:42:36,559 --> 00:42:40,700
isquite only became function Brandon he
910
00:42:39,170 --> 00:42:42,529
writes teen study schlub finger lock on
911
00:42:40,700 --> 00:42:45,160
that moon gained an heightened applet
912
00:42:42,529 --> 00:42:48,019
sight some concentration anger for
913
00:42:45,160 --> 00:42:50,089
Tahira and spawn a gift outcomes given
914
00:42:48,019 --> 00:42:52,519
in vague to the mutant botanist in
915
00:42:50,089 --> 00:42:58,210
brighter front vertical in the door she
916
00:42:52,519 --> 00:43:00,890
came Lublin in Poland in November 1943
917
00:42:58,210 --> 00:43:03,349
operation Harvest Festival was launched
918
00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:05,990
up until the days of the Czech massacres
919
00:43:03,349 --> 00:43:08,420
the Gestapo had not been systematic
920
00:43:05,990 --> 00:43:10,220
executioner's they had simply delivered
921
00:43:08,420 --> 00:43:12,740
their victims into the hands of others
922
00:43:10,220 --> 00:43:15,589
and washed their hands of the matter but
923
00:43:12,740 --> 00:43:17,900
in operation harvest festival they were
924
00:43:15,589 --> 00:43:20,960
confirmed in their new role as murderers
925
00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:23,809
the Gestapo killed 43 thousand Jews in
926
00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:26,440
Lublin Gestapo units had turned into
927
00:43:23,809 --> 00:43:26,440
death squads
928
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:35,559
individual officers describe their new
929
00:43:31,660 --> 00:43:37,180
tasks in their letters and diaries if
930
00:43:35,559 --> 00:43:40,299
the victims didn't want to do what they
931
00:43:37,180 --> 00:43:42,099
were supposed to they'd be beaten many
932
00:43:40,299 --> 00:43:45,690
of them came quietly to the execution
933
00:43:42,099 --> 00:43:48,759
spots they had no choice
934
00:43:45,690 --> 00:43:51,489
it was always so strange as the victims
935
00:43:48,759 --> 00:43:53,769
fell into the ditch they didn't fall
936
00:43:51,489 --> 00:43:56,949
over in the same way but sometimes
937
00:43:53,769 --> 00:44:02,769
rocked sometimes fell in a regular order
938
00:43:56,949 --> 00:44:05,259
into the ditch I'm not fond of shooting
939
00:44:02,769 --> 00:44:06,039
defenseless people even if they're only
940
00:44:05,259 --> 00:44:10,269
Jews
941
00:44:06,039 --> 00:44:11,369
I prefer open combat well goodnight my
942
00:44:10,269 --> 00:44:13,959
sweet
943
00:44:11,369 --> 00:44:16,449
the war had wrought a change in the
944
00:44:13,959 --> 00:44:19,809
tightly run clinically organized Gestapo
945
00:44:16,449 --> 00:44:22,059
the unblinking extinction of human life
946
00:44:19,809 --> 00:44:25,329
had become routine a door had been
947
00:44:22,059 --> 00:44:28,150
opened gestapo brutality was primed a
948
00:44:25,329 --> 00:44:31,359
spiral out of control as it's focused
949
00:44:28,150 --> 00:44:32,590
attention turned to scrutinized Germany
950
00:44:31,359 --> 00:44:40,940
itself
951
00:44:32,590 --> 00:44:40,940
[Music]
71640
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