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during the darkest days of the Third
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Reich the most ominous sound was a knock
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at the door after dark
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everyone who lived under the Nazi yoke
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lived in fear of the secret organization
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that made the nighttime calls Hitler
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called it his deadliest weapon without
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it the Fuehrer's ambitions could never
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have been realized as an instrument of
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state terror it has hardly ever been
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equalled yet until now it's full story
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has not been told the organization was
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called the Gestapo
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the Gestapo was an organization shot
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through with contradictions it appeared
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to be omniscient yet its intelligence
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success was limited its public figure
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heads were among the most familiar
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household names of the Nazi Party
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leadership but the real architect of a
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success maintained a low profile even
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during the height of its terror few
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would recognize the sinister genius that
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guided the Gestapo and although its name
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has exerted a creepy fascination for
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more than half a century the inner
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workings of the Gestapo have remained
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shadowy
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but there is evidence there is inside a
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testimony from the very center of the
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Gestapo machine double agents and
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resistant spies add their voices to
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those of the regime's victims many are
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now dead but their words recorded in
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Diaries and journals which are
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dramatized here live on
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I penetrated the Gestapo as an unpaid
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part-time assistant to left-handed
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France Pula Gestapo officer in charge of
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espionage and arrests himself a British
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agent and from then on I had to live
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with the ever-present fear of being
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found out and subjected to the frightful
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tortures and death reserved for secret
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agents caught by the Gestapo Gestapo the
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word itself has a special resonance
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around the world but how much blood
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how much misery how much sorrow but
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above all how much cruelty is bound up
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with it
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the Gestapo has left us another witness
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its own meticulous bureaucracy in
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repositories abandoned by the Third
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Reich all over Germany thousands of
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internal files detailed the lives of
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those who fell into its agents hands
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most of the victims did not survive but
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some did and are still alive
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Nilo door was arrested by the Gestapo in
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1942 when he was 19 he was interrogated
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and tortured to the point of death
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all of this was recorded coolly and in
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objective detail in his personal file
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Gestapo feared see his stopper for see
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roman number four seeds due to
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subversive activity that's running at
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duty very oh my god is this the first
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time you've seen your picture it's the
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first time I've seen the original it
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makes me very sad to see all this
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reminds me of that terrible time with me
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only at Southie shakily for the name
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Gestapo summons up the full horror of
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the Nazi secret police although it was
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only one of a network of equally
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ruthless state security agencies its
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image is that of a flawless eiseley
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efficient machine by reputation its
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network of officers covered every inch
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of occupied Europe yet it was actually a
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small organization in 1941 there were
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only 8,000 offices to oversee more than
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17 million people the archetypal Gestapo
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officer is a saturnine figure in a black
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leather trench coat but in fact most of
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the Gestapo his employees were quite
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ordinary faceless bureaucrats how then
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did the Gestapo exert such complete
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control over the actions of such a large
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ever-increasing population and perhaps
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more importantly over their fears and
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worst imaginings the answer to this
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question lies in the complex history of
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Hitler's governance of the Third Reich
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for the Gestapo did not come into being
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fully fledged its growth was gradual its
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progress
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dictated by the ambitions and rivalries
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of its early creators yet through all
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the various developments it was driven
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by a single and simple aim total social
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control over the civilian population
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Gustavo's roots lay in the instability
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of the years following the First World
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War
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Germany humiliated by the Allies
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stripped of its power and forced to pay
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huge sums in reparations endured anarchy
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and economic ruin a rudderless
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government watched fascists and
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communists fight on the streets as the
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local prussian police force failed
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dismally to maintain order
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into this Maelstrom warped Adolf Hitler
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promising order safety and self-respect
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and a new dawn for Germany with relief
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Germany accepted his offer the Nazi
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Party made decisive victories in the
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elections of January 1933 and Adolphe
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Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich
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well German people's response to the
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political agitation and street violence
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was one of extreme disquiet naturally
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enough they were fed up with these
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incessant brawls between the Nazis and
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their opponents the Communists the
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Social Democrats and I think it true to
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say that the German people looked
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towards a party or a government that
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would bring order to the streets and
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ironically enough of course the party
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that said they could do this were the
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Nazis
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Hitler lost no time in fortifying his
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position the people had voted for
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security what they got was enforcement
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Hitler's ambitions required absolute
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power but this was not yet within his
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grasp to achieve it he had to suppress
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an active array of opposing political
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forces his initial tools were basic but
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effective the SA or stormtroopers
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another thug of a leader Ernst rรถhm
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the essay had been Hitler's most loyal
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supporters during his rise to power in
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their paramilitary uniforms the brown
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shirts and with their trademark
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arbitrary violence they relished the
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unrest that have brought Hitler into
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office hands burned Gustavus was a young
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Russian lawyer at the time later he
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would go on to plot from inside the Nazi
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regime to assassinate Hitler without
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really thinking it through the party
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appointed the SA as an auxiliary police
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force for 15 months
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Hitler let them run things it was only
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natural they should feel they were the
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real victors before long they were
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leaving the real policemen behind at
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headquarters and they roamed the streets
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alone in search of enemies of the state
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the SA took possession of the streets of
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Germany they adopted a zero-tolerance
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policy the rules of which were crystal
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clear the essays word had the force of
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law any minor infringement like failing
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to salute correctly was serious enough
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to result in arrest
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Hitler's message was simple in the new
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Germany all opposition was futile the
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policy was crude and shocking but it
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worked and its uncompromising stance was
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the foundation of the dictatorship to
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come the Nazi Party had already taken
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control of the newspapers Moran repeated
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scarce stories about the Marxist threat
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uncovering alleged plots and fermenting
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fear of revolution among ordinary
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citizens the SA took this as permission
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to target any organization they chose
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I rip this first Remy so mid-iron clicks
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on that was an experience it was a
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really significant experience for me
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it's all of us children we're in the
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Falcons youth house that's what we were
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called the socialist Falcons in and we
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were attacked on the game's afternoon by
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the essay and the Hitler Youth Hitler we
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were just children but we were chased
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out and the grownup helpers were beaten
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up wretchedly beaten up aliases and
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reprove birthday in the evening of the
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27th of February then a month of Hitler
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coming to power the Reichstag the
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national parliament and symbol of
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democracy was set ablaze amid the
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outrage Hitler conveniently blame the
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Communists calling them a murderous
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plague and claiming that God had
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ordained that they'd be beaten down with
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an iron fist many historians have
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suggested that it was the SA in a plan
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inspired by Hitler himself who were the
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real instigators of the arson attack
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whatever the truth this emotive event
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was most opportune for Hitler it enabled
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him to demand a state of emergency which
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was declared the following day by the
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ailing and spineless Reich's president
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Paul von Hindenburg civil rights were
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suspended and the German people lost
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their final protection from tyranny it
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had taken only weeks for Hitler to
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achieve the crucial move would make the
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gestapo possible in that under the state
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of emergency
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anyone could be arrested at any time and
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held indefinitely
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the SI played a pivotal role but it was
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too blunt an instrument for what Hitler
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had in mind for the future he needed
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something much more refined and in the
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coming months he would discover the way
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to create it in 1933 Germany had voted
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Hitler and the Nazi Party into power and
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allowed all civil rights to be suspended
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Hitler was working on his master plan
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for the Third Reich but meanwhile the
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auxilary police the Braun sure tadesse a
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were in control of the streets they made
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so many arrests that they ran out of
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jails in which to put their prisoners at
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this time arose the bunkers of terrible
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private jails of the SA taking away
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unfortunate victims became a customary
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Rite of the SA the sort of violence that
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went on in our cities is almost beyond
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belief these so-called wild camps were
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improvised prisons in Iranian burg for
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example a disused brewery was
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commandeered while the propaganda films
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showed the place as a disciplined and
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civilised re-education Center complete
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with morning exercise the truth was
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horribly different nine hundred people
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were crammed in here at the mercy of the
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SA who tortured and killed them with a
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completely free hand
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everyone had their turn of course the
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red front the social-democrats
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anyone who wasn't a fascist and the jews
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the SI is anti-semitic campaign had
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gained momentum steadily since Hitler's
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takeover Joseph Goebbels his propaganda
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minister legitimized it by announcing
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measures against all Jewish businesses
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in Germany the SA needed no further
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encouragement their behavior became even
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more outrageous and it was the Jews who
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bore the brunt of their violence and
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intimidation even Hitler supporters were
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shocked and abroad there was widespread
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moral outrage
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[Music]
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so Hitler rein the sa in they have
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played their part the civilian peace
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force returned to the streets of Berlin
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the Fuhrer was working on a more
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ambitious plan he had seen the
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stormtroopers effectiveness in
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demolishing opposition but he was also
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aware of their decadent self-indulgence
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their corrupt leadership and their lack
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of discipline this was not the image of
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fascism he wanted to project to the
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world he knew exactly what he did want
278
00:13:00,060 --> 00:13:04,920
something that could take the nervous
279
00:13:02,430 --> 00:13:08,040
anxiety created by the SA and refine it
280
00:13:04,920 --> 00:13:11,400
a secret political police force to serve
281
00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:14,190
the Fuehrer party and Reich he called it
282
00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:16,290
the geheime ax starts poli-sci the
283
00:13:14,190 --> 00:13:18,900
secret state please but it would come to
284
00:13:16,290 --> 00:13:23,420
be known by its abbreviation a word that
285
00:13:18,900 --> 00:13:23,420
became synonymous with fear the Gestapo
286
00:13:23,520 --> 00:13:27,690
Hitler already had security and
287
00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:30,630
surveillance units in place as a matter
288
00:13:27,690 --> 00:13:32,580
of standard policy but the Gestapo was
289
00:13:30,630 --> 00:13:37,080
to be something different it was to be a
290
00:13:32,580 --> 00:13:38,880
secret but a very well known secret the
291
00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:42,570
new force established its headquarters
292
00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:44,580
in Prince Albert struts in Berlin at
293
00:13:42,570 --> 00:13:46,530
first it had jurisdiction only in the
294
00:13:44,580 --> 00:13:49,500
large eastern German province of Prussia
295
00:13:46,530 --> 00:13:52,080
and the biggest 200 offices all highly
296
00:13:49,500 --> 00:13:54,390
educated careerists to lead them Hitler
297
00:13:52,080 --> 00:13:56,670
chose Hermann Goering there was among
298
00:13:54,390 --> 00:13:58,370
the most ambitious and vainglorious of
299
00:13:56,670 --> 00:14:01,890
his inner circle
300
00:13:58,370 --> 00:14:04,010
Goering guarded his executive power over
301
00:14:01,890 --> 00:14:06,930
the police force in Prussia very closely
302
00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:08,940
the Gestapo was his pampered child and
303
00:14:06,930 --> 00:14:11,970
he knew only too well that it held the
304
00:14:08,940 --> 00:14:14,640
key to his power the Fuehrer enjoyed
305
00:14:11,970 --> 00:14:16,280
reading his spicy and highly dramatized
306
00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:19,320
secret reports
307
00:14:16,280 --> 00:14:22,200
Goering 'he's brief was direct to root
308
00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:24,690
out opposition wherever it lay but the
309
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:27,450
Nazis chief enemies communists Social
310
00:14:24,690 --> 00:14:30,120
Democrats trade unionists and clergy and
311
00:14:27,450 --> 00:14:31,590
by then gone underground finding them
312
00:14:30,120 --> 00:14:35,100
would require the skill of highly
313
00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:37,290
trained men Goering made sure the new
314
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:39,630
force realized that theirs was a
315
00:14:37,290 --> 00:14:41,790
different sort of police work and that
316
00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:49,380
they were not employed to pursue common
317
00:14:41,790 --> 00:14:51,210
criminals you know - well because you
318
00:14:49,380 --> 00:14:54,060
know the shows that work on and are not
319
00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:57,300
denied this even in enhancement didn't
320
00:14:54,060 --> 00:14:59,880
announce me but Goering soon encountered
321
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:02,850
competition from Heinrich Himmler
322
00:14:59,880 --> 00:15:04,920
and reinhard heydrich two rising stars
323
00:15:02,850 --> 00:15:07,400
in the Nazi hierarchy who were casting
324
00:15:04,920 --> 00:15:09,990
covetous eyes of the new organization
325
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,850
Himmler had been at Hitler's side since
326
00:15:09,990 --> 00:15:13,830
the early days in Munich capital of
327
00:15:11,850 --> 00:15:17,040
Bavaria where the Nazi movement had been
328
00:15:13,830 --> 00:15:19,170
born and decayed previously there he led
329
00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:22,320
the SS Hitler's personal security
330
00:15:19,170 --> 00:15:24,390
service under his authority the SS had
331
00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:28,070
expanded extending its reach over the
332
00:15:24,390 --> 00:15:30,540
entire bavarian state police force
333
00:15:28,070 --> 00:15:32,340
unsurprisingly Himmler was taking a
334
00:15:30,540 --> 00:15:34,790
close interest in the development of the
335
00:15:32,340 --> 00:15:37,830
Gestapo as was his fellow SS leader
336
00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:48,180
Reinhard Heydrich a clever and ambitious
337
00:15:37,830 --> 00:15:50,160
young Nazi officer Heydrich was the
338
00:15:48,180 --> 00:15:53,730
hidden pivot around which the Nazi
339
00:15:50,160 --> 00:15:55,920
regime revolved the development of a
340
00:15:53,730 --> 00:15:59,640
whole nation was guided by his forceful
341
00:15:55,920 --> 00:16:04,860
character Heydrich was in fact the
342
00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:07,050
puppet master of the Third Reich him Ron
343
00:16:04,860 --> 00:16:08,430
Heydrich had recruited a third person
344
00:16:07,050 --> 00:16:11,160
for their team a trained professional
345
00:16:08,430 --> 00:16:14,310
they trusted implicitly an experienced
346
00:16:11,160 --> 00:16:16,110
dedicated policeman Heinrich Mueller was
347
00:16:14,310 --> 00:16:18,730
destined to have a profound influence on
348
00:16:16,110 --> 00:16:20,990
the future of the Gestapo
349
00:16:18,730 --> 00:16:23,000
mother joined the Munich political
350
00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:25,570
police is his first job and he made a
351
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:28,490
name for himself as a very effective
352
00:16:25,570 --> 00:16:30,530
surveyor of the communists he in many
353
00:16:28,490 --> 00:16:34,670
respects fitted the mold he was
354
00:16:30,530 --> 00:16:37,100
ambitious he was a ruthless he was
355
00:16:34,670 --> 00:16:41,600
committed he was obedient and although
356
00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:43,610
he wasn't a Nazi before 1933 hydrogen
357
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:45,650
Himmler were very clear that this is a
358
00:16:43,610 --> 00:16:48,440
sort of person whose experience they
359
00:16:45,650 --> 00:16:51,290
needed Muller was unlike his immediate
360
00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:53,330
bosses he was in vain and rejected the
361
00:16:51,290 --> 00:16:56,840
trappings of power in favor of total
362
00:16:53,330 --> 00:16:58,280
focused professionalism any form of
363
00:16:56,840 --> 00:17:01,430
conversation with him was almost
364
00:16:58,280 --> 00:17:02,990
impossible it consisted on his part
365
00:17:01,430 --> 00:17:04,310
almost entirely of Cokely phrased
366
00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:09,290
questions and was largely an
367
00:17:04,310 --> 00:17:10,370
interrogation he once said to me one
368
00:17:09,290 --> 00:17:13,370
really ought to drive all the
369
00:17:10,370 --> 00:17:17,360
intellectuals into a coal mine then blow
370
00:17:13,370 --> 00:17:20,090
it up even as the fledgling Gestapo who
371
00:17:17,360 --> 00:17:22,430
was establishing itself in Berlin the SS
372
00:17:20,090 --> 00:17:25,090
triumvirate in Munich embarked on a new
373
00:17:22,430 --> 00:17:28,730
scheme that was breathtakingly despotic
374
00:17:25,090 --> 00:17:30,500
building on the idea of the bunkers they
375
00:17:28,730 --> 00:17:33,950
were setting up a camp near Munich in a
376
00:17:30,500 --> 00:17:36,290
suburb called Dachau here the SS plan to
377
00:17:33,950 --> 00:17:39,110
concentrate all those persons deemed
378
00:17:36,290 --> 00:17:42,230
arbitrarily to be enemies of the Nazi
379
00:17:39,110 --> 00:17:45,860
state by the summer of 1933 the scheme
380
00:17:42,230 --> 00:17:48,500
had taken off in style 26,000 people of
381
00:17:45,860 --> 00:17:51,170
left-wing views trades unionists and
382
00:17:48,500 --> 00:17:53,300
intellectuals artists and priests had
383
00:17:51,170 --> 00:17:55,930
been interned in camps across Germany
384
00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:58,400
several thousand of them in Dachau
385
00:17:55,930 --> 00:18:00,560
Hannah Perl was a member of a resistance
386
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:02,090
group several of her friends were
387
00:18:00,560 --> 00:18:07,190
arrested for their political activities
388
00:18:02,090 --> 00:18:10,720
in 1933 and taken to Dachau on al-quaeda
389
00:18:07,190 --> 00:18:13,940
home that's us there the Communists
390
00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:18,530
leonardo's Minh was in the workers home
391
00:18:13,940 --> 00:18:21,860
I told him about the posters on the
392
00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:26,870
billboards because that Hitler is now
393
00:18:21,860 --> 00:18:30,670
Chancellor of the Reich he then packed a
394
00:18:26,870 --> 00:18:35,660
few things and left his office
395
00:18:30,670 --> 00:18:41,200
he didn't run away he simply left the
396
00:18:35,660 --> 00:18:46,970
office and when they arrested him
397
00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:52,250
that was in March 33 they took him to
398
00:18:46,970 --> 00:18:57,350
Dachau where he was shot on the 17th of
399
00:18:52,250 --> 00:19:01,070
May but I am belies this undone I'm
400
00:18:57,350 --> 00:19:05,560
seeing after how when them sips hmm
401
00:19:01,070 --> 00:19:07,820
my would they air in the house awesome
402
00:19:05,560 --> 00:19:09,890
presented to the outside world through
403
00:19:07,820 --> 00:19:12,650
the international press Dhaka was
404
00:19:09,890 --> 00:19:15,190
described as a rest camp the truth soon
405
00:19:12,650 --> 00:19:15,190
became obvious
406
00:19:18,550 --> 00:19:23,360
for da how her teeth done
407
00:19:21,020 --> 00:19:26,870
we heard that Dachau was not a
408
00:19:23,360 --> 00:19:34,720
reeducation camp as they had always told
409
00:19:26,870 --> 00:19:38,600
us you went in without any trial and
410
00:19:34,720 --> 00:19:40,900
didn't know how long you'd stay or
411
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:45,230
whether you'd ever come out alive would
412
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:48,010
open David I have always called and we
413
00:19:45,230 --> 00:19:55,210
heard that people were tortured there
414
00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:57,980
and beaten and you could also die there
415
00:19:55,210 --> 00:20:00,010
the inmates of the concentration camps
416
00:19:57,980 --> 00:20:05,120
were officially held in what was called
417
00:20:00,010 --> 00:20:07,220
protective custody protective custody in
418
00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:08,630
the Third Reich been to knock on the
419
00:20:07,220 --> 00:20:10,100
door three or four o'clock in the
420
00:20:08,630 --> 00:20:12,140
morning by the Gestapo
421
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:14,780
but being bundled off without packing
422
00:20:12,140 --> 00:20:16,400
any supplies or clothes without even
423
00:20:14,780 --> 00:20:19,070
saying goodbye to one's loved ones and
424
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:20,450
being taken to a concentration camp were
425
00:20:19,070 --> 00:20:25,310
immediately there would be a process
426
00:20:20,450 --> 00:20:27,770
almost of dehumanization within Schwartz
427
00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:30,830
of Gilad I was taken into protective
428
00:20:27,770 --> 00:20:33,890
custody they protected society from us
429
00:20:30,830 --> 00:20:36,770
as it were the other way round and they
430
00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:38,060
didn't need any proof or anything they
431
00:20:36,770 --> 00:20:40,790
could send you to a camp an
432
00:20:38,060 --> 00:20:43,810
extermination camp without anything they
433
00:20:40,790 --> 00:20:47,510
didn't need anything to do it not only
434
00:20:43,810 --> 00:20:50,090
brought in the concentration camps the
435
00:20:47,510 --> 00:20:51,920
SS had created the ultimate containment
436
00:20:50,090 --> 00:20:54,500
and punishment for all the centers in
437
00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:56,540
Berlin the Gestapo was setting up a
438
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:57,470
super efficient machine for detecting
439
00:20:56,540 --> 00:20:58,970
them
440
00:20:57,470 --> 00:21:01,130
for the power-hungry Himmler and
441
00:20:58,970 --> 00:21:03,289
Heydrich the enticing prospect of
442
00:21:01,130 --> 00:21:09,140
gaining control over both organizations
443
00:21:03,289 --> 00:21:11,000
was proving irresistible the
444
00:21:09,140 --> 00:21:13,520
relationship between Hitler's henchmen
445
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,409
and the newly created Nazi Germany was
446
00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:17,390
that of a constant power struggle on
447
00:21:15,409 --> 00:21:19,549
perpetually shifting ground
448
00:21:17,390 --> 00:21:21,770
Hitler's technique for controlling his
449
00:21:19,549 --> 00:21:23,630
deputies was to encourage rivalry
450
00:21:21,770 --> 00:21:26,659
between them thus finding their
451
00:21:23,630 --> 00:21:28,580
insecurities by shifting favorites the
452
00:21:26,659 --> 00:21:33,679
result was a combustible mixture of
453
00:21:28,580 --> 00:21:35,600
paranoia plot and counter plot gradually
454
00:21:33,679 --> 00:21:38,059
Himmler mounted his challenge to take
455
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:40,429
over the Gestapo he'd already taken
456
00:21:38,059 --> 00:21:42,620
control of local political police forces
457
00:21:40,429 --> 00:21:44,630
throughout the country and the SD the
458
00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:47,150
intelligence branch of the SS he formed
459
00:21:44,630 --> 00:21:49,460
in 1932 which was now ruled by Heydrich
460
00:21:47,150 --> 00:21:52,010
and dedicated to rooting out traitors in
461
00:21:49,460 --> 00:21:56,480
the Nazi ranks had raised its profile
462
00:21:52,010 --> 00:21:59,510
and increased its activities early in
463
00:21:56,480 --> 00:22:01,330
1934 Himmler boarded a train to Berlin
464
00:21:59,510 --> 00:22:03,650
with his underlings Heydrich a mullah
465
00:22:01,330 --> 00:22:05,360
Hitler impressed both by Himmler's
466
00:22:03,650 --> 00:22:08,450
concentration camps and his political
467
00:22:05,360 --> 00:22:11,720
skills abandon Goering and switched his
468
00:22:08,450 --> 00:22:13,370
favour to his dear Heinrich he decreed
469
00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:15,470
that all Germany's police services
470
00:22:13,370 --> 00:22:17,710
spearheaded by the Gestapo should be
471
00:22:15,470 --> 00:22:19,990
unified under Himmler's personal control
472
00:22:17,710 --> 00:22:22,370
[Music]
473
00:22:19,990 --> 00:22:24,380
hitler transferred the gestapo
474
00:22:22,370 --> 00:22:27,409
officially from Goering to Himmler in
475
00:22:24,380 --> 00:22:29,809
Berlin Heydrich became head of the
476
00:22:27,409 --> 00:22:31,990
Gestapo office with a highly efficient
477
00:22:29,809 --> 00:22:34,370
Mueller as his deputy
478
00:22:31,990 --> 00:22:36,559
Goering wasn't cast out completely
479
00:22:34,370 --> 00:22:38,320
within months he was appointed head of
480
00:22:36,559 --> 00:22:41,510
the newly constructed Nazi Air Force
481
00:22:38,320 --> 00:22:43,370
from that moment on Germany's entire
482
00:22:41,510 --> 00:22:46,340
political police force was controlled
483
00:22:43,370 --> 00:22:48,530
from Berlin on paper the Gestapo
484
00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:51,980
remained a local force but in reality
485
00:22:48,530 --> 00:22:55,310
all German regional secret police forces
486
00:22:51,980 --> 00:22:57,810
obeyed Gestapo authority
487
00:22:55,310 --> 00:23:00,000
the structure of the security force is
488
00:22:57,810 --> 00:23:02,790
never a straightforward remained fluid
489
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:06,060
and slippery the SS under Himmler
490
00:23:02,790 --> 00:23:07,650
retained an overarching role responsible
491
00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:09,780
for numerous departments including
492
00:23:07,650 --> 00:23:12,030
administration finance foreign
493
00:23:09,780 --> 00:23:15,570
intelligence the regular Criminal Police
494
00:23:12,030 --> 00:23:18,150
and the SD Muller took over the running
495
00:23:15,570 --> 00:23:20,400
of the Gestapo it was the perfect job
496
00:23:18,150 --> 00:23:23,430
for him as his zeal was equaled only by
497
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:25,230
his obsession with efficiency Sony had
498
00:23:23,430 --> 00:23:29,250
things running in the smooth way he
499
00:23:25,230 --> 00:23:32,160
wanted the Gestapo brief was clear and
500
00:23:29,250 --> 00:23:34,530
unambiguous it was to be the agency that
501
00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:37,650
cleanse Germany of all political social
502
00:23:34,530 --> 00:23:39,690
racial and cultural impurity if its
503
00:23:37,650 --> 00:23:42,480
methods came into conflict with existing
504
00:23:39,690 --> 00:23:45,030
statutes the Gustavo's decision would be
505
00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:46,980
upheld each person who passed through
506
00:23:45,030 --> 00:23:49,590
Gestapo hands was photographed
507
00:23:46,980 --> 00:23:52,560
fingerprinted and given a file card with
508
00:23:49,590 --> 00:23:55,080
personal details recorded along with the
509
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:57,570
supposed crime details of the
510
00:23:55,080 --> 00:24:02,430
interrogation and the action taken as a
511
00:23:57,570 --> 00:24:06,960
result these card indexes form the basis
512
00:24:02,430 --> 00:24:08,940
of the Gestapo power have a look in this
513
00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:12,720
box is this index and look right here
514
00:24:08,940 --> 00:24:14,580
under L you must be in this box let's go
515
00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:18,380
to the table and see if your file is
516
00:24:14,580 --> 00:24:20,910
really in here in the vienna archives
517
00:24:18,380 --> 00:24:23,100
50,000 original dossiers hold the
518
00:24:20,910 --> 00:24:25,230
details of Communists trade unionists
519
00:24:23,100 --> 00:24:26,760
and churchmen all potential members of
520
00:24:25,230 --> 00:24:29,640
opposition groups in the area
521
00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:33,570
among them was Hans Landa this probably
522
00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:36,750
done you say yeah so here's your card
523
00:24:33,570 --> 00:24:40,950
look here's your name single birthplace
524
00:24:36,750 --> 00:24:45,300
a physical description 180 tool pale
525
00:24:40,950 --> 00:24:46,980
thin and here you see these numbers
526
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:49,740
refer to other documents that the
527
00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:52,260
Gestapo have on you here's your personal
528
00:24:49,740 --> 00:24:58,590
Gestapo file where the actual documents
529
00:24:52,260 --> 00:25:00,860
were and your charge sheet the files
530
00:24:58,590 --> 00:25:03,200
resemble those of any large bureaucrats
531
00:25:00,860 --> 00:25:05,390
organization the language is formal and
532
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:07,790
there are boxes for each item of
533
00:25:05,390 --> 00:25:10,490
information the official appearance of
534
00:25:07,790 --> 00:25:12,110
the documents attempts to legitimize the
535
00:25:10,490 --> 00:25:15,890
despicable actions they so
536
00:25:12,110 --> 00:25:18,500
conscientiously record but while 44 I
537
00:25:15,890 --> 00:25:22,549
didn't give you before you were
538
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:28,360
completely open to them they could do
539
00:25:22,549 --> 00:25:34,360
what they wanted with us no justice no
540
00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:38,480
law or anything it was an institution
541
00:25:34,360 --> 00:25:41,390
that paid no heed to anything existed
542
00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:43,250
nor would the new security supremo's
543
00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:45,380
appeared in public frequently with the
544
00:25:43,250 --> 00:25:48,020
exception of Lula who persistently
545
00:25:45,380 --> 00:25:50,120
stayed out of sight they gave the
546
00:25:48,020 --> 00:25:52,070
impression of total self-confidence but
547
00:25:50,120 --> 00:25:54,679
in reality the problems were not quite
548
00:25:52,070 --> 00:25:56,200
over there still existed a serious
549
00:25:54,679 --> 00:25:58,429
threat to their ambitions
550
00:25:56,200 --> 00:26:00,620
despite removal from the streets the
551
00:25:58,429 --> 00:26:03,380
brown shouted sa the stormtroopers had
552
00:26:00,620 --> 00:26:03,830
not gone away and neither had their
553
00:26:03,380 --> 00:26:07,910
leader
554
00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:10,730
Ernst well he was a member of a the
555
00:26:07,910 --> 00:26:13,820
old-school old fighter Nazi generation
556
00:26:10,730 --> 00:26:15,980
if you like his contribution was crucial
557
00:26:13,820 --> 00:26:18,169
to the seizure of power but once the
558
00:26:15,980 --> 00:26:18,710
Nazis had seized power there was a
559
00:26:18,169 --> 00:26:21,470
problem
560
00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:25,010
what did one tear of the SA following
561
00:26:21,470 --> 00:26:27,590
the wild rampages of 1933 the SA were
562
00:26:25,010 --> 00:26:29,510
muzzled by Hitler but Rome was still
563
00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:31,060
determined to strike out and complete
564
00:26:29,510 --> 00:26:34,120
his own German Revolution
565
00:26:31,060 --> 00:26:36,820
in Rome's eyes the Nazi Party owed its
566
00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:38,800
entire success to his brown shirts and
567
00:26:36,820 --> 00:26:59,620
they deserve to have control of a police
568
00:26:38,800 --> 00:27:04,000
and military as their reward Red King
569
00:26:59,620 --> 00:27:06,310
never state the situation was
570
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:08,170
complicated by the fact that Rome was
571
00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:10,210
one of the very few men who were
572
00:27:08,170 --> 00:27:12,490
unfamiliar personal terms with Hitler
573
00:27:10,210 --> 00:27:14,830
he was the Fuhrer as chief of staff and
574
00:27:12,490 --> 00:27:36,600
in public at least Hitler supported room
575
00:27:14,830 --> 00:27:40,140
in his aspirations sagen London
576
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:42,760
REM was convinced he could transform his
577
00:27:40,140 --> 00:27:45,940
undisciplined squadrons into Carter's
578
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:46,810
for the army of the future his idea was
579
00:27:45,940 --> 00:27:49,060
simple and logical
580
00:27:46,810 --> 00:27:51,310
the sooner he took advantage of the
581
00:27:49,060 --> 00:27:53,740
first upsurge after the seizure of power
582
00:27:51,310 --> 00:27:55,330
to hack through the jungle of laws and
583
00:27:53,740 --> 00:27:57,520
the mazes of foreign policy
584
00:27:55,330 --> 00:27:59,820
the sooner his revolutionary army would
585
00:27:57,520 --> 00:28:02,620
become the German army of the future
586
00:27:59,820 --> 00:28:05,140
Rome was becoming a problem
587
00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:07,600
Hitler adopting his usual technique of
588
00:28:05,140 --> 00:28:09,910
divide and rule set up his other hands
589
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:12,340
man to topple the Troublesome Ernst rรถhm
590
00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,400
the barrel Rowdies of the SA were beyond
591
00:28:12,340 --> 00:28:18,850
the pale they represented the most
592
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:21,720
extreme violent and fanatical elements
593
00:28:18,850 --> 00:28:24,419
of the Nazi movement in those days
594
00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:27,330
rooms activities in setting up a private
595
00:28:24,419 --> 00:28:31,279
militia may have constituted a threat to
596
00:28:27,330 --> 00:28:34,529
the state but this was only a pretext in
597
00:28:31,279 --> 00:28:37,919
the ambitious Himmler and there's still
598
00:28:34,529 --> 00:28:41,159
more ambitious Heydrich Hitler had
599
00:28:37,919 --> 00:28:43,169
willing executioner's each of whom
600
00:28:41,159 --> 00:28:47,940
seized the opportunity to build up his
601
00:28:43,169 --> 00:28:50,240
own power on the 27th of June 1934 at a
602
00:28:47,940 --> 00:28:52,679
covert meeting in Prince Albert Strasser
603
00:28:50,240 --> 00:28:55,200
Heydrich announced that intelligence
604
00:28:52,679 --> 00:28:57,809
confirms that the SA under Rome is
605
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:59,840
planning a coup this was a deliberate
606
00:28:57,809 --> 00:28:59,840
lie
607
00:29:01,309 --> 00:29:06,909
Hydra camula coordinated a so-called
608
00:29:04,100 --> 00:29:09,379
counter operation from Gestapo HQ
609
00:29:06,909 --> 00:29:13,419
Heydrich prepared a list signed off by
610
00:29:09,379 --> 00:29:13,419
Hitler of those who were to be shot
611
00:29:18,720 --> 00:29:24,670
within days the news reels were
612
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:27,220
trumpeting their success 90 internal
613
00:29:24,670 --> 00:29:29,530
opponents including Ernst Roehm had been
614
00:29:27,220 --> 00:29:31,500
liquidated in the purge which became
615
00:29:29,530 --> 00:29:34,210
known as the night of the Long Knives
616
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:35,950
the police paraded in triumph before
617
00:29:34,210 --> 00:29:47,170
Hitler who saluted them from the window
618
00:29:35,950 --> 00:29:49,450
of his office the essay had been
619
00:29:47,170 --> 00:29:51,910
obliterated with that threat removed
620
00:29:49,450 --> 00:29:55,930
himmler security services had gained
621
00:29:51,910 --> 00:29:56,590
unbounded power the gestapo was ready to
622
00:29:55,930 --> 00:30:01,050
move forward
623
00:29:56,590 --> 00:30:01,050
nothing and nobody could stop it
624
00:30:02,929 --> 00:30:08,520
after the assassination of Ernst Roehm
625
00:30:05,340 --> 00:30:11,210
Hitler Himmler Heydrich a mullah for a
626
00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:13,830
complete control of Germany's security
627
00:30:11,210 --> 00:30:15,840
the country's political police forces
628
00:30:13,830 --> 00:30:17,909
under the orders of the Gestapo were
629
00:30:15,840 --> 00:30:20,460
already well on their way to suppressing
630
00:30:17,909 --> 00:30:22,760
all opposition Muller had made a study
631
00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:24,539
of the notorious Soviet secret police
632
00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:26,669
under his direction
633
00:30:24,539 --> 00:30:29,250
the Gestapo began to establish its own
634
00:30:26,669 --> 00:30:32,539
trademark methods these were all
635
00:30:29,250 --> 00:30:35,100
designed to spread suspicion and anxiety
636
00:30:32,539 --> 00:30:37,020
Johann Schmidt was part of what little
637
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:39,419
opposition remained he printed and
638
00:30:37,020 --> 00:30:41,840
distributed anti-nazi leaflets and raise
639
00:30:39,419 --> 00:30:45,000
funds for the Republican cause in Spain
640
00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:46,799
if wakame devil not doing double
641
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,750
insurance wife worded I hardly got into
642
00:30:46,799 --> 00:30:52,799
the flat when two armed men appeared
643
00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:54,929
outside the door their car me for my
644
00:30:52,799 --> 00:30:59,429
novel killing I was taken directly from
645
00:30:54,929 --> 00:31:01,320
the flag to prison police they knew so
646
00:30:59,429 --> 00:31:05,610
much about me because they had already
647
00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:09,720
interrogated people that's when they
648
00:31:05,610 --> 00:31:13,320
began to hit me in the face I was beaten
649
00:31:09,720 --> 00:31:15,179
up in the first hour terrible thing when
650
00:31:13,320 --> 00:31:20,929
you don't know when your hold from your
651
00:31:15,179 --> 00:31:23,940
cell what's going to happen to you man
652
00:31:20,929 --> 00:31:28,799
he had a thick sweater on when I was
653
00:31:23,940 --> 00:31:32,610
arrested I kept it on day and night as
654
00:31:28,799 --> 00:31:35,159
protection to meet for after one yet
655
00:31:32,610 --> 00:31:39,440
hobby Darwin after because I knew that
656
00:31:35,159 --> 00:31:39,440
whenever I was taken below I'd be beat
657
00:31:42,980 --> 00:31:51,550
it went on for days day and night day
658
00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:54,520
and night Darwin not
659
00:31:51,550 --> 00:31:57,220
johan's furred passed through 14 prisons
660
00:31:54,520 --> 00:31:59,830
before his eventual release in 1945 ten
661
00:31:57,220 --> 00:32:01,140
years later five of those years were
662
00:31:59,830 --> 00:32:03,220
spent in solitary confinement
663
00:32:01,140 --> 00:32:06,190
interrupted only by Gestapo
664
00:32:03,220 --> 00:32:08,230
interrogations yet firt is one of the
665
00:32:06,190 --> 00:32:12,040
lucky ones fear of the Gestapo as
666
00:32:08,230 --> 00:32:14,950
victims survived in the propaganda
667
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:16,900
however Gestapo officers were shown as
668
00:32:14,950 --> 00:32:20,290
guardians of the people they had to
669
00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:23,290
serve posters portrayed the Gestapo as
670
00:32:20,290 --> 00:32:25,270
friend and helper protecting society
671
00:32:23,290 --> 00:32:28,060
from the dark forces that threatened it
672
00:32:25,270 --> 00:32:36,490
the even featured as benign characters
673
00:32:28,060 --> 00:32:38,320
in comics and children's games it was
674
00:32:36,490 --> 00:32:40,690
all part of mullahs carefully conceived
675
00:32:38,320 --> 00:32:42,760
strategy designed to create a specific
676
00:32:40,690 --> 00:32:45,940
image of a Gestapo in the public mind
677
00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:49,870
that image was of an all-powerful body
678
00:32:45,940 --> 00:32:52,630
able to destroy its enemies at will the
679
00:32:49,870 --> 00:32:55,180
classic Gestapo knock on the door sudden
680
00:32:52,630 --> 00:32:58,210
Swift and anonymous underline the
681
00:32:55,180 --> 00:33:00,460
illusion of total control to reinforce
682
00:32:58,210 --> 00:33:04,560
this fiction mullah encouraged the
683
00:33:00,460 --> 00:33:04,560
belief that the Gestapo was everywhere
684
00:33:07,440 --> 00:33:12,010
propaganda stories were also planted in
685
00:33:10,210 --> 00:33:14,230
the newspapers to strike fear into
686
00:33:12,010 --> 00:33:16,510
potential opponents the reports
687
00:33:14,230 --> 00:33:18,909
described a constant stream of arrests
688
00:33:16,510 --> 00:33:23,919
in effect they were lengthy
689
00:33:18,909 --> 00:33:26,620
advertisements for Gestapo power my hot
690
00:33:23,919 --> 00:33:30,070
burger spawn we talked about how the
691
00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:33,370
Gestapo watched people and ensured that
692
00:33:30,070 --> 00:33:37,150
no one said anything bad about the
693
00:33:33,370 --> 00:33:40,030
regime not hiding in the vehicle but as
694
00:33:37,150 --> 00:33:44,590
regime cobalt Morton the great strength
695
00:33:40,030 --> 00:33:47,070
of the Gestapo was the publicity or more
696
00:33:44,590 --> 00:33:49,299
more specifically the propaganda
697
00:33:47,070 --> 00:33:51,669
surrounding it the myth surrounding it
698
00:33:49,299 --> 00:33:53,049
that the Gestapo were here there and
699
00:33:51,669 --> 00:33:55,870
everywhere
700
00:33:53,049 --> 00:33:58,900
so that any German we're making a
701
00:33:55,870 --> 00:34:00,730
comment that was going to be mildly even
702
00:33:58,900 --> 00:34:02,530
adverse to the regime would look over
703
00:34:00,730 --> 00:34:05,950
his shoulder and it was known as the
704
00:34:02,530 --> 00:34:07,240
German look did or oblique in fact the
705
00:34:05,950 --> 00:34:09,609
Gustavo's knowledge was less
706
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:12,010
comprehensive than its carefully crafted
707
00:34:09,609 --> 00:34:13,929
image of omniscience implied but the
708
00:34:12,010 --> 00:34:15,970
accumulation of information was
709
00:34:13,929 --> 00:34:17,740
nevertheless much greater than could be
710
00:34:15,970 --> 00:34:22,599
expected of such a small group of
711
00:34:17,740 --> 00:34:26,050
officers how was this achieved the
712
00:34:22,599 --> 00:34:28,419
answer lies in these files meticulously
713
00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:31,270
maintained they record millions of
714
00:34:28,419 --> 00:34:32,889
pieces of personal information most of
715
00:34:31,270 --> 00:34:36,010
the information was given to the Gestapo
716
00:34:32,889 --> 00:34:37,960
by informers it was the German people
717
00:34:36,010 --> 00:34:40,359
who did much of the Gustavo's work
718
00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:42,369
the officers were employed largely to
719
00:34:40,359 --> 00:34:46,780
analyze and collate the data that was
720
00:34:42,369 --> 00:34:49,990
brought in so he wasn't seen as much in
721
00:34:46,780 --> 00:34:51,250
oh I said what's up with you a tailor
722
00:34:49,990 --> 00:34:53,490
about fifty years old
723
00:34:51,250 --> 00:34:56,470
my daughter has denounced me and my wife
724
00:34:53,490 --> 00:34:58,510
she wanted to marry an SS man and the
725
00:34:56,470 --> 00:35:00,339
parents didn't want her to so she went
726
00:34:58,510 --> 00:35:02,170
to the Gestapo and the parents were
727
00:35:00,339 --> 00:35:04,810
arrested on the eighth and one
728
00:35:02,170 --> 00:35:06,760
givingness it wasn't only personal
729
00:35:04,810 --> 00:35:08,530
issues that got reported there are a lot
730
00:35:06,760 --> 00:35:10,450
of people that were quite happy to
731
00:35:08,530 --> 00:35:12,700
inform on their neighbors if they were
732
00:35:10,450 --> 00:35:16,210
making adverse comments about the Hitler
733
00:35:12,700 --> 00:35:17,680
regime some people informed in the
734
00:35:16,210 --> 00:35:19,750
sincere belief that journey
735
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:22,660
his future was more important than the
736
00:35:19,750 --> 00:35:23,920
fate of individuals others did it out of
737
00:35:22,660 --> 00:35:25,930
MV or revenge
738
00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:28,300
still more informed to save themselves
739
00:35:25,930 --> 00:35:31,000
or their families from the knock on the
740
00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:32,950
door but it was known that Gestapo
741
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:35,740
suspicions led to the concentration
742
00:35:32,950 --> 00:35:38,530
camps an officer's word was all that was
743
00:35:35,740 --> 00:35:40,990
required and it soon became common
744
00:35:38,530 --> 00:35:43,240
knowledge that the Gestapo equated mercy
745
00:35:40,990 --> 00:35:46,750
with weakness and regarded weakness as
746
00:35:43,240 --> 00:35:50,829
fatal to the regime when far half did
747
00:35:46,750 --> 00:35:55,420
severe it was terrible to be arrested it
748
00:35:50,829 --> 00:35:58,480
meant death we were always hearing but
749
00:35:55,420 --> 00:36:00,760
so-and-so has disappeared its body had
750
00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:04,089
the idea first tried officially you
751
00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:07,450
weren't permitted to talk about it but
752
00:36:04,089 --> 00:36:10,960
amongst ourselves we did and we knew
753
00:36:07,450 --> 00:36:14,290
just what it meant was the vanity
754
00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:16,420
fascist Bedoya today there was a
755
00:36:14,290 --> 00:36:22,020
terrible feeling of being defenseless
756
00:36:16,420 --> 00:36:26,109
and humiliated in humanity in humanity
757
00:36:22,020 --> 00:36:28,059
how can such such an idiot get into the
758
00:36:26,109 --> 00:36:32,020
position of torturing another human
759
00:36:28,059 --> 00:36:35,740
being under dimensions of creating the
760
00:36:32,020 --> 00:36:37,780
flaw an Abbott warm it was a threat it
761
00:36:35,740 --> 00:36:40,750
was really the epitome of what the Nazi
762
00:36:37,780 --> 00:36:43,329
regime was you could say you felt it
763
00:36:40,750 --> 00:36:46,569
like the fist of the Nazis well I'm from
764
00:36:43,329 --> 00:36:48,220
the south he fouls their asses over time
765
00:36:46,569 --> 00:36:50,500
the gas stop his reputation became
766
00:36:48,220 --> 00:36:54,720
rooted in the fabric of society and
767
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:54,720
opposition was almost completely erratic
768
00:36:55,119 --> 00:37:02,180
by the late 1930s the Gestapo had purged
769
00:36:58,849 --> 00:37:03,950
Germany of all visible resistance this
770
00:37:02,180 --> 00:37:05,959
was the moment when its leaders felt
771
00:37:03,950 --> 00:37:08,119
ready to fulfill the nation's true
772
00:37:05,959 --> 00:37:13,579
destiny and shape the future of the
773
00:37:08,119 --> 00:37:17,239
thousand-year I Heydrich put the Gestapo
774
00:37:13,579 --> 00:37:19,279
's new task into words the police of the
775
00:37:17,239 --> 00:37:21,079
National Socialist state will now above
776
00:37:19,279 --> 00:37:22,819
all fulfill the task of rebuilding the
777
00:37:21,079 --> 00:37:24,739
people's society from the ground up
778
00:37:22,819 --> 00:37:29,150
according to the precepts of the
779
00:37:24,739 --> 00:37:31,279
political leadership the Nazi ideal was
780
00:37:29,150 --> 00:37:34,249
the Volks Gemeinschaft the people's
781
00:37:31,279 --> 00:37:37,489
society this society was to be based on
782
00:37:34,249 --> 00:37:39,219
equality unity and social harmony but it
783
00:37:37,489 --> 00:37:42,069
was only for those who qualified
784
00:37:39,219 --> 00:37:45,650
membership demanded absolute conformity
785
00:37:42,069 --> 00:37:47,569
the Gestapo task was to draw up lists of
786
00:37:45,650 --> 00:37:50,059
those whose actions made them unfit for
787
00:37:47,569 --> 00:37:52,069
the Society of the master race crimes
788
00:37:50,059 --> 00:37:56,239
that warranted inclusion on the lists
789
00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:58,400
were many and varied the Gestapo was not
790
00:37:56,239 --> 00:38:01,069
expected to round up those names on the
791
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:03,170
lists there were simply too many of them
792
00:38:01,069 --> 00:38:05,859
and the task was delegated to local
793
00:38:03,170 --> 00:38:05,859
police forces
794
00:38:10,559 --> 00:38:17,679
one major group targeted by the lists
795
00:38:14,199 --> 00:38:19,659
was the Jews soon the discrimination
796
00:38:17,679 --> 00:38:22,989
against the entire race was made leading
797
00:38:19,659 --> 00:38:24,999
on the 15th of September 1935 the
798
00:38:22,989 --> 00:38:27,569
nuremberg laws were enacted and
799
00:38:24,999 --> 00:38:27,569
published
800
00:38:30,750 --> 00:38:33,769
[Music]
801
00:38:41,170 --> 00:38:46,160
discrimination against the Jews
802
00:38:43,040 --> 00:38:54,290
henceforth had an official basis the
803
00:38:46,160 --> 00:38:56,480
racial laws they were very popular man
804
00:38:54,290 --> 00:38:58,930
dr. Schmidt you would entire lesson that
805
00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:02,120
we weren't allowed to mix with Jews I
806
00:38:58,930 --> 00:39:05,870
even saw how someone was brought out a
807
00:39:02,120 --> 00:39:09,410
woman who had had a Jewish boyfriend and
808
00:39:05,870 --> 00:39:14,930
she had to wear a sign saying I'm a
809
00:39:09,410 --> 00:39:18,430
great swine I go with Jews a new kind of
810
00:39:14,930 --> 00:39:21,410
pseudoscience entered the curriculum I
811
00:39:18,430 --> 00:39:24,020
was a so-called first degree half-breed
812
00:39:21,410 --> 00:39:27,140
and Hitler hated them especially because
813
00:39:24,020 --> 00:39:29,420
the Nuremberg Laws said I couldn't marry
814
00:39:27,140 --> 00:39:32,480
one of those so-called Aryans but I
815
00:39:29,420 --> 00:39:34,550
could marry another Hoffman because the
816
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:37,070
resulting offspring would be a cretin
817
00:39:34,550 --> 00:39:39,200
and the child could then be murdered
818
00:39:37,070 --> 00:39:41,270
straight away that's what we were told
819
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:47,060
and I just sat there and thought this
820
00:39:41,270 --> 00:39:51,800
can't be happening she said something
821
00:39:47,060 --> 00:39:54,500
like I remembered it my whole life he
822
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:57,830
said in this school year we're going to
823
00:39:54,500 --> 00:40:00,650
look at racial studies and I can tell
824
00:39:57,830 --> 00:40:05,150
you right now that Laverne Berg belongs
825
00:40:00,650 --> 00:40:10,600
to an inferior race that's all that he
826
00:40:05,150 --> 00:40:13,970
said and I went home bawling my eyes out
827
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:18,560
you've been done holed into housing I
828
00:40:13,970 --> 00:40:20,330
mean the Nazi hierarchy were it not an
829
00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:22,850
iota about the effect of their
830
00:40:20,330 --> 00:40:24,290
legislation on children they were more
831
00:40:22,850 --> 00:40:27,350
concerned with increasing their own
832
00:40:24,290 --> 00:40:29,660
power base Himmler was now so popular
833
00:40:27,350 --> 00:40:31,580
with Hitler that he was appointed head
834
00:40:29,660 --> 00:40:33,680
of all the German police which meant
835
00:40:31,580 --> 00:40:35,750
effectively that the police force became
836
00:40:33,680 --> 00:40:38,570
an arm and the Gestapo pal
837
00:40:35,750 --> 00:40:40,790
not the other way around the Gestapo
838
00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:42,400
tentacles were creeping further around
839
00:40:40,790 --> 00:40:46,700
the heart of German society
840
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:49,250
[Music]
841
00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:50,840
so effective with the Gestapo officers
842
00:40:49,250 --> 00:40:53,090
in carrying out their domestic duties
843
00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:55,220
that by the end of the 30s they were
844
00:40:53,090 --> 00:40:58,850
ready and poised to spread their
845
00:40:55,220 --> 00:41:01,820
influence even further and Hitler had a
846
00:40:58,850 --> 00:41:04,430
fresh role for them he intended to
847
00:41:01,820 --> 00:41:06,260
expand the Third Reich and the newly
848
00:41:04,430 --> 00:41:09,320
conquered territories would need to be
849
00:41:06,260 --> 00:41:12,580
pacified he assigned the Gestapo the
850
00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:15,710
task of dismantling resistance abroad
851
00:41:12,580 --> 00:41:17,990
Heydrich prepared the plans the Gestapo
852
00:41:15,710 --> 00:41:20,360
was assigned to accompany the Armed
853
00:41:17,990 --> 00:41:22,190
Forces of the vernik on their first
854
00:41:20,360 --> 00:41:24,860
moves abroad into the territory of
855
00:41:22,190 --> 00:41:27,590
Germany's friendliest neighbors Muller
856
00:41:24,860 --> 00:41:29,960
told his most trusted officers to draw
857
00:41:27,590 --> 00:41:32,360
up secret lists of all the individuals
858
00:41:29,960 --> 00:41:34,010
likely to cause trouble they will be
859
00:41:32,360 --> 00:41:37,310
arrested and removed as soon as the
860
00:41:34,010 --> 00:41:42,340
military movement began Austria in March
861
00:41:37,310 --> 00:41:42,340
1938 was the first country to be annexed
862
00:41:57,609 --> 00:42:06,170
while the crowds celebrated the Gestapo
863
00:42:01,220 --> 00:42:08,119
was already at work all I know is on the
864
00:42:06,170 --> 00:42:11,500
first night they arrested the former
865
00:42:08,119 --> 00:42:15,349
authorities from between 1934 and 38 and
866
00:42:11,500 --> 00:42:22,070
everyone on the Left communists Social
867
00:42:15,349 --> 00:42:24,349
Democrats and liberals alike a few
868
00:42:22,070 --> 00:42:27,290
months later the Nazi army marched
869
00:42:24,349 --> 00:42:29,410
unopposed into the sedated land the
870
00:42:27,290 --> 00:42:31,849
german-speaking area of Czechoslovakia
871
00:42:29,410 --> 00:42:34,130
like Austria it was seen as home
872
00:42:31,849 --> 00:42:36,890
territory despite being a part of a
873
00:42:34,130 --> 00:42:39,560
sovereign nation and its annexation was
874
00:42:36,890 --> 00:42:42,530
largely uneventful here - the gestapo
875
00:42:39,560 --> 00:42:44,390
arrived with its lists at the ready the
876
00:42:42,530 --> 00:42:51,890
nocturnal knocks at the door commenced
877
00:42:44,390 --> 00:42:55,040
and people began to disappear then on to
878
00:42:51,890 --> 00:42:57,140
Prague the Sudetenland having fallen it
879
00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:58,390
was an easy matter to take the Czech
880
00:42:57,140 --> 00:43:01,280
capital as well
881
00:42:58,390 --> 00:43:02,030
Hitler had expanded the Reich virtually
882
00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:04,069
unopposed
883
00:43:02,030 --> 00:43:06,079
and while the Gestapo cleansed the new
884
00:43:04,069 --> 00:43:09,230
territories of every hint of opposition
885
00:43:06,079 --> 00:43:11,829
his popularity in Germany rose to an
886
00:43:09,230 --> 00:43:11,829
all-time high
887
00:43:12,720 --> 00:43:17,890
in Berlin there was little hope or
888
00:43:15,820 --> 00:43:20,170
expectation that Hitler would halt his
889
00:43:17,890 --> 00:43:22,330
aggression in Prague the herbals
890
00:43:20,170 --> 00:43:25,980
propaganda machine began to hint at war
891
00:43:22,330 --> 00:43:29,650
with Western Europe and at Gestapo HQ
892
00:43:25,980 --> 00:43:31,510
the plans had already been laid Heydrich
893
00:43:29,650 --> 00:43:33,460
Mullah and a small band of trusted
894
00:43:31,510 --> 00:43:36,070
Gestapo officers were preparing
895
00:43:33,460 --> 00:43:38,980
operation Tannenberg it was a ruthless
896
00:43:36,070 --> 00:43:40,900
brutal scheme deliberately intended to
897
00:43:38,980 --> 00:43:41,940
deceive both the German public and the
898
00:43:40,900 --> 00:43:44,740
world at large
899
00:43:41,940 --> 00:43:46,810
the Gestapo had been entrusted with
900
00:43:44,740 --> 00:43:49,000
masterminding a plan that was to throw
901
00:43:46,810 --> 00:43:53,590
Europe and ultimately the whole world
902
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:55,840
into war its power had grown immense by
903
00:43:53,590 --> 00:43:58,300
the start of the war the Gestapo is at
904
00:43:55,840 --> 00:44:01,510
the center of a huge Terra apparatus
905
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:04,180
which has all stretching into every part
906
00:44:01,510 --> 00:44:08,170
of German society it had effectively
907
00:44:04,180 --> 00:44:12,070
crushed the left it was well on the way
908
00:44:08,170 --> 00:44:14,500
to enacting its revision of a German
909
00:44:12,070 --> 00:44:16,960
people's community in which internal
910
00:44:14,500 --> 00:44:19,540
aliens would be eradicated and it was
911
00:44:16,960 --> 00:44:20,380
perfectly placed to police German
912
00:44:19,540 --> 00:44:23,590
society
913
00:44:20,380 --> 00:44:26,650
once war broke out it was a historic
914
00:44:23,590 --> 00:44:28,690
moment Mulla and his Gestapo were poised
915
00:44:26,650 --> 00:44:31,510
to add millions more names to their
916
00:44:28,690 --> 00:44:33,490
lists of ruined lives and they were more
917
00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:35,610
than ready for the challenges that lay
918
00:44:33,490 --> 00:44:35,610
ahead
919
00:44:52,010 --> 00:44:54,070
you
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