All language subtitles for Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 2014 s02e01 The Light Bulb Moment.eng

Tonight, we're going to turn this
building into a giant games console,

few of these and a lot of imagination.

Welcome to the Christmas Lectures.

We're going to be hacking some amazing
things tonight.

But I'm going to show you something very
simple to start with, just to get you

into the hacking frame of mind.

I'm going to start with a little bit of
graffiti.

Now, all the mobile phones we have these
days, they're so advanced that they've

actually got 100 ,000 times more memory
than the computer that was used on the

lunar landing.

And do you know which bit I'm going to
use first?

The light.

I'm going to show you something that
maybe you didn't know about a fire exit

sign.

Did you know you could do that on a fire
exit sign?

It's cool, isn't it?

You can write on the white bit.

Now, it fades quickly, but I think
that's probably actually quite good.

The material is absorbing the light
there, so it doesn't emit it straight

Now, there's two reasons I wanted to do
that.

First, just to show you that here is my
fire exit.

And second, just by understanding how
everyday objects work, we can manipulate

them. We can play with them.

I'm Danielle George, and I'm a professor
of engineering at the University of

Manchester.

And I want to show you that anything is
possible with a little bit of tinkering

and a little bit of imagination.

So if I just peel off the green part of
my fire exit sign, and instead of using

my phone, I want to print a message
using my homemade

wand.

But I don't want to do this.

I want somebody else to do this for me.
So here we have a tablet, and we should

be able to send this information to...

My LED wand.

So, how about you? What's your name?

Sasha. Sasha. Hi, Sasha.

Right. What I want you to do, Sasha, is
just write a very short word, just the

first short word that comes into your
mind, okay? And then press send. I don't

want to know what it is, but Dave, the
cameraman here, is going to show

everybody else.

But you just tell me once you've
actually done the word.

Are we done, Sasha? Yeah? Brilliant.

Okay. So what's happening with this is
if I press this down, Sasha's word

be sent.

The LEDs are flashing, so Sasha's word
should be sent there already.

So if I now go over my photoluminescent
paper, I should be able to print

out Sasha's word.

And here we have it.

Okay,

now that was just a bit of fun, but
that's just what the heart of these

are all about.

I want to be using some simple
electronics, simple components that we

around our house, and combining them
with some coding, with some software, to

something really exciting.

Now, the building blocks of technology
are all around us and in our grasp.

And the great thing is, you don't need a
laboratory.

You can start to address many of the
engineering grand challenges that we

just by tinkering at home.

Your garage, your bedroom, your kitchen
table is your laboratory.

In these lectures, I'm going to be
taking three everyday components that we

for granted every day.

The light bulb, the telephone, and the
motor.

And showing not only how they work, but
what problems we can solve with them.

So, let's get started with the light
bulb.

Now, as a girl from Newcastle, I'm very
pleased to say that this was invented by

a Geordie, by Joseph Swan in 1879.

And I want to honour this great
invention that we take for granted every

setting ourselves a grand challenge.

Let's do something amazing with the
light bulb that Swan could never even

imagined in 1879.

Now, who likes to play a computer game?

Oh, lots. Good. You're going to love
this lecture. So, drumroll please.

Sounds great.

Tonight... we are going to turn a London
skyscraper into a giant games console.

This is the Shell Centre at London South
Bank, and our aim is to turn all of the

windows into a giant computer screen and
play a Tetris -style game on this.

Now, this actually makes me quite
nervous, so I want to know how nervous

makes you feel.

How confident are you we can do this?

So by clapping, I want to know how
confident you are. Can we do this? So,

do this?

Wow. Look at you.

What do you do?

Excellent. Wow.

I tell you, you're a lot more confident
than I am at the moment because I know

how many steps we've got to go to do
that. But I love your confidence.

But before we break that down...

I need some help playing this game. I
need someone to get ready and go out to

that building to be able to control our
skyscraper.

We've got a taxi waiting outside, and I
need someone to jump in there right now

and link up live with us from the Shell
Centre.

Now, you won't get to see the rest of
the lecture, I'm afraid, but you would

part of something amazing.

You are going to be part of Christmas
lecture history.

So, hands up, who would like to go now?

Okay, you down there. Yeah, brilliant.

Okay, give him a round of applause.

Okay, what's your name?

Harrison. Harrison.

Okay, Harrison, and you have a parent.

Okay, is that your mum there? Teacher.

Teacher? Okay, right, Harrison.

Okay, teacher, are you okay to go with
Harrison?

Yeah, is that okay?

Brilliant. Okay, so what's going to
happen is you're going to go with Judy,

we're going to put you in a taxi, which
is waiting for you and your teacher now,

okay? And then we're going to link up
live with you at the Shell Centre and

get to play the game. All right?
Brilliant. Thank you very much,

Okay, whilst Harrison is on his way to
South Bank...

We need to think about the steps we need
to take to take our crazy idea to

actually playing a game on the
skyscraper.

And we need to do it in less than an
hour.

Now, I'm an engineer.

And when I'm faced with problems that I
think are just too big to solve, I like

to break that problem down into steps
that I think I can solve.

So, let's break it down.

First, we need to turn the building into
a screen.

we need to be able to code that game.

So we need some software as well.

Then third, we need to make a
controller, some sort of game pad, in

play that game.

Then we'll be going live to Harrison at
the Shell Centre to play that game.

And hopefully, he'll be there in that
taxi that was waiting for him, so he'll

waiting for us.

So we've got less than an hour to do all
that.

Okay. Right, let's get started with step
one.

Now, the key to this is finding a way to
turn that building into a giant screen.

And we can put anything on screen.

We could put on my screen here a lovely
image of the Shell Centre or

images of giraffes.

Or we could even put the photographs
that were taken of you guys.

This evening.

Brilliant. Excellent.

Are you recognising yourselves?

Excellent.

Some of you look very happy to be here.
That's good.

And it doesn't matter how far away those
screens actually are.

Or how big or how small those screens
are.

They're all controlled by the internet.

And that includes the big screens. Do
you know the big screens that you see

you're out maybe shopping in Piccadilly
Circus?

Like this big screen out near Piccadilly
Circus.

We could control that from right here.

And that's exactly what we're doing
right now. Look at where your

are. Piccadilly Circus.

This is a live picture.

It's brilliant. So the people on this
bus will be looking at your faces at

Piccadilly Circus. I think you're going
to be cheering up a lot of shoppers this

evening.

They look brilliant.

So you're famous. You're out there
already on a giant screen.

But I think we need to understand how
screens like this one work.

So if our cameraman was to zoom in even
further onto these screens.

we'd see something that looks a little
bit like this.

We'd have hundreds of LEDs, or light
-emitting diodes, all arranged in a

So on this screen, we have 32 by 32
pixels, or picture elements.

And I should be able to display anything
on this screen.

So I should be able to just show you...

some information that I have already on
my laptop.

Or I could just show you what's in my
picture gallery or what's on my desktop.

And you can see all of these LEDs are
reacting to what I'm doing on the

So if our aim is to turn our skyscraper
into a giant screen, I think working out

how a small screen works is a pretty
sensible first step.

But how do you turn a light bulb on if
you have a grid of lights?

Well, if we zoom in even further and
take just a 4x4 section of our

grid, we can just see the basic
elements, which are really just some

bulbs.

Then we'd need a mechanism of making
them turn on and off.

I could just build a switch for every
light bulb I have, and that's okay for

this because I'd only need 16.

But for my screen here, I'd need 32 by
32, which is 1

,024 switches.

And for the Piccadilly screen that we've
just seen, wow, I'd need hundreds of

thousands of switches.

So it's not very efficient.

So I think we need to understand how
screens actually display an image.

So I need a volunteer to come and help
me do this.

Yes, you down here.

Charlie. Okay, Charlie.

Stand here.

Okay. Now, Charlie, we've got a light
here that's already switched on. Okay.

we wanted, say, to light this bulb.

What do you think we'd have to do?

Have you got any idea?

Make a switch for that bulb?

Yeah, so we've got these two things
here. What do you think we could do?

Well, they've got a little down on them,
so move it. Yeah, go on, try moving

that on then.

Brilliant. And if I do the same with
this one, it moves it across there.

Excellent. So we've managed to go from
here to here. Good.

And if we want to go back to there...

What would we have to do? Move that one
again. Move this one again.

So all we've done is just given this
switch a different message.

And the clever thing about this is
Charlie's only had to use two switches

this.

And this is how small screens work and
actually much larger screens.

The computer breaks down our picture
into pixels and tells our switches which

lights to light up.

But Charlie, I think we've got a bit of
a problem here because we can turn one

light on, but how do we turn all the
lights on at the same time?

How do you think we could do that?

Can we do it with this?

I'm not sure we could do it with this.

What about if you move that really,
really fast?

Would that work?

Well, yeah.

Try it. Yeah, should we try it?

We like just trying things. So you try
that one.

Okay. Yeah, and I'll try this one.

Now you see, well, we're definitely
moving it. We're definitely switching

light.

And maybe if we switch fast enough, we
might see an image.

But I don't think you and I are going to
be able to switch fast enough here, are

we? No. So I think I'm going to need
something else to help me. I think I'm

going to need a bicycle to help me
explain this. But thank you very much,

Charlie. You were an excellent computer.

Now what Charlie and I were just talking
about there, about switching the lights

very, very fast, is a phenomenon that is
commonly called persistence of vision,

or flicker fusion.

And I'm going to use this bike to help
me explain. Now you can see this bike is

slightly different. The back wheel has
been hacked here.

And basically the owner has turned the
back wheel into a screen.

So what we have...

are a bunch of our LEDs, our light
-emitting diodes down here.

And then we have a little
microcontroller, so a little computer in

And then we also just have a little bit
of software that's already been

preloaded.

And we have three of these strips on our
back wheel.

Now, I know what you're thinking.

Surely that's not enough to form a
screen, is it? We want to be able to see

image.

So if I spin this wheel slowly, I can
see I'm having some sort of

input. I am affecting that.

I don't know about you guys in the front
there, but I'm not seeing an image yet.

Are you?

No? I don't think I'm going quite fast
enough.

So I think we need to go a little bit
faster.

Now, I'm not going to get on this bike,
but Andy, my friend, is.

So hi, Andy.

Get yourself on there. The Royal
Institution's very own answer to Bradley

Wiggins is going to ride for us and see
if we can see an image.

So nice and fast, Andy.

Brilliant. Now can we see something? I
can see something from here.

There's Christmas lectures. Can we see
it?

Yeah? Brilliant.

So what's happening there is all of the
pixels are not lit up at the same time,

but they flash so quickly. Oh, Brill has
a light bulb as well, yeah.

That we're getting that perception of
continuous light.

So it looks like all of them are lit up
at the same time.

That's brilliant. Thank you very much,
Andy.

So by turning on the lights in turn,
we've managed to create that illusion of

static image.

And this is exactly how LED screens
work.

From the very small screens that we have
here to the very large screens.

Screens like on top of the BT Tower, for
example, which we've also taken over

tonight. This is great. We're taking
over all the screens in London.

Now, it looks like all of the lights are
on here to display our wonderful

Christmas messages.

But actually, only some of them are on.

But we're creating this perception of
continuous light.

But can we apply what we've just learned
here to our skyscraper?

I've still got that question. How do you
turn a whole building into a screen?

Well, thankfully, we chose well with our
building. So you can see our building

is very rectangular.

So it has windows which are like pixels.

So our picture elements.

And we have 13 floors and 14 windows on
each floor.

So 13 times 14 is 182. We all knew

that. Of course we did. And all the
parents knew it, I'm sure.

So we have 182 pixels.

And like our small screen here, we need
lots of light.

But we also need ways of controlling
those lights, of turning them on and

Now, the Shell building already has lots
of lights in them, but they're all

controlled floor by floor.

And we need to be able to control them
window by window.

So unfortunately, we had to start from
scratch.

We had to put a lamp and a bulb in each
of our 182 windows.

And they were all delivered to right
here.

at the ri and we can see here 182 boxes
182 lamps being

delivered it took everybody to try and
get all of these boxes and start

unpacking all of our just simple lamps
here but now we need 182

light bulbs so let's go back to swan's
incandescent light bulb could we

use these

Now, the great thing about Swan's light
bulb is it's really easy to see how

these work.

If we just take our first bulb here, we
can see just our normal tungsten

filament inside, and the metal is
tungsten because it has a very high

point, and that's important.

So when I plug this bulb in,

What we see is the current has been
passed through the metal in our light

and that heats up the metal, which makes
it glow.

Now, the glass is actually quite
important for our light bulbs here, but

just take my word for it.

If we remove our glass, like we've done
in our second bulb here,

what do you think is going to happen? Is
this going to work?

We've removed the glass.

So it's exactly the same as this one.

A few shaking of the head. Anyone
nodding their head?

Oh, a few nods of the head as well.
Okay, well, let's plug it in and find

So I'm just going to put some little
safety specs on here.

Right, are we ready for this?

You see it?

So it did glow, but then very quickly it
burnt out.

And the reason it does that is the glass
is protecting the filament

because there's protective gas around
that filament, so it's not allowing the

air to get to that filament.

So once the oxygen gets to there, it
burns out very, very quickly, as we just

saw.

But can we keep it glowing in another
way?

Well, Andy's going to help me with this,
and I'm going to put my specs back on.

Hi, Andy. Hi.

So what we have is another bulb which
has had the glass removed.

So it still has our filament in there,
but the glass has been removed again.

And what Andy's going to do is fill this
container with liquid nitrogen.

Liquid nitrogen always looks really
good, doesn't it?

Right, so if I now dip my light bulb in
the liquid nitrogen, so

it's completely covered, and then I turn
it on, is this going to

work?

Yeah? Let's see.

It works.

Not only does it light up, but it stays
lit up as well.

And the reason for that is...

The liquid nitrogen is pushing the
oxygen away from that filament.

So the oxygen is not surrounding our
tungsten metal anymore. So it allows it

keep glowing.

Great. Thanks very much, Andy.

Now, the problem with swans like
bulbs... they lose a lot of electric

as heat.

And we need not one light bulb. We need
182 light bulbs. So we needed something

much more efficient.

So we decided to look at LED bulbs.

Now, they're still quite expensive, but
they're much better at converting

electrical energy to light energy.

So they use much less power, and they
don't get as hot.

So that's what we did. We got 182 LED
bulbs, one for every window.

Now, we needed to make sure that we
could actually see that window glow.

So we used some baking paper here to
diffuse the light in our

windows.

Then we needed to make sure the light
was directed away from the room and out

the window, so out so we could see it
from outside.

So you can see here, we've used some
reflective film on our windows as well.

So, step one, part one, done.

We've managed to make every window a
pixel just by using desk lamps and LEDs

that we bought at the local DIY store.

But there's still a big difference
between lights in windows and making a

screen, isn't there?

If you think back to our small screen
here, we have lots of LEDs, but we also

need ways of controlling all of those
lights.

So how do we tell each lamp what to do?

Well, it's easy just to wire a bunch of
LEDs on the ground. We could do that.

But it would be really, really difficult
to scale that up to what we need for

our giant skyscraper here.

Now, I know what you're thinking. Well,
there are already wires in the building,

aren't there? Surely everyone's got a
network cable these days.

And the answer is yes.

This has a network cable just the same
as the things that you guys will have at

home as well, just an Ethernet cable.

So we could network all of our windows
of life just using network cables,

couldn't we?

Before we answer that question, I want
to show you something really, really

with network cable right here tonight.

So if anyone's seen the Matrix film, you
know that part in the Matrix where the

two actors freeze in time and they're
suspended in the air. So they jump up in

the air and they're frozen in time and
the cameras pan around them. You know

that? You've seen that before? Yeah?

Well, let's try and recreate that here.

What we have here is a semicircle of 40
Raspberry Pis.

Now, Raspberry Pis are just little
embedded computers, and I'm sure many of

have used these before.

If we have a look at a bit more detail
here, we can see that it has a little

display on the top.

It has a camera.

And it also has our Ethernet cables, so
it's a wired network.

So we can use all of these cameras to
take a photograph at exactly the same

and then stitch all of that information
together.

So our computer down here, Andrew, is
going to be able to take... We're going

take the photograph at exactly the same
time, so Andrew's going to trigger that

information, OK?

Now... We're obviously missing a couple
of things here.

Volunteers to be jumpers.

Okay. Let's go. You there, please. Yes.

And you here. Okay.

Great. Thank you very much.

Ed.

Okay, Ed. I'd like you to stand probably
about here and then just face that fire

exit sign a little bit there.

Okay? Come in a little bit further, I
think.

I just need to get you about right.
Okay, and what's your name?

Harriet. Harriet, okay.

Right, Harriet, you just turn to where
you were sitting and then just go

backwards here and then just face that
exit sign there. Right.

We should be good there.

Right. Now, hopefully, you guys are good
jumpers.

Yeah?

Yeah.

You've volunteered now, Harriet, so you
have to be a good jumper.

Okay? Now what I want to see is the
craziest jump you've ever done. So I

see arms up, I want to see legs up,
okay? And I want to see you getting nice

high as well, okay? Are we ready?

Three, two, one, jump!

That looked pretty good to me. Thank you
very much.

Let's do this.

How are you?

Wow.

That was brilliant.

Now, Andrew, did we get it? Yeah?

Okay. Right.

Let's turn around and see how it looked.
Because it looked pretty good from

where I was.

So let's see if we've managed to capture
that.

That's brilliant.

Look at that.

Excellent.

I like the big happy faces as you're
doing it as well.

That looks amazing.

And we've done that with really simple
electronics.

You look fantastic.

Well done, both of you.

And that's a great way to show a wired
network and what it can do.

But unfortunately, we can't plug our
lamps straight into a network point like

could with our little embedded
computers.

So we still need to find a way of
turning our desk lamps on and off if

going to be able to play this game at
the Shell Centre.

In about 30 minutes.

So I need to replicate something. If I
was turning a lamp on and off, I need to

replicate what my thumb would be doing
turning that lamp on and off.

And I need something that is telling my
thumb what to do.

So I need a bit of a brain and I need a
mechanical thumb.

So what we have here is another little
thing that you can do at home.

And what we've got is a tiny little
motor, and you can hack this from

else in your home.

And we're going to use that to switch
the light on and off. So you can see

just attached to the switch on the lamp.

And the good thing about this is there's
no mains tampering, so I haven't had to

tamper with the electric mains, so it's
really safe for you to do at home.

Now, this motor is attached to another
little circuit board here.

And again, they're probably little
boards that you've already played with

before. They're not expensive.

And we've just got some software from
the internet as well.

The difference with this is it has a
wireless receiver on board.

So we should be able to communicate with
our motor wirelessly.

But I'm not going to do it.

I'm going to get somebody else to do it.

And I'm going to go up here again.

I'm not going to choose the same person,
Sasha. Don't worry.

I'll choose you instead.

Okay, what I want you to do... What's
your name?

Sam. Okay, Sam. What I'd like you to do
is to wirelessly turn my lamp on and

off. Now, there might be a little bit of
a delay because we're using the Wi -Fi

network here, okay?

But just using the on -off switch there,
you should be able to turn it on first.

So let's try.

Have a little bit of a delay.

Brilliant. Excellent. So turn it off.

Excellent. So all the motor is doing is
just rotating.

Try it again just to make sure it works.

Excellent.

And we'll turn it off. Just make sure
you can turn it off.

Do you turn the lights off at home?

Yes. You do? Oh, you're very good.

You're better than a lot of people I
know. Very good. Thank you very much,

Okay, so what was happening there was
Sam was using the Wi -Fi signal, which

turned the motor on and off, which
allowed the switch to then switch the

on and off.

And this is something that you can try
at home.

Now, I've mentioned something there that
we haven't really talked about yet,

which is Wi -Fi, or a wireless signal.

And this is going to be crucial to
making our Skyscape a game work.

Now... Our switches will rely on Wi -Fi
signals to turn them on and off.

So wireless would be a much better
solution for our network because of the

of our challenge.

So instead of using our wired network
now, our Ethernet cables, we can use a

wireless network.

And wireless networks are everywhere
now.

We've actually become a little bit too
good at using wireless networks.

If you think about the wireless devices
just you guys have in your home, I bet

every single person in your household
has got a smartphone, maybe a tablet,

maybe a laptop.

You'll have a wireless router in your
home, and that's just in people's homes.

So we need to look for different ways,
for new ways to be able to send

information wirelessly.

And perhaps our humble light bulb will
give us the answer.

Could we use visible light to send
information wirelessly?

Now that sounds crazy, doesn't it? How
can we use light to send information

wirelessly?

But I've got a really, really good demo
to show you here.

And I'm going to need a volunteer to
help me with it. Now I probably haven't

showed anyone from the centre yet as
well. So I'll choose you with the grey

jumper on. Yep.

Okay.

Okay, what's your name? Roisin.

Roisin. Okay, Roisin, if you want to
come and stand over here. I really like

your necklace as well. Good light bulb.

Okay, what we have, Roisin, is two
laptops and a

torch.

And what we have is this laptop is
running a movie.

What I'd like you to do is to be able to
carry the information that's on this

laptop. which is just playing a little
movie, and send it wirelessly to that

laptop. And all you need to do is turn
that torch so it faces the laptop over

there.

So you can just place it down. You don't
need to hold it.

Yep.

There is a movie playing over here, and
the same movie is playing on

that laptop as well.

Now, just to prove that this works,
just...

Angle that torch away again.

So it's just out of the way of the
system.

Now, that one stopped, but let's just
check this one is still working.

Come around here. So, yeah, the video is
still playing here, but it stopped over

there. So we've stopped the movie by
just removing the light. Now, shine it

again just to make sure we've got it.

And then the movie should start playing
again.

And it's starting to play. All we're
doing is using this torch.

Now, inside this torch, there are lots
of LEDs, and they're flashing millions

times a second. So it's like the old
Morse code.

Now, in the future, we might be able to
send information over the internet to

laptops, just like Rasheen's been doing
there.

And this would free up the space in the
Wi -Fi network and prevent a lot of

further interfering.

But thank you, Roisin, for your help.

Now, sadly, Li -Fi was a little bit too
advanced for our Tetris game.

Because if we shone lots of lights like
Roisin had there, we wouldn't see our

own Tetris -style game lights.

So we could fit servo switches to every
lamp.

and send a Wi -Fi signal instead of a Li
-Fi signal.

But our router only works over a very
small distance, and our building is

actually pretty big.

So we need something bigger, something
stadium -sized.

So is everyone wearing their wristbands?

Yeah, everyone hold them up in front of
their face like this.

I feel very left out because I don't
have one.

Right. Can we dim the lights, please?

And can we activate the wristbands?

Wow. That looks amazing.

I don't feel so left out because the
parents and teachers don't have them

either. But it looks pretty good,
doesn't it? It looks fantastic.

Right. These are called xylobands.

And to help us explain...

how Zallo binds work, please welcome Jim
Regler.

Hi, Jim.

Hi.

They look brilliant.

Now, these look absolutely fantastic,
Jim. This one is for you. Yay,

And this is a wristband that has LEDs
all around the strap and a small radio

receiver here, which we can control
using...

this remote control. Right, okay.

And if you would like to press some
buttons on the remote control, so if you

press this button here, they will turn
green.

And if you press this button here, they
go red.

Fantastic. And if we press the glow
button at the top, they will all start

glow nicely.

This looks brilliant, by the way.
Fantastic from down here.

Okay. Now, I know you can actually group
these as well. So how do the wristbands

know which group they're in? What we can
do with the wristbands, we can tell

them which group they're in by zone, and
I can demonstrate the zoning by

pressing this button here.

Excellent. And they obviously respond
when they are told to by zone.

That's fantastic.

Now, as you know, Jim, we're trying to
build a giant games console on a

skyscraper this evening. So we need our
Wi -Fi signal to go quite long

distances. So how far have you actually
got in terms of distance here?

Well, we've built this system,
obviously, to run stadiums and concerts.

So we have successfully covered
distances up to 500 metres and beyond.

Brilliant. That's really good. And I
think, actually, we've got some footage

here showing a Coldplay concert.

And, wow, look at all of those.

That's awesome.

And how many were there? There's about
30 ,000 there. 30 ,000.

That must have been an amazing moment
just to see that invention come to life.

Absolutely fantastic.

Thank you so much, Jim.

I don't feel as left out now. I have one
now. That's good. And it looked

brilliant. Absolutely fantastic. Even
just 300 of it. So imagine what it

like with 30 ,000 of them.

Now, we considered using these
wristbands because they've got LEDs as

lights. We can control them wirelessly
from a central point.

We can even control them individually or
in groups.

And they're cheap to produce.

So this all sounds fantastic.

But the problem with these is the lights
just aren't bright enough for us.

So we need something that's really,
really similar technology that we've all

here, but something a little bit
brighter.

So we had another trip to the DIY store
and we bought some LED bulbs.

But these bulbs are just a little bit
different.

Now what we have is this bulb, but we've
exploded it out here just to show you

what's inside it.

Now there is some glass.

around this bulb but it's actually just
used to diffuse the light so there's no

gas in it like the incandescent light
bulb needs what you'll notice about this

is what you might not expect in a light
bulb is this part this is the radio

receiver so just like the ones that we
all have in our wristbands here and this

has a wi -fi network on it so the wi -fi
network will send information

about the bulb's brightness, and we
could even change the colour of these

as well.

And because it has a radio receiver, we
can do it all wirelessly, so we could

just do it from a mobile phone app.

So these seem perfect.

So we've got 182 bulbs that we can
wirelessly control.

So we can put them in our lamps in our
building and control them wirelessly in

the windows.

It would make the windows different
colours, so anything we want just in an

instant.

And we can send a wireless message that
would pass that message to the next

bulb, which would pass it to the next
bulb, which would pass it to the next.

And that's called a mesh network.

And it would make sure that no bulb is
actually forgotten.

So, hardware done.

I'm getting more confident on this,
actually. I'm getting up to where you

at the beginning.

So we've done the hardware, but we need
step two. We need to control the

software.

So we need to write some programming.

So let's do some coding.

Now, I'm aware these are the Christmas
lectures, and we haven't blown anything

up yet, have we? Seems wrong.

So please welcome CBBC resident
explosives expert, Fran Scott.

Okay, now I understand we're going to
have a selection of balloons.

We are. And of course we have to have
some hardware as well to be able to use

our software.

It's slowly coming on. Slowly, yes.

Okay, so can you just talk us through
what's happening here? Well, basically,

these aren't just ordinary balloons.

These balloons are explosive balloons.

Excellent. They're full of a highly
flammable gas, so when we let them off,

won't just pop.

They're going to be small fireballs.

Ooh, that sounds good.

Okay. And what we're going to do is
we're going to code those fireballs,

all that coding does is it's a way to
tell a computer, how to take an input

convert that into some kind of output.

Right, okay.

So how do you start writing code like
that? Right. Well, the thing is, to

with, you need input.

So input's usually, for an explosion, a
big red button. Yep. Here, we've got our

small blue button. We like to be
different. We do. So that's going to be

input, but we need to code our input. So
if we just look up at the screen now,

that is our code that we're going to
use.

Tell the computer what to do. Okay.

And it's in Python, which is a
programming language.

And if we just look here at that white
text, it says that the blue button is

allocated a number.

And that number refers to digital
switches with inside our small computer.

Because this is what we're going to use
to set the explosion off.

Okay. Right. Different numbers mean
different switches.

Right. Yep. Got it. The blue button,
number 22.

And all we need to do is go down to this
part of the code where it says input

chosen. We delete the word input chosen.

And we need to put in our number.

22. 22.

Yep. Simple. That's good. Okay.

Right. And I see...

We've got an input. That's good. But now
we need outputs, and I'm guessing the

balloons are the output? They are. You
can have an output that's a screen, or

you can have an output that's exploding
balloons.

Right. Excellent. I've gone for
exploding balloons. We like it. Good.

are programmed to go off one second
after each other.

Okay.

So we need to order which way those
balloons are going to go off. Exactly.

haven't programmed that bit yet. Okay,
so I think these guys should choose

I think they should. Right, okay. So we
need to choose which colour balloon goes

off first.

Okay, so we've got yellow, blue, green.

So have a think about which one you want
to go off first.

If you want the yellow one to go off,
shout yes now.

Yes!

Blue? Yes!

Green? Yes!

Oh, green.

So all I need to do is look at the
number that green's allocated, which is

Okay. And I put that here where it says
balloon one.

I just need to put in number 13 there.
Right. And that switches that output on.

But then, just like your switch before,
I need to switch it off again.

So here I put 13 again.

Right. But that's the first balloon. So
we need the second one now? We do.

Right. Okay. So we've got yellow and
blue left.

Okay, if we want yellow to go up second,
shout yes. Now?

Yes!

Blue? Yes!

Oh, definitely blue.

Blue's the number 12. I'll get coding
that. I don't know what's wrong with

yellow. Number 12 there.

And then yellow is 13.

So we put... No, yellow is 11.

11. So we put 11 there.

And then 11 in this one.

Right. Brilliant.

Now... I also saw something before,
yeah, that's still up there. Now it says

output 16, print boom.

That sounds really good to me. What's
that?

Well, that's because these balloons,
they're like our countdown to our final

explosion, and that's why they go off
one second after each other. Okay. But

what we now need is our final explosion.

Okay. So put those on. Right, brilliant.

And that final explosion comes from in
here.

And what we've got is inside here, we
have got a balloon.

And that balloon is full of an explosive
mix of gas.

So not just highly flammable gas, an
explosive mix.

Okay. So it's going to be loud. Yeah,
excellent. And I'm just going to put

inside there. And inside the oil drum,
it's going to be a little louder.

Right. But I've got some things just put
on top of the oil drum so we can see

the explosion.

Great, okay. Oh, plastic balls,
brilliant.

Get ready to catch them, everybody.

So we've got our ball. Yep.

What else do we need to do? We just need
to run our program. It's me to do my

safety check. Okay. And it's going to be
loud. And I need all of you guys to put

your hands over your ears.

It's going to be very, very loud.

And can we lower the light, please?

Here we go.

Thank you.

I'm going to stand over here.

Fingers crossed. Here we go.

One. Fire.

That was amazing, Fran.

Okay. Thank you so much, Fran.

That writing code is boring. You need to
show them that clip of Fran doing those

explosive things. That looked absolutely
brilliant.

And what Fran was doing there was just
writing code for a simple set of events.

And that's exactly the same as we need
to do for our game.

And here's the code for our game.

Now, our game is quite long. I'll not go
into every single detail for you here.

But we could just take... snippets of
that.

So we could just look, for example, at
how we just clear the board and

start at the top of our screen.

Then we could just say, well, okay,
let's just look at how we actually play,

when it gets to the bottom, how the code
tells the building that it's game over.

Now, this looks like a long, long piece
of code.

But it has to be, because we're dealing
with lots of different possible controls

here. But we're doing exactly the same
thing as Fran did with her code.

We're taking things step by step, and
we're thinking in a very methodical and

very ordered way.

So we've written our code. We've got our
code now.

The final thing we need to do is build
an input device, something to actually

control our game.

So, Harrison, are we at the Shell Centre
yet? Can we go live to the South Bank,

or are we a bit too early?

Oh, brilliant.

Okay. Excellent.

Hopefully he's not too cold.

Okay.

Now, we are coming back to you,
Harrison. We're almost there, so just

us, okay?

Okay.

Right.

So, our controller doesn't really need
to be anything complex.

And we should be able to make anything
control, well, anything.

For example, I should be able to make
these jellies control my keyboard.

Let's just see.

Sounds crazy what I'm saying, doesn't
it? Let's just see if that's true.

If I just attach myself to the circuit,
I should be able to play my jellies.

I can make a piano with jellies.

Fantastic.

And what's happening there is I'm just
using a very simple circuit board here

called a Makey Makey circuit board,
which is turning each of my jellies into

piano key.

So that when I connect myself to this
circuit, I'm completing that circuit

by pressing one of the jellies. So I'm
becoming part of that circuit.

And the computer doesn't realize it's a
jelly.

It just thinks it's a message that's
coming from its keyboard or its mouse.

So I should just be able to play a tune.

Or I'm a bit wobbly.

Now, could we replace our jelly? Could
we scale this up

and replace our jelly with people, for
example?

Well, let's see if we can do that.

let's see if we can turn this front row
here into a keyboard.

So what I want you to do is just stick
your hand out like a high five, and

see if this works. So I'm going to
connect myself to this circuit.

Should we try and play a tune?

Ready?

What do we think?

I think we could make that work for our
skyscraper. I think we could make a

simple game pad, control pad, just using
a simple circuit board.

Now, we probably wouldn't use jelly. We
could just use some special modeling

clay that just sets here and just forms
into a bit of a flexible plastic.

So it's really good for making and
fixing things.

So we've just attached a blob on each of
our clips here.

So step three complete.

We have our controller.

So we have a game pad. We are ready to
play.

Now, let's just recap here.

We've turned our building into a screen.

We've managed to control all of those
lights.

We've managed to code that game, so
we've done some software as well.

And we've just made a gamepad.

So I think we're ready.

What do we think?

Let's go live to the South Bank, please.

Okay, great. So the Shell building is
now in darkness, so that's good.

Ready for our light.

Okay. And is Harrison there?

There he is. Great.

Okay.

Now, do you have a game pad, Harrison?

Yeah, I've got it here.

Excellent.

Now, I know it looks funny, but I assure
you it works.

Okay, we're all set.

Is everybody ready for this?

Because this is it.

I have no idea if this is going to work
or not.

But there's only one way to find out.

Can we turn all of the lights red,
please?

Fantastic, yes.

They're controlling it.

Can we turn them green?

Brilliant. Excellent.

And blue?

Fantastic. I can't believe this.

This is brilliant.

Okay, Harrison, are you ready to play
the game?

Yeah.

Okay. Now, I think we should do a
countdown for him from five.

Five, four, three, two, one.

Let's play.

Fantastic. He's already playing. That's
brilliant.

Okay. Now, he's moving his first block.

I can see a T -shape just down at the
bottom there.

And he's moved it to the bottom, so he's
got his second one at the top there

now.

And that's moving down.

Now, I think we deserve to give the
technical team that made that happen a

round of applause.

We've got one or two pixels out there,
just like you maybe have with an old

screen or something, but it looks
brilliant. We've just turned a London

skyscraper into a games console, and
it's working as it should.

Harrison's pressing a button, and it's
forming a circuit.

The signal is then going into the
laptop, which receives that instruction

the gamepad, and is adjusting that
position of the falling block.

And it's also converting our screen of
that pattern of our 13 by 14 pixels.

And when we put all of this together, it
means Harrison can stand in Jubilee

Gardens and play Tetris -style game on a
skyscraper.

I hope by following our journey from
crazy idea to working solution,

you've had a glimpse into the mind of an
engineer.

You've seen how the tools around you can
do amazing things.

You've seen how to think about things in
your home slightly differently and how

they can be hacked to help you realise
your own crazy ideas.

You've seen how we can troubleshoot
problems when they arise and how often

best solution is actually the simplest
one.

And perhaps just because it's fun.

is the best reason to do anything.

In the next lecture, we're going to be
looking at the telephone, Alexander

Graham Bell's very own lightbulb moment
that brought us all much closer

together.

And we'll be attempting to use all of
our senses to communicate and beam a

special guest into the theatre by
hologram.

Okay, Harrison, have you had a good time
playing Tetris on our skyscraper?

I'm glad.

Even though I know you look really,
really cold, you did a fantastic job.

you so much, Harrison.

And thank you to everybody here as well.
Good night.

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