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Narrator: A Polynesian
civilization collapses
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on an island
in the South Pacific.
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Anthea Nardi: It's believed that
Polynesian settlers
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00:00:07,540 --> 00:00:11,277
first arrived on Rapa
Nui around 1200 CE.
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James Ellis: But even before the
end of the 19th century,
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their social structure
had collapsed,
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their system of writing had
been abandoned and forgotten.
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What happened on Rapa Nui?
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00:00:22,122 --> 00:00:24,290
Narrator: The tomb of one of
history's greatest rulers
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vanishes on the Eurasian steppe.
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00:00:27,694 --> 00:00:30,530
Amma Agbedor: Attila stands
unrivaled as the greatest
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barbarian warrior of
the ancient world.
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Alison Leonard: And his final
resting place has eluded
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discovery for more
than 1,500 years.
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So where is Attila
the Hun buried?
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Narrator: One of the world's
most important libraries
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is lost to time.
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Anthea Nardi: Most people
imagine one massive building,
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but the Library was
more likely a network of
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halls and gardens,
housed within the Museum.
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Adam Bunch: So how did the
greatest collection of knowledge
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in all of antiquity
just vanish?
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♪♪
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Narrator: The chain of history
has many missing links
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prominent people,
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priceless treasures,
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extraordinary artifacts...
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Their locations still unknown.
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Lost to the fog of time.
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What happens when
stories of the past
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become
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Vanished History?
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Narrator:
The Island of Rapa Nui
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is one of the most isolated
places on Earth.
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Despite that, it developed and
sustained a civilization
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with their own writing system,
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their own social structure,
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and their own strikingly
unique cultural practices.
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They were completely cut off
from the rest of humanity
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and yet they thrived.
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Anthea Nardi: There's more
than 2,300 miles of ocean
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between Rapa Nui and
the nearest continent.
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And it's more than 1,200 miles
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to even the closest
inhabited island.
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Humans first found their way
to Rapa Nui at least
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800 years ago, and somehow on
that sparse little island,
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less than 15 miles long
and seven wide,
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they either found or created
everything they needed.
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Adam Bunch: Once they'd arrived,
it's thought that they had
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no contact with any other
civilization
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for at least 500 years,
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so they developed independently,
following their own path.
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Alison Leonard: In the
early 18th century,
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when the first explorer visited,
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the rest of the world first
became aware they even existed.
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But after one day of contact,
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they were left completely alone,
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and didn't get a second visit
for almost another 50 years.
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And then the next major
visit didn't happen
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for the better part
of another century.
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James Ellis: But even before
the end of the 19th century,
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their social structure
had collapsed,
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their system of writing had
been abandoned and forgotten.
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They had stopped
creating their striking,
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mysterious monuments,
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and no living person could
even say with certainty
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how the people of Rapa Nui had
ever managed to move
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these huge sculptures, and place
them along their coastline.
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The island's population,
and the ecosystem
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that had sustained it for
centuries, was no more.
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What happened on Rapa Nui?
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Narrator: Anthropologists
believe that it was
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between 2000 and 1500 BCE
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that people in south-east Asia
began their expansion eastward,
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along the islands of
the Pacific Ocean.
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One of the last
islands to be settled,
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due to its extreme isolation,
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would have been Rapa Nui.
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Anthea Nardi: It's believed
that Polynesian settlers
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first arrived on Rapa
Nui around 1200 CE.
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This tiny island in a galaxy of
blue would have been everything
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to subsequent generations,
who'd known no other place.
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They referred to it sometimes
as "the navel of the world",
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and sometimes, as "eyes
looking toward the sky."
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Adam Bunch: When they'd set
out on their ocean migration,
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the settlers had brought plants
and seeds with them
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so they could grow crops
like bananas and taro,
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maybe even sweet
potatoes and yams,
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adapting their agricultural
techniques to the conditions
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of their new home
as they learned
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how to thrive on the island.
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Alison Leonard: Let's say the
original founding group
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that came to the island
numbered about 50.
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Assuming a 3%
annual growth rate,
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their population would have
reached about a thousand
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after around a century.
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Evidence suggests the Rapa Nuis'
population then leveled out
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at about 3,000, from 1350 CE on.
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Narrator: On April 5th, 1722,
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a Dutch explorer searching for
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the fabled continent of
"Terra Australis Incognito",
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which many Europeans
then believed in,
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sighted a "new",
uncharted island.
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It was Easter Sunday, and he
dubbed it "Easter Island."
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An armed company
was sent ashore,
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where they encountered a
population estimated to be
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between 2 and 3 thousand
Rapa Nui people
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living among some
impressive landmarks.
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James Ellis: The Europeans saw
that there were hundreds
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of massive statues called moai
set about the island,
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averaging about 13 feet tall.
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The largest is
nearly 70 feet tall.
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The visitors couldn't imagine
the Rapa Nui were able
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to move stones of this
size into position,
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they concluded
the moai must be hollow,
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made of clay, and merely
'coated' with a layer of stones.
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Anthea Nardi: The moai were,
in fact, made of solid rock.
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Most were quarried
and carved at the cone
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of the Rano Raraku volcano
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and moved into their place
around the island from there.
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There are more than
a thousand of them
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and most weigh
about 10 tons each,
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but the largest
is more than 200 tons.
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A culture so inventive
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and determined enough
to create all this
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virtually vanished,
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and, quite suddenly.
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Narrator: After
this one-day visit,
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and after the Europeans
had returned home,
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Rapa Nui was known to the world.
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But even so, it was
more than 50 years
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before the next outsider came.
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In 1774, Captain
James Cook made a stop,
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and noted then that many of the
moai previously described
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by the Dutch were now toppled,
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a possible indicator
of social decline,
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00:06:38,331 --> 00:06:40,733
after just half a century.
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Adam Bunch: One popular theory
that has often been repeated
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points to evidence
suggesting the idea
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that the island suffered severe
environmental degradation
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caused by the humans
who lived there,
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that it caused the
collapse of their society,
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that it was a case of
what's been called ecocide.
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Alison Leonard: Forests of
Jubaea Palm had existed
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on Rapa Nui for more than
35,000 years,
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but studies of sediment cores
show a dramatic decrease
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in pollen from 1200 to 1500 CE.
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A drop in pollen indicates
a precipitous drop
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in the number of
trees themselves.
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It means the island underwent
significant deforestation
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in just three centuries,
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beginning soon after the arrival
of the Rapa Nui people.
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James Ellis: The Rapa Nui used
wood from the Jubaea Palms
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to build their homes,
and possibly,
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to help move the hundreds
of moai statues
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into their positions
about the island.
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However, overuse of those
forests would have made
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a drastic change to
the island's ecology.
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Removal of trees is a
removal of protection
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against wind erosion
of the soil.
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And soil loss would have been
highly detrimental
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the Rapa Nuis' agriculture,
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which was so crucial
to their survival.
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Narrator: Some researchers
see a link between
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the degradation of
the island's environment
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and the ultimate breakdown
of society on Rapa Nui.
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Anthea Nardi: Sometime
during the 16th century
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it appears the Rapa Nui
just stopped producing
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and erecting moai
around their island.
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In the Rano Raraku quarry,
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dozens of unfinished moai seem
to have been simply abandoned.
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It's been suggested that runaway
deforestation of the island
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at that time could have been
responsible for that.
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If they were using logs
to roll the moai on
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and there were none left,
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there would be no way
to move them into position.
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So maybe that's why
the work stopped.
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Adam Bunch: Ecocide theory
assumes though, that
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the Rapa Nui weren't able to
adapt to their island's ecology.
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Its limitations,
its changes over time,
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but there's plenty of evidence
that they were actually
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very adaptable people.
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Alison Leonard: To counteract
soil loss from wind erosion,
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potentially a big problem,
on a fairly barren island,
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the Rapa Nui placed "Manavai"
stone "planting rings",
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00:09:01,007 --> 00:09:02,241
around their crops.
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It was part of a whole system
we now call "lithic mulching"
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that they'd developed.
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This was a way to
raise crops successfully
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00:09:08,047 --> 00:09:09,916
and sustainably in
their environment.
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James Ellis: As for overtaxing
their small island,
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modern data seems to show
that by around 1350 CE,
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during the civilization's peak,
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their population leveled
out at around 3,000 people.
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All these recent findings
seem to refute the idea
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that the Rapa Nui
committed "ecocide."
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00:09:36,108 --> 00:09:38,210
Narrator: It may not
be as simple, however,
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00:09:38,210 --> 00:09:40,947
as the sustainable growth
and harvesting of crops.
201
00:09:40,947 --> 00:09:43,883
Because when the first
settlers came to Rapa Nui,
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00:09:43,883 --> 00:09:47,119
bulbs and seeds weren't all
they brought with them.
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00:09:47,553 --> 00:09:49,388
Anthea Nardi: The Polynesian
settlers were aware
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00:09:49,388 --> 00:09:51,657
they would need a steady
supply of protein
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00:09:51,657 --> 00:09:53,559
on their new island home,
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00:09:53,559 --> 00:09:56,596
to ensure their best
chances of survival.
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00:09:56,596 --> 00:10:00,967
To that end, they brought an
invasive species as food.
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00:10:00,967 --> 00:10:02,101
Rats.
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00:10:02,802 --> 00:10:05,137
Adam Bunch: Polynesian
rat, or Pacific rat,
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00:10:05,137 --> 00:10:08,708
is very resilient
and very competitive.
211
00:10:08,708 --> 00:10:11,744
And they can give birth to a
new litter every few months.
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The initial population of rats
brought over by the settlers
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00:10:15,147 --> 00:10:18,317
exploded into a peak population
of something like
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00:10:18,317 --> 00:10:20,553
two or three million rats,
215
00:10:20,553 --> 00:10:23,889
maybe as many
as 75 of them per acre.
216
00:10:23,889 --> 00:10:27,293
So they became the
main source of protein
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00:10:27,293 --> 00:10:28,794
for the residents of the island.
218
00:10:30,763 --> 00:10:33,199
Alison Leonard: The only
thing is, the rats loved to eat
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00:10:33,199 --> 00:10:35,735
the seeds and saplings
of the Jubaea palm.
220
00:10:35,735 --> 00:10:38,070
Many ancient seeds have been
dug up on the island
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00:10:38,070 --> 00:10:40,306
that bear the telltale
marks of rats' teeth.
222
00:10:40,306 --> 00:10:42,942
The voracious rats could very
well have accelerated
223
00:10:42,942 --> 00:10:44,243
the deforestation of the island,
224
00:10:44,243 --> 00:10:46,846
by destroying countless numbers
of seeds and saplings.
225
00:10:48,781 --> 00:10:50,616
James Ellis: But the fact is,
there's no evidence
226
00:10:50,616 --> 00:10:54,086
of a complete ecological
collapse on Rapa Nui.
227
00:10:54,086 --> 00:10:56,722
The forests did not
disappear completely,
228
00:10:56,722 --> 00:10:59,225
the people were successful
in growing their crops,
229
00:10:59,225 --> 00:11:02,128
and they continued to get the
dietary protein they needed
230
00:11:02,128 --> 00:11:04,764
from fishing, as well
as from rat meat.
231
00:11:09,535 --> 00:11:12,738
Narrator: It's recently been
suggested that one single day,
232
00:11:12,738 --> 00:11:15,341
over three centuries ago,
planted the seed
233
00:11:15,341 --> 00:11:19,779
of what ultimately all but
obliterated Rapa Nui culture.
234
00:11:21,747 --> 00:11:23,683
Anthea Nardi: After the Dutch
sailors' brief visit
235
00:11:23,683 --> 00:11:25,651
to the island in 1722,
236
00:11:25,651 --> 00:11:28,220
they had little
interest in Rapa Nui,
237
00:11:28,220 --> 00:11:30,656
but they did tell the world
about the island,
238
00:11:30,656 --> 00:11:32,725
and its people,
that were living there.
239
00:11:32,725 --> 00:11:35,661
This was the start of a
slow-motion tragedy
240
00:11:35,661 --> 00:11:37,730
that started to accelerate.
241
00:11:38,864 --> 00:11:42,935
Adam Bunch: In 1862, enslavers
from Peru came to the island
242
00:11:42,935 --> 00:11:46,372
and kidnapped
more than 1,400 people,
243
00:11:46,372 --> 00:11:47,940
half the population,
244
00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:50,543
including one of their
kings or high chiefs,
245
00:11:50,543 --> 00:11:52,244
and the priests and scribes
246
00:11:52,244 --> 00:11:55,147
who knew their writing system,
Rongo Rongo,
247
00:11:55,147 --> 00:11:58,217
but to quite possibly be the
only known writing system
248
00:11:58,217 --> 00:11:59,852
of its kind in the world.
249
00:11:59,852 --> 00:12:01,654
Alison Leonard: There was
international condemnation
250
00:12:01,654 --> 00:12:03,289
of this abduction into slavery,
251
00:12:03,289 --> 00:12:05,858
which resulted in a small number
of the kidnapped locals
252
00:12:05,858 --> 00:12:07,626
being brought back
to the island.
253
00:12:07,626 --> 00:12:09,962
But tragically,
that made things worse.
254
00:12:09,962 --> 00:12:12,431
By then they had been
infected with smallpox,
255
00:12:12,431 --> 00:12:15,668
and the disease spread through
the island's population,
256
00:12:15,668 --> 00:12:16,802
many of them died.
257
00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:20,773
Narrator: In 1866, a Catholic
mission was established
258
00:12:20,773 --> 00:12:22,975
on the island, to convert
the small remaining
259
00:12:22,975 --> 00:12:25,845
Rapa Nui population to
Christianity.
260
00:12:25,845 --> 00:12:30,783
By 1877, only 111
Rapa Nui remained,
261
00:12:30,783 --> 00:12:34,053
none of whom could read or
write Rongo-Rongo anymore.
262
00:12:35,888 --> 00:12:38,624
James Ellis: Ultimately, the
island was annexed by Chile,
263
00:12:38,624 --> 00:12:40,993
which then granted a
sheep ranching company
264
00:12:40,993 --> 00:12:43,629
a 50-year lease
of the whole island!
265
00:12:43,629 --> 00:12:46,298
70,000 sheep roamed Rapa Nui,
266
00:12:46,298 --> 00:12:48,934
and did significant
ecological damage.
267
00:12:50,770 --> 00:12:54,707
Adam Bunch: That lease
wasn't canceled until 1953,
268
00:12:54,707 --> 00:12:57,076
and it would be more than
a decade beyond that,
269
00:12:57,076 --> 00:12:59,745
before the Rapa Nui, who are
still very much there,
270
00:12:59,745 --> 00:13:02,715
were given formal
Chilean citizenship,
271
00:13:02,715 --> 00:13:04,583
by which point, of course,
272
00:13:04,583 --> 00:13:06,385
there had been generations
273
00:13:06,385 --> 00:13:08,254
worth of damage already done.
274
00:13:09,922 --> 00:13:13,325
Narrator: In 2024, a human
genome study determined
275
00:13:13,325 --> 00:13:16,796
that prior to the arrival of
Europeans on the island,
276
00:13:16,796 --> 00:13:20,032
the local population had
been stable and healthy,
277
00:13:20,032 --> 00:13:22,134
there had been no collapse in
their numbers,
278
00:13:22,134 --> 00:13:24,470
disproving once and
for all the theory
279
00:13:24,470 --> 00:13:27,973
that the Rapa Nui people had
perpetrated "ecocide"
280
00:13:27,973 --> 00:13:29,475
upon their own land.
281
00:13:30,242 --> 00:13:31,377
Alison Leonard:
The more research is done,
282
00:13:31,377 --> 00:13:33,179
the more it becomes apparent
that the Rapa Nui
283
00:13:33,179 --> 00:13:35,047
were a highly adaptive society.
284
00:13:35,047 --> 00:13:37,049
Their agriculture
was successful,
285
00:13:37,049 --> 00:13:39,185
and sustained them
reliably for centuries.
286
00:13:39,185 --> 00:13:41,954
They evolved their own writing
system, their own beliefs,
287
00:13:41,954 --> 00:13:44,023
and created hundreds
of striking monuments
288
00:13:44,023 --> 00:13:46,826
that continue to bewilder and
inspire people around the world.
289
00:13:48,027 --> 00:13:50,262
James Ellis: No one alive
can read Rongo-Rongo,
290
00:13:50,262 --> 00:13:52,965
despite ongoing attempts
to decode it.
291
00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:56,335
At one time, Rongo-Rongo
tablets were collectors' items,
292
00:13:56,335 --> 00:13:59,138
of the 25 tablets
known to have survived,
293
00:13:59,138 --> 00:14:01,440
none of them are on Rapa Nui.
294
00:14:02,241 --> 00:14:05,411
Narrator: Roughly 9,000 people
inhabit the island today,
295
00:14:05,411 --> 00:14:08,848
with around 45% of the
population identifying
296
00:14:08,848 --> 00:14:12,251
as Rapa Nui, and a small
scattering of Rapa Nui people
297
00:14:12,251 --> 00:14:16,188
live in mainland Chile and on
the island of Tahiti.
298
00:14:16,188 --> 00:14:19,658
Many of those who remain on Rapa
Nui are working to preserve
299
00:14:19,658 --> 00:14:23,863
and nurture what remains of
their lost language and culture.
300
00:14:25,464 --> 00:14:35,574
♪♪
301
00:14:35,574 --> 00:14:38,811
Narrator: He was a ruler who
brought empires to their knees,
302
00:14:39,478 --> 00:14:42,848
known to his enemies as the
"Scourge of God."
303
00:14:42,848 --> 00:14:45,851
Attila the Hun,
master of a vast realm
304
00:14:45,851 --> 00:14:47,586
that extended from
the grassy lands
305
00:14:47,586 --> 00:14:50,923
of the Central Asian steppe
to the borders of France,
306
00:14:50,923 --> 00:14:54,293
remains one of history's
most intriguing figures.
307
00:14:56,595 --> 00:14:59,531
James Ellis: Attila the Hun's
name is synonymous with fear,
308
00:14:59,531 --> 00:15:02,568
by the mid-5th century,
his power was colossal.
309
00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:06,272
He united diverse tribes
into a single war machine,
310
00:15:06,272 --> 00:15:08,874
and orchestrated alliances
through politically
311
00:15:08,874 --> 00:15:10,342
motivated marriages.
312
00:15:11,443 --> 00:15:14,313
Amma Agbedor: Attila stands
unrivaled as the greatest
313
00:15:14,313 --> 00:15:17,650
barbarian warrior of
the ancient world.
314
00:15:17,650 --> 00:15:21,086
While expanding the Hunnic
Empire through brutal conquest,
315
00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:24,123
he drained the Eastern
Roman Empire's coffers
316
00:15:24,123 --> 00:15:28,727
with exorbitant demands for gold
under the guise of peace,
317
00:15:28,727 --> 00:15:31,030
only to shatter treaties
318
00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:33,299
whenever it suited
his ambitions.
319
00:15:37,236 --> 00:15:42,474
Adam Bunch: Attila's reign came
to an unexpected end in 453 CE.
320
00:15:42,474 --> 00:15:44,944
He suddenly died during
his wedding feast,
321
00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:48,447
having just married a Gothic
princess named Ildiko.
322
00:15:49,315 --> 00:15:52,685
His death shocked his
allies and enemies alike,
323
00:15:52,685 --> 00:15:56,322
and centuries later, it's
still shrouded in mystery.
324
00:15:56,322 --> 00:16:01,260
Historical accounts tell us a
story of a spectacular funeral.
325
00:16:02,227 --> 00:16:06,031
That Attila was laid to rest
in three layered coffins,
326
00:16:06,031 --> 00:16:09,969
one gold, one silver, one iron,
and that he was buried
327
00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:12,972
with so much treasure
that a river was diverted
328
00:16:12,972 --> 00:16:15,240
to hide his final resting place
329
00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:18,243
and the workers killed,
to keep the secret.
330
00:16:21,180 --> 00:16:22,414
Alison Leonard: Despite
questions over the story's
331
00:16:22,414 --> 00:16:25,351
accuracy, these details
remain our strongest clues
332
00:16:25,351 --> 00:16:28,354
to the extraordinary precautions
taken to guard Attila's grave,
333
00:16:28,354 --> 00:16:30,656
and his final resting place
has eluded discovery
334
00:16:30,656 --> 00:16:32,491
for more than 1,500 years.
335
00:16:33,826 --> 00:16:35,427
So where is
Attila the Hun buried?
336
00:16:37,062 --> 00:16:39,865
Narrator: Attila the Hun
built a formidable empire,
337
00:16:39,865 --> 00:16:42,401
rising to great power from
a childhood spent
338
00:16:42,401 --> 00:16:45,437
with the nomadic warriors of
the Eurasian steppe.
339
00:16:48,841 --> 00:16:50,309
James Ellis:
Attila's youth was molded by
340
00:16:50,309 --> 00:16:52,444
his tribe's warrior lifestyle.
341
00:16:52,444 --> 00:16:55,547
His father, Mundzuk,
was a notable Hunnic King.
342
00:16:55,547 --> 00:16:59,485
In 433 AD, Attila
and his brother Bleda
343
00:16:59,485 --> 00:17:02,621
jointly inherited power from
their uncle, King Rugila.
344
00:17:02,621 --> 00:17:06,658
Attila soon showed an aptitude
for strategic alliances
345
00:17:06,658 --> 00:17:08,260
and ruthless diplomacy.
346
00:17:10,229 --> 00:17:13,198
Amma Agbedor: Attila unleashed
devastating cavalry raids
347
00:17:13,198 --> 00:17:16,969
that ravaged the countryside
and he crushed any emperor
348
00:17:16,969 --> 00:17:19,004
who dared oppose him.
349
00:17:19,004 --> 00:17:22,041
Some accounts claim
he commanded an army
350
00:17:22,041 --> 00:17:24,610
of hundreds of thousands strong.
351
00:17:27,012 --> 00:17:29,014
Narrator: In 439 CE,
352
00:17:29,014 --> 00:17:31,350
the Roman Empire
and Attila the Hun
353
00:17:31,350 --> 00:17:34,720
signed the Treaty of Magnus,
which promised peace
354
00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:39,058
and 700 pounds of gold paid
to the Huns annually.
355
00:17:39,058 --> 00:17:42,094
But the fragile
agreement wouldn't last.
356
00:17:44,663 --> 00:17:46,732
Amma Agbedor: By 453 CE,
357
00:17:46,732 --> 00:17:49,068
he was mobilizing
for yet another
358
00:17:49,068 --> 00:17:51,103
large-scale campaign,
359
00:17:51,103 --> 00:17:53,806
this time targeting
Emperor Marcian
360
00:17:53,806 --> 00:17:56,175
and the Eastern Roman Empire.
361
00:17:56,175 --> 00:17:58,877
Marcian's refusal
to honor the subsidies
362
00:17:58,877 --> 00:18:03,048
that were established by his
predecessor, Theodosius II,
363
00:18:03,048 --> 00:18:05,617
had provoked Attila's wrath.
364
00:18:07,252 --> 00:18:09,555
Adam Bunch: That same year,
Attila's ambitions
365
00:18:09,555 --> 00:18:13,625
came to an abrupt end when he
died on his wedding day.
366
00:18:13,625 --> 00:18:16,595
Some historical accounts say he
was drinking heavily
367
00:18:16,595 --> 00:18:20,132
that night and was then found
dead in bed the next morning,
368
00:18:20,132 --> 00:18:23,535
covered in blood, but
without any wounds.
369
00:18:23,535 --> 00:18:27,072
Details that helped fuel one
of history's great mysteries.
370
00:18:28,373 --> 00:18:30,676
Narrator: In the aftermath
of Attila's death,
371
00:18:30,676 --> 00:18:33,378
chaos threatened the
unity of his empire.
372
00:18:33,378 --> 00:18:35,514
Decisions had to
be made swiftly,
373
00:18:35,514 --> 00:18:38,484
and his burial may have
reflected the urgency
374
00:18:38,484 --> 00:18:41,153
and political significance
of the moment.
375
00:18:42,254 --> 00:18:43,555
Alison Leonard: Some believe
that Attila fell victim
376
00:18:43,555 --> 00:18:45,691
to murder at the hands
of his new bride,
377
00:18:45,691 --> 00:18:48,727
who may have sought vengeance
for her oppressed Gothic people,
378
00:18:48,727 --> 00:18:51,296
and there may have been
a hasty, on-site burial
379
00:18:51,296 --> 00:18:53,732
to destroy any evidence of
poison or foul play.
380
00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:57,369
James Ellis: Others point the
finger at Emperor Marcian,
381
00:18:57,369 --> 00:19:00,906
who boldly refused Attila's
demands for tribute
382
00:19:00,906 --> 00:19:03,542
and broke all
agreements with the Huns.
383
00:19:03,542 --> 00:19:06,979
Roman strategies often relied
on covert tactics
384
00:19:06,979 --> 00:19:09,248
like poisoning and manipulation,
385
00:19:09,248 --> 00:19:12,417
and Marcian's actions
reflected his defiance.
386
00:19:13,051 --> 00:19:17,055
Amma Agbedor: By arranging or at
least enabling Ildico's position
387
00:19:17,055 --> 00:19:19,358
as Attila's final wife,
388
00:19:19,358 --> 00:19:23,395
she may have been a pawn in
a broader Roman scheme
389
00:19:23,395 --> 00:19:26,698
to destabilize Hunnic
power from within.
390
00:19:28,734 --> 00:19:30,169
Alison Leonard:
But it's just as plausible
391
00:19:30,169 --> 00:19:32,337
that Attila's death was the
result of natural causes,
392
00:19:32,337 --> 00:19:34,006
perhaps a ruptured blood vessel
393
00:19:34,006 --> 00:19:36,842
or an esophageal hemorrhage
worsened by heavy drinking.
394
00:19:37,609 --> 00:19:39,645
No surviving evidence
definitively implicates
395
00:19:39,645 --> 00:19:42,648
Ildico or Roman agents,
and this theory does little
396
00:19:42,648 --> 00:19:44,783
to illuminate the mystery
of his final resting place.
397
00:19:46,451 --> 00:19:49,054
Narrator: Some suspect
Attila's sudden interment
398
00:19:49,054 --> 00:19:51,723
concealed more than
mere cause of death.
399
00:19:51,723 --> 00:19:54,426
Instead, it laid the foundation
for one of history's
400
00:19:54,426 --> 00:19:57,129
most elaborate burial legends.
401
00:19:58,330 --> 00:19:59,765
James Ellis: Attila
might have been hidden
402
00:19:59,765 --> 00:20:02,534
beneath the rushing waters
of the Tisza River.
403
00:20:02,534 --> 00:20:06,538
One historical account
describes a vivid funeral scene.
404
00:20:06,538 --> 00:20:09,341
Horsemen circling
Attila's tent in sorrow,
405
00:20:09,341 --> 00:20:11,743
mourners reciting funeral songs,
406
00:20:11,743 --> 00:20:13,579
and grief so profound
407
00:20:13,579 --> 00:20:16,615
they gashed their faces
and cut their hair.
408
00:20:18,917 --> 00:20:21,520
Adam Bunch: Historians suggest
the Huns would have had
409
00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,223
the knowledge they needed to
divert the Tisza,
410
00:20:24,223 --> 00:20:27,059
since they'd had contact
with Roman engineers.
411
00:20:27,693 --> 00:20:30,829
And if Attila really does
rest beneath the river,
412
00:20:30,829 --> 00:20:34,266
his burial must have been as
grand and intimidating
413
00:20:34,266 --> 00:20:35,701
as he was in life.
414
00:20:37,502 --> 00:20:39,238
Narrator: Winding through
Eastern Europe
415
00:20:39,238 --> 00:20:42,874
for over 600 miles,
the Tisza River flows
416
00:20:42,874 --> 00:20:44,343
from the Carpathian Mountains
417
00:20:44,343 --> 00:20:46,945
onto the Great Hungarian Plain,
418
00:20:46,945 --> 00:20:48,780
the cradle of Attila's empire
419
00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:51,450
and the cultural heart
of the Hunnic world.
420
00:20:52,684 --> 00:20:53,018
Alison Leonard: This was
more than a geographical
421
00:20:53,018 --> 00:20:54,219
Alison Leonard: This was
more than a geographical
422
00:20:54,219 --> 00:20:57,489
convenience, it was a
spiritually potent choice.
423
00:20:57,489 --> 00:21:00,692
Burying Attila in the Tisza,
the lifeblood of his realm,
424
00:21:00,692 --> 00:21:02,928
would protect his
remains from desecration
425
00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,664
and immortalize him within
the very land he once ruled.
426
00:21:06,798 --> 00:21:09,334
James Ellis: Archaeological
surveys along riverbanks
427
00:21:09,334 --> 00:21:12,170
reinforce the cultural
significance of waterways
428
00:21:12,170 --> 00:21:14,573
in steppe funerary practices.
429
00:21:14,573 --> 00:21:18,076
High-status Hunnic graves have
been unearthed close to rivers,
430
00:21:18,076 --> 00:21:20,746
often laden with
ceremonial items.
431
00:21:20,746 --> 00:21:23,448
While these discoveries
are exciting,
432
00:21:23,448 --> 00:21:27,519
no trace of Attila's riverbed
tomb has ever been discovered.
433
00:21:31,523 --> 00:21:34,159
Narrator: Across the
steppes of Central Europe,
434
00:21:34,159 --> 00:21:38,697
ancient mounds stand as silent
remnants of a nomadic past,
435
00:21:38,697 --> 00:21:42,501
which some believe hold the key
to unraveling the mystery
436
00:21:42,501 --> 00:21:44,836
of Attila's final resting place
437
00:21:46,738 --> 00:21:49,341
Adam Bunch: The steppe of
central Europe is dotted
438
00:21:49,341 --> 00:21:52,344
with ancient burial mounds
called kurgans,
439
00:21:52,344 --> 00:21:54,813
which were created
by nomadic peoples.
440
00:21:54,813 --> 00:21:56,148
And some people suspect
441
00:21:56,148 --> 00:21:58,317
Attila's tomb could
be one of them,
442
00:21:58,317 --> 00:22:01,787
lost out there somewhere
on the great Hungarian plain.
443
00:22:03,822 --> 00:22:05,557
Alison Leonard: Steppe cultures
often placed their greatest
444
00:22:05,557 --> 00:22:07,726
leaders in lavishly
appointed mounds,
445
00:22:07,726 --> 00:22:10,295
sometimes with gold
masks, precious weapons,
446
00:22:10,295 --> 00:22:11,997
and tokens of authority.
447
00:22:14,766 --> 00:22:18,236
Narrator: In 2023,
a "princely" Hunnic tomb
448
00:22:18,236 --> 00:22:20,405
unearthed near Mizil, Romania,
449
00:22:20,405 --> 00:22:22,607
revealed over a
hundred artifacts,
450
00:22:22,607 --> 00:22:25,644
including a gilded
saddle, ornate weapons,
451
00:22:25,644 --> 00:22:27,779
and fragments of a gold mask.
452
00:22:28,980 --> 00:22:31,350
Adam Bunch: Even though that
tomb doesn't belong to Attila,
453
00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:33,685
it gives us a tantalizing
glimpse of
454
00:22:33,685 --> 00:22:36,855
what his final resting place
might have looked like.
455
00:22:36,855 --> 00:22:40,258
And it fuels hope that
the legendary warlord
456
00:22:40,258 --> 00:22:44,830
could still be found somewhere
in an even grander burial mound.
457
00:22:46,064 --> 00:22:47,799
Alison Leonard: If Attila's
coffin lies in a kurgan,
458
00:22:47,799 --> 00:22:49,901
it could have been robbed
centuries ago,
459
00:22:49,901 --> 00:22:51,370
or it may still lie intact,
460
00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:53,672
protected by
both secrecy and time.
461
00:22:53,672 --> 00:22:56,241
Discovering it would
revolutionize our understanding
462
00:22:56,241 --> 00:22:58,610
of Attila's empire and allow
us to strip away
463
00:22:58,610 --> 00:23:01,546
some of the legend that has long
overshadowed the man himself.
464
00:23:02,848 --> 00:23:04,916
Narrator:
Attila the Hun's tomb is more
465
00:23:04,916 --> 00:23:06,618
than a physical location,
466
00:23:06,618 --> 00:23:09,888
it represents the power and
legend of a vanished empire,
467
00:23:09,888 --> 00:23:12,958
a monument to a leader
whose shadow stretched
468
00:23:12,958 --> 00:23:15,494
across continents and centuries.
469
00:23:16,495 --> 00:23:18,530
James Ellis: Attila
reshaped Europe's destiny,
470
00:23:18,530 --> 00:23:21,066
forging alliances,
demanding tributes,
471
00:23:21,066 --> 00:23:23,769
and sowing terror
wherever he went.
472
00:23:23,769 --> 00:23:26,471
His military might and
strategic marriages
473
00:23:26,471 --> 00:23:30,642
left deep imprints on the
Roman world and its neighbors.
474
00:23:30,642 --> 00:23:32,677
Amma Agbedor: Discoveries
like the "princely" tomb
475
00:23:32,677 --> 00:23:35,847
near Mizil suggest we are
only beginning to grasp
476
00:23:35,847 --> 00:23:40,152
the complexity and grandeur of
Hunnic burial practices.
477
00:23:41,052 --> 00:23:45,457
But they also highlight how
time and myth can obscure
478
00:23:45,457 --> 00:23:47,926
definitive truths and evidence.
479
00:23:51,630 --> 00:23:54,566
Narrator: Attila the Hun's
life shaped a pivotal era
480
00:23:54,566 --> 00:23:58,570
of alliances, conflicts,
and collapsing empires.
481
00:23:58,570 --> 00:24:02,507
His legend endures because
the man, and the mystery,
482
00:24:02,507 --> 00:24:04,609
refuse to be forgotten.
483
00:24:04,609 --> 00:24:07,145
♪♪
484
00:24:08,346 --> 00:24:17,722
♪♪
485
00:24:17,722 --> 00:24:19,724
Narrator:
The Great Library of Alexandria
486
00:24:19,724 --> 00:24:22,594
was once a beacon of learning
in the ancient world,
487
00:24:22,594 --> 00:24:24,329
reputed to hold tens
488
00:24:24,329 --> 00:24:26,731
or even hundreds of thousands
of scrolls.
489
00:24:26,731 --> 00:24:29,468
It attracted philosophers,
mathematicians,
490
00:24:29,468 --> 00:24:31,937
and poets from across
the Mediterranean
491
00:24:31,937 --> 00:24:33,438
to Egypt's capital.
492
00:24:35,207 --> 00:24:38,477
Anthea Nardi: Most people
imagine one massive building,
493
00:24:38,477 --> 00:24:41,780
but the Library was more likely
a network of halls
494
00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:44,483
and gardens housed
within the Museum,
495
00:24:44,483 --> 00:24:47,052
an institution dedicated
to the Muses.
496
00:24:48,053 --> 00:24:50,222
Under Ptolemy I and II,
497
00:24:50,222 --> 00:24:53,725
officials collected
manuscripts from incoming ships
498
00:24:53,725 --> 00:24:56,695
and purchased rare scrolls
from distant lands.
499
00:24:56,695 --> 00:25:00,031
Before long, this enterprise
grew into the largest
500
00:25:00,031 --> 00:25:03,101
collection of knowledge in
the ancient Mediterranean.
501
00:25:03,935 --> 00:25:05,570
Amma Agbedor:
Beyond Greek classics,
502
00:25:05,570 --> 00:25:09,674
the Library preserved Egyptian
records, Persian texts,
503
00:25:09,674 --> 00:25:11,409
and Hebrew scriptures,
504
00:25:11,409 --> 00:25:14,880
including the famed
Septuagint translation.
505
00:25:15,514 --> 00:25:17,482
Papyrus scrolls
covered everything
506
00:25:17,482 --> 00:25:19,518
from Aristotle's philosophy
507
00:25:19,518 --> 00:25:22,087
to newly rendered mythologies.
508
00:25:22,954 --> 00:25:25,857
Estimates of the Library's
total holdings span
509
00:25:25,857 --> 00:25:30,629
from 40,000 to 700,000 scrolls,
510
00:25:30,629 --> 00:25:33,565
accounting for multiple
branch libraries,
511
00:25:33,565 --> 00:25:36,735
such as the Serapeum, spread
throughout the city.
512
00:25:38,069 --> 00:25:40,405
Adam Bunch: It's one of the
most fabled institutions
513
00:25:40,405 --> 00:25:42,440
of the ancient world,
514
00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:44,276
but archeologists
have never been able to find
515
00:25:44,276 --> 00:25:47,045
any definitive
physical trace of it.
516
00:25:47,045 --> 00:25:49,614
And the accounts of its
disappearance are tangled
517
00:25:49,614 --> 00:25:51,216
in contradictions.
518
00:25:51,216 --> 00:25:53,919
So how did the greatest
collection of knowledge
519
00:25:53,919 --> 00:25:56,688
and all of antiquity
just vanish?
520
00:25:58,223 --> 00:26:01,560
Narrator: Under the early
Ptolemies, around 300 BCE,
521
00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:04,863
Alexandria became a vibrant
melting pot of cultures.
522
00:26:04,863 --> 00:26:07,766
Scholars from Greece,
Egypt, Persia,
523
00:26:07,766 --> 00:26:09,768
and beyond converged here,
524
00:26:09,768 --> 00:26:12,537
driving advances in astronomy,
525
00:26:12,537 --> 00:26:14,940
mathematics, and philosophy.
526
00:26:15,740 --> 00:26:18,510
Anthea Nardi: The Library of
Alexandria was the crown jewel
527
00:26:18,510 --> 00:26:21,680
of the ancient world's
intellectual landscape,
528
00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:24,149
a groundbreaking institution
that inspired
529
00:26:24,149 --> 00:26:26,985
the very concept of
the modern university.
530
00:26:28,954 --> 00:26:30,322
James Ellis:
It was originally envisioned
531
00:26:30,322 --> 00:26:33,758
by Alexander the Great as a
cultural and literary hub,
532
00:26:33,758 --> 00:26:36,227
but his untimely death
ultimately left
533
00:26:36,227 --> 00:26:38,163
the project unfinished.
534
00:26:39,264 --> 00:26:43,168
His successor, Ptolemy I,
carried forward this vision,
535
00:26:43,168 --> 00:26:45,070
founding the Ptolemaic dynasty
536
00:26:45,070 --> 00:26:48,273
and ensuring the Library became
a beacon of scholarship.
537
00:26:48,773 --> 00:26:51,710
Amma Agbedor: It began with
Demetrius of Phalerum
538
00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:56,615
an exiled Athenian who
urged Ptolemy Soter I
539
00:26:56,615 --> 00:26:59,651
to build a "universal library".
540
00:27:01,086 --> 00:27:04,656
By acquiring manuscripts
from around the known world,
541
00:27:04,656 --> 00:27:06,591
Alexandria aimed to gather
542
00:27:06,591 --> 00:27:09,594
every significant work
of the era.
543
00:27:10,762 --> 00:27:13,031
Adam Bunch:
As the library expanded,
544
00:27:13,031 --> 00:27:16,334
every single ship that
docked in Alexandria
545
00:27:16,334 --> 00:27:19,938
was searched for books so that
any written material
546
00:27:19,938 --> 00:27:22,040
could be taken away and copied,
547
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:24,976
with the library
often keeping the originals.
548
00:27:26,511 --> 00:27:28,480
James Ellis: But as
Rome's influence grew,
549
00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,082
Alexandria's destiny shifted.
550
00:27:31,082 --> 00:27:35,320
Cleopatra's political alliances,
Julius Caesar's arrival,
551
00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:37,756
and escalating internal unrest
552
00:27:37,756 --> 00:27:40,425
plunged the city into turmoil.
553
00:27:40,425 --> 00:27:42,627
Battles and political tensions
554
00:27:42,627 --> 00:27:44,896
reverberated through
the Royal Quarter,
555
00:27:44,896 --> 00:27:47,198
setting the stage for
the many theories about
556
00:27:47,198 --> 00:27:50,368
how the Great Library
ultimately met its end.
557
00:27:53,672 --> 00:27:56,408
Narrator: Some argue a single,
devastating incident
558
00:27:56,408 --> 00:27:58,910
doomed the library
once and for all.
559
00:28:00,045 --> 00:28:01,579
Amma Agbedor:
One theory suggests
560
00:28:01,579 --> 00:28:05,717
the Library's destruction
began in 48 BCE,
561
00:28:05,717 --> 00:28:09,254
during Julius Caesar's
campaign in Egypt.
562
00:28:09,254 --> 00:28:13,558
To block enemy ships during a
civil war between Cleopatra
563
00:28:13,558 --> 00:28:15,760
and her brother Ptolemy XIII,
564
00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:20,632
Caesar ordered the
Alexandrian fleet set ablaze.
565
00:28:21,833 --> 00:28:23,968
Adam Bunch: There are
stories of flames spreading
566
00:28:23,968 --> 00:28:27,105
from the ships to buildings
near the docks,
567
00:28:27,105 --> 00:28:29,874
including warehouses
that stored manuscripts.
568
00:28:29,874 --> 00:28:31,876
Some of those ancient
sources claim
569
00:28:31,876 --> 00:28:35,547
that tens of thousands of
scrolls were destroyed,
570
00:28:35,547 --> 00:28:37,849
or even the Library itself.
571
00:28:38,817 --> 00:28:40,351
James Ellis:
Roman philosopher Seneca,
572
00:28:40,351 --> 00:28:42,987
writing in the 1st century CE,
recorded that
573
00:28:42,987 --> 00:28:46,624
40,000 scrolls were lost
in Caesar's fire.
574
00:28:46,624 --> 00:28:49,461
Later authors like
Aulus Gellius and Orosius
575
00:28:49,461 --> 00:28:51,696
dramatically expanded
this figure,
576
00:28:51,696 --> 00:28:54,933
claiming losses of up to
700,000 manuscripts.
577
00:28:56,668 --> 00:28:58,770
Amma Agbedor: Despite
these vivid narratives,
578
00:28:58,770 --> 00:29:03,141
the geographer Strabo,
while visiting around 20 BCE,
579
00:29:03,141 --> 00:29:07,412
found a still functioning
Museum in Alexandria.
580
00:29:07,412 --> 00:29:12,383
This suggests that the Library
was not entirely destroyed.
581
00:29:12,383 --> 00:29:17,922
Parts of its collection may
have survived or been rebuilt.
582
00:29:17,922 --> 00:29:21,860
While Caesar's fire
struck a painful blow,
583
00:29:21,860 --> 00:29:24,996
it likely was not the
Library's ultimate demise.
584
00:29:26,664 --> 00:29:29,000
Narrator: Turmoil continued
to rock Alexandria
585
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,237
for centuries. Civil
unrest, uprisings,
586
00:29:32,237 --> 00:29:36,975
and new military campaigns left
the city perpetually on edge.
587
00:29:36,975 --> 00:29:40,111
Some suggest another, more
devastating episode
588
00:29:40,111 --> 00:29:44,315
finally sealed the fate of any
surviving manuscripts.
589
00:29:45,450 --> 00:29:47,952
Anthea Nardi: Some assert that
Emperor Aurelian's brutal
590
00:29:47,952 --> 00:29:51,756
reconquest of Alexandria
in the 270 CE
591
00:29:51,756 --> 00:29:54,492
delivered the Library's
fatal blow.
592
00:29:55,527 --> 00:29:57,629
Ammianus Marcellinus recounts
593
00:29:57,629 --> 00:30:01,966
how vast sections of the city,
including the Bruchion district,
594
00:30:01,966 --> 00:30:03,501
where the Royal Quarter stood,
595
00:30:03,501 --> 00:30:07,705
were devastated, as Aurelian
fought to seize Alexandria
596
00:30:07,705 --> 00:30:10,809
from Palmyrene forces
loyal to Queen Zenobia.
597
00:30:12,210 --> 00:30:14,445
James Ellis: But interestingly,
references to Alexandrian
598
00:30:14,445 --> 00:30:17,448
learning persisted well
into the 4th century.
599
00:30:17,448 --> 00:30:20,785
Emperor Domitian, for instance,
relied on Alexandrian copies
600
00:30:20,785 --> 00:30:23,955
to replenish texts lost
in a Roman library fire.
601
00:30:23,955 --> 00:30:27,392
This implies that into the
1st and 2nd centuries CE,
602
00:30:27,392 --> 00:30:30,562
enough manuscripts still
existed in Alexandria
603
00:30:30,562 --> 00:30:34,766
for Roman leaders to rely on,
perhaps at the Serapeum,
604
00:30:34,766 --> 00:30:36,734
which may have
remained operational.
605
00:30:36,734 --> 00:30:39,137
Amma Agbedor: We have no
definitive record stating
606
00:30:39,137 --> 00:30:42,740
that the Great Library perished
at Aurelian's hand.
607
00:30:43,408 --> 00:30:46,311
Scholars like Theon and
his daughter Hypatia
608
00:30:46,311 --> 00:30:50,315
remained active in Alexandria
in the late 4th century,
609
00:30:50,315 --> 00:30:54,219
hinting that some
scholarly tradition persisted.
610
00:30:54,219 --> 00:30:57,422
The question is whether they
worked with a true
611
00:30:57,422 --> 00:31:02,293
"Great Library" or a patchwork
of smaller collections.
612
00:31:02,293 --> 00:31:05,063
Aurelian's campaign was
significant,
613
00:31:05,063 --> 00:31:07,332
but may not fully explain
614
00:31:07,332 --> 00:31:09,934
the Library's ultimate
disappearance.
615
00:31:11,803 --> 00:31:13,705
Narrator:
By the late 4th century,
616
00:31:13,705 --> 00:31:16,107
a new tide swept
across the empire,
617
00:31:16,107 --> 00:31:19,177
challenging not just
Alexandria's temples
618
00:31:19,177 --> 00:31:23,147
but perhaps the very heart of
its scholarly heritage.
619
00:31:24,616 --> 00:31:26,718
Adam Bunch: The Library's final
chapter might have come
620
00:31:26,718 --> 00:31:31,089
during the Christian crackdown
on pagan sites in Alexandria.
621
00:31:31,089 --> 00:31:35,326
The Emperor Theodosius I
outlawed pagan warship,
622
00:31:35,326 --> 00:31:38,162
and since the Serapeum was
still an important site
623
00:31:38,162 --> 00:31:40,732
for pagans, it was demolished.
624
00:31:40,732 --> 00:31:45,036
So by the end of 391 CE, even
whatever might have been left
625
00:31:45,036 --> 00:31:48,072
in the collection of the
daughter of the Great Library
626
00:31:48,072 --> 00:31:49,841
seems to have been destroyed.
627
00:31:50,608 --> 00:31:53,177
Anthea Nardi: Contemporary
sources describe a whirlwind
628
00:31:53,177 --> 00:31:55,847
of shattered statues,
ripped-down altars,
629
00:31:55,847 --> 00:31:58,082
and plundered artifacts.
630
00:31:59,183 --> 00:32:02,620
If the Serapeum did indeed hold
significant scrolls,
631
00:32:02,620 --> 00:32:07,025
be they remnants of the Royal
Library or another collection,
632
00:32:07,025 --> 00:32:10,628
their destruction would have
erased a priceless treasury
633
00:32:10,628 --> 00:32:14,132
of astronomy, mathematics,
and pagan philosophy.
634
00:32:15,967 --> 00:32:17,702
James Ellis: But the record
is murky on whether
635
00:32:17,702 --> 00:32:22,373
"thousands of scrolls" literally
went up in flames in 391 CE.
636
00:32:22,373 --> 00:32:25,677
Surviving texts do not
explicitly detail
637
00:32:25,677 --> 00:32:28,146
a mass burning of manuscripts.
638
00:32:28,146 --> 00:32:30,748
Some could have
been removed, sold,
639
00:32:30,748 --> 00:32:35,019
or left to decay well before
the Christian mobs arrived,
640
00:32:35,019 --> 00:32:37,789
which casts some
doubt on the scale
641
00:32:37,789 --> 00:32:40,191
of this supposed final blow.
642
00:32:41,693 --> 00:32:43,995
Amma Agbedor: And some accounts
suggest small pockets
643
00:32:43,995 --> 00:32:48,032
of scholarship persisted
beyond the Serapeum's ruin.
644
00:32:48,032 --> 00:32:51,302
While the Christian purge
was undeniably harsh,
645
00:32:51,302 --> 00:32:54,939
it likely capped a long,
gradual decline
646
00:32:54,939 --> 00:32:58,476
rather than delivering
a single, decisive end
647
00:32:58,476 --> 00:33:00,511
to the once-great Library.
648
00:33:01,713 --> 00:33:04,482
Narrator: The Great Library
of Alexandria's disappearance
649
00:33:04,482 --> 00:33:07,485
remains one of history's
greatest riddles.
650
00:33:07,485 --> 00:33:10,054
Conflicting theories paint
dramatic pictures
651
00:33:10,054 --> 00:33:12,991
of sudden fires
and vicious sackings,
652
00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:16,060
but the truth might
be more complex.
653
00:33:17,328 --> 00:33:20,264
Adam Bunch: Could be that there
wasn't any single catastrophe
654
00:33:20,264 --> 00:33:24,469
that was fully responsible for
the library's destruction.
655
00:33:24,469 --> 00:33:27,605
Caesar's fire,
Aurelian's reconquest,
656
00:33:27,605 --> 00:33:30,241
and the Christian purge all
seemed to have delivered
657
00:33:30,241 --> 00:33:33,845
devastating blows as part of
a long history
658
00:33:33,845 --> 00:33:36,581
of political turmoil and
religious upheaval
659
00:33:36,581 --> 00:33:39,650
that might have gradually
eroded the library,
660
00:33:39,650 --> 00:33:42,687
which would have relied on
scholarly stability
661
00:33:42,687 --> 00:33:44,789
and royal patronage to survive.
662
00:33:45,656 --> 00:33:47,925
Anthea Nardi: Papyrus, the
primary writing material,
663
00:33:47,925 --> 00:33:51,462
was fragile and required
careful maintenance.
664
00:33:51,462 --> 00:33:56,501
Even minor neglect, let alone
war, risked irreparable loss.
665
00:33:57,468 --> 00:34:01,105
The legends of a single
cataclysmic event may overshadow
666
00:34:01,105 --> 00:34:04,342
the more plausible
reality - a drawn-out unraveling
667
00:34:04,342 --> 00:34:08,246
fueled by multiple crises
and long-term decay.
668
00:34:09,313 --> 00:34:12,150
Narrator: The Great Library of
Alexandria remains an emblem
669
00:34:12,150 --> 00:34:15,319
of humanity's highest
intellectual ambitions.
670
00:34:15,319 --> 00:34:18,022
Its rise and disappearance
remind us
671
00:34:18,022 --> 00:34:20,091
that knowledge is precious,
672
00:34:20,091 --> 00:34:23,528
and that once lost,
it is difficult to recover.
673
00:34:23,528 --> 00:34:27,999
This iconic Library's spirit
lives on in our ongoing quest
674
00:34:27,999 --> 00:34:31,769
to safeguard what we know
and continue to learn.
675
00:34:36,674 --> 00:34:46,451
♪♪
676
00:34:46,451 --> 00:34:48,753
Narrator: Around
December of 1511,
677
00:34:48,753 --> 00:34:52,323
off the coast of Sumatra,
Portugal's Flor de la Mar,
678
00:34:52,323 --> 00:34:56,327
carrying some 400 souls
and 60 tons of gold,
679
00:34:56,327 --> 00:34:59,597
got caught up on a reef
during a fierce storm.
680
00:35:00,398 --> 00:35:02,900
Captain Alfonso de Albuquerque
681
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:05,203
set off in a boat to find help
682
00:35:05,203 --> 00:35:07,238
but the crew he left behind
683
00:35:07,238 --> 00:35:08,806
never saw him again.
684
00:35:10,475 --> 00:35:12,276
Adam Bunch: But Albuquerque
wasn't just
685
00:35:12,276 --> 00:35:15,079
the Fleur de la Mar's Captain,
he was an admiral,
686
00:35:15,079 --> 00:35:19,083
the viceroy of Portugal,
and a military commander
687
00:35:19,083 --> 00:35:21,252
nicknamed the Lion of the Seas,
688
00:35:21,252 --> 00:35:24,188
who was bent on
maritime conquest,
689
00:35:24,188 --> 00:35:27,758
determined to control trade
throughout Southeast Asia.
690
00:35:29,293 --> 00:35:31,662
Anthea Nardi: The flotilla had
set out with four ships,
691
00:35:31,662 --> 00:35:34,599
two of which had already
sunk in the storm.
692
00:35:34,599 --> 00:35:38,603
De Albuquerque was able to
locate the remaining one
693
00:35:38,603 --> 00:35:42,340
and was rescued, but then,
rather than sailing it back
694
00:35:42,340 --> 00:35:44,509
to try save the Flor de la Mar,
695
00:35:44,509 --> 00:35:47,145
he directed it to
carry him to Portugal.
696
00:35:52,450 --> 00:35:54,819
James Ellis: The Flor de la Mar
was left helplessly stuck
697
00:35:54,819 --> 00:35:56,254
on a reef in the shallows,
698
00:35:56,254 --> 00:35:59,490
being pummeled incessantly
by the storm's waves.
699
00:35:59,490 --> 00:36:03,761
The ship, most of its crew, and
all of its cargo disappeared.
700
00:36:05,530 --> 00:36:08,299
Hundreds of years later,
the question remains,
701
00:36:08,299 --> 00:36:10,601
where is the Flor de la Mar's
vanished treasure?
702
00:36:11,536 --> 00:36:13,571
Narrator: The Flor de la Mar,
one of the largest
703
00:36:13,571 --> 00:36:15,907
and most beautiful
ships of its era,
704
00:36:15,907 --> 00:36:18,109
was born of Portugal's desire
705
00:36:18,109 --> 00:36:21,279
to acquire and control
the riches of the east.
706
00:36:21,279 --> 00:36:24,549
The Flor could carry vast
cargo and blast any ships
707
00:36:24,549 --> 00:36:26,918
that stood in its
way to splinters.
708
00:36:28,019 --> 00:36:31,989
Amma Agbedor: The Flor de la Mar
was built in Lisbon, in 1502.
709
00:36:31,989 --> 00:36:34,692
It was 118 feet long,
710
00:36:34,692 --> 00:36:37,094
111 feet tall,
711
00:36:37,094 --> 00:36:39,130
and had a rounded hull
that displaced
712
00:36:39,130 --> 00:36:41,465
400 tons of water.
713
00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:45,203
And it wasn't just large,
714
00:36:45,203 --> 00:36:47,171
it was powerful,
715
00:36:47,171 --> 00:36:49,907
with three masts,
and a variety of sails
716
00:36:49,907 --> 00:36:52,310
to catch and control the wind.
717
00:36:54,245 --> 00:36:57,215
Adam Bunch: The ship was
loaded with firepower.
718
00:36:57,215 --> 00:37:00,885
It had 50 guns, six big ones
that fired cannonballs
719
00:37:00,885 --> 00:37:03,321
as heavy as 18 pounds,
720
00:37:04,222 --> 00:37:07,325
eight swivel guns firing
four pounds shot
721
00:37:07,325 --> 00:37:10,695
and lots of smaller guns
loaded with scatter shots.
722
00:37:13,130 --> 00:37:16,300
Anthea Nardi: The Flor de la Mar
was a trade ship and a warship,
723
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:18,636
in one overwhelming package.
724
00:37:18,636 --> 00:37:21,639
This might be why
Alfonso de Albuquerque
725
00:37:21,639 --> 00:37:23,908
chose it as his flagship
when he embarked
726
00:37:23,908 --> 00:37:25,776
with a fleet of 22 vessels
727
00:37:25,776 --> 00:37:28,913
on an ambitious and relentless
string of conquests
728
00:37:28,913 --> 00:37:30,414
that would take years.
729
00:37:32,583 --> 00:37:35,653
Narrator: De Albuquerque
attacked and plundered his way
730
00:37:35,653 --> 00:37:38,856
from Mozambique,
all along Africa's east coast
731
00:37:38,856 --> 00:37:40,458
to the Red Sea.
732
00:37:40,458 --> 00:37:44,528
Then he ransacked ports in
India, Burma, and Thailand.
733
00:37:44,528 --> 00:37:47,298
But his most ambitious
target was known as
734
00:37:47,298 --> 00:37:49,333
"the emporium of the east",
735
00:37:49,333 --> 00:37:51,502
the richest city in the world.
736
00:37:52,870 --> 00:37:55,306
James Ellis: The Sultanate of
Malacca was a trading hub
737
00:37:55,306 --> 00:37:58,009
that connected all of
East Asia via the strait
738
00:37:58,009 --> 00:38:00,344
that bears its name,
and as such,
739
00:38:00,344 --> 00:38:03,180
it had made the city of Malacca
and the Sultan
740
00:38:03,180 --> 00:38:04,815
fabulously wealthy.
741
00:38:06,651 --> 00:38:10,154
Amma Agbedor: This was not an
attempt at trade or diplomacy.
742
00:38:10,154 --> 00:38:12,823
Albuquerque attacked
with 16 ships,
743
00:38:12,823 --> 00:38:15,893
destroying a dozen of the
Sultan's vessels
744
00:38:15,893 --> 00:38:20,931
and driving back his war
elephants and army of archers.
745
00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:25,469
He besieged Malacca
for 12 days,
746
00:38:25,469 --> 00:38:28,572
and when the city finally fell,
747
00:38:28,572 --> 00:38:31,676
he slaughtered thousands
of its citizens,
748
00:38:31,676 --> 00:38:34,011
and plundered
the Sultan's palace.
749
00:38:36,514 --> 00:38:38,983
Adam Bunch: Albuquerque
loaded the Flor with loot
750
00:38:38,983 --> 00:38:43,287
and set sail for Portugal along
with three other ships.
751
00:38:44,422 --> 00:38:46,657
Two days later, while they were
still making their way
752
00:38:46,657 --> 00:38:50,761
through the strait, the storm
struck and the Flor de la Mar,
753
00:38:50,761 --> 00:38:54,699
heavy with treasure, was
caught on a sandy shoal.
754
00:38:55,766 --> 00:38:59,170
According to reports,
the ship broke in two.
755
00:38:59,170 --> 00:39:03,574
The back half stranded on the
sand and pounded by the waves.
756
00:39:04,675 --> 00:39:07,111
The ship had run
aground on the shoals,
757
00:39:07,111 --> 00:39:09,647
so the wreck was sitting
in shallow water,
758
00:39:09,647 --> 00:39:13,651
with easy access from the shore
once the storm had passed,
759
00:39:13,651 --> 00:39:16,887
at least until what was left
of the hull eventually drifted
760
00:39:16,887 --> 00:39:19,990
away with the current
or sank into the silt.
761
00:39:21,992 --> 00:39:24,495
Anthea Nardi: Albuquerque
made his cowardly escape,
762
00:39:24,495 --> 00:39:27,365
and after that, it was only
a matter of time
763
00:39:27,365 --> 00:39:30,034
before the remaining half
of the ship disintegrated
764
00:39:30,034 --> 00:39:31,769
and slipped beneath the waves.
765
00:39:32,570 --> 00:39:34,438
Only a few of its crew were said
766
00:39:34,438 --> 00:39:36,607
to have somehow made it to land.
767
00:39:36,607 --> 00:39:38,776
The Flor de la Mar was gone,
768
00:39:38,776 --> 00:39:42,646
and with it an incredible amount
of gold and treasure.
769
00:39:43,781 --> 00:39:46,350
Narrator: The men who
miraculously survived the wreck
770
00:39:46,350 --> 00:39:47,918
could be the key to what became
771
00:39:47,918 --> 00:39:50,588
of the Flor de la Mar's
valuable cargo.
772
00:39:52,490 --> 00:39:54,992
James Ellis: The survivors would
have known where in the ship
773
00:39:54,992 --> 00:39:56,761
the treasures had been stowed.
774
00:39:56,761 --> 00:39:59,363
And the next day,
when the storm had subsided,
775
00:39:59,363 --> 00:40:00,531
they could have trekked back
776
00:40:00,531 --> 00:40:03,134
into the shallow and
now calm waters,
777
00:40:03,134 --> 00:40:05,436
to recover as much
as they could.
778
00:40:06,036 --> 00:40:07,538
Amma Agbedor: There were
contemporary accounts
779
00:40:07,538 --> 00:40:11,308
that described the men coming to
shore clutching valuables
780
00:40:11,308 --> 00:40:13,778
and personal possessions.
781
00:40:13,778 --> 00:40:17,148
They could easily have gotten
help in salvaging the treasure
782
00:40:17,148 --> 00:40:21,051
from the very locals who'd
witnessed their escape,
783
00:40:21,051 --> 00:40:22,820
as soon as it was safe to do so.
784
00:40:25,589 --> 00:40:26,991
Anthea Nardi: Getting
help from the locals
785
00:40:26,991 --> 00:40:28,492
would certainly help explain
786
00:40:28,492 --> 00:40:30,995
how just a few crew
members could have recovered
787
00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:34,331
chests full of gold
from the guts of a ship
788
00:40:34,331 --> 00:40:36,600
wrecked on a silty shoal.
789
00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:39,103
The only thing is, the
Portuguese survivors
790
00:40:39,103 --> 00:40:42,006
are described as having made it
to shore at Pase,
791
00:40:42,006 --> 00:40:45,543
about 90 miles up the coast
from where the wreck was,
792
00:40:46,343 --> 00:40:48,646
making this scenario
very unlikely.
793
00:40:50,347 --> 00:40:51,816
Narrator: Some believe
that the survivors
794
00:40:51,816 --> 00:40:53,951
and the Flor de la Mar's
treasure,
795
00:40:53,951 --> 00:40:57,154
may have fallen victim to
something as treacherous
796
00:40:57,154 --> 00:40:59,690
as the storm
that destroyed the ship.
797
00:41:00,724 --> 00:41:02,560
James Ellis: It's entirely
conceivable that pirates
798
00:41:02,560 --> 00:41:05,262
could have swooped in once
the storm had passed,
799
00:41:05,262 --> 00:41:07,131
and looted the
remains of the hull.
800
00:41:07,131 --> 00:41:10,201
The Strait of Malacca has
lots of small islands,
801
00:41:10,201 --> 00:41:12,703
with narrow passages
between them.
802
00:41:13,938 --> 00:41:17,041
Trade ships often had trouble
navigating the shallow waters,
803
00:41:17,041 --> 00:41:20,110
and that made them
easy prey for pirates,
804
00:41:20,110 --> 00:41:22,980
who could ambush them or simply
comb through the wrecks
805
00:41:22,980 --> 00:41:23,948
at their leisure.
806
00:41:25,382 --> 00:41:26,817
Amma Agbedor:
If pirates had access
807
00:41:26,817 --> 00:41:28,853
to those surviving crew members,
808
00:41:28,853 --> 00:41:31,489
they certainly might
have compelled them
809
00:41:31,489 --> 00:41:35,359
to divulge exactly where the
chests had been stowed.
810
00:41:35,359 --> 00:41:38,963
It's even been suggested
that pirates aligned
811
00:41:38,963 --> 00:41:41,332
with the Sultan of Malacca
himself
812
00:41:41,332 --> 00:41:42,867
could have looted the ship,
813
00:41:42,867 --> 00:41:44,969
getting the Sultan
his gold back,
814
00:41:44,969 --> 00:41:47,204
and maybe even a
little extra, to boot.
815
00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:53,077
Adam Bunch: The Aru Kingdom,
north of the Malaccan Sultanate,
816
00:41:53,077 --> 00:41:55,379
had a reputation for piracy.
817
00:41:55,379 --> 00:41:58,449
One Portuguese contemporary
living in Malacca
818
00:41:58,449 --> 00:42:01,485
wrote that the Aru had
at least a hundred pardos,
819
00:42:01,485 --> 00:42:04,421
a type of outrigger
bow built for speed
820
00:42:04,421 --> 00:42:06,524
and a reputation of thievery.
821
00:42:07,658 --> 00:42:09,026
Anthea Nardi:
That same writer said
822
00:42:09,026 --> 00:42:11,962
the Raja of another kingdom,
adjacent to Aru,
823
00:42:11,962 --> 00:42:14,798
had "recovered everything
water could not spoil"
824
00:42:14,798 --> 00:42:16,534
from the Flor de la Mar wreck,
825
00:42:16,534 --> 00:42:18,903
which had made him "very rich."
826
00:42:18,903 --> 00:42:21,071
The only problem with this
possibility is
827
00:42:21,071 --> 00:42:23,674
that there's no evidence to
substantiate it.
828
00:42:23,674 --> 00:42:26,310
If someone managed to
retrieve the treasure,
829
00:42:26,310 --> 00:42:27,945
where did it end up?
830
00:42:27,945 --> 00:42:29,413
Narrator: With all the
possibilities
831
00:42:29,413 --> 00:42:31,282
that have been suggested
regarding the fate
832
00:42:31,282 --> 00:42:33,217
of the Flor de la Mar's
treasure,
833
00:42:33,217 --> 00:42:37,488
some maintain that everything
is exactly as it seems.
834
00:42:38,889 --> 00:42:41,559
James Ellis: The Flor de la Mar
sank in the Strait of Malacca,
835
00:42:41,559 --> 00:42:43,661
and maybe the treasure
sank with it
836
00:42:43,661 --> 00:42:45,362
and that's where it remains.
837
00:42:45,362 --> 00:42:47,097
The first and biggest
challenge is
838
00:42:47,097 --> 00:42:50,167
that we've never known exactly
where it went down.
839
00:42:51,702 --> 00:42:53,304
Amma Agbedor: There's
that discrepancy about
840
00:42:53,304 --> 00:42:55,306
where Albuquerque
said the wreck was,
841
00:42:55,306 --> 00:42:59,376
and where the few surviving
crew members came ashore,
842
00:42:59,376 --> 00:43:03,180
that makes it very hard to know
where to start looking.
843
00:43:04,214 --> 00:43:05,716
Adam Bunch: And then there's
the fact that the area
844
00:43:05,716 --> 00:43:07,651
is hard to search.
845
00:43:07,651 --> 00:43:10,988
Their powerful currents
stir up the muddy seabed.
846
00:43:10,988 --> 00:43:13,958
For divers, visibility
is often zero.
847
00:43:13,958 --> 00:43:17,027
Anthea Nardi: Once the last of
the Flor de la Mar broke up,
848
00:43:17,027 --> 00:43:20,297
the heavy treasure chests
couldn't have traveled far,
849
00:43:20,297 --> 00:43:21,932
but after five centuries,
850
00:43:21,932 --> 00:43:24,668
they could be buried very deep
under the silt.
851
00:43:25,903 --> 00:43:27,771
Narrator: The treasure
of the Flor de la Mar
852
00:43:27,771 --> 00:43:32,343
may simply be too valuable to be
forgotten or left alone.
853
00:43:32,876 --> 00:43:36,013
James Ellis: In 1992, a salvage
company spent years
854
00:43:36,013 --> 00:43:39,049
and millions of dollars
searching for the treasure.
855
00:43:39,049 --> 00:43:41,885
They finally hired a career
treasure hunter
856
00:43:41,885 --> 00:43:44,288
who claimed to have found
evidence of the wreck,
857
00:43:44,288 --> 00:43:48,559
including scattered ballast
rock, several gold figurines,
858
00:43:48,559 --> 00:43:50,561
and a gold bracelet.
859
00:43:51,095 --> 00:43:52,663
Amma Agbedor: According
to the treasure hunter,
860
00:43:52,663 --> 00:43:54,131
this was a spot,
861
00:43:54,131 --> 00:43:57,635
where scuba divers working for
an oil exploration company
862
00:43:57,635 --> 00:44:01,338
years prior had found four
bronze cannons
863
00:44:01,338 --> 00:44:03,907
and several gold artifacts.
864
00:44:06,377 --> 00:44:09,046
Adam Bunch: A more extensive
exploration of the site
865
00:44:09,046 --> 00:44:11,782
was set to begin, but
there were disputes over
866
00:44:11,782 --> 00:44:13,784
who owned the salvage rights,
867
00:44:13,784 --> 00:44:16,320
Malaysia, Indonesia,
or Portugal,
868
00:44:16,320 --> 00:44:18,455
and the project was abandoned.
869
00:44:18,455 --> 00:44:20,724
So the mystery lives on.
870
00:44:22,526 --> 00:44:24,762
Narrator: It was a priceless
haul of gold,
871
00:44:24,762 --> 00:44:27,398
stolen at the cost
of countless lives
872
00:44:27,398 --> 00:44:29,767
and abandoned in
an act of cowardice.
873
00:44:29,767 --> 00:44:31,702
With its dark history
874
00:44:31,702 --> 00:44:35,072
and where the lost treasure of
the Flor de la Mar lies,
875
00:44:35,072 --> 00:44:37,307
it might be better
off left alone.
876
00:44:37,307 --> 00:44:39,309
If modern-day treasure hunters
877
00:44:39,309 --> 00:44:41,412
can only resist its pull.
878
00:44:41,412 --> 00:44:45,683
♪♪
879
00:44:50,554 --> 00:44:53,957
♪♪
104821
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