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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,301 --> 00:00:03,269  Narrator: A Polynesian           civilization collapses          2 00:00:03,269 --> 00:00:05,572   on an island                     in the South Pacific.          3 00:00:05,572 --> 00:00:07,540 Anthea Nardi: It's believed that    Polynesian settlers           4 00:00:07,540 --> 00:00:11,277   first arrived on Rapa             Nui around 1200 CE.           5 00:00:11,277 --> 00:00:13,747 James Ellis: But even before the end of the 19th century,         6 00:00:13,747 --> 00:00:15,648  their social structure           had collapsed,                  7 00:00:15,648 --> 00:00:18,818    their system of writing had     been abandoned and forgotten.  8 00:00:18,818 --> 00:00:21,087    What happened on Rapa Nui?    9 00:00:22,122 --> 00:00:24,290   Narrator: The tomb of one of   history's greatest rulers        10 00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:26,726 vanishes on the Eurasian steppe. 11 00:00:27,694 --> 00:00:30,530    Amma Agbedor: Attila stands   unrivaled as the greatest        12 00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:33,366   barbarian warrior of              the ancient world.            13 00:00:34,167 --> 00:00:35,502   Alison Leonard: And his final  resting place has eluded         14 00:00:35,502 --> 00:00:38,138    discovery for more            than 1,500 years.                15 00:00:38,772 --> 00:00:40,473    So where is Attila             the Hun buried?                 16 00:00:41,574 --> 00:00:44,377   Narrator: One of the world's   most important libraries         17 00:00:44,377 --> 00:00:45,779 is lost to time.                 18 00:00:45,779 --> 00:00:49,215 Anthea Nardi: Most people          imagine one massive building,  19 00:00:49,215 --> 00:00:52,185    but the Library was           more likely a network of         20 00:00:52,185 --> 00:00:55,255    halls and gardens,            housed within the Museum.        21 00:00:55,822 --> 00:00:58,058    Adam Bunch: So how did the    greatest collection of knowledge 22 00:00:58,058 --> 00:01:00,827    in all of antiquity             just vanish?                   23 00:01:00,827 --> 00:01:02,495    ♪♪                            24 00:01:02,495 --> 00:01:05,965  Narrator: The chain of history   has many missing links          25 00:01:05,965 --> 00:01:07,867 prominent people,                26 00:01:07,867 --> 00:01:09,269   priceless treasures,           27 00:01:09,269 --> 00:01:11,671    extraordinary artifacts...    28 00:01:11,671 --> 00:01:14,841  Their locations still unknown.  29 00:01:14,841 --> 00:01:17,210 Lost to the fog of time.         30 00:01:19,446 --> 00:01:22,415 What happens when                   stories of the past           31 00:01:22,415 --> 00:01:23,416  become                          32 00:01:24,584 --> 00:01:26,286 Vanished History?                33 00:01:26,286 --> 00:01:29,222    ♪♪                            34 00:01:29,923 --> 00:01:37,097    ♪♪                            35 00:01:37,097 --> 00:01:38,932 Narrator:                         The Island of Rapa Nui          36 00:01:38,932 --> 00:01:41,668    is one of the most isolated   places on Earth.                 37 00:01:41,668 --> 00:01:45,105  Despite that, it developed and  sustained a civilization         38 00:01:45,105 --> 00:01:46,906  with their own writing system,  39 00:01:46,906 --> 00:01:48,675    their own social structure,   40 00:01:48,675 --> 00:01:52,278 and their own strikingly            unique cultural practices.    41 00:01:54,114 --> 00:01:56,983   They were completely cut off   from the rest of humanity        42 00:01:56,983 --> 00:01:59,185   and yet they thrived.          43 00:02:00,286 --> 00:02:02,522    Anthea Nardi: There's more    than 2,300 miles of ocean        44 00:02:02,522 --> 00:02:05,458   between Rapa Nui and            the nearest continent.          45 00:02:05,892 --> 00:02:07,994  And it's more than 1,200 miles  46 00:02:07,994 --> 00:02:10,463    to even the closest           inhabited island.                47 00:02:12,298 --> 00:02:14,801   Humans first found their way     to Rapa Nui at least           48 00:02:14,801 --> 00:02:19,305   800 years ago, and somehow on     that sparse little island,    49 00:02:19,305 --> 00:02:22,475  less than 15 miles long          and seven wide,                 50 00:02:22,475 --> 00:02:25,678   they either found or created    everything they needed.         51 00:02:27,714 --> 00:02:29,616 Adam Bunch: Once they'd arrived,    it's thought that they had    52 00:02:29,616 --> 00:02:32,085 no contact with any other          civilization                   53 00:02:32,085 --> 00:02:34,587  for at least 500 years,         54 00:02:34,587 --> 00:02:38,091 so they developed independently, following their own path.        55 00:02:39,292 --> 00:02:40,760  Alison Leonard: In the             early 18th century,           56 00:02:40,760 --> 00:02:41,995 when the first explorer visited, 57 00:02:41,995 --> 00:02:45,265    the rest of the world first    became aware they even existed. 58 00:02:45,265 --> 00:02:46,866   But after one day of contact,  59 00:02:46,866 --> 00:02:48,401 they were left completely alone, 60 00:02:48,401 --> 00:02:51,004   and didn't get a second visit    for almost another 50 years.   61 00:02:51,804 --> 00:02:53,540  And then the next major            visit didn't happen           62 00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:55,108    for the better part              of another century.           63 00:02:58,511 --> 00:03:00,980   James Ellis: But even before     the end of the 19th century,   64 00:03:00,980 --> 00:03:02,815  their social structure           had collapsed,                  65 00:03:02,815 --> 00:03:06,019    their system of writing had     been abandoned and forgotten.  66 00:03:06,019 --> 00:03:08,288 They had stopped                 creating their striking,         67 00:03:08,288 --> 00:03:10,190   mysterious monuments,          68 00:03:10,190 --> 00:03:12,859    and no living person could     even say with certainty         69 00:03:12,859 --> 00:03:15,995  how the people of Rapa Nui had    ever managed to move           70 00:03:15,995 --> 00:03:19,632 these huge sculptures, and place    them along their coastline.   71 00:03:19,632 --> 00:03:22,302 The island's population,         and the ecosystem                72 00:03:22,302 --> 00:03:25,405 that had sustained it for         centuries, was no more.         73 00:03:25,405 --> 00:03:27,507    What happened on Rapa Nui?    74 00:03:32,612 --> 00:03:34,881 Narrator: Anthropologists           believe that it was           75 00:03:34,881 --> 00:03:37,817 between 2000 and 1500 BCE        76 00:03:37,817 --> 00:03:42,021  that people in south-east Asia   began their expansion eastward, 77 00:03:42,021 --> 00:03:44,290   along the islands of              the Pacific Ocean.            78 00:03:44,290 --> 00:03:46,426  One of the last                  islands to be settled,          79 00:03:46,426 --> 00:03:48,795   due to its extreme isolation,  80 00:03:48,795 --> 00:03:50,496 would have been Rapa Nui.        81 00:03:51,898 --> 00:03:54,100    Anthea Nardi: It's believed   that Polynesian settlers         82 00:03:54,100 --> 00:03:57,704   first arrived on Rapa             Nui around 1200 CE.           83 00:03:57,704 --> 00:04:01,507  This tiny island in a galaxy of  blue would have been everything 84 00:04:01,507 --> 00:04:05,378    to subsequent generations,       who'd known no other place.   85 00:04:05,378 --> 00:04:08,781   They referred to it sometimes    as "the navel of the world",   86 00:04:08,781 --> 00:04:11,551  and sometimes, as "eyes         looking toward the sky."         87 00:04:13,886 --> 00:04:16,723    Adam Bunch: When they'd set     out on their ocean migration,  88 00:04:16,723 --> 00:04:19,425  the settlers had brought plants    and seeds with them           89 00:04:19,425 --> 00:04:22,228 so they could grow crops          like bananas and taro,          90 00:04:22,228 --> 00:04:24,797 maybe even sweet                    potatoes and yams,            91 00:04:24,797 --> 00:04:27,634    adapting their agricultural     techniques to the conditions   92 00:04:27,634 --> 00:04:29,502 of their new home                 as they learned                 93 00:04:29,502 --> 00:04:31,537   how to thrive on the island.   94 00:04:32,405 --> 00:04:34,107   Alison Leonard: Let's say the   original founding group         95 00:04:34,107 --> 00:04:35,808  that came to the island            numbered about 50.            96 00:04:36,442 --> 00:04:38,544   Assuming a 3%                     annual growth rate,           97 00:04:38,544 --> 00:04:40,446    their population would have   reached about a thousand         98 00:04:40,446 --> 00:04:42,148  after around a century.         99 00:04:42,148 --> 00:04:45,418 Evidence suggests the Rapa Nuis'    population then leveled out   100 00:04:45,418 --> 00:04:48,688 at about 3,000, from 1350 CE on. 101 00:04:51,958 --> 00:04:54,360   Narrator: On April 5th, 1722,  102 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:56,329  a Dutch explorer searching for  103 00:04:56,329 --> 00:04:59,666  the fabled continent of           "Terra Australis Incognito",   104 00:04:59,666 --> 00:05:02,268   which many Europeans           then believed in,                105 00:05:02,268 --> 00:05:04,637 sighted a "new",                 uncharted island.                106 00:05:04,637 --> 00:05:08,508   It was Easter Sunday, and he      dubbed it "Easter Island."    107 00:05:10,176 --> 00:05:12,478 An armed company                 was sent ashore,                 108 00:05:12,478 --> 00:05:15,081 where they encountered a            population estimated to be    109 00:05:15,081 --> 00:05:17,684 between 2 and 3 thousand          Rapa Nui people                 110 00:05:17,684 --> 00:05:20,086 living among some                  impressive landmarks.          111 00:05:20,820 --> 00:05:22,889  James Ellis: The Europeans saw  that there were hundreds         112 00:05:22,889 --> 00:05:26,659  of massive statues called moai    set about the island,          113 00:05:26,659 --> 00:05:29,329   averaging about 13 feet tall.  114 00:05:29,329 --> 00:05:31,831  The largest is                    nearly 70 feet tall.           115 00:05:32,465 --> 00:05:35,201   The visitors couldn't imagine   the Rapa Nui were able          116 00:05:35,201 --> 00:05:37,704  to move stones of this             size into position,           117 00:05:37,704 --> 00:05:40,373  they concluded                  the moai must be hollow,         118 00:05:40,373 --> 00:05:43,643 made of clay, and merely         'coated' with a layer of stones. 119 00:05:44,744 --> 00:05:47,880   Anthea Nardi: The moai were,     in fact, made of solid rock.   120 00:05:47,880 --> 00:05:50,550    Most were quarried             and carved at the cone          121 00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:52,752    of the Rano Raraku volcano    122 00:05:52,752 --> 00:05:56,456    and moved into their place      around the island from there.  123 00:05:58,191 --> 00:06:00,059    There are more than              a thousand of them            124 00:06:00,059 --> 00:06:02,528  and most weigh                     about 10 tons each,           125 00:06:02,528 --> 00:06:05,832  but the largest                  is more than 200 tons.          126 00:06:05,832 --> 00:06:07,867  A culture so inventive          127 00:06:07,867 --> 00:06:10,069   and determined enough             to create all this            128 00:06:10,069 --> 00:06:11,871    virtually vanished,           129 00:06:11,871 --> 00:06:13,473   and, quite suddenly.           130 00:06:14,474 --> 00:06:16,342  Narrator: After                    this one-day visit,           131 00:06:16,342 --> 00:06:18,578  and after the Europeans            had returned home,            132 00:06:18,578 --> 00:06:21,280 Rapa Nui was known to the world. 133 00:06:21,280 --> 00:06:24,183    But even so, it was              more than 50 years            134 00:06:24,183 --> 00:06:26,386  before the next outsider came.  135 00:06:26,386 --> 00:06:30,556 In 1774, Captain                  James Cook made a stop,         136 00:06:30,556 --> 00:06:33,526  and noted then that many of the moai previously described        137 00:06:33,526 --> 00:06:35,828  by the Dutch were now toppled,  138 00:06:35,828 --> 00:06:38,331   a possible indicator              of social decline,            139 00:06:38,331 --> 00:06:40,733    after just half a century.    140 00:06:41,734 --> 00:06:44,370  Adam Bunch: One popular theory    that has often been repeated   141 00:06:44,370 --> 00:06:46,906    points to evidence               suggesting the idea           142 00:06:46,906 --> 00:06:50,543  that the island suffered severe environmental degradation        143 00:06:50,543 --> 00:06:52,979   caused by the humans           who lived there,                 144 00:06:52,979 --> 00:06:55,481    that it caused the               collapse of their society,    145 00:06:55,481 --> 00:06:58,384   that it was a case of             what's been called ecocide.   146 00:07:02,422 --> 00:07:04,257    Alison Leonard: Forests of     Jubaea Palm had existed         147 00:07:04,257 --> 00:07:07,126 on Rapa Nui for more than          35,000 years,                  148 00:07:07,126 --> 00:07:10,263   but studies of sediment cores  show a dramatic decrease         149 00:07:10,263 --> 00:07:13,499  in pollen from 1200 to 1500 CE. 150 00:07:14,467 --> 00:07:16,636    A drop in pollen indicates       a precipitous drop            151 00:07:16,636 --> 00:07:18,504 in the number of                 trees themselves.                152 00:07:18,504 --> 00:07:21,140   It means the island underwent  significant deforestation        153 00:07:21,140 --> 00:07:22,508 in just three centuries,         154 00:07:22,508 --> 00:07:24,977 beginning soon after the arrival  of the Rapa Nui people.         155 00:07:26,279 --> 00:07:28,948  James Ellis: The Rapa Nui used     wood from the Jubaea Palms    156 00:07:28,948 --> 00:07:30,983   to build their homes,            and possibly,                  157 00:07:30,983 --> 00:07:33,619 to help move the hundreds         of moai statues                 158 00:07:33,619 --> 00:07:35,822   into their positions           about the island.                159 00:07:36,722 --> 00:07:39,358 However, overuse of those         forests would have made         160 00:07:39,358 --> 00:07:42,028    a drastic change to             the island's ecology.          161 00:07:42,028 --> 00:07:45,198   Removal of trees is a            removal of protection          162 00:07:45,198 --> 00:07:47,166   against wind erosion             of the soil.                   163 00:07:47,166 --> 00:07:49,702   And soil loss would have been     highly detrimental            164 00:07:49,702 --> 00:07:51,771    the Rapa Nuis' agriculture,   165 00:07:51,771 --> 00:07:54,073   which was so crucial              to their survival.            166 00:07:55,741 --> 00:07:57,844    Narrator: Some researchers       see a link between            167 00:07:57,844 --> 00:08:00,179    the degradation of            the island's environment         168 00:08:00,179 --> 00:08:03,483    and the ultimate breakdown     of society on Rapa Nui.         169 00:08:04,617 --> 00:08:06,486  Anthea Nardi: Sometime           during the 16th century         170 00:08:06,486 --> 00:08:09,722  it appears the Rapa Nui          just stopped producing          171 00:08:09,722 --> 00:08:12,425 and erecting moai                  around their island.           172 00:08:12,425 --> 00:08:14,794    In the Rano Raraku quarry,    173 00:08:14,794 --> 00:08:19,632  dozens of unfinished moai seem   to have been simply abandoned.  174 00:08:19,632 --> 00:08:22,902 It's been suggested that runaway    deforestation of the island   175 00:08:22,902 --> 00:08:26,639   at that time could have been     responsible for that.          176 00:08:26,639 --> 00:08:29,575  If they were using logs            to roll the moai on           177 00:08:29,575 --> 00:08:31,210 and there were none left,        178 00:08:31,210 --> 00:08:34,347   there would be no way             to move them into position.   179 00:08:34,347 --> 00:08:36,215    So maybe that's why           the work stopped.                180 00:08:37,917 --> 00:08:40,319    Adam Bunch: Ecocide theory      assumes though, that           181 00:08:40,319 --> 00:08:44,557   the Rapa Nui weren't able to   adapt to their island's ecology. 182 00:08:44,557 --> 00:08:47,260 Its limitations,                  its changes over time,          183 00:08:47,260 --> 00:08:49,629  but there's plenty of evidence   that they were actually         184 00:08:49,629 --> 00:08:51,597  very adaptable people.          185 00:08:52,865 --> 00:08:55,101   Alison Leonard: To counteract    soil loss from wind erosion,   186 00:08:55,101 --> 00:08:57,837    potentially a big problem,       on a fairly barren island,    187 00:08:57,837 --> 00:09:01,007   the Rapa Nui placed "Manavai"   stone "planting rings",         188 00:09:01,007 --> 00:09:02,241    around their crops.           189 00:09:02,241 --> 00:09:05,211   It was part of a whole system    we now call "lithic mulching"  190 00:09:05,211 --> 00:09:06,312  that they'd developed.          191 00:09:06,312 --> 00:09:08,047 This was a way to                raise crops successfully         192 00:09:08,047 --> 00:09:09,916    and sustainably in               their environment.            193 00:09:11,017 --> 00:09:13,252  James Ellis: As for overtaxing     their small island,           194 00:09:13,252 --> 00:09:17,189 modern data seems to show         that by around 1350 CE,         195 00:09:17,189 --> 00:09:19,025  during the civilization's peak, 196 00:09:19,025 --> 00:09:22,995 their population leveled            out at around 3,000 people.   197 00:09:22,995 --> 00:09:26,666 All these recent findings         seem to refute the idea         198 00:09:26,666 --> 00:09:29,101 that the Rapa Nui                  committed "ecocide."           199 00:09:36,108 --> 00:09:38,210   Narrator: It may not            be as simple, however,          200 00:09:38,210 --> 00:09:40,947 as the sustainable growth        and harvesting of crops.         201 00:09:40,947 --> 00:09:43,883  Because when the first             settlers came to Rapa Nui,    202 00:09:43,883 --> 00:09:47,119    bulbs and seeds weren't all    they brought with them.         203 00:09:47,553 --> 00:09:49,388   Anthea Nardi: The Polynesian      settlers were aware           204 00:09:49,388 --> 00:09:51,657 they would need a steady         supply of protein                205 00:09:51,657 --> 00:09:53,559 on their new island home,        206 00:09:53,559 --> 00:09:56,596   to ensure their best             chances of survival.           207 00:09:56,596 --> 00:10:00,967   To that end, they brought an   invasive species as food.        208 00:10:00,967 --> 00:10:02,101   Rats.                          209 00:10:02,802 --> 00:10:05,137  Adam Bunch: Polynesian            rat, or Pacific rat,           210 00:10:05,137 --> 00:10:08,708 is very resilient                  and very competitive.          211 00:10:08,708 --> 00:10:11,744   And they can give birth to a     new litter every few months.   212 00:10:11,744 --> 00:10:15,147  The initial population of rats    brought over by the settlers   213 00:10:15,147 --> 00:10:18,317  exploded into a peak population of something like                214 00:10:18,317 --> 00:10:20,553    two or three million rats,    215 00:10:20,553 --> 00:10:23,889   maybe as many                   as 75 of them per acre.         216 00:10:23,889 --> 00:10:27,293    So they became the             main source of protein          217 00:10:27,293 --> 00:10:28,794 for the residents of the island. 218 00:10:30,763 --> 00:10:33,199 Alison Leonard: The only          thing is, the rats loved to eat 219 00:10:33,199 --> 00:10:35,735  the seeds and saplings             of the Jubaea palm.           220 00:10:35,735 --> 00:10:38,070   Many ancient seeds have been     dug up on the island           221 00:10:38,070 --> 00:10:40,306  that bear the telltale            marks of rats' teeth.          222 00:10:40,306 --> 00:10:42,942   The voracious rats could very    well have accelerated          223 00:10:42,942 --> 00:10:44,243 the deforestation of the island, 224 00:10:44,243 --> 00:10:46,846  by destroying countless numbers  of seeds and saplings.          225 00:10:48,781 --> 00:10:50,616   James Ellis: But the fact is,     there's no evidence           226 00:10:50,616 --> 00:10:54,086 of a complete ecological           collapse on Rapa Nui.          227 00:10:54,086 --> 00:10:56,722    The forests did not             disappear completely,          228 00:10:56,722 --> 00:10:59,225    the people were successful     in growing their crops,         229 00:10:59,225 --> 00:11:02,128   and they continued to get the     dietary protein they needed   230 00:11:02,128 --> 00:11:04,764   from fishing, as well          as from rat meat.                231 00:11:09,535 --> 00:11:12,738   Narrator: It's recently been    suggested that one single day,  232 00:11:12,738 --> 00:11:15,341 over three centuries ago,        planted the seed                 233 00:11:15,341 --> 00:11:19,779    of what ultimately all but      obliterated Rapa Nui culture.  234 00:11:21,747 --> 00:11:23,683   Anthea Nardi: After the Dutch    sailors' brief visit           235 00:11:23,683 --> 00:11:25,651  to the island in 1722,          236 00:11:25,651 --> 00:11:28,220  they had little                   interest in Rapa Nui,          237 00:11:28,220 --> 00:11:30,656    but they did tell the world   about the island,                238 00:11:30,656 --> 00:11:32,725  and its people,                  that were living there.         239 00:11:32,725 --> 00:11:35,661  This was the start of a            slow-motion tragedy           240 00:11:35,661 --> 00:11:37,730    that started to accelerate.   241 00:11:38,864 --> 00:11:42,935  Adam Bunch: In 1862, enslavers    from Peru came to the island   242 00:11:42,935 --> 00:11:46,372   and kidnapped                   more than 1,400 people,         243 00:11:46,372 --> 00:11:47,940   half the population,           244 00:11:47,940 --> 00:11:50,543  including one of their            kings or high chiefs,          245 00:11:50,543 --> 00:11:52,244    and the priests and scribes   246 00:11:52,244 --> 00:11:55,147  who knew their writing system,    Rongo Rongo,                   247 00:11:55,147 --> 00:11:58,217   but to quite possibly be the   only known writing system        248 00:11:58,217 --> 00:11:59,852 of its kind in the world.        249 00:11:59,852 --> 00:12:01,654 Alison Leonard: There was           international condemnation    250 00:12:01,654 --> 00:12:03,289  of this abduction into slavery, 251 00:12:03,289 --> 00:12:05,858 which resulted in a small number  of the kidnapped locals         252 00:12:05,858 --> 00:12:07,626    being brought back             to the island.                  253 00:12:07,626 --> 00:12:09,962  But tragically,                  that made things worse.         254 00:12:09,962 --> 00:12:12,431   By then they had been           infected with smallpox,         255 00:12:12,431 --> 00:12:15,668  and the disease spread through  the island's population,         256 00:12:15,668 --> 00:12:16,802    many of them died.            257 00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:20,773   Narrator: In 1866, a Catholic   mission was established         258 00:12:20,773 --> 00:12:22,975 on the island, to convert           the small remaining           259 00:12:22,975 --> 00:12:25,845  Rapa Nui population to            Christianity.                  260 00:12:25,845 --> 00:12:30,783 By 1877, only 111                   Rapa Nui remained,            261 00:12:30,783 --> 00:12:34,053    none of whom could read or       write Rongo-Rongo anymore.    262 00:12:35,888 --> 00:12:38,624   James Ellis: Ultimately, the     island was annexed by Chile,   263 00:12:38,624 --> 00:12:40,993   which then granted a            sheep ranching company          264 00:12:40,993 --> 00:12:43,629  a 50-year lease                   of the whole island!           265 00:12:43,629 --> 00:12:46,298   70,000 sheep roamed Rapa Nui,  266 00:12:46,298 --> 00:12:48,934    and did significant              ecological damage.            267 00:12:50,770 --> 00:12:54,707  Adam Bunch: That lease             wasn't canceled until 1953,   268 00:12:54,707 --> 00:12:57,076 and it would be more than          a decade beyond that,          269 00:12:57,076 --> 00:12:59,745   before the Rapa Nui, who are    still very much there,          270 00:12:59,745 --> 00:13:02,715 were given formal                  Chilean citizenship,           271 00:13:02,715 --> 00:13:04,583    by which point, of course,    272 00:13:04,583 --> 00:13:06,385    there had been generations    273 00:13:06,385 --> 00:13:08,254   worth of damage already done.  274 00:13:09,922 --> 00:13:13,325    Narrator: In 2024, a human     genome study determined         275 00:13:13,325 --> 00:13:16,796   that prior to the arrival of   Europeans on the island,         276 00:13:16,796 --> 00:13:20,032 the local population had         been stable and healthy,         277 00:13:20,032 --> 00:13:22,134   there had been no collapse in   their numbers,                  278 00:13:22,134 --> 00:13:24,470    disproving once and              for all the theory            279 00:13:24,470 --> 00:13:27,973   that the Rapa Nui people had     perpetrated "ecocide"          280 00:13:27,973 --> 00:13:29,475   upon their own land.           281 00:13:30,242 --> 00:13:31,377  Alison Leonard:                    The more research is done,    282 00:13:31,377 --> 00:13:33,179   the more it becomes apparent   that the Rapa Nui                283 00:13:33,179 --> 00:13:35,047  were a highly adaptive society. 284 00:13:35,047 --> 00:13:37,049 Their agriculture                 was successful,                 285 00:13:37,049 --> 00:13:39,185    and sustained them             reliably for centuries.         286 00:13:39,185 --> 00:13:41,954  They evolved their own writing     system, their own beliefs,    287 00:13:41,954 --> 00:13:44,023   and created hundreds             of striking monuments          288 00:13:44,023 --> 00:13:46,826   that continue to bewilder and  inspire people around the world. 289 00:13:48,027 --> 00:13:50,262 James Ellis: No one alive          can read Rongo-Rongo,          290 00:13:50,262 --> 00:13:52,965 despite ongoing attempts           to decode it.                  291 00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:56,335 At one time, Rongo-Rongo          tablets were collectors' items, 292 00:13:56,335 --> 00:13:59,138 of the 25 tablets                 known to have survived,         293 00:13:59,138 --> 00:14:01,440   none of them are on Rapa Nui.  294 00:14:02,241 --> 00:14:05,411  Narrator: Roughly 9,000 people  inhabit the island today,        295 00:14:05,411 --> 00:14:08,848  with around 45% of the           population identifying          296 00:14:08,848 --> 00:14:12,251 as Rapa Nui, and a small           scattering of Rapa Nui people  297 00:14:12,251 --> 00:14:16,188   live in mainland Chile and on    the island of Tahiti.          298 00:14:16,188 --> 00:14:19,658 Many of those who remain on Rapa    Nui are working to preserve   299 00:14:19,658 --> 00:14:23,863    and nurture what remains of   their lost language and culture. 300 00:14:25,464 --> 00:14:35,574    ♪♪                            301 00:14:35,574 --> 00:14:38,811   Narrator: He was a ruler who    brought empires to their knees, 302 00:14:39,478 --> 00:14:42,848    known to his enemies as the   "Scourge of God."                303 00:14:42,848 --> 00:14:45,851  Attila the Hun,                  master of a vast realm          304 00:14:45,851 --> 00:14:47,586    that extended from            the grassy lands                 305 00:14:47,586 --> 00:14:50,923    of the Central Asian steppe   to the borders of France,        306 00:14:50,923 --> 00:14:54,293 remains one of history's         most intriguing figures.         307 00:14:56,595 --> 00:14:59,531   James Ellis: Attila the Hun's    name is synonymous with fear,  308 00:14:59,531 --> 00:15:02,568  by the mid-5th century,          his power was colossal.         309 00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:06,272 He united diverse tribes            into a single war machine,    310 00:15:06,272 --> 00:15:08,874    and orchestrated alliances       through politically           311 00:15:08,874 --> 00:15:10,342   motivated marriages.           312 00:15:11,443 --> 00:15:14,313    Amma Agbedor: Attila stands   unrivaled as the greatest        313 00:15:14,313 --> 00:15:17,650   barbarian warrior of              the ancient world.            314 00:15:17,650 --> 00:15:21,086    While expanding the Hunnic     Empire through brutal conquest, 315 00:15:21,086 --> 00:15:24,123  he drained the Eastern           Roman Empire's coffers          316 00:15:24,123 --> 00:15:28,727 with exorbitant demands for gold under the guise of peace,        317 00:15:28,727 --> 00:15:31,030 only to shatter treaties         318 00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:33,299    whenever it suited             his ambitions.                  319 00:15:37,236 --> 00:15:42,474  Adam Bunch: Attila's reign came  to an unexpected end in 453 CE. 320 00:15:42,474 --> 00:15:44,944  He suddenly died during            his wedding feast,            321 00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:48,447   having just married a Gothic    princess named Ildiko.          322 00:15:49,315 --> 00:15:52,685   His death shocked his          allies and enemies alike,        323 00:15:52,685 --> 00:15:56,322 and centuries later, it's           still shrouded in mystery.    324 00:15:56,322 --> 00:16:01,260   Historical accounts tell us a   story of a spectacular funeral. 325 00:16:02,227 --> 00:16:06,031   That Attila was laid to rest   in three layered coffins,        326 00:16:06,031 --> 00:16:09,969  one gold, one silver, one iron,  and that he was buried          327 00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:12,972   with so much treasure          that a river was diverted        328 00:16:12,972 --> 00:16:15,240  to hide his final resting place 329 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:18,243  and the workers killed,            to keep the secret.           330 00:16:21,180 --> 00:16:22,414  Alison Leonard: Despite            questions over the story's    331 00:16:22,414 --> 00:16:25,351  accuracy, these details            remain our strongest clues    332 00:16:25,351 --> 00:16:28,354 to the extraordinary precautions  taken to guard Attila's grave,  333 00:16:28,354 --> 00:16:30,656    and his final resting place     has eluded discovery           334 00:16:30,656 --> 00:16:32,491    for more than 1,500 years.    335 00:16:33,826 --> 00:16:35,427    So where is                    Attila the Hun buried?          336 00:16:37,062 --> 00:16:39,865 Narrator: Attila the Hun            built a formidable empire,    337 00:16:39,865 --> 00:16:42,401    rising to great power from    a childhood spent                338 00:16:42,401 --> 00:16:45,437   with the nomadic warriors of     the Eurasian steppe.           339 00:16:48,841 --> 00:16:50,309   James Ellis:                     Attila's youth was molded by   340 00:16:50,309 --> 00:16:52,444  his tribe's warrior lifestyle.  341 00:16:52,444 --> 00:16:55,547   His father, Mundzuk,              was a notable Hunnic King.    342 00:16:55,547 --> 00:16:59,485 In 433 AD, Attila                  and his brother Bleda          343 00:16:59,485 --> 00:17:02,621   jointly inherited power from   their uncle, King Rugila.        344 00:17:02,621 --> 00:17:06,658  Attila soon showed an aptitude   for strategic alliances         345 00:17:06,658 --> 00:17:08,260  and ruthless diplomacy.         346 00:17:10,229 --> 00:17:13,198  Amma Agbedor: Attila unleashed  devastating cavalry raids        347 00:17:13,198 --> 00:17:16,969   that ravaged the countryside      and he crushed any emperor    348 00:17:16,969 --> 00:17:19,004   who dared oppose him.          349 00:17:19,004 --> 00:17:22,041    Some accounts claim             he commanded an army           350 00:17:22,041 --> 00:17:24,610 of hundreds of thousands strong. 351 00:17:27,012 --> 00:17:29,014   Narrator: In 439 CE,           352 00:17:29,014 --> 00:17:31,350 the Roman Empire                    and Attila the Hun            353 00:17:31,350 --> 00:17:34,720   signed the Treaty of Magnus,     which promised peace           354 00:17:34,720 --> 00:17:39,058    and 700 pounds of gold paid     to the Huns annually.          355 00:17:39,058 --> 00:17:42,094  But the fragile                 agreement wouldn't last.         356 00:17:44,663 --> 00:17:46,732 Amma Agbedor: By 453 CE,         357 00:17:46,732 --> 00:17:49,068 he was mobilizing                 for yet another                 358 00:17:49,068 --> 00:17:51,103   large-scale campaign,          359 00:17:51,103 --> 00:17:53,806    this time targeting            Emperor Marcian                 360 00:17:53,806 --> 00:17:56,175   and the Eastern Roman Empire.  361 00:17:56,175 --> 00:17:58,877 Marcian's refusal                 to honor the subsidies          362 00:17:58,877 --> 00:18:03,048   that were established by his      predecessor, Theodosius II,   363 00:18:03,048 --> 00:18:05,617   had provoked Attila's wrath.   364 00:18:07,252 --> 00:18:09,555    Adam Bunch: That same year,      Attila's ambitions            365 00:18:09,555 --> 00:18:13,625   came to an abrupt end when he  died on his wedding day.         366 00:18:13,625 --> 00:18:16,595  Some historical accounts say he   was drinking heavily           367 00:18:16,595 --> 00:18:20,132   that night and was then found    dead in bed the next morning,  368 00:18:20,132 --> 00:18:23,535   covered in blood, but             without any wounds.           369 00:18:23,535 --> 00:18:27,072   Details that helped fuel one     of history's great mysteries.  370 00:18:28,373 --> 00:18:30,676    Narrator: In the aftermath       of Attila's death,            371 00:18:30,676 --> 00:18:33,378   chaos threatened the             unity of his empire.           372 00:18:33,378 --> 00:18:35,514 Decisions had to                 be made swiftly,                 373 00:18:35,514 --> 00:18:38,484  and his burial may have           reflected the urgency          374 00:18:38,484 --> 00:18:41,153    and political significance     of the moment.                  375 00:18:42,254 --> 00:18:43,555   Alison Leonard: Some believe    that Attila fell victim         376 00:18:43,555 --> 00:18:45,691  to murder at the hands          of his new bride,                377 00:18:45,691 --> 00:18:48,727   who may have sought vengeance  for her oppressed Gothic people, 378 00:18:48,727 --> 00:18:51,296  and there may have been          a hasty, on-site burial         379 00:18:51,296 --> 00:18:53,732    to destroy any evidence of      poison or foul play.           380 00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:57,369   James Ellis: Others point the     finger at Emperor Marcian,    381 00:18:57,369 --> 00:19:00,906    who boldly refused Attila's      demands for tribute           382 00:19:00,906 --> 00:19:03,542   and broke all                  agreements with the Huns.        383 00:19:03,542 --> 00:19:06,979   Roman strategies often relied  on covert tactics                384 00:19:06,979 --> 00:19:09,248 like poisoning and manipulation, 385 00:19:09,248 --> 00:19:12,417   and Marcian's actions           reflected his defiance.         386 00:19:13,051 --> 00:19:17,055 Amma Agbedor: By arranging or at least enabling Ildico's position 387 00:19:17,055 --> 00:19:19,358  as Attila's final wife,         388 00:19:19,358 --> 00:19:23,395    she may have been a pawn in    a broader Roman scheme          389 00:19:23,395 --> 00:19:26,698   to destabilize Hunnic             power from within.            390 00:19:28,734 --> 00:19:30,169  Alison Leonard:                    But it's just as plausible    391 00:19:30,169 --> 00:19:32,337    that Attila's death was the   result of natural causes,        392 00:19:32,337 --> 00:19:34,006  perhaps a ruptured blood vessel 393 00:19:34,006 --> 00:19:36,842    or an esophageal hemorrhage      worsened by heavy drinking.   394 00:19:37,609 --> 00:19:39,645   No surviving evidence           definitively implicates         395 00:19:39,645 --> 00:19:42,648  Ildico or Roman agents,            and this theory does little   396 00:19:42,648 --> 00:19:44,783 to illuminate the mystery           of his final resting place.   397 00:19:46,451 --> 00:19:49,054  Narrator: Some suspect          Attila's sudden interment        398 00:19:49,054 --> 00:19:51,723    concealed more than             mere cause of death.           399 00:19:51,723 --> 00:19:54,426  Instead, it laid the foundation   for one of history's           400 00:19:54,426 --> 00:19:57,129  most elaborate burial legends.  401 00:19:58,330 --> 00:19:59,765    James Ellis: Attila            might have been hidden          402 00:19:59,765 --> 00:20:02,534    beneath the rushing waters       of the Tisza River.           403 00:20:02,534 --> 00:20:06,538  One historical account          describes a vivid funeral scene. 404 00:20:06,538 --> 00:20:09,341 Horsemen circling                Attila's tent in sorrow,         405 00:20:09,341 --> 00:20:11,743 mourners reciting funeral songs, 406 00:20:11,743 --> 00:20:13,579   and grief so profound          407 00:20:13,579 --> 00:20:16,615  they gashed their faces            and cut their hair.           408 00:20:18,917 --> 00:20:21,520  Adam Bunch: Historians suggest   the Huns would have had         409 00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,223   the knowledge they needed to   divert the Tisza,                410 00:20:24,223 --> 00:20:27,059 since they'd had contact           with Roman engineers.          411 00:20:27,693 --> 00:20:30,829 And if Attila really does         rest beneath the river,         412 00:20:30,829 --> 00:20:34,266   his burial must have been as    grand and intimidating          413 00:20:34,266 --> 00:20:35,701    as he was in life.            414 00:20:37,502 --> 00:20:39,238 Narrator: Winding through         Eastern Europe                  415 00:20:39,238 --> 00:20:42,874    for over 600 miles,             the Tisza River flows          416 00:20:42,874 --> 00:20:44,343   from the Carpathian Mountains  417 00:20:44,343 --> 00:20:46,945  onto the Great Hungarian Plain, 418 00:20:46,945 --> 00:20:48,780   the cradle of Attila's empire  419 00:20:48,780 --> 00:20:51,450  and the cultural heart            of the Hunnic world.           420 00:20:52,684 --> 00:20:53,018 Alison Leonard: This was         more than a geographical         421 00:20:53,018 --> 00:20:54,219 Alison Leonard: This was         more than a geographical         422 00:20:54,219 --> 00:20:57,489   convenience, it was a             spiritually potent choice.    423 00:20:57,489 --> 00:21:00,692   Burying Attila in the Tisza,      the lifeblood of his realm,   424 00:21:00,692 --> 00:21:02,928 would protect his                remains from desecration         425 00:21:02,928 --> 00:21:05,664    and immortalize him within      the very land he once ruled.   426 00:21:06,798 --> 00:21:09,334    James Ellis: Archaeological   surveys along riverbanks         427 00:21:09,334 --> 00:21:12,170  reinforce the cultural          significance of waterways        428 00:21:12,170 --> 00:21:14,573   in steppe funerary practices.  429 00:21:14,573 --> 00:21:18,076  High-status Hunnic graves have   been unearthed close to rivers, 430 00:21:18,076 --> 00:21:20,746 often laden with                 ceremonial items.                431 00:21:20,746 --> 00:21:23,448  While these discoveries           are exciting,                  432 00:21:23,448 --> 00:21:27,519   no trace of Attila's riverbed   tomb has ever been discovered.  433 00:21:31,523 --> 00:21:34,159   Narrator: Across the              steppes of Central Europe,    434 00:21:34,159 --> 00:21:38,697  ancient mounds stand as silent     remnants of a nomadic past,   435 00:21:38,697 --> 00:21:42,501  which some believe hold the key to unraveling the mystery        436 00:21:42,501 --> 00:21:44,836  of Attila's final resting place 437 00:21:46,738 --> 00:21:49,341 Adam Bunch: The steppe of        central Europe is dotted         438 00:21:49,341 --> 00:21:52,344    with ancient burial mounds     called kurgans,                 439 00:21:52,344 --> 00:21:54,813    which were created               by nomadic peoples.           440 00:21:54,813 --> 00:21:56,148  And some people suspect         441 00:21:56,148 --> 00:21:58,317    Attila's tomb could            be one of them,                 442 00:21:58,317 --> 00:22:01,787 lost out there somewhere           on the great Hungarian plain.  443 00:22:03,822 --> 00:22:05,557  Alison Leonard: Steppe cultures    often placed their greatest   444 00:22:05,557 --> 00:22:07,726    leaders in lavishly           appointed mounds,                445 00:22:07,726 --> 00:22:10,295    sometimes with gold           masks, precious weapons,         446 00:22:10,295 --> 00:22:11,997 and tokens of authority.         447 00:22:14,766 --> 00:22:18,236    Narrator: In 2023,            a "princely" Hunnic tomb         448 00:22:18,236 --> 00:22:20,405  unearthed near Mizil, Romania,  449 00:22:20,405 --> 00:22:22,607  revealed over a                    hundred artifacts,            450 00:22:22,607 --> 00:22:25,644    including a gilded             saddle, ornate weapons,         451 00:22:25,644 --> 00:22:27,779   and fragments of a gold mask.  452 00:22:28,980 --> 00:22:31,350   Adam Bunch: Even though that    tomb doesn't belong to Attila,  453 00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:33,685 it gives us a tantalizing           glimpse of                    454 00:22:33,685 --> 00:22:36,855   what his final resting place    might have looked like.         455 00:22:36,855 --> 00:22:40,258  And it fuels hope that            the legendary warlord          456 00:22:40,258 --> 00:22:44,830  could still be found somewhere  in an even grander burial mound. 457 00:22:46,064 --> 00:22:47,799    Alison Leonard: If Attila's   coffin lies in a kurgan,         458 00:22:47,799 --> 00:22:49,901 it could have been robbed         centuries ago,                  459 00:22:49,901 --> 00:22:51,370    or it may still lie intact,   460 00:22:51,370 --> 00:22:53,672   protected by                    both secrecy and time.          461 00:22:53,672 --> 00:22:56,241   Discovering it would            revolutionize our understanding 462 00:22:56,241 --> 00:22:58,610   of Attila's empire and allow   us to strip away                 463 00:22:58,610 --> 00:23:01,546 some of the legend that has long   overshadowed the man himself.  464 00:23:02,848 --> 00:23:04,916 Narrator:                          Attila the Hun's tomb is more  465 00:23:04,916 --> 00:23:06,618 than a physical location,        466 00:23:06,618 --> 00:23:09,888    it represents the power and     legend of a vanished empire,   467 00:23:09,888 --> 00:23:12,958  a monument to a leader           whose shadow stretched          468 00:23:12,958 --> 00:23:15,494 across continents and centuries. 469 00:23:16,495 --> 00:23:18,530    James Ellis: Attila              reshaped Europe's destiny,    470 00:23:18,530 --> 00:23:21,066    forging alliances,               demanding tributes,           471 00:23:21,066 --> 00:23:23,769 and sowing terror                wherever he went.                472 00:23:23,769 --> 00:23:26,471  His military might and             strategic marriages           473 00:23:26,471 --> 00:23:30,642 left deep imprints on the         Roman world and its neighbors.  474 00:23:30,642 --> 00:23:32,677 Amma Agbedor: Discoveries        like the "princely" tomb         475 00:23:32,677 --> 00:23:35,847 near Mizil suggest we are         only beginning to grasp         476 00:23:35,847 --> 00:23:40,152  the complexity and grandeur of  Hunnic burial practices.         477 00:23:41,052 --> 00:23:45,457    But they also highlight how   time and myth can obscure        478 00:23:45,457 --> 00:23:47,926  definitive truths and evidence. 479 00:23:51,630 --> 00:23:54,566    Narrator: Attila the Hun's    life shaped a pivotal era        480 00:23:54,566 --> 00:23:58,570 of alliances, conflicts,          and collapsing empires.         481 00:23:58,570 --> 00:24:02,507    His legend endures because    the man, and the mystery,        482 00:24:02,507 --> 00:24:04,609  refuse to be forgotten.         483 00:24:04,609 --> 00:24:07,145    ♪♪                            484 00:24:08,346 --> 00:24:17,722    ♪♪                            485 00:24:17,722 --> 00:24:19,724 Narrator:                         The Great Library of Alexandria 486 00:24:19,724 --> 00:24:22,594   was once a beacon of learning    in the ancient world,          487 00:24:22,594 --> 00:24:24,329   reputed to hold tens           488 00:24:24,329 --> 00:24:26,731   or even hundreds of thousands     of scrolls.                   489 00:24:26,731 --> 00:24:29,468    It attracted philosophers,     mathematicians,                 490 00:24:29,468 --> 00:24:31,937   and poets from across          the Mediterranean                491 00:24:31,937 --> 00:24:33,438    to Egypt's capital.           492 00:24:35,207 --> 00:24:38,477 Anthea Nardi: Most people          imagine one massive building,  493 00:24:38,477 --> 00:24:41,780  but the Library was more likely    a network of halls            494 00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:44,483    and gardens housed               within the Museum,            495 00:24:44,483 --> 00:24:47,052 an institution dedicated           to the Muses.                  496 00:24:48,053 --> 00:24:50,222  Under Ptolemy I and II,         497 00:24:50,222 --> 00:24:53,725    officials collected            manuscripts from incoming ships 498 00:24:53,725 --> 00:24:56,695    and purchased rare scrolls       from distant lands.           499 00:24:56,695 --> 00:25:00,031   Before long, this enterprise     grew into the largest          500 00:25:00,031 --> 00:25:03,101    collection of knowledge in       the ancient Mediterranean.    501 00:25:03,935 --> 00:25:05,570   Amma Agbedor:                   Beyond Greek classics,          502 00:25:05,570 --> 00:25:09,674  the Library preserved Egyptian   records, Persian texts,         503 00:25:09,674 --> 00:25:11,409  and Hebrew scriptures,          504 00:25:11,409 --> 00:25:14,880    including the famed            Septuagint translation.         505 00:25:15,514 --> 00:25:17,482  Papyrus scrolls                    covered everything            506 00:25:17,482 --> 00:25:19,518    from Aristotle's philosophy   507 00:25:19,518 --> 00:25:22,087  to newly rendered mythologies.  508 00:25:22,954 --> 00:25:25,857    Estimates of the Library's       total holdings span           509 00:25:25,857 --> 00:25:30,629  from 40,000 to 700,000 scrolls, 510 00:25:30,629 --> 00:25:33,565  accounting for multiple         branch libraries,                511 00:25:33,565 --> 00:25:36,735   such as the Serapeum, spread     throughout the city.           512 00:25:38,069 --> 00:25:40,405    Adam Bunch: It's one of the   most fabled institutions         513 00:25:40,405 --> 00:25:42,440   of the ancient world,          514 00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:44,276 but archeologists                  have never been able to find   515 00:25:44,276 --> 00:25:47,045  any definitive                    physical trace of it.          516 00:25:47,045 --> 00:25:49,614  And the accounts of its         disappearance are tangled        517 00:25:49,614 --> 00:25:51,216    in contradictions.            518 00:25:51,216 --> 00:25:53,919  So how did the greatest          collection of knowledge         519 00:25:53,919 --> 00:25:56,688   and all of antiquity             just vanish?                   520 00:25:58,223 --> 00:26:01,560 Narrator: Under the early           Ptolemies, around 300 BCE,    521 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:04,863    Alexandria became a vibrant   melting pot of cultures.         522 00:26:04,863 --> 00:26:07,766   Scholars from Greece,           Egypt, Persia,                  523 00:26:07,766 --> 00:26:09,768    and beyond converged here,    524 00:26:09,768 --> 00:26:12,537  driving advances in astronomy,  525 00:26:12,537 --> 00:26:14,940   mathematics, and philosophy.   526 00:26:15,740 --> 00:26:18,510   Anthea Nardi: The Library of    Alexandria was the crown jewel  527 00:26:18,510 --> 00:26:21,680  of the ancient world's           intellectual landscape,         528 00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:24,149   a groundbreaking institution     that inspired                  529 00:26:24,149 --> 00:26:26,985    the very concept of            the modern university.          530 00:26:28,954 --> 00:26:30,322   James Ellis:                     It was originally envisioned   531 00:26:30,322 --> 00:26:33,758    by Alexander the Great as a      cultural and literary hub,    532 00:26:33,758 --> 00:26:36,227  but his untimely death           ultimately left                 533 00:26:36,227 --> 00:26:38,163  the project unfinished.         534 00:26:39,264 --> 00:26:43,168 His successor, Ptolemy I,          carried forward this vision,   535 00:26:43,168 --> 00:26:45,070  founding the Ptolemaic dynasty  536 00:26:45,070 --> 00:26:48,273  and ensuring the Library became a beacon of scholarship.         537 00:26:48,773 --> 00:26:51,710    Amma Agbedor: It began with     Demetrius of Phalerum          538 00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:56,615  an exiled Athenian who            urged Ptolemy Soter I          539 00:26:56,615 --> 00:26:59,651  to build a "universal library". 540 00:27:01,086 --> 00:27:04,656 By acquiring manuscripts           from around the known world,   541 00:27:04,656 --> 00:27:06,591    Alexandria aimed to gather    542 00:27:06,591 --> 00:27:09,594  every significant work             of the era.                   543 00:27:10,762 --> 00:27:13,031    Adam Bunch:                   As the library expanded,         544 00:27:13,031 --> 00:27:16,334  every single ship that            docked in Alexandria           545 00:27:16,334 --> 00:27:19,938  was searched for books so that    any written material           546 00:27:19,938 --> 00:27:22,040  could be taken away and copied, 547 00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:24,976 with the library                   often keeping the originals.   548 00:27:26,511 --> 00:27:28,480    James Ellis: But as            Rome's influence grew,          549 00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,082   Alexandria's destiny shifted.  550 00:27:31,082 --> 00:27:35,320 Cleopatra's political alliances, Julius Caesar's arrival,         551 00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:37,756  and escalating internal unrest  552 00:27:37,756 --> 00:27:40,425  plunged the city into turmoil.  553 00:27:40,425 --> 00:27:42,627  Battles and political tensions  554 00:27:42,627 --> 00:27:44,896   reverberated through              the Royal Quarter,            555 00:27:44,896 --> 00:27:47,198   setting the stage for           the many theories about         556 00:27:47,198 --> 00:27:50,368   how the Great Library           ultimately met its end.         557 00:27:53,672 --> 00:27:56,408  Narrator: Some argue a single,    devastating incident           558 00:27:56,408 --> 00:27:58,910    doomed the library            once and for all.                559 00:28:00,045 --> 00:28:01,579   Amma Agbedor:                     One theory suggests           560 00:28:01,579 --> 00:28:05,717 the Library's destruction        began in 48 BCE,                 561 00:28:05,717 --> 00:28:09,254  during Julius Caesar's             campaign in Egypt.            562 00:28:09,254 --> 00:28:13,558   To block enemy ships during a     civil war between Cleopatra   563 00:28:13,558 --> 00:28:15,760   and her brother Ptolemy XIII,  564 00:28:15,760 --> 00:28:20,632    Caesar ordered the              Alexandrian fleet set ablaze.  565 00:28:21,833 --> 00:28:23,968   Adam Bunch: There are             stories of flames spreading   566 00:28:23,968 --> 00:28:27,105    from the ships to buildings    near the docks,                 567 00:28:27,105 --> 00:28:29,874   including warehouses           that stored manuscripts.         568 00:28:29,874 --> 00:28:31,876   Some of those ancient            sources claim                  569 00:28:31,876 --> 00:28:35,547 that tens of thousands of         scrolls were destroyed,         570 00:28:35,547 --> 00:28:37,849    or even the Library itself.   571 00:28:38,817 --> 00:28:40,351   James Ellis:                   Roman philosopher Seneca,        572 00:28:40,351 --> 00:28:42,987  writing in the 1st century CE,    recorded that                  573 00:28:42,987 --> 00:28:46,624 40,000 scrolls were lost         in Caesar's fire.                574 00:28:46,624 --> 00:28:49,461    Later authors like            Aulus Gellius and Orosius        575 00:28:49,461 --> 00:28:51,696   dramatically expanded            this figure,                   576 00:28:51,696 --> 00:28:54,933 claiming losses of up to           700,000 manuscripts.           577 00:28:56,668 --> 00:28:58,770   Amma Agbedor: Despite           these vivid narratives,         578 00:28:58,770 --> 00:29:03,141  the geographer Strabo,            while visiting around 20 BCE,  579 00:29:03,141 --> 00:29:07,412 found a still functioning          Museum in Alexandria.          580 00:29:07,412 --> 00:29:12,383  This suggests that the Library     was not entirely destroyed.   581 00:29:12,383 --> 00:29:17,922    Parts of its collection may    have survived or been rebuilt.  582 00:29:17,922 --> 00:29:21,860    While Caesar's fire            struck a painful blow,          583 00:29:21,860 --> 00:29:24,996   it likely was not the             Library's ultimate demise.    584 00:29:26,664 --> 00:29:29,000    Narrator: Turmoil continued      to rock Alexandria            585 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,237   for centuries. Civil              unrest, uprisings,            586 00:29:32,237 --> 00:29:36,975  and new military campaigns left   the city perpetually on edge.  587 00:29:36,975 --> 00:29:40,111    Some suggest another, more       devastating episode           588 00:29:40,111 --> 00:29:44,315  finally sealed the fate of any   surviving manuscripts.          589 00:29:45,450 --> 00:29:47,952  Anthea Nardi: Some assert that  Emperor Aurelian's brutal        590 00:29:47,952 --> 00:29:51,756 reconquest of Alexandria           in the 270 CE                  591 00:29:51,756 --> 00:29:54,492  delivered the Library's            fatal blow.                   592 00:29:55,527 --> 00:29:57,629   Ammianus Marcellinus recounts  593 00:29:57,629 --> 00:30:01,966  how vast sections of the city,  including the Bruchion district, 594 00:30:01,966 --> 00:30:03,501  where the Royal Quarter stood,  595 00:30:03,501 --> 00:30:07,705   were devastated, as Aurelian      fought to seize Alexandria    596 00:30:07,705 --> 00:30:10,809   from Palmyrene forces           loyal to Queen Zenobia.         597 00:30:12,210 --> 00:30:14,445  James Ellis: But interestingly, references to Alexandrian        598 00:30:14,445 --> 00:30:17,448  learning persisted well           into the 4th century.          599 00:30:17,448 --> 00:30:20,785  Emperor Domitian, for instance,   relied on Alexandrian copies   600 00:30:20,785 --> 00:30:23,955  to replenish texts lost         in a Roman library fire.         601 00:30:23,955 --> 00:30:27,392    This implies that into the    1st and 2nd centuries CE,        602 00:30:27,392 --> 00:30:30,562 enough manuscripts still           existed in Alexandria          603 00:30:30,562 --> 00:30:34,766   for Roman leaders to rely on,  perhaps at the Serapeum,         604 00:30:34,766 --> 00:30:36,734  which may have                    remained operational.          605 00:30:36,734 --> 00:30:39,137 Amma Agbedor: We have no         definitive record stating        606 00:30:39,137 --> 00:30:42,740  that the Great Library perished    at Aurelian's hand.           607 00:30:43,408 --> 00:30:46,311  Scholars like Theon and           his daughter Hypatia           608 00:30:46,311 --> 00:30:50,315   remained active in Alexandria  in the late 4th century,         609 00:30:50,315 --> 00:30:54,219 hinting that some                 scholarly tradition persisted.  610 00:30:54,219 --> 00:30:57,422   The question is whether they      worked with a true            611 00:30:57,422 --> 00:31:02,293  "Great Library" or a patchwork   of smaller collections.         612 00:31:02,293 --> 00:31:05,063  Aurelian's campaign was           significant,                   613 00:31:05,063 --> 00:31:07,332 but may not fully explain        614 00:31:07,332 --> 00:31:09,934  the Library's ultimate           disappearance.                  615 00:31:11,803 --> 00:31:13,705 Narrator:                        By the late 4th century,         616 00:31:13,705 --> 00:31:16,107 a new tide swept                    across the empire,            617 00:31:16,107 --> 00:31:19,177   challenging not just             Alexandria's temples           618 00:31:19,177 --> 00:31:23,147   but perhaps the very heart of   its scholarly heritage.         619 00:31:24,616 --> 00:31:26,718  Adam Bunch: The Library's final  chapter might have come         620 00:31:26,718 --> 00:31:31,089  during the Christian crackdown    on pagan sites in Alexandria.  621 00:31:31,089 --> 00:31:35,326 The Emperor Theodosius I          outlawed pagan warship,         622 00:31:35,326 --> 00:31:38,162    and since the Serapeum was     still an important site         623 00:31:38,162 --> 00:31:40,732  for pagans, it was demolished.  624 00:31:40,732 --> 00:31:45,036   So by the end of 391 CE, even    whatever might have been left  625 00:31:45,036 --> 00:31:48,072 in the collection of the           daughter of the Great Library  626 00:31:48,072 --> 00:31:49,841   seems to have been destroyed.  627 00:31:50,608 --> 00:31:53,177    Anthea Nardi: Contemporary      sources describe a whirlwind   628 00:31:53,177 --> 00:31:55,847   of shattered statues,             ripped-down altars,           629 00:31:55,847 --> 00:31:58,082 and plundered artifacts.         630 00:31:59,183 --> 00:32:02,620  If the Serapeum did indeed hold   significant scrolls,           631 00:32:02,620 --> 00:32:07,025   be they remnants of the Royal   Library or another collection,  632 00:32:07,025 --> 00:32:10,628   their destruction would have      erased a priceless treasury   633 00:32:10,628 --> 00:32:14,132    of astronomy, mathematics,      and pagan philosophy.          634 00:32:15,967 --> 00:32:17,702    James Ellis: But the record      is murky on whether           635 00:32:17,702 --> 00:32:22,373 "thousands of scrolls" literally   went up in flames in 391 CE.   636 00:32:22,373 --> 00:32:25,677  Surviving texts do not          explicitly detail                637 00:32:25,677 --> 00:32:28,146  a mass burning of manuscripts.  638 00:32:28,146 --> 00:32:30,748  Some could have                    been removed, sold,           639 00:32:30,748 --> 00:32:35,019   or left to decay well before      the Christian mobs arrived,   640 00:32:35,019 --> 00:32:37,789 which casts some                    doubt on the scale            641 00:32:37,789 --> 00:32:40,191   of this supposed final blow.   642 00:32:41,693 --> 00:32:43,995  Amma Agbedor: And some accounts   suggest small pockets          643 00:32:43,995 --> 00:32:48,032 of scholarship persisted            beyond the Serapeum's ruin.   644 00:32:48,032 --> 00:32:51,302 While the Christian purge          was undeniably harsh,          645 00:32:51,302 --> 00:32:54,939 it likely capped a long,          gradual decline                 646 00:32:54,939 --> 00:32:58,476  rather than delivering           a single, decisive end          647 00:32:58,476 --> 00:33:00,511    to the once-great Library.    648 00:33:01,713 --> 00:33:04,482    Narrator: The Great Library     of Alexandria's disappearance  649 00:33:04,482 --> 00:33:07,485 remains one of history's         greatest riddles.                650 00:33:07,485 --> 00:33:10,054    Conflicting theories paint    dramatic pictures                651 00:33:10,054 --> 00:33:12,991  of sudden fires                   and vicious sackings,          652 00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:16,060    but the truth might           be more complex.                 653 00:33:17,328 --> 00:33:20,264  Adam Bunch: Could be that there   wasn't any single catastrophe  654 00:33:20,264 --> 00:33:24,469  that was fully responsible for     the library's destruction.    655 00:33:24,469 --> 00:33:27,605  Caesar's fire,                   Aurelian's reconquest,          656 00:33:27,605 --> 00:33:30,241    and the Christian purge all   seemed to have delivered         657 00:33:30,241 --> 00:33:33,845   devastating blows as part of    a long history                  658 00:33:33,845 --> 00:33:36,581 of political turmoil and            religious upheaval            659 00:33:36,581 --> 00:33:39,650 that might have gradually           eroded the library,           660 00:33:39,650 --> 00:33:42,687    which would have relied on       scholarly stability           661 00:33:42,687 --> 00:33:44,789  and royal patronage to survive. 662 00:33:45,656 --> 00:33:47,925    Anthea Nardi: Papyrus, the    primary writing material,        663 00:33:47,925 --> 00:33:51,462 was fragile and required           careful maintenance.           664 00:33:51,462 --> 00:33:56,501   Even minor neglect, let alone    war, risked irreparable loss.  665 00:33:57,468 --> 00:34:01,105  The legends of a single         cataclysmic event may overshadow 666 00:34:01,105 --> 00:34:04,342    the more plausible            reality - a drawn-out unraveling 667 00:34:04,342 --> 00:34:08,246 fueled by multiple crises          and long-term decay.           668 00:34:09,313 --> 00:34:12,150  Narrator: The Great Library of    Alexandria remains an emblem   669 00:34:12,150 --> 00:34:15,319   of humanity's highest           intellectual ambitions.         670 00:34:15,319 --> 00:34:18,022    Its rise and disappearance    remind us                        671 00:34:18,022 --> 00:34:20,091    that knowledge is precious,   672 00:34:20,091 --> 00:34:23,528    and that once lost,              it is difficult to recover.   673 00:34:23,528 --> 00:34:27,999   This iconic Library's spirit     lives on in our ongoing quest  674 00:34:27,999 --> 00:34:31,769 to safeguard what we know         and continue to learn.          675 00:34:36,674 --> 00:34:46,451    ♪♪                            676 00:34:46,451 --> 00:34:48,753 Narrator: Around                 December of 1511,                677 00:34:48,753 --> 00:34:52,323 off the coast of Sumatra,           Portugal's Flor de la Mar,    678 00:34:52,323 --> 00:34:56,327  carrying some 400 souls           and 60 tons of gold,           679 00:34:56,327 --> 00:34:59,597  got caught up on a reef          during a fierce storm.          680 00:35:00,398 --> 00:35:02,900  Captain Alfonso de Albuquerque  681 00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:05,203  set off in a boat to find help  682 00:35:05,203 --> 00:35:07,238    but the crew he left behind   683 00:35:07,238 --> 00:35:08,806   never saw him again.           684 00:35:10,475 --> 00:35:12,276    Adam Bunch: But Albuquerque      wasn't just                   685 00:35:12,276 --> 00:35:15,079  the Fleur de la Mar's Captain,     he was an admiral,            686 00:35:15,079 --> 00:35:19,083 the viceroy of Portugal,         and a military commander         687 00:35:19,083 --> 00:35:21,252  nicknamed the Lion of the Seas, 688 00:35:21,252 --> 00:35:24,188  who was bent on                    maritime conquest,            689 00:35:24,188 --> 00:35:27,758    determined to control trade      throughout Southeast Asia.    690 00:35:29,293 --> 00:35:31,662  Anthea Nardi: The flotilla had  set out with four ships,         691 00:35:31,662 --> 00:35:34,599 two of which had already            sunk in the storm.            692 00:35:34,599 --> 00:35:38,603    De Albuquerque was able to    locate the remaining one         693 00:35:38,603 --> 00:35:42,340    and was rescued, but then,       rather than sailing it back   694 00:35:42,340 --> 00:35:44,509  to try save the Flor de la Mar, 695 00:35:44,509 --> 00:35:47,145 he directed it to                 carry him to Portugal.          696 00:35:52,450 --> 00:35:54,819  James Ellis: The Flor de la Mar was left helplessly stuck        697 00:35:54,819 --> 00:35:56,254    on a reef in the shallows,    698 00:35:56,254 --> 00:35:59,490    being pummeled incessantly      by the storm's waves.          699 00:35:59,490 --> 00:36:03,761  The ship, most of its crew, and   all of its cargo disappeared.  700 00:36:05,530 --> 00:36:08,299 Hundreds of years later,           the question remains,          701 00:36:08,299 --> 00:36:10,601   where is the Flor de la Mar's     vanished treasure?            702 00:36:11,536 --> 00:36:13,571   Narrator: The Flor de la Mar,     one of the largest            703 00:36:13,571 --> 00:36:15,907    and most beautiful            ships of its era,                704 00:36:15,907 --> 00:36:18,109   was born of Portugal's desire  705 00:36:18,109 --> 00:36:21,279  to acquire and control           the riches of the east.         706 00:36:21,279 --> 00:36:24,549 The Flor could carry vast        cargo and blast any ships        707 00:36:24,549 --> 00:36:26,918 that stood in its                way to splinters.                708 00:36:28,019 --> 00:36:31,989 Amma Agbedor: The Flor de la Mar   was built in Lisbon, in 1502.  709 00:36:31,989 --> 00:36:34,692   It was 118 feet long,          710 00:36:34,692 --> 00:36:37,094  111 feet tall,                  711 00:36:37,094 --> 00:36:39,130  and had a rounded hull           that displaced                  712 00:36:39,130 --> 00:36:41,465    400 tons of water.            713 00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:45,203 And it wasn't just large,        714 00:36:45,203 --> 00:36:47,171 it was powerful,                 715 00:36:47,171 --> 00:36:49,907 with three masts,                 and a variety of sails          716 00:36:49,907 --> 00:36:52,310  to catch and control the wind.  717 00:36:54,245 --> 00:36:57,215 Adam Bunch: The ship was          loaded with firepower.          718 00:36:57,215 --> 00:37:00,885   It had 50 guns, six big ones    that fired cannonballs          719 00:37:00,885 --> 00:37:03,321  as heavy as 18 pounds,          720 00:37:04,222 --> 00:37:07,325 eight swivel guns firing         four pounds shot                 721 00:37:07,325 --> 00:37:10,695 and lots of smaller guns            loaded with scatter shots.    722 00:37:13,130 --> 00:37:16,300 Anthea Nardi: The Flor de la Mar  was a trade ship and a warship, 723 00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:18,636   in one overwhelming package.   724 00:37:18,636 --> 00:37:21,639 This might be why                 Alfonso de Albuquerque          725 00:37:21,639 --> 00:37:23,908 chose it as his flagship         when he embarked                 726 00:37:23,908 --> 00:37:25,776    with a fleet of 22 vessels    727 00:37:25,776 --> 00:37:28,913  on an ambitious and relentless     string of conquests           728 00:37:28,913 --> 00:37:30,414  that would take years.          729 00:37:32,583 --> 00:37:35,653 Narrator: De Albuquerque          attacked and plundered his way  730 00:37:35,653 --> 00:37:38,856 from Mozambique,                   all along Africa's east coast  731 00:37:38,856 --> 00:37:40,458  to the Red Sea.                 732 00:37:40,458 --> 00:37:44,528    Then he ransacked ports in       India, Burma, and Thailand.   733 00:37:44,528 --> 00:37:47,298  But his most ambitious             target was known as           734 00:37:47,298 --> 00:37:49,333    "the emporium of the east",   735 00:37:49,333 --> 00:37:51,502  the richest city in the world.  736 00:37:52,870 --> 00:37:55,306   James Ellis: The Sultanate of  Malacca was a trading hub        737 00:37:55,306 --> 00:37:58,009   that connected all of          East Asia via the strait         738 00:37:58,009 --> 00:38:00,344   that bears its name,             and as such,                   739 00:38:00,344 --> 00:38:03,180  it had made the city of Malacca  and the Sultan                  740 00:38:03,180 --> 00:38:04,815    fabulously wealthy.           741 00:38:06,651 --> 00:38:10,154   Amma Agbedor: This was not an   attempt at trade or diplomacy.  742 00:38:10,154 --> 00:38:12,823   Albuquerque attacked            with 16 ships,                  743 00:38:12,823 --> 00:38:15,893 destroying a dozen of the        Sultan's vessels                 744 00:38:15,893 --> 00:38:20,931 and driving back his war          elephants and army of archers.  745 00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:25,469    He besieged Malacca             for 12 days,                   746 00:38:25,469 --> 00:38:28,572  and when the city finally fell, 747 00:38:28,572 --> 00:38:31,676 he slaughtered thousands         of its citizens,                 748 00:38:31,676 --> 00:38:34,011   and plundered                    the Sultan's palace.           749 00:38:36,514 --> 00:38:38,983  Adam Bunch: Albuquerque         loaded the Flor with loot        750 00:38:38,983 --> 00:38:43,287  and set sail for Portugal along  with three other ships.         751 00:38:44,422 --> 00:38:46,657  Two days later, while they were  still making their way          752 00:38:46,657 --> 00:38:50,761   through the strait, the storm   struck and the Flor de la Mar,  753 00:38:50,761 --> 00:38:54,699 heavy with treasure, was         caught on a sandy shoal.         754 00:38:55,766 --> 00:38:59,170   According to reports,           the ship broke in two.          755 00:38:59,170 --> 00:39:03,574   The back half stranded on the   sand and pounded by the waves.  756 00:39:04,675 --> 00:39:07,111 The ship had run                  aground on the shoals,          757 00:39:07,111 --> 00:39:09,647 so the wreck was sitting         in shallow water,                758 00:39:09,647 --> 00:39:13,651  with easy access from the shore    once the storm had passed,    759 00:39:13,651 --> 00:39:16,887   at least until what was left    of the hull eventually drifted  760 00:39:16,887 --> 00:39:19,990   away with the current           or sank into the silt.          761 00:39:21,992 --> 00:39:24,495 Anthea Nardi: Albuquerque        made his cowardly escape,        762 00:39:24,495 --> 00:39:27,365    and after that, it was only   a matter of time                 763 00:39:27,365 --> 00:39:30,034 before the remaining half        of the ship disintegrated        764 00:39:30,034 --> 00:39:31,769  and slipped beneath the waves.  765 00:39:32,570 --> 00:39:34,438 Only a few of its crew were said 766 00:39:34,438 --> 00:39:36,607 to have somehow made it to land. 767 00:39:36,607 --> 00:39:38,776   The Flor de la Mar was gone,   768 00:39:38,776 --> 00:39:42,646 and with it an incredible amount   of gold and treasure.          769 00:39:43,781 --> 00:39:46,350   Narrator: The men who           miraculously survived the wreck 770 00:39:46,350 --> 00:39:47,918  could be the key to what became 771 00:39:47,918 --> 00:39:50,588  of the Flor de la Mar's          valuable cargo.                 772 00:39:52,490 --> 00:39:54,992 James Ellis: The survivors would   have known where in the ship   773 00:39:54,992 --> 00:39:56,761  the treasures had been stowed.  774 00:39:56,761 --> 00:39:59,363 And the next day,                  when the storm had subsided,   775 00:39:59,363 --> 00:40:00,531   they could have trekked back   776 00:40:00,531 --> 00:40:03,134   into the shallow and           now calm waters,                 777 00:40:03,134 --> 00:40:05,436    to recover as much             as they could.                  778 00:40:06,036 --> 00:40:07,538 Amma Agbedor: There were           contemporary accounts          779 00:40:07,538 --> 00:40:11,308 that described the men coming to shore clutching valuables        780 00:40:11,308 --> 00:40:13,778 and personal possessions.        781 00:40:13,778 --> 00:40:17,148   They could easily have gotten   help in salvaging the treasure  782 00:40:17,148 --> 00:40:21,051    from the very locals who'd     witnessed their escape,         783 00:40:21,051 --> 00:40:22,820 as soon as it was safe to do so. 784 00:40:25,589 --> 00:40:26,991   Anthea Nardi: Getting            help from the locals           785 00:40:26,991 --> 00:40:28,492   would certainly help explain   786 00:40:28,492 --> 00:40:30,995    how just a few crew             members could have recovered   787 00:40:30,995 --> 00:40:34,331    chests full of gold            from the guts of a ship         788 00:40:34,331 --> 00:40:36,600 wrecked on a silty shoal.        789 00:40:36,600 --> 00:40:39,103  The only thing is, the            Portuguese survivors           790 00:40:39,103 --> 00:40:42,006  are described as having made it to shore at Pase,                791 00:40:42,006 --> 00:40:45,543    about 90 miles up the coast   from where the wreck was,        792 00:40:46,343 --> 00:40:48,646   making this scenario            very unlikely.                  793 00:40:50,347 --> 00:40:51,816  Narrator: Some believe             that the survivors            794 00:40:51,816 --> 00:40:53,951 and the Flor de la Mar's         treasure,                        795 00:40:53,951 --> 00:40:57,154 may have fallen victim to        something as treacherous         796 00:40:57,154 --> 00:40:59,690   as the storm                   that destroyed the ship.         797 00:41:00,724 --> 00:41:02,560    James Ellis: It's entirely    conceivable that pirates         798 00:41:02,560 --> 00:41:05,262    could have swooped in once      the storm had passed,          799 00:41:05,262 --> 00:41:07,131  and looted the                    remains of the hull.           800 00:41:07,131 --> 00:41:10,201 The Strait of Malacca has         lots of small islands,          801 00:41:10,201 --> 00:41:12,703   with narrow passages             between them.                  802 00:41:13,938 --> 00:41:17,041   Trade ships often had trouble   navigating the shallow waters,  803 00:41:17,041 --> 00:41:20,110    and that made them             easy prey for pirates,          804 00:41:20,110 --> 00:41:22,980  who could ambush them or simply  comb through the wrecks         805 00:41:22,980 --> 00:41:23,948 at their leisure.                806 00:41:25,382 --> 00:41:26,817   Amma Agbedor:                    If pirates had access          807 00:41:26,817 --> 00:41:28,853 to those surviving crew members, 808 00:41:28,853 --> 00:41:31,489   they certainly might              have compelled them           809 00:41:31,489 --> 00:41:35,359   to divulge exactly where the    chests had been stowed.         810 00:41:35,359 --> 00:41:38,963 It's even been suggested           that pirates aligned           811 00:41:38,963 --> 00:41:41,332    with the Sultan of Malacca     himself                         812 00:41:41,332 --> 00:41:42,867    could have looted the ship,   813 00:41:42,867 --> 00:41:44,969    getting the Sultan             his gold back,                  814 00:41:44,969 --> 00:41:47,204 and maybe even a                  little extra, to boot.          815 00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:53,077   Adam Bunch: The Aru Kingdom,   north of the Malaccan Sultanate, 816 00:41:53,077 --> 00:41:55,379   had a reputation for piracy.   817 00:41:55,379 --> 00:41:58,449    One Portuguese contemporary   living in Malacca                818 00:41:58,449 --> 00:42:01,485  wrote that the Aru had             at least a hundred pardos,    819 00:42:01,485 --> 00:42:04,421    a type of outrigger              bow built for speed           820 00:42:04,421 --> 00:42:06,524   and a reputation of thievery.  821 00:42:07,658 --> 00:42:09,026   Anthea Nardi:                    That same writer said          822 00:42:09,026 --> 00:42:11,962   the Raja of another kingdom,   adjacent to Aru,                 823 00:42:11,962 --> 00:42:14,798 had "recovered everything         water could not spoil"          824 00:42:14,798 --> 00:42:16,534  from the Flor de la Mar wreck,  825 00:42:16,534 --> 00:42:18,903  which had made him "very rich." 826 00:42:18,903 --> 00:42:21,071    The only problem with this     possibility is                  827 00:42:21,071 --> 00:42:23,674    that there's no evidence to   substantiate it.                 828 00:42:23,674 --> 00:42:26,310   If someone managed to           retrieve the treasure,          829 00:42:26,310 --> 00:42:27,945   where did it end up?           830 00:42:27,945 --> 00:42:29,413  Narrator: With all the            possibilities                  831 00:42:29,413 --> 00:42:31,282 that have been suggested            regarding the fate            832 00:42:31,282 --> 00:42:33,217  of the Flor de la Mar's         treasure,                        833 00:42:33,217 --> 00:42:37,488   some maintain that everything   is exactly as it seems.         834 00:42:38,889 --> 00:42:41,559  James Ellis: The Flor de la Mar  sank in the Strait of Malacca,  835 00:42:41,559 --> 00:42:43,661  and maybe the treasure            sank with it                   836 00:42:43,661 --> 00:42:45,362   and that's where it remains.   837 00:42:45,362 --> 00:42:47,097   The first and biggest            challenge is                   838 00:42:47,097 --> 00:42:50,167  that we've never known exactly     where it went down.           839 00:42:51,702 --> 00:42:53,304   Amma Agbedor: There's           that discrepancy about          840 00:42:53,304 --> 00:42:55,306 where Albuquerque                   said the wreck was,           841 00:42:55,306 --> 00:42:59,376    and where the few surviving   crew members came ashore,        842 00:42:59,376 --> 00:43:03,180  that makes it very hard to know  where to start looking.         843 00:43:04,214 --> 00:43:05,716   Adam Bunch: And then there's    the fact that the area          844 00:43:05,716 --> 00:43:07,651    is hard to search.            845 00:43:07,651 --> 00:43:10,988  Their powerful currents         stir up the muddy seabed.        846 00:43:10,988 --> 00:43:13,958  For divers, visibility           is often zero.                  847 00:43:13,958 --> 00:43:17,027  Anthea Nardi: Once the last of    the Flor de la Mar broke up,   848 00:43:17,027 --> 00:43:20,297 the heavy treasure chests           couldn't have traveled far,   849 00:43:20,297 --> 00:43:21,932 but after five centuries,        850 00:43:21,932 --> 00:43:24,668  they could be buried very deep   under the silt.                 851 00:43:25,903 --> 00:43:27,771  Narrator: The treasure            of the Flor de la Mar          852 00:43:27,771 --> 00:43:32,343 may simply be too valuable to be forgotten or left alone.         853 00:43:32,876 --> 00:43:36,013  James Ellis: In 1992, a salvage    company spent years           854 00:43:36,013 --> 00:43:39,049  and millions of dollars            searching for the treasure.   855 00:43:39,049 --> 00:43:41,885    They finally hired a career    treasure hunter                 856 00:43:41,885 --> 00:43:44,288 who claimed to have found         evidence of the wreck,          857 00:43:44,288 --> 00:43:48,559    including scattered ballast     rock, several gold figurines,  858 00:43:48,559 --> 00:43:50,561   and a gold bracelet.           859 00:43:51,095 --> 00:43:52,663  Amma Agbedor: According          to the treasure hunter,         860 00:43:52,663 --> 00:43:54,131 this was a spot,                 861 00:43:54,131 --> 00:43:57,635  where scuba divers working for     an oil exploration company    862 00:43:57,635 --> 00:44:01,338    years prior had found four     bronze cannons                  863 00:44:01,338 --> 00:44:03,907    and several gold artifacts.   864 00:44:06,377 --> 00:44:09,046   Adam Bunch: A more extensive    exploration of the site         865 00:44:09,046 --> 00:44:11,782   was set to begin, but          there were disputes over         866 00:44:11,782 --> 00:44:13,784   who owned the salvage rights,  867 00:44:13,784 --> 00:44:16,320   Malaysia, Indonesia,             or Portugal,                   868 00:44:16,320 --> 00:44:18,455  and the project was abandoned.  869 00:44:18,455 --> 00:44:20,724 So the mystery lives on.         870 00:44:22,526 --> 00:44:24,762   Narrator: It was a priceless     haul of gold,                  871 00:44:24,762 --> 00:44:27,398    stolen at the cost               of countless lives            872 00:44:27,398 --> 00:44:29,767 and abandoned in                   an act of cowardice.           873 00:44:29,767 --> 00:44:31,702   With its dark history          874 00:44:31,702 --> 00:44:35,072  and where the lost treasure of  the Flor de la Mar lies,         875 00:44:35,072 --> 00:44:37,307    it might be better             off left alone.                 876 00:44:37,307 --> 00:44:39,309  If modern-day treasure hunters  877 00:44:39,309 --> 00:44:41,412 can only resist its pull.        878 00:44:41,412 --> 00:44:45,683    ♪♪                            879 00:44:50,554 --> 00:44:53,957    ♪♪                            104821

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