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Na
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Narr
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Narrator: Wh
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Narrator: When
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Narrator: When o
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Narrator: When one
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Narrator: When one o
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Narrator: When one of
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Narrator: When one of hi
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Narrator: When one of hist
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Narrator: When one of histor
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Narrator: When one of history'
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Narrator: When one of history's
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Narrator: When one of history's
gr
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Narrator: When one of history's
grea
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Narrator: When one of history's
greate
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest i
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest inv
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest inven
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest invento
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest inventors
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest inventors d
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest inventors die
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Narrator: When one of history's
greatest inventors dies,
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some of his prized archives
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are lost under peculiar
circumstances.
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Alison Leonard: Tesla was found
dead in his New York hotel room
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in 1943.
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His personal books,
notes, and diagrams
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were sealed in a
total of 80 trunks,
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which were shipped back to
Tesla's native Yugoslavia.
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But only 60 trunks arrived.
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James Ellis: So where did those
missing 20 trunks go?
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Narrator: A plane carrying one
of America's greatest musicians
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mysteriously disappears
over the English channel.
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Amma Agbedor: Glenn Miller
was a cultural phenomenon.
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His hits, were anthems
of a generation.
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Adam Bunch: The timing of
Miller's flight
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could not have been worst.
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What happened to the flight
that carried Glenn Miller
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toward the front lines?
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Narrator: An ancient
civilization responsible for
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creating one of the Seven
Wonders of the World vanishes.
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James Ellis: For centuries, the
Nabataeans had thrived.
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However, by the 7th century,
Petra had faded into obscurity.
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How did such a prosperous
civilization
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vanish so dramatically?
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Narrator: The chain of history
has many missing links.
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Prominent people.
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Priceless treasures.
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Extraordinary artifacts.
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Their locations still unknown.
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Lost to the fog of time.
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What happens when
stories of the past.
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Become.
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Vanished History.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Narrator: September, 1940.
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As World War II raged, the
legendary physicist Nikola Tesla
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told a news reporter that he'd
developed a "teleforce".
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A powerful ion beam
capable of disabling
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any military aircraft up
to 250 miles away.
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Tesla intended to take
his invention
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to the U.S. government
and stop the war.
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Adam Bunch: Tesla hated
war and wanted to make
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war machines impractical.
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But others saw his teleforce
for its potential as an awe,
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inspiring weapon, a death beam.
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The Nazis wanted it,
the Soviets wanted it.
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And while the technology
sounds so incredible
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it's hard to believe,
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Tesla had such an
impressive track record
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that if he said he
could do something,
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people tended to believe him.
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Alison Leonard: Tesla was found
dead in his New York hotel room
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one day in 1943.
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And various people and
agencies swooped in.
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His personal books,
notes, and diagrams
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were sealed in a
total of 80 trunks,
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which were carefully labeled,
accounted for,
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and ultimately shipped back to
Tesla's native Yugoslavia.
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But overseas, only
60 trunks arrived.
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James Ellis: The contents
of those documents,
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if they could be found, might
still impact our world,
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for better, or worse.
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So where did those
missing 20 trunks go,
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and who took them?
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Narrator: Tesla
was born in 1856,
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in the Austrian
Empire, now Croatia.
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As a university student, he
was shown a Gramme dynamo,
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an impressive new device
that could work as both
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a direct-current
motor and generator,
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and felt it would be simpler
and more efficient
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if it could be made to work
with alternating current.
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Anthea Nardi: After graduation,
when Tesla was only 24,
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he was walking along,
reciting lines
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from Goethe's "Faust"
to himself,
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when the solution came to him.
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And just like that, he'd
invented the induction motor,
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that's now used to generate
power all over the world.
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Adam Bunch: By 1887, Tesla,
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still in his early 30's,
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had filed seven patents related
to power transmission
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and motors that ran on AC power.
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So Westinghouse
bought his patents
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during what became known as
the War of the Currents
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against Thomas Edison,
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who championed the use of
DC power, direct current.
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Less than a decade later, more
than 80% of all appliances
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we're running on
alternating current, AC.
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Alison Leonard: Tesla spent
his patent money and more
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on building specialized
laboratories.
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A 20-storey tower in
Colorado that generated
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00:04:19,158 --> 00:04:21,594
135-foot-long
lightning bolts,
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and an even taller
one on Long Island
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that he planned to use for
wireless
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transatlantic
communications
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to one day transmit wireless
power all over the world.
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Tesla seemed to envision
every one of his inventions
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benefiting humanity
in some way.
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Narrator: Wanting to ensure his
"peace beam" got built,
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Tesla sent a paper,
with diagrams,
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to many of the Allies.
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The paper declared that his
"teleforce" would shoot out
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a super-narrow, concentrated
stream of particles
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at 270,000 miles per hour.
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James Ellis: This is what is
referred to today
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as a charged
particle beam weapon.
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Tesla said his beam could
take down a fleet of
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10,000 warplanes up
to 250 miles away,
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thus making war impossible.
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That got attention all
right abroad and at home.
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The United States government
became extremely concerned
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about Tesla's research
falling into enemy hands.
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Anthea Nardi: Tesla lived in
hotels throughout
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much of his life
as an American citizen.
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In 1943 he'd been residing on
the 33rd floor
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of a hotel near Penn Station.
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One day, a member of the staff
discovered him
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lying face down
in his room dead,
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and wearing only
a pair of socks.
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Adam Bunch: The FBI quickly
arrived on the scene,
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even though there was no sign
Tesla's death was suspicious.
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He was 86 and not
in the best health.
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They were there
for Tesla's papers,
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which they then managed
to keep to themselves
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for almost a decade.
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Alison Leonard:
In 1952, the court ordered
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that Tesla's personal effects,
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including his
papers and diagrams,
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be released, and allowed
to be sent to Belgrade,
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under the care of the
Nikola Tesla Museum.
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That means it was sometime
between leaving
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Tesla's hotel room in 1943,
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and reaching
the museum in 1952,
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that those 20
suitcases disappeared.
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Narrator: If having a
strong motivation,
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00:06:13,606 --> 00:06:17,744
access, and ample opportunity to
remove the files are considered.
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One needn't go far to find
a possible suspect.
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James Ellis: The United
States government,
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especially in the
midst of World War II,
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had plenty of urgent
reasons to remove
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the most significant files
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00:06:29,489 --> 00:06:32,358
from Tesla's trove
of plans and documents.
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Whether to use his teleforce
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or wireless power transmission
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for their military applications,
or simply to make sure
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the Nazis couldn't get
their hands on them,
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they may simply have
felt they had no choice.
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Anthea Nardi: Tesla's nephew,
Sava Kosanovic
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showed up at the hotel the
morning after he found out
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about Tesla's death,
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but when he got there, Tesla's
body had already been removed.
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Not only that, but he claimed
some of his uncle's
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technical papers were missing,
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00:06:59,018 --> 00:07:00,820
as was a notebook Tesla kept.
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Adam Bunch: Two days
after Tesla's death,
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a government department called
the Office of Alien Property
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Custodian seized the rest of
his possessions
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from the hotel room,
including those 80 trunks.
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That department was created
to control enemy property
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confiscated in the U.S., but
Tesla was an American citizen,
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so they probably had
no legal right to do it
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and just did it anyway.
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Alison Leonard: Three weeks
later, the government called
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an expert in high-voltage
physics from MIT
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to examine and assess Tesla's
papers, a Dr. John Trump.
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That's right, that Trump,
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00:07:37,890 --> 00:07:40,893
President Donald Trump's uncle,
as it happens.
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Dr. Trump's report to the
government said Tesla's work
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00:07:43,863 --> 00:07:46,098
over the last decade and a
half of his life
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was mostly speculative,
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00:07:47,366 --> 00:07:49,135
not new; not sound.
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Narrator: But not
everybody agreed
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00:07:52,271 --> 00:07:53,873
with John Trump's assessment;
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00:07:53,873 --> 00:07:56,943
there were people with
pull and experience,
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00:07:56,943 --> 00:07:58,511
that felt otherwise.
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James Ellis: After
World War II was over
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00:08:01,314 --> 00:08:04,717
and while the OAP was still
holding onto Tesla's papers,
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00:08:04,717 --> 00:08:07,653
the Air Technical Service
Command requested
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00:08:07,653 --> 00:08:11,090
photostat copies of his
papers on beam weaponry,
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00:08:11,090 --> 00:08:12,859
and never returned them.
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00:08:13,526 --> 00:08:15,695
And by 1958, DARPA,
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00:08:15,695 --> 00:08:18,498
the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency
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00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:21,601
started a top-secret
project, "Seesaw",
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00:08:21,601 --> 00:08:25,805
with the aim of developing a
Charged Particle Beam weapon.
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Anthea Nardi: The FBI faced
questions and accusations
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00:08:28,908 --> 00:08:31,911
of cover-ups for decades
after Tesla's death.
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To the extent that
finally, in 2016,
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00:08:34,814 --> 00:08:39,285
they released over 250 pages
of heavily redacted documents
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00:08:39,285 --> 00:08:41,320
about Tesla's papers,
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00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:45,191
many of which had been signed
personally by Edgar Hoover,
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00:08:45,191 --> 00:08:47,026
the director of the FBI.
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00:08:48,294 --> 00:08:51,697
The released documents didn't
disprove anyone's suspicions.
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00:08:51,697 --> 00:08:55,401
In fact, they showed just how
intensely interested
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00:08:55,401 --> 00:08:57,870
in Tesla's files
the FBI had been.
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00:09:00,406 --> 00:09:01,841
Narrator: Some believe
that the only files
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00:09:01,841 --> 00:09:04,076
the United States
government actually saw
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00:09:04,076 --> 00:09:06,913
were just 'left-overs',
either duplicates,
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00:09:06,913 --> 00:09:08,981
or documents of
lesser import importance,
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00:09:08,981 --> 00:09:11,617
that the people who took the
20 suitcases of files
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00:09:11,617 --> 00:09:13,152
didn't bother taking.
228
00:09:14,253 --> 00:09:16,589
Adam Bunch: Nazi Germany would
have had real interest
229
00:09:16,589 --> 00:09:18,090
in Tesla's "Death Ray,"
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00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:21,294
and his wireless
transmission of energy.
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00:09:21,294 --> 00:09:22,862
So they could add those
inventions
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00:09:22,862 --> 00:09:24,664
to their growing collection
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00:09:24,664 --> 00:09:27,567
of "Wunderwaffen" -
"Wonder Weapons."
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00:09:29,101 --> 00:09:30,836
Alison Leonard: But it
wasn't just Nazi Germany.
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00:09:30,836 --> 00:09:33,272
The Soviets, America's
ally at the time,
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00:09:33,272 --> 00:09:35,608
had paid Tesla $25,000
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00:09:35,608 --> 00:09:36,943
for the rights
to some of his patents
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00:09:36,943 --> 00:09:39,378
on wireless power
transmission in 1920.
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00:09:39,378 --> 00:09:42,949
They also paid him
$250,000 in 1939,
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00:09:42,949 --> 00:09:45,451
after running a successful
test on one phase of his
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00:09:45,451 --> 00:09:47,019
"Peace Beam."
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00:09:47,019 --> 00:09:49,755
So it's entirely possible that
Tesla's files ended up
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00:09:49,755 --> 00:09:52,992
in foreign hands, the
Soviets or the Nazis.
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00:09:55,061 --> 00:09:57,897
Narrator: Whoever it was that
got the 20 missing suitcases
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00:09:57,897 --> 00:10:01,567
would have needed an operative
with access to do so.
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00:10:02,835 --> 00:10:05,338
James Ellis: Tesla's nephew, the
one that showed up at the hotel
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00:10:05,338 --> 00:10:07,340
promptly after his
body was found,
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00:10:07,340 --> 00:10:09,775
was also a Yugoslavian
politician,
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00:10:09,775 --> 00:10:13,879
and Yugoslavia's
ambassador to the United States,
250
00:10:13,879 --> 00:10:15,815
who happened to be
stationed in New York City
251
00:10:15,815 --> 00:10:17,750
during Tesla's final years.
252
00:10:19,452 --> 00:10:22,088
Anthea Nardi: Apparently, when
Kosanovic arrived at the hotel
253
00:10:22,088 --> 00:10:25,424
that day he hired a locksmith
to get into Tesla's room,
254
00:10:25,424 --> 00:10:27,326
and then open his uncle's safe.
255
00:10:27,326 --> 00:10:30,963
There was a memorial book from
Tesla's 75th birthday inside;
256
00:10:30,963 --> 00:10:35,501
Kosanovic took that, had the
combination changed, and left.
257
00:10:35,501 --> 00:10:37,703
The U.S. authorities
flat-out thought
258
00:10:37,703 --> 00:10:39,805
Kosanovic might be a spy,
259
00:10:39,805 --> 00:10:43,776
who could sell Tesla's secrets
to the Nazis, or the Soviets.
260
00:10:43,776 --> 00:10:46,212
And they considered
arresting him, but didn't.
261
00:10:47,146 --> 00:10:49,782
Adam Bunch: Sava Kosanovic
was the administrator
262
00:10:49,782 --> 00:10:52,752
of Tesla's estate from the
time the inventor died
263
00:10:52,752 --> 00:10:55,554
until his own death in 1956.
264
00:10:55,554 --> 00:10:57,623
He's the one who successfully
got the courts
265
00:10:57,623 --> 00:10:59,625
to release the trunks.
266
00:10:59,625 --> 00:11:02,928
He had them sent to
Belgrade in 1952.
267
00:11:02,928 --> 00:11:06,399
So all through the 1950's,
Soviet scientists
268
00:11:06,399 --> 00:11:10,236
were able to access the archive
through the Tesla Museum
269
00:11:10,236 --> 00:11:12,171
in communist Yugoslavia,
270
00:11:12,171 --> 00:11:15,675
while Western scientists would
have had a much harder time.
271
00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:19,512
Narrator: After decades of
fruitlessly searching
272
00:11:19,512 --> 00:11:21,414
for Tesla's missing files,
273
00:11:21,414 --> 00:11:24,016
many scientists have
decided his idea
274
00:11:24,016 --> 00:11:26,886
for a "Peace beam"
just isn't feasible.
275
00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:29,855
Alison Leonard: In fact,
charged-particle beam weapons
276
00:11:29,855 --> 00:11:32,091
that both the United States
and the Soviet Union
277
00:11:32,091 --> 00:11:33,993
tried to develop
during the Cold War
278
00:11:33,993 --> 00:11:36,529
bore a striking similarity to
Tesla's descriptions
279
00:11:36,529 --> 00:11:39,231
of his Peace Beam;
his teleforce.
280
00:11:39,231 --> 00:11:40,900
They just couldn't
get theirs to work.
281
00:11:42,234 --> 00:11:44,737
James Ellis: The United States
tried again, in the 1980's.
282
00:11:44,737 --> 00:11:47,573
Ronald Reagan called this new
version of the program
283
00:11:47,573 --> 00:11:49,775
"Star Wars," and gave
it an annual budget
284
00:11:49,775 --> 00:11:51,677
bigger than NASA's,
285
00:11:51,677 --> 00:11:53,946
but they still couldn't
get it to work.
286
00:11:53,946 --> 00:11:57,450
One decorated physicist who
refused to help was John Trump.
287
00:11:57,450 --> 00:12:00,886
Like Tesla, he was only
interested in using science
288
00:12:00,886 --> 00:12:02,955
for the betterment of humanity.
289
00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:06,459
Anthea Nardi:
The nephew of Dr. John Trump
290
00:12:06,459 --> 00:12:08,427
established the "Space Force",
291
00:12:08,427 --> 00:12:10,563
during his first
term as President.
292
00:12:10,563 --> 00:12:12,798
With a mission to secure
America's interests
293
00:12:12,798 --> 00:12:15,868
"in, from, and to space,"
294
00:12:15,868 --> 00:12:18,838
and to limit opposition
from adversaries.
295
00:12:18,838 --> 00:12:20,873
You've got to wonder what the
scientists working
296
00:12:20,873 --> 00:12:23,409
for Space Force would do with
Tesla's research,
297
00:12:23,409 --> 00:12:25,411
if they were ever to find it.
298
00:12:27,046 --> 00:12:29,582
Narrator: Nikola Tesla seems
to have successfully taken
299
00:12:29,582 --> 00:12:31,550
his knowledge about
directed energy
300
00:12:31,550 --> 00:12:33,419
and particle beam devices
301
00:12:33,419 --> 00:12:35,187
with him when he died.
302
00:12:35,187 --> 00:12:38,657
One can only hope that if his
secrets are ever discovered,
303
00:12:38,657 --> 00:12:41,127
they might be used to
build weapons of peace
304
00:12:41,127 --> 00:12:42,762
as he'd intended.
305
00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:45,197
♪♪
306
00:12:45,197 --> 00:12:54,707
♪♪
307
00:12:54,707 --> 00:12:56,742
Narrator: Carved into crimson
sandstone cliffs
308
00:12:56,742 --> 00:12:58,577
in modern-day Jordan,
309
00:12:58,577 --> 00:13:02,448
Petra was once the dazzling
heart of the Nabataean Kingdom.
310
00:13:02,448 --> 00:13:05,751
Renowned as master traders
and desert tacticians,
311
00:13:05,751 --> 00:13:08,487
the Nabataeans dominated
the crossroads
312
00:13:08,487 --> 00:13:11,090
of Africa, Asia, and Europe.
313
00:13:11,991 --> 00:13:14,426
Alison Leonard: The Nabataeans
emerged around 400 BCE
314
00:13:14,426 --> 00:13:17,630
as nomadic tribes in the Negev
and Arabian deserts,
315
00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:19,965
and settled
in Petra by 200 BCE.
316
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:22,201
Their mastery of
the Incense Routes,
317
00:13:22,201 --> 00:13:25,371
transporting luxury goods like
frankincense, myrrh, and spices,
318
00:13:25,371 --> 00:13:26,906
brought them immense wealth.
319
00:13:28,107 --> 00:13:30,709
James Ellis: Petra was a vibrant
metropolis with fountains,
320
00:13:30,709 --> 00:13:32,812
lush gardens, and
grand structures
321
00:13:32,812 --> 00:13:34,713
like the Great Temple complex,
322
00:13:34,713 --> 00:13:37,349
influences from
Persia, Greece, Rome,
323
00:13:37,349 --> 00:13:40,119
and Egypt converged
in its architecture,
324
00:13:40,119 --> 00:13:44,156
while alliances forged by
King Aretas elevated Petra
325
00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:47,393
to a cosmopolitan
hub of trade and culture.
326
00:13:48,727 --> 00:13:50,863
Amma Agbedor: Their towering
rock-cut tombs
327
00:13:50,863 --> 00:13:53,866
and lavish villas spoke
of a civilization
328
00:13:53,866 --> 00:13:57,503
unmatched in creativity
and resilience.
329
00:13:57,503 --> 00:14:02,074
But by the 7th century, the
Nabataens had abandoned Petra
330
00:14:02,074 --> 00:14:04,743
and seemingly disappeared.
331
00:14:04,743 --> 00:14:08,013
So the question remains:
how did a civilization
332
00:14:08,013 --> 00:14:11,283
that cherished the boundless
freedom of the desert
333
00:14:11,283 --> 00:14:14,854
above all else meet its
ultimate downfall?
334
00:14:16,155 --> 00:14:18,757
Narrator: Known to the
Nabataens as Raqmu,
335
00:14:18,757 --> 00:14:22,428
Petra was far more than
a red-rock outpost.
336
00:14:22,928 --> 00:14:25,297
Adam Bunch: Early European
explorers thought Petra
337
00:14:25,297 --> 00:14:28,968
was little more than an
acropolis filled with tombs.
338
00:14:28,968 --> 00:14:31,237
But that all changed in 1812
339
00:14:31,237 --> 00:14:35,541
when a Swiss adventurer was led
to Petra by his guides
340
00:14:35,541 --> 00:14:39,578
and became the first European to
document the site in centuries.
341
00:14:40,379 --> 00:14:44,083
Awed by the vast series
of towering facades,
342
00:14:44,083 --> 00:14:47,887
hidden passages, and
sprawling temples.
343
00:14:48,888 --> 00:14:50,789
James Ellis: The Nabataeans
also demonstrated
344
00:14:50,789 --> 00:14:52,958
advanced
agricultural innovation.
345
00:14:52,958 --> 00:14:55,327
Their engineers created a
revolutionary
346
00:14:55,327 --> 00:14:59,198
water management system of
aqueducts, dams, and reservoirs
347
00:14:59,198 --> 00:15:03,035
that sustained life and
agriculture in the harsh desert.
348
00:15:03,035 --> 00:15:06,438
These innovations enabled the
cultivation of fruit trees,
349
00:15:06,438 --> 00:15:09,909
wheat, and vineyards, and
by the first century CE,
350
00:15:09,909 --> 00:15:13,078
the city supported
over 20,000 residents.
351
00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:16,348
Alison Leonard: But even as the
Nabataeans reached their zenith,
352
00:15:16,348 --> 00:15:18,284
external pressures
began to mount,
353
00:15:18,284 --> 00:15:20,519
threatening the stability
of their desert empire.
354
00:15:21,287 --> 00:15:23,222
Shifting trade routes,
natural upheavals,
355
00:15:23,222 --> 00:15:26,125
and changing economies chipped
away at their dominance.
356
00:15:27,259 --> 00:15:29,161
James Ellis: For centuries,
the Nabataeans had thrived
357
00:15:29,161 --> 00:15:31,964
by adapting to
shifting geopolitics
358
00:15:31,964 --> 00:15:34,033
and environmental challenges.
359
00:15:34,033 --> 00:15:37,269
However, by the 7th century,
Petra and the Nabataens
360
00:15:37,269 --> 00:15:40,472
who had built it, had
faded into obscurity;
361
00:15:40,472 --> 00:15:43,442
the stunning city had been
abandoned by all
362
00:15:43,442 --> 00:15:45,811
except local Bedouins
from the area.
363
00:15:45,811 --> 00:15:48,480
How did such a prosperous
civilization
364
00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:50,115
vanish so dramatically?
365
00:15:51,250 --> 00:15:53,052
Narrator:
Some trace Petra's decline
366
00:15:53,052 --> 00:15:55,154
to a moment of transformation,
367
00:15:55,154 --> 00:15:58,924
a turning point that redefined
the Nabataeans' identity
368
00:15:58,924 --> 00:16:00,492
and their place in history.
369
00:16:01,093 --> 00:16:04,263
Amma Agbedor: In 106 CE,
Emperor Trajan annexed
370
00:16:04,263 --> 00:16:06,999
the Nabataean Kingdom
following the death of
371
00:16:06,999 --> 00:16:10,402
King Rabbel Soter II,
transforming it
372
00:16:10,402 --> 00:16:14,073
into the Roman province
of Arabia Petraea.
373
00:16:14,073 --> 00:16:17,109
Roman accounts portray
this transition
374
00:16:17,109 --> 00:16:20,212
as a seamless and peaceful
incorporation,
375
00:16:20,212 --> 00:16:24,516
with the Nabataeans depicted
as willing participants
376
00:16:24,516 --> 00:16:26,652
in the Empire's expansion.
377
00:16:26,652 --> 00:16:32,024
This theory suggests that the
Nabataeans' independent identity
378
00:16:32,024 --> 00:16:35,661
simply faded into the
folds of imperial history.
379
00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:39,331
Adam Bunch: According
to the Roman stories,
380
00:16:39,331 --> 00:16:42,534
Petra initially flourished
as a provincial hub,
381
00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:44,303
despite the upheaval.
382
00:16:44,303 --> 00:16:47,373
Roman engineers built
the Via Nova Traiana,
383
00:16:47,373 --> 00:16:51,143
a major road linking Aqaba
on the Red Sea in Jordan
384
00:16:51,143 --> 00:16:53,779
to Bostra in southern Syria.
385
00:16:53,779 --> 00:16:57,583
They expanded farming
terraces, put up watchtowers,
386
00:16:57,583 --> 00:16:59,318
renovated parks and pools,
387
00:16:59,318 --> 00:17:02,021
all signs that Rome was
determined
388
00:17:02,021 --> 00:17:04,256
to integrate Petra
into its empire.
389
00:17:06,492 --> 00:17:08,160
Narrator: Beneath the surface of
this seemingly
390
00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:09,862
harmonious transition,
391
00:17:09,862 --> 00:17:13,665
recent discoveries point to a
more turbulent reality.
392
00:17:14,767 --> 00:17:17,369
James Ellis: Ancient carvings in
the deserts of northern Arabia
393
00:17:17,369 --> 00:17:21,206
tell a story at odds
with official Roman accounts.
394
00:17:21,206 --> 00:17:24,343
One text describes a
"war of the Nabataeans"
395
00:17:24,343 --> 00:17:29,014
and a King named Malichos
smiting 3,000 Roman soldiers.
396
00:17:29,848 --> 00:17:32,751
These inscriptions may confirm
that the Nabataeans
397
00:17:32,751 --> 00:17:36,288
resisted Rome more forcefully
than the empire admitted.
398
00:17:38,057 --> 00:17:40,926
Amma Agbedor: Some suggest
that Rabbel Soter II
399
00:17:40,926 --> 00:17:43,462
may have left behind two heirs
400
00:17:43,462 --> 00:17:47,566
who refused to yield the
Kingdom without a fight.
401
00:17:47,566 --> 00:17:52,371
It's possible Rome named the new
province "Arabia Petraea"
402
00:17:52,371 --> 00:17:55,674
to erase the Nabataean
identity from the land
403
00:17:55,674 --> 00:17:59,378
and bury any record
of protracted conflict.
404
00:18:00,679 --> 00:18:04,149
Ultimately, Petra's
decline may have involved
405
00:18:04,149 --> 00:18:06,485
far more than conquest.
406
00:18:06,485 --> 00:18:10,522
Rome's annexation was
likely just one chapter
407
00:18:10,522 --> 00:18:14,226
in a deeper story of resilience
and resistance,
408
00:18:14,226 --> 00:18:17,396
raising questions about whether
it was truly the beginning
409
00:18:17,396 --> 00:18:21,433
of the end or merely
part of a larger story.
410
00:18:23,135 --> 00:18:25,437
Narrator: Petra and its people
would face another,
411
00:18:25,437 --> 00:18:29,241
far greater challenge, one that
struck without warning
412
00:18:29,241 --> 00:18:32,711
and placed its future on
precarious ground.
413
00:18:33,378 --> 00:18:35,881
Adam Bunch: Another factor in
the Nabataeans' disappearance
414
00:18:35,881 --> 00:18:39,418
that often gets mentioned is a
catastrophic earthquake
415
00:18:39,418 --> 00:18:44,022
that struck the region
on May 19th, 363 CE,
416
00:18:44,022 --> 00:18:46,425
during the reign of
the Emperor Julian.
417
00:18:46,425 --> 00:18:48,494
Contemporary observers said it
was one of the most
418
00:18:48,494 --> 00:18:52,397
devastating seismic events of
the late Roman period.
419
00:18:52,397 --> 00:18:54,433
Experts say it might have
been somewhere between
420
00:18:54,433 --> 00:18:57,603
6.5 to 7 on the Richter scale.
421
00:18:59,505 --> 00:19:01,440
Alison Leonard: Excavations
in Petra revealed collapsed
422
00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:03,408
columns at the Temple
of the Winged Lions,
423
00:19:03,408 --> 00:19:05,177
the Great Temple, and elsewhere,
424
00:19:05,177 --> 00:19:07,146
consistent
with intense shaking.
425
00:19:07,146 --> 00:19:08,881
Further damage came
from the failure
426
00:19:08,881 --> 00:19:10,449
of anti-flash flood systems,
427
00:19:10,449 --> 00:19:12,518
causing thick layers
of sediment and rubble
428
00:19:12,518 --> 00:19:14,319
to bury certain
areas of the city.
429
00:19:16,121 --> 00:19:17,322
James Ellis: With
their homes destroyed
430
00:19:17,322 --> 00:19:19,057
and water channels compromised,
431
00:19:19,057 --> 00:19:22,494
many residents could have fled
to nearby agricultural sites
432
00:19:22,494 --> 00:19:24,730
such as Baydha and Wadi Musa,
433
00:19:24,730 --> 00:19:27,232
where springs and less
damaged landscapes
434
00:19:27,232 --> 00:19:29,134
offered greater stability.
435
00:19:29,134 --> 00:19:31,537
And though some rebuilding
efforts were attempted
436
00:19:31,537 --> 00:19:33,572
in Petra, they were small-scale
437
00:19:33,572 --> 00:19:35,741
and often used
salvaged materials,
438
00:19:35,741 --> 00:19:38,610
resulting in crude,
makeshift designs.
439
00:19:40,145 --> 00:19:41,413
Amma Agbedor:
But here's the catch.
440
00:19:41,413 --> 00:19:44,750
Despite the devastation
caused by the earthquake,
441
00:19:44,750 --> 00:19:49,454
Petra endured for
almost 300 more years,
442
00:19:49,454 --> 00:19:53,225
which forces us to
explore alternative theories.
443
00:19:55,594 --> 00:19:58,564
Narrator: Though the Nabataeans'
heritage endured in subtle ways,
444
00:19:58,564 --> 00:20:01,967
the sands of time soon brought
another transformation,
445
00:20:01,967 --> 00:20:04,169
one that would
reshape Petra's identity
446
00:20:04,169 --> 00:20:06,371
and its place in history,
447
00:20:06,371 --> 00:20:09,374
leaving lingering questions
about its ultimate fate.
448
00:20:10,309 --> 00:20:11,944
Adam Bunch: Archeologists
looking to explain
449
00:20:11,944 --> 00:20:15,280
the Nabataean's disappearance
have also been exploring
450
00:20:15,280 --> 00:20:18,817
the impact of Islamic
conquests in the 600's.
451
00:20:18,817 --> 00:20:21,553
There's some evidence hinting
that as Muslim armies
452
00:20:21,553 --> 00:20:25,591
expanded across the Arabian
Peninsula, Petra,
453
00:20:25,591 --> 00:20:28,994
which had already declined from
its days as a major trading hub,
454
00:20:28,994 --> 00:20:31,763
might have been integrated
into the Islamic world.
455
00:20:33,799 --> 00:20:35,400
Alison Leonard: Petra's
strategic location
456
00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,302
on key routes through
South Jordan
457
00:20:37,302 --> 00:20:39,538
initially made it a focal
point for these conquests,
458
00:20:39,538 --> 00:20:42,441
but eventually, the rise of
cities like Ayla and Tabuk
459
00:20:42,441 --> 00:20:45,510
redirected commerce and military
focus away from Petra.
460
00:20:46,211 --> 00:20:48,747
By 630 CE, treaties with
local leaders signaled
461
00:20:48,747 --> 00:20:51,250
the growing influence of Islamic
governance in the region.
462
00:20:53,085 --> 00:20:56,255
James Ellis: Excavations at
Baydha, a settlement near Petra,
463
00:20:56,255 --> 00:20:58,824
revealed a more complex
narrative,
464
00:20:58,824 --> 00:21:01,727
stating from the 11th
to 14th centuries
465
00:21:01,727 --> 00:21:04,663
and constructed atop
Nabataean foundations,
466
00:21:04,663 --> 00:21:09,434
point to gradual integration
rather than abrupt erasure.
467
00:21:10,702 --> 00:21:12,004
Amma Agbedor: Based
on the evidence,
468
00:21:12,004 --> 00:21:15,941
it's most likely the Islamic
conquests did not erase
469
00:21:15,941 --> 00:21:17,075
the Nabataeans.
470
00:21:17,075 --> 00:21:22,180
Instead, Petra became a
living tapestry of Nabataean,
471
00:21:22,180 --> 00:21:25,083
Byzantine, and
Islamic influences,
472
00:21:25,083 --> 00:21:29,788
a testament to the resilience
and adaptability of its people.
473
00:21:31,356 --> 00:21:33,725
Narrator: From humble
origins to its golden age,
474
00:21:33,725 --> 00:21:36,662
Petra and the Nabataeans
who shaped it,
475
00:21:36,662 --> 00:21:39,631
remains a testament
to human ingenuity
476
00:21:39,631 --> 00:21:42,868
in one of the world's
harshest landscapes.
477
00:21:43,702 --> 00:21:45,937
Adam Bunch: Recent discoveries
have only added
478
00:21:45,937 --> 00:21:47,806
to the wonders of Petra.
479
00:21:47,806 --> 00:21:51,443
A tomb recently uncovered
beneath the famous treasury
480
00:21:51,443 --> 00:21:55,781
held not just 12 skeletons, but
also hundreds of artifacts
481
00:21:55,781 --> 00:21:58,917
made of bronze and
iron and ceramics.
482
00:21:58,917 --> 00:22:03,021
But just another reminder that
the people who lived at Petra
483
00:22:03,021 --> 00:22:07,693
had a society filled with
refined customs and ceremonies.
484
00:22:08,794 --> 00:22:10,395
Alison Leonard: The Nabataeans'
deep understanding
485
00:22:10,395 --> 00:22:12,898
of arid landscapes and their
preference for mobility
486
00:22:12,898 --> 00:22:15,434
allowed their culture
to outlast Petra's decline.
487
00:22:15,434 --> 00:22:18,537
Their ingenious water systems,
thriving trade networks,
488
00:22:18,537 --> 00:22:21,173
and artistic achievements
influenced civilizations
489
00:22:21,173 --> 00:22:22,841
long after the city
was at its peak.
490
00:22:24,276 --> 00:22:25,877
Narrator: The astounding
city of Petra,
491
00:22:25,877 --> 00:22:29,514
carved into crimson cliffs,
silently recounts
492
00:22:29,514 --> 00:22:32,984
a thousand-year saga of
resilience, triumph,
493
00:22:32,984 --> 00:22:34,419
and reinvention.
494
00:22:34,419 --> 00:22:37,289
A legacy that continues
to inspire awe
495
00:22:37,289 --> 00:22:39,958
in the shifting sands
of the desert.
496
00:22:39,958 --> 00:22:44,730
♪♪
497
00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:54,373
♪♪
498
00:22:54,373 --> 00:22:56,842
Narrator: December 15, 1944.
499
00:22:56,842 --> 00:22:59,411
With the Allied advance
into Europe quickening
500
00:22:59,411 --> 00:23:01,747
and morale a precious resource,
501
00:23:01,747 --> 00:23:05,150
a single-engine plane slipped
into a dense, cold mist
502
00:23:05,150 --> 00:23:06,551
above England.
503
00:23:06,551 --> 00:23:10,255
Onboard was Major Glenn Miller,
America's most celebrated
504
00:23:10,255 --> 00:23:13,425
bandleader turned
wartime morale officer,
505
00:23:13,425 --> 00:23:16,661
bound for a new stage
in liberated Paris.
506
00:23:17,462 --> 00:23:18,930
Amma Agbedor: By the mid-1940's,
507
00:23:18,930 --> 00:23:22,167
Glenn Miller was
a cultural phenomenon.
508
00:23:22,167 --> 00:23:26,638
His hits, like In the Mood
and Moonlight Serenade,
509
00:23:26,638 --> 00:23:29,174
were anthems of a generation.
510
00:23:29,174 --> 00:23:31,443
But at the height of his fame,
511
00:23:31,443 --> 00:23:34,079
Miller made a remarkable choice.
512
00:23:34,079 --> 00:23:36,515
He walked away from stardom,
513
00:23:36,515 --> 00:23:38,917
and enlisted to
serve his country.
514
00:23:40,485 --> 00:23:42,421
James Ellis: In war-torn Europe,
Miller's music
515
00:23:42,421 --> 00:23:45,157
was more than entertainment,
it was a lifeline.
516
00:23:45,157 --> 00:23:47,626
His broadcasts, carried
by the BBC
517
00:23:47,626 --> 00:23:50,195
and the Allied Expeditionary
Forces Programme,
518
00:23:50,195 --> 00:23:53,365
resonated in damp barracks,
crowded field hospitals,
519
00:23:53,365 --> 00:23:55,200
and muddy foxholes.
520
00:23:55,867 --> 00:23:57,936
Alison Leonard:
On December 15, 1944,
521
00:23:57,936 --> 00:24:00,539
Miller arrived at RAF Twinwood
Farm near Bedford
522
00:24:00,539 --> 00:24:01,840
to board a flight to Paris,
523
00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:03,308
where his band
planned to meet him.
524
00:24:04,075 --> 00:24:06,445
The city was still reeling from
the grip of Nazi occupation,
525
00:24:06,445 --> 00:24:08,180
and Miller had prepared a
Christmas concert
526
00:24:08,180 --> 00:24:09,748
to uplift Allied troops.
527
00:24:11,750 --> 00:24:13,585
Adam Bunch: The timing of
Miller's flight
528
00:24:13,585 --> 00:24:15,187
couldn't have been worse.
529
00:24:15,187 --> 00:24:18,623
The very next morning, the
Germans launched the attack
530
00:24:18,623 --> 00:24:20,826
that began the
Battle of the Bulge.
531
00:24:20,826 --> 00:24:23,795
Allied command was
plunged into chaos.
532
00:24:23,795 --> 00:24:27,332
So no one realized the
Norseman had disappeared.
533
00:24:27,332 --> 00:24:30,302
It was days before anyone
realized the plane
534
00:24:30,302 --> 00:24:32,204
and its passengers were gone.
535
00:24:32,204 --> 00:24:36,908
And decades later, the
question is still unanswered.
536
00:24:36,908 --> 00:24:40,078
What happened to the flight
carrying Glenn Miller
537
00:24:40,078 --> 00:24:41,746
toward the front lines.
538
00:24:43,348 --> 00:24:47,085
Narrator: December 1944 marked
a pivotal moment in the war.
539
00:24:47,085 --> 00:24:50,422
The Allies, fresh from
the liberation of Paris,
540
00:24:50,422 --> 00:24:52,257
were pressing toward the Rhine,
541
00:24:52,257 --> 00:24:55,727
while German forces prepared a
devastating counterattack
542
00:24:55,727 --> 00:24:57,596
to stall their advance.
543
00:24:57,596 --> 00:24:59,764
For soldiers on
frozen battlefields,
544
00:24:59,764 --> 00:25:02,534
hope was as vital
as ammunition.
545
00:25:03,168 --> 00:25:07,005
Amma Agbedor: In 1942, Miller
was turned away by the Navy
546
00:25:07,005 --> 00:25:12,811
due to his age, so he presented
the Army with a bold plan:
547
00:25:12,811 --> 00:25:17,349
to modernize military bands
and harness music
548
00:25:17,349 --> 00:25:19,184
as a morale booster.
549
00:25:19,818 --> 00:25:22,087
This vision led
to the creation of
550
00:25:22,087 --> 00:25:25,490
the Major Glenn Miller
Army Air Force Band,
551
00:25:25,490 --> 00:25:27,726
which revolutionized
entertainment
552
00:25:27,726 --> 00:25:29,861
for troops around the world.
553
00:25:31,963 --> 00:25:34,232
James Ellis: By 1943, Supreme
Allied Commander
554
00:25:34,232 --> 00:25:37,802
Dwight Eisenhower recognized the
need for familiar voices
555
00:25:37,802 --> 00:25:40,572
and music to lift the spirits
of American troops
556
00:25:40,572 --> 00:25:41,940
stationed in England.
557
00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:44,142
The newly launched
American Forces Network,
558
00:25:44,142 --> 00:25:46,811
filled with news, sports,
and music from home,
559
00:25:46,811 --> 00:25:49,848
quickly boosted morale
and the results showed.
560
00:25:49,848 --> 00:25:53,318
Eisenhower wanted more, he
specifically requested
561
00:25:53,318 --> 00:25:55,420
that Glenn Miller
be moved to the UK
562
00:25:55,420 --> 00:25:57,722
to keep spirits high among
Allied troops.
563
00:25:59,724 --> 00:26:01,560
Alison Leonard: After Paris
was liberated in August,
564
00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:03,161
Miller was eager
to bring his music
565
00:26:03,161 --> 00:26:04,996
to GI's on leave in the city.
566
00:26:04,996 --> 00:26:07,599
But the AFN and BBC were
reluctant to let him go,
567
00:26:07,599 --> 00:26:09,401
since they relied heavily on
his band's recordings
568
00:26:09,401 --> 00:26:10,902
to fill their programming.
569
00:26:11,670 --> 00:26:13,305
To secure their approval,
Miller took on
570
00:26:13,305 --> 00:26:16,608
a grueling schedule, recording
an astonishing 84 hours
571
00:26:16,608 --> 00:26:18,710
of programming over the
course of 3 weeks.
572
00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:20,979
His efforts paid off and the
plan was announced:
573
00:26:20,979 --> 00:26:22,981
Glenn Miller was
heading to Paris.
574
00:26:24,015 --> 00:26:27,352
Narrator:
At 1:55 p.m. on December 15,
575
00:26:27,352 --> 00:26:30,455
Miller boarded a UC-64A Norseman
576
00:26:30,455 --> 00:26:33,258
alongside Lt. Col.
Norman Baessell
577
00:26:33,258 --> 00:26:34,859
and pilot John Morgan
578
00:26:34,859 --> 00:26:37,095
and the men began their
ill-fated journey
579
00:26:37,095 --> 00:26:40,599
across the English Channel to
Villacoublay, France.
580
00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,336
Adam Bunch: When Miller's
band arrived in Paris
581
00:26:44,336 --> 00:26:46,571
three days later,
on December 18th,
582
00:26:46,571 --> 00:26:48,773
he was nowhere to be found.
583
00:26:48,773 --> 00:26:51,142
So they contacted
military authorities,
584
00:26:51,142 --> 00:26:53,545
and discovered no
one there even knew
585
00:26:53,545 --> 00:26:56,247
that he had ever taken off in
the first place.
586
00:26:56,247 --> 00:26:58,383
The Norseman had been reported
587
00:26:58,383 --> 00:27:00,518
as missing over the
English Channel,
588
00:27:00,518 --> 00:27:03,088
but Miller was so impatient
to get to France,
589
00:27:03,088 --> 00:27:05,957
that he got on the plane
without official permission.
590
00:27:05,957 --> 00:27:08,126
So it was only the pilot
who was listed
591
00:27:08,126 --> 00:27:09,327
as having been on board.
592
00:27:10,895 --> 00:27:12,931
Amma Agbedor: All we know is
Miller's plane
593
00:27:12,931 --> 00:27:18,403
flew within a few miles of
Woodley Airfield at 2:12,
594
00:27:18,403 --> 00:27:22,073
before it turned
south and vanished.
595
00:27:22,073 --> 00:27:25,710
This would mark the start of
one of the greatest
596
00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,313
unsolved mysteries of the war.
597
00:27:30,782 --> 00:27:32,450
Narrator:
Despite exhaustive searches,
598
00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:36,955
no trace of Glenn Miller or the
Norseman has ever been found.
599
00:27:36,955 --> 00:27:39,190
The English Channel,
crisscrossed by bombers,
600
00:27:39,190 --> 00:27:41,526
transports, and
reconnaissance planes,
601
00:27:41,526 --> 00:27:43,862
was an unforgiving corridor.
602
00:27:43,862 --> 00:27:47,832
In such volatile airspace, even
the slightest miscalculation
603
00:27:47,832 --> 00:27:50,902
could transform a routine
flight into disaster.
604
00:27:51,503 --> 00:27:53,405
James Ellis: Glenn Miller's
Norseman may have drifted
605
00:27:53,405 --> 00:27:56,574
into one of the most perilous
areas above the Channel,
606
00:27:56,574 --> 00:27:58,543
a Jettison zone.
607
00:27:58,543 --> 00:28:00,145
Returning Allied Lancasters,
608
00:28:00,145 --> 00:28:02,714
burdened with high-explosive
payloads,
609
00:28:02,714 --> 00:28:06,217
would circle these 10-mile
areas to safely offload
610
00:28:06,217 --> 00:28:09,354
their 500-pound bombs
before landing in England.
611
00:28:10,188 --> 00:28:11,923
Alison Leonard: The practice was
vital for safety on the ground,
612
00:28:11,923 --> 00:28:13,692
but for any aircraft
flying below,
613
00:28:13,692 --> 00:28:15,326
the consequences
were catastrophic.
614
00:28:15,326 --> 00:28:18,363
A single misstep into the zone
could turn an ordinary flight
615
00:28:18,363 --> 00:28:19,731
into a fatal encounter,
616
00:28:19,731 --> 00:28:21,933
as tons of explosives rained
down without warning.
617
00:28:24,035 --> 00:28:26,438
Adam Bunch: On the day Glenn
Miller's plane vanished,
618
00:28:26,438 --> 00:28:30,775
a group of Lancaster
bombers, nearly 140 of them,
619
00:28:30,775 --> 00:28:34,045
returned from an aborted
air raid over Germany.
620
00:28:34,045 --> 00:28:36,915
The fighters meant to escort
them had been grounded,
621
00:28:36,915 --> 00:28:38,917
so the mission was called off.
622
00:28:38,917 --> 00:28:40,685
And the bombers were
full of more than
623
00:28:40,685 --> 00:28:43,822
100,000 incendiary bombs,
624
00:28:43,822 --> 00:28:46,958
payloads
too dangerous to land with.
625
00:28:46,958 --> 00:28:51,029
So the squadron set course
for the South Jettison area,
626
00:28:51,029 --> 00:28:53,565
part of the English Channel
that was designated
627
00:28:53,565 --> 00:28:55,066
as a dumping zone.
628
00:28:56,267 --> 00:29:00,071
Amma Agbedor: Decades later, RAF
navigator Fred Shaw recalled
629
00:29:00,071 --> 00:29:04,175
that as his Lancaster neared
the South Jettison Area,
630
00:29:04,175 --> 00:29:08,646
he spotted a small,
high-wing aircraft below.
631
00:29:08,646 --> 00:29:12,183
Moments later, his squadron
began releasing
632
00:29:12,183 --> 00:29:16,488
their payload of bombs
tumbling toward the sea.
633
00:29:16,488 --> 00:29:19,057
If Shaw's story is accurate,
634
00:29:19,057 --> 00:29:22,861
this tragic scenario
might hold the answer
635
00:29:22,861 --> 00:29:24,996
to Glenn Miller's disappearance.
636
00:29:27,232 --> 00:29:29,367
Narrator: Initial doubts
about Shaw's account
637
00:29:29,367 --> 00:29:33,071
arose from discrepancies
in the reported timelines.
638
00:29:33,071 --> 00:29:36,975
Some reports claim the bombs
were jettisoned at 1:40 p.m.,
639
00:29:36,975 --> 00:29:40,545
but pilot John Morgan's flight
log placed the Norseman
640
00:29:40,545 --> 00:29:42,380
an hour ahead of the bombers.
641
00:29:44,082 --> 00:29:46,851
Adam Bunch: Lancaster
bombers typically jettisoned
642
00:29:46,851 --> 00:29:51,022
their payloads from altitudes
of 5,000 to 6,000 feet.
643
00:29:51,022 --> 00:29:53,958
And from those heights, it's
thought that a Norseman flying
644
00:29:53,958 --> 00:29:58,196
much closer to the water would
just look like a tiny speck,
645
00:29:58,196 --> 00:30:00,398
almost invisible
to the bombers,
646
00:30:00,398 --> 00:30:01,766
even in clear skies.
647
00:30:03,034 --> 00:30:05,870
Amma Agbedor: Crucially, no
Lancaster crews reported
648
00:30:05,870 --> 00:30:09,140
seeing an aircraft in distress
or filing any reports
649
00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:12,977
of an incident, as was their
strict obligation.
650
00:30:12,977 --> 00:30:17,015
So in the end, the friendly fire
idea feels more like
651
00:30:17,015 --> 00:30:20,385
speculation born out of the
confusion of war,
652
00:30:20,385 --> 00:30:24,789
pushing us to look at other,
more likely explanations.
653
00:30:26,124 --> 00:30:29,227
Narrator: The skies of 1944
held more than just danger
654
00:30:29,227 --> 00:30:32,063
from above, hidden within the
fragile machines
655
00:30:32,063 --> 00:30:34,699
carrying the men lay
vulnerabilities
656
00:30:34,699 --> 00:30:36,434
waiting to betray them.
657
00:30:37,101 --> 00:30:40,038
James Ellis: Another explanation
focuses on the aircraft itself.
658
00:30:40,038 --> 00:30:44,008
The UC-64A Norseman was
built for durability
659
00:30:44,008 --> 00:30:47,245
and designed to meet the
demands of wartime aviation.
660
00:30:47,245 --> 00:30:49,914
But its simplicity also
left it vulnerable.
661
00:30:49,914 --> 00:30:52,450
Its single engine,
lightweight steel frame,
662
00:30:52,450 --> 00:30:55,854
and minimal safety systems,
were practical for logistics,
663
00:30:55,854 --> 00:30:57,288
but offered no protection
664
00:30:57,288 --> 00:31:00,091
against the engineering
challenges of winter flying.
665
00:31:00,091 --> 00:31:03,661
One recurring issue, carburetor
icing, could turn even
666
00:31:03,661 --> 00:31:06,164
the sturdiest planes
into death traps.
667
00:31:07,966 --> 00:31:09,901
Alison Leonard: Carburetor icing
was a mechanical flaw
668
00:31:09,901 --> 00:31:12,070
rather than a purely
environmental hazard.
669
00:31:12,070 --> 00:31:14,906
When moisture in the air froze
inside the engine's fuel intake,
670
00:31:14,906 --> 00:31:17,475
it restricted airflow and
starved the engine of power.
671
00:31:17,475 --> 00:31:20,144
Pilots frequently reported
this issue with the Norseman,
672
00:31:20,144 --> 00:31:22,413
particularly in cold,
damp conditions.
673
00:31:24,148 --> 00:31:26,718
Adam Bunch: During the war,
ground crews were overworked
674
00:31:26,718 --> 00:31:28,419
and had limited resources.
675
00:31:28,419 --> 00:31:31,089
So they had to prioritize
combat aircraft
676
00:31:31,089 --> 00:31:33,324
over transport planes
like the Norseman.
677
00:31:33,324 --> 00:31:36,294
So even relatively easy
to fix issues
678
00:31:36,294 --> 00:31:38,963
like an improperly
calibrated carburetor
679
00:31:38,963 --> 00:31:42,166
or a crack in a fuel line
were easily overlooked.
680
00:31:44,335 --> 00:31:46,471
Narrator: If the Norseman's
engine failed mid-flight,
681
00:31:46,471 --> 00:31:49,674
Captain Morgan's response
would have been critical.
682
00:31:49,674 --> 00:31:52,744
But the perilous conditions
over the English Channel
683
00:31:52,744 --> 00:31:55,680
left him little time
or space to act.
684
00:31:56,648 --> 00:31:58,616
Amma Agbedor: Flying low
beneath the cloud cover
685
00:31:58,616 --> 00:32:00,184
to maintain visibility,
686
00:32:00,184 --> 00:32:04,455
Morgan would have
had no margin for error.
687
00:32:04,455 --> 00:32:08,927
At that altitude, even a brief
engine stall could be fatal.
688
00:32:08,927 --> 00:32:12,463
The Norseman's lightweight,
fabric-covered frame
689
00:32:12,463 --> 00:32:16,267
would have offered no
protection in a crash.
690
00:32:16,267 --> 00:32:19,871
Once it hit the water,
it likely disintegrated,
691
00:32:19,871 --> 00:32:23,041
leaving no trace for
investigators to find.
692
00:32:24,642 --> 00:32:26,311
James Ellis: To our knowledge,
there were no significant
693
00:32:26,311 --> 00:32:28,379
issues with Miller's aircraft,
694
00:32:28,379 --> 00:32:31,416
and no distress signals were
sent during the flight.
695
00:32:31,416 --> 00:32:34,385
Even with a mechanical failure,
an experienced pilot
696
00:32:34,385 --> 00:32:38,056
like Morgan might have managed a
controlled ditching
697
00:32:38,056 --> 00:32:40,291
if given time to react.
698
00:32:40,291 --> 00:32:44,295
If the engine failed, why
didn't he send a Mayday signal?
699
00:32:44,295 --> 00:32:48,299
Or was the situation too sudden
and catastrophic to allow it?
700
00:32:48,299 --> 00:32:51,803
Narrator: For some, the answer
lies not in faulty machinery
701
00:32:51,803 --> 00:32:54,105
but in the unrelenting
forces of nature
702
00:32:54,105 --> 00:32:56,441
that turned the skies
over the English Channel
703
00:32:56,441 --> 00:32:59,777
into a battleground no pilot
could hope to conquer.
704
00:33:00,378 --> 00:33:01,579
Alison Leonard: The most
straightforward explanation
705
00:33:01,579 --> 00:33:02,981
is also the most haunting.
706
00:33:02,981 --> 00:33:04,849
Glenn Miller's Norseman fell
victim
707
00:33:04,849 --> 00:33:06,851
to the brutal winter skies.
708
00:33:06,851 --> 00:33:09,187
Weather over the Channel in
December 1944
709
00:33:09,187 --> 00:33:12,490
was notoriously treacherous, and
December 15 was no exception,
710
00:33:12,490 --> 00:33:15,960
with a 300-foot ceiling and
ice due to freezing drizzle.
711
00:33:16,995 --> 00:33:18,896
Adam Bunch: When the
Norsemen lifted off,
712
00:33:18,896 --> 00:33:21,766
the weather was foggy,
but seemed manageable.
713
00:33:21,766 --> 00:33:25,036
Once they got over the channel,
the conditions got worse.
714
00:33:25,036 --> 00:33:27,638
Records suggest that dense
cloud layers
715
00:33:27,638 --> 00:33:29,474
stretch from sea level upward,
716
00:33:29,474 --> 00:33:31,275
conditions, that
would have been ideal
717
00:33:31,275 --> 00:33:34,078
for causing icing at
lower altitudes.
718
00:33:35,079 --> 00:33:36,614
Amma Agbedor: The English
Channel in winter
719
00:33:36,614 --> 00:33:39,317
was infamous among aviators.
720
00:33:39,317 --> 00:33:42,453
Sudden gusts,
violent turbulence,
721
00:33:42,453 --> 00:33:46,591
and thick fog often reduced
even the most seasoned pilots
722
00:33:46,591 --> 00:33:49,427
to flying by instinct alone.
723
00:33:49,427 --> 00:33:52,497
Visibility could
vanish without warning,
724
00:33:52,497 --> 00:33:55,833
leaving crews disoriented
and vulnerable
725
00:33:55,833 --> 00:33:58,503
in an endless, featureless void.
726
00:34:00,171 --> 00:34:01,439
James Ellis: To
maintain visibility,
727
00:34:01,439 --> 00:34:04,542
pilots often flew low
beneath the cloud cover.
728
00:34:04,542 --> 00:34:08,212
But flying so close to the
sea came with its own risks.
729
00:34:08,212 --> 00:34:10,782
Over the Channel, Atlantic
winds could have collided
730
00:34:10,782 --> 00:34:14,519
with coastal drafts,
creating sudden turbulence.
731
00:34:15,219 --> 00:34:17,989
A single downdraft could pull
a plane into the water
732
00:34:17,989 --> 00:34:19,457
within seconds.
733
00:34:19,457 --> 00:34:21,626
But given the absence
of solid evidence,
734
00:34:21,626 --> 00:34:24,729
it's impossible to conclude
that weather conditions
735
00:34:24,729 --> 00:34:26,731
caused the disappearance.
736
00:34:27,331 --> 00:34:29,400
Narrator: Despite
decades of investigation,
737
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:32,103
no trace of Glenn
Miller, his companions,
738
00:34:32,103 --> 00:34:34,906
or their aircraft has
ever been confirmed.
739
00:34:34,906 --> 00:34:38,643
But tantalizing clues persist,
keeping the mystery alive
740
00:34:38,643 --> 00:34:41,612
and tied to the enduring
legacy of his music.
741
00:34:42,547 --> 00:34:44,582
Alison Leonard: In 1987, a
retired trawler man reported
742
00:34:44,582 --> 00:34:47,151
pulling up wreckage he believed
was Miller's Norseman.
743
00:34:47,151 --> 00:34:49,153
Though he was told to
return it to the Channel,
744
00:34:49,153 --> 00:34:50,621
he recorded the coordinates,
745
00:34:50,621 --> 00:34:53,558
a potential clue tied to
historical aircraft data.
746
00:34:54,959 --> 00:34:56,994
The Norseman was the
only plane of its kind
747
00:34:56,994 --> 00:34:58,496
lost during the war,
748
00:34:58,496 --> 00:35:01,165
and its unique steel-tubed
fuselage and engine
749
00:35:01,165 --> 00:35:03,301
could still confirm
its identity if found.
750
00:35:04,936 --> 00:35:07,705
Narrator: From his early days
as a struggling trombonist
751
00:35:07,705 --> 00:35:11,409
to creating a signature sound
that defined the Big Band era,
752
00:35:11,409 --> 00:35:15,146
Miller's story is one of
persistence and innovation.
753
00:35:15,146 --> 00:35:17,415
His disappearance over the
English Channel remains
754
00:35:17,415 --> 00:35:20,885
a mystery, but his music
continues to resonate,
755
00:35:20,885 --> 00:35:25,523
transcending time and connecting
audiences across decades.
756
00:35:26,624 --> 00:35:26,724
♪♪
757
00:35:26,724 --> 00:35:35,800
♪♪
758
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,303
Narrator: In 435 BCE,
renowned sculptor Phidias
759
00:35:39,303 --> 00:35:41,339
completed his masterpiece,
760
00:35:41,339 --> 00:35:44,041
a towering
40-foot statue of Zeus,
761
00:35:44,041 --> 00:35:47,411
the supreme deity of the
ancient Greek pantheon.
762
00:35:47,411 --> 00:35:49,714
Housed in a special
temple at Olympia,
763
00:35:49,714 --> 00:35:52,783
the sculpture presided over
the Olympic games
764
00:35:52,783 --> 00:35:54,152
for nine centuries.
765
00:35:54,785 --> 00:35:57,455
James Ellis: Zeus' statue
became the focus of the games;
766
00:35:57,455 --> 00:36:00,658
the procession of athletes and
spectators, who had pilgrimaged
767
00:36:00,658 --> 00:36:03,961
from all over Greece to attend,
marched through the temple
768
00:36:03,961 --> 00:36:05,363
on the way to the stadium,
769
00:36:05,363 --> 00:36:09,200
to observe this colossal
effigy, and pay their respects.
770
00:36:10,835 --> 00:36:12,703
Anthea Nardi: The statue
and its temple weren't just
771
00:36:12,703 --> 00:36:14,005
the focus of the games;
772
00:36:14,005 --> 00:36:17,575
they were one of the Seven
Ancient Wonders of the World.
773
00:36:17,575 --> 00:36:19,810
People came from all
over the Mediterranean
774
00:36:19,810 --> 00:36:22,847
to experience this sublime
sculpture of the God
775
00:36:22,847 --> 00:36:24,715
who ruled over the other Gods.
776
00:36:26,384 --> 00:36:28,352
Adam Bunch: We know the
statue existed for at least
777
00:36:28,352 --> 00:36:33,891
about 900 years, but by the
5 or 600 CE, it was gone.
778
00:36:33,891 --> 00:36:36,294
There are lots of theories
about what happened to it,
779
00:36:36,294 --> 00:36:38,663
but no conclusive evidence.
780
00:36:38,663 --> 00:36:43,868
So how does an enormous
40-foot sculpture disappear?
781
00:36:43,868 --> 00:36:48,406
What did happen to Olympia's
famous Statue of Zeus?
782
00:36:50,374 --> 00:36:53,477
Narrator: Because Olympia had no
full-time civilian population,
783
00:36:53,477 --> 00:36:55,546
it was not considered a city,
784
00:36:55,546 --> 00:36:59,116
but rather a sanctuary site
with over 700 structures
785
00:36:59,116 --> 00:37:01,652
dedicated to the worship of Zeus
786
00:37:01,652 --> 00:37:04,956
and for hosting the games
meant to honor him.
787
00:37:04,956 --> 00:37:06,390
James Ellis:
Just as they are now,
788
00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:09,994
the games were held every four
years, even in times of war.
789
00:37:09,994 --> 00:37:13,497
This was a religious event,
meant to be enjoyed not only
790
00:37:13,497 --> 00:37:16,300
by people but by the
Gods themselves,
791
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:19,270
so a sacred truce would be in
place to ensure peace
792
00:37:19,270 --> 00:37:20,671
while the games were on.
793
00:37:21,739 --> 00:37:23,774
Anthea Nardi: Ironically, a
disagreement between two
794
00:37:23,774 --> 00:37:26,477
nearby towns, Elis and Pisa,
795
00:37:26,477 --> 00:37:29,680
over which of them should have
the right to oversee the games,
796
00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:31,282
is what led to war.
797
00:37:32,116 --> 00:37:34,218
The towns fought for decades,
798
00:37:34,218 --> 00:37:36,654
and when Elis finally
came out on top,
799
00:37:36,654 --> 00:37:39,390
the town decided to
celebrate the victory
800
00:37:39,390 --> 00:37:41,926
and spend some of the loot
they'd stolen during the war,
801
00:37:41,926 --> 00:37:45,696
by building a fabulous
temple dedicated to Zeus.
802
00:37:46,998 --> 00:37:50,801
Adam Bunch: The Temple of Zeus
was finished about 460 BCE
803
00:37:50,801 --> 00:37:53,471
and it would have instantly
become a famous landmark
804
00:37:53,471 --> 00:37:56,407
right near the main
Olympic Stadium.
805
00:37:56,407 --> 00:38:01,412
It was nearly 100 feet wide
and more than 200 feet long,
806
00:38:01,412 --> 00:38:06,417
six massive columns on the
front and 13 down the sides.
807
00:38:06,417 --> 00:38:09,253
And inside you'd find
a chamber called a cella
808
00:38:09,253 --> 00:38:12,356
that was built for
one central purpose
809
00:38:12,356 --> 00:38:16,560
to house a towering statue of
the King of the Gods.
810
00:38:18,462 --> 00:38:20,398
Narrator: Phidias
already had a reputation
811
00:38:20,398 --> 00:38:23,834
for creating a colossal
sculpture of the Goddess Athena
812
00:38:23,834 --> 00:38:25,803
for the Parthenon in Athens.
813
00:38:25,803 --> 00:38:29,774
For the statue of Zeus, he had a
huge workshop built in Olympia,
814
00:38:29,774 --> 00:38:32,610
seemingly determined
to outdo himself.
815
00:38:33,077 --> 00:38:37,148
Anthea Nardi: By 435 BCE, the
enormous statue was completed,
816
00:38:37,148 --> 00:38:38,783
and installed in the temple.
817
00:38:38,783 --> 00:38:41,886
There was a 20 by 30 foot
podium of black marble
818
00:38:41,886 --> 00:38:44,388
on which Zeus sat on his throne.
819
00:38:44,388 --> 00:38:46,824
His features were
meticulously sculpted,
820
00:38:46,824 --> 00:38:49,760
with precious jewels
inlaid in his eyes.
821
00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:52,663
In one hand he held a
scepter with an eagle;
822
00:38:52,663 --> 00:38:56,667
in the other, a statue of Nike,
the Goddess of victory.
823
00:38:57,902 --> 00:38:59,770
Adam Bunch: The statue helped
Olympia become one of the most
824
00:38:59,770 --> 00:39:02,673
important religious
centers in Greece.
825
00:39:02,673 --> 00:39:05,710
It was so famous, there were
even miniature likenesses of it
826
00:39:05,710 --> 00:39:08,012
depicted on coins,
which is part of
827
00:39:08,012 --> 00:39:09,747
how we know what it looked like.
828
00:39:09,747 --> 00:39:13,784
It was a must-see on people's
bucket lists for centuries.
829
00:39:13,784 --> 00:39:18,189
But then, at some point before
the end of the 500's CE,
830
00:39:18,189 --> 00:39:20,358
the statue disappeared.
831
00:39:21,726 --> 00:39:23,828
Narrator: It's possible
the statue of Zeus,
832
00:39:23,828 --> 00:39:27,064
the God who wielded one
form of nature's power,
833
00:39:27,064 --> 00:39:30,835
may have been destroyed by an
even greater force of nature
834
00:39:30,835 --> 00:39:32,937
Zeus did not control.
835
00:39:32,937 --> 00:39:34,972
Amma Agbedor: This part of the
world experienced
836
00:39:34,972 --> 00:39:38,943
powerful earthquakes during the
first millennium CE;
837
00:39:38,943 --> 00:39:42,480
one of them could have brought
the Temple of Zeus down,
838
00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:46,016
and smashed Phydias's
masterpiece to bits.
839
00:39:47,518 --> 00:39:49,820
After the ruins of Olympia
were discovered,
840
00:39:49,820 --> 00:39:53,524
and ultimately excavated,
in the late 19th century,
841
00:39:53,524 --> 00:39:56,694
evidence emerged that
led to this theory.
842
00:39:57,695 --> 00:39:59,397
James Ellis: As the Temple
of Zeus was uncovered,
843
00:39:59,397 --> 00:40:02,333
many columns of its southern
flank were splayed out
844
00:40:02,333 --> 00:40:04,368
in a pattern like
fallen dominoes,
845
00:40:04,368 --> 00:40:05,936
which immediately suggested
846
00:40:05,936 --> 00:40:08,939
that only something as
overwhelming as an earthquake
847
00:40:08,939 --> 00:40:10,040
could have toppled them.
848
00:40:11,509 --> 00:40:13,043
Anthea Nardi:
The geological record shows,
849
00:40:13,043 --> 00:40:14,512
there were catastrophic quakes
850
00:40:14,512 --> 00:40:17,448
in that part of
Greece in 522 CE,
851
00:40:17,448 --> 00:40:20,684
and again, in 551 CE.
852
00:40:20,684 --> 00:40:24,422
The 551 event even resulted
in the site being buried
853
00:40:24,422 --> 00:40:26,791
under more than 25 feet of silt
854
00:40:26,791 --> 00:40:29,493
from the Alpheios
and Kladeos Rivers.
855
00:40:31,562 --> 00:40:33,831
Adam Bunch: Some people
question that theory, though.
856
00:40:33,831 --> 00:40:36,267
Modern simulations have
suggested that the earthquake
857
00:40:36,267 --> 00:40:39,036
in 551 wouldn't have been
powerful enough
858
00:40:39,036 --> 00:40:42,273
to topple the columns into
that particular pattern,
859
00:40:42,273 --> 00:40:43,974
but they clearly did fall.
860
00:40:43,974 --> 00:40:46,177
So if it wasn't an earthquake,
historians are left
861
00:40:46,177 --> 00:40:48,746
to figure out what else could
have brought them down.
862
00:40:50,514 --> 00:40:51,649
Narrator: Some have speculated
863
00:40:51,649 --> 00:40:53,651
that not even the
King of the Gods
864
00:40:53,651 --> 00:40:56,854
can stay above the law
of the land for very long.
865
00:40:57,788 --> 00:40:59,723
Amma Agbedor: The Temple
of Zeus in Olympia,
866
00:40:59,723 --> 00:41:03,360
along with the world-famous
statue it contained,
867
00:41:03,360 --> 00:41:06,464
may have been
intentionally destroyed,
868
00:41:06,464 --> 00:41:09,033
per the orders of Rome's
Christian leadership.
869
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:11,802
In the late 4th century CE,
870
00:41:11,802 --> 00:41:17,174
the Roman Emperor Theodosius I
outlawed all pagan cults
871
00:41:17,174 --> 00:41:19,009
throughout the Empire.
872
00:41:20,277 --> 00:41:22,613
Pagan sanctuaries
were to be abandoned;
873
00:41:22,613 --> 00:41:26,150
and all non-Christian
rituals were banned.
874
00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:29,887
The Olympics, which had been
held every four years
875
00:41:29,887 --> 00:41:33,557
for almost 12 centuries,
were ended.
876
00:41:34,658 --> 00:41:37,194
James Ellis: The Emperor had
not, not yet, anyway,
877
00:41:37,194 --> 00:41:40,531
ordered the destruction
of pagan temples themselves.
878
00:41:40,531 --> 00:41:44,435
But one overenthusiastic
prefect in the town of Apamea
879
00:41:44,435 --> 00:41:46,737
took it upon himself
to demolish a temple there,
880
00:41:46,737 --> 00:41:48,439
that was dedicated to Zeus,
881
00:41:48,439 --> 00:41:50,908
by having its
columns pulled down.
882
00:41:52,209 --> 00:41:54,478
Anthea Nardi: They tried with
teams of draft animals
883
00:41:54,478 --> 00:41:57,448
and ropes, and the
columns wouldn't budge.
884
00:41:57,448 --> 00:41:59,683
So they tried
something brilliant.
885
00:41:59,683 --> 00:42:02,586
undermined one side
of three of the columns,
886
00:42:02,586 --> 00:42:06,056
supported that side by
inserting timber beams,
887
00:42:06,056 --> 00:42:10,127
undermined some more, and
then lit the beams on fire.
888
00:42:11,529 --> 00:42:14,098
The beams burned away, and
the three columns toppled,
889
00:42:14,098 --> 00:42:17,468
smashing into, and taking
down another twelve,
890
00:42:17,468 --> 00:42:19,970
and possibly at least
part of the roof.
891
00:42:19,970 --> 00:42:22,106
They said that the crashing
sound was heard
892
00:42:22,106 --> 00:42:23,173
throughout the town.
893
00:42:24,975 --> 00:42:26,744
Adam Bunch: Some researchers
have suggested
894
00:42:26,744 --> 00:42:28,679
that if the same
technique was used
895
00:42:28,679 --> 00:42:30,948
on the Temple of Zeus
at Olympia,
896
00:42:30,948 --> 00:42:34,051
that might explain the
toppled dominoes pattern.
897
00:42:34,718 --> 00:42:36,020
But whatever the cause,
898
00:42:36,020 --> 00:42:38,556
an earthquake or
intentional demolition,
899
00:42:38,556 --> 00:42:40,691
there's another
unanswered question.
900
00:42:40,691 --> 00:42:44,128
If the statue of Zeus was
destroyed in the temple,
901
00:42:44,128 --> 00:42:47,865
why haven't we found any trace
of gold or ivory from it?
902
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,970
Narrator: When all efforts at
finding proof something existed
903
00:42:52,970 --> 00:42:55,272
in a certain place
have been exhausted,
904
00:42:55,272 --> 00:42:58,742
it may lead to one simple
but surprising conclusion.
905
00:43:00,044 --> 00:43:03,380
Amma Agbedor: Maybe the statue
of Zeus just wasn't there.
906
00:43:03,380 --> 00:43:05,316
Not by the time of the
destruction
907
00:43:05,316 --> 00:43:06,817
of the temple, anyway.
908
00:43:06,817 --> 00:43:10,054
It may have been moved
to Constantinople,
909
00:43:10,054 --> 00:43:15,225
now Istanbul, over 400 miles
across the Sea of Marmara.
910
00:43:16,660 --> 00:43:19,430
James Ellis: The thing is, even
well after pagan rituals
911
00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:22,933
and beliefs had been banned, the
Statue of Zeus was recognized
912
00:43:22,933 --> 00:43:25,803
by many as an important
work of art.
913
00:43:25,803 --> 00:43:30,341
And somewhere around 430 CE,
the Imperial Chamberlain
914
00:43:30,341 --> 00:43:32,476
of Theodosius,
a man named Lausus,
915
00:43:32,476 --> 00:43:35,879
might have used his money and
position to acquire the statue
916
00:43:35,879 --> 00:43:39,183
for his private collection
of "pagan antiquities."
917
00:43:41,185 --> 00:43:45,856
Adam Bunch: In 475 CE, there was
a great fire in Constantinople,
918
00:43:45,856 --> 00:43:47,992
and it swept right
through the area
919
00:43:47,992 --> 00:43:50,094
where the Palace
of Lausos stood.
920
00:43:50,094 --> 00:43:53,864
Later, historians reported
that the palace was destroyed,
921
00:43:53,864 --> 00:43:56,634
along with the
statues inside it,
922
00:43:56,634 --> 00:43:59,003
but we don't know if
Zeus was one of them.
923
00:44:00,971 --> 00:44:03,941
Narrator: Though Phidias's later
life is something of a mystery,
924
00:44:03,941 --> 00:44:06,910
we know that the great Statue
of Zeus at Olympia
925
00:44:06,910 --> 00:44:10,514
turned out to be his greatest
and last masterpiece.
926
00:44:11,548 --> 00:44:14,251
Amma Agbedor: There are accounts
that Phidias was implicated
927
00:44:14,251 --> 00:44:15,819
in a number of crimes,
928
00:44:15,819 --> 00:44:18,989
targeted by enemies of one of
his benefactors.
929
00:44:18,989 --> 00:44:23,427
He was accused of stealing gold
from one of his own statues,
930
00:44:23,427 --> 00:44:28,232
which was disproved, but he
was convicted of "impiety",
931
00:44:28,232 --> 00:44:29,933
for carving his own likeness
932
00:44:29,933 --> 00:44:32,503
into the Goddess
Athena's shield.
933
00:44:32,503 --> 00:44:34,972
For that he was jailed.
934
00:44:34,972 --> 00:44:38,475
After that, the historical
record is inconclusive;
935
00:44:38,475 --> 00:44:40,077
he may have died in jail,
936
00:44:40,077 --> 00:44:42,846
or he may have been
released into exile.
937
00:44:44,415 --> 00:44:46,583
Narrator: The Statue of Zeus
stood tall in Olympia
938
00:44:46,583 --> 00:44:50,187
for roughly a thousand years and
could be said to have achieved
939
00:44:50,187 --> 00:44:53,123
a kind of immortality
even beyond that.
940
00:44:53,123 --> 00:44:56,593
Phidias' depiction of Zeus
seated on his throne
941
00:44:56,593 --> 00:44:59,763
became the standard,
copied and repeated
942
00:44:59,763 --> 00:45:02,466
for Gods and mortals ever since.
943
00:45:02,466 --> 00:45:09,873
♪♪
944
00:45:10,908 --> 00:45:15,879
♪♪
112749
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