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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,468 --> 00:00:01,501  Na                              2 00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:01,534  Narr                            3 00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:01,568  Narrat                          4 00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:01,601  Narrator                        5 00:00:01,601 --> 00:00:01,634  Narrator:                       6 00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:01,668  Narrator: Wh                    7 00:00:01,668 --> 00:00:01,701  Narrator: When                  8 00:00:01,701 --> 00:00:01,735  Narrator: When o                9 00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:01,768  Narrator: When one              10 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:01,801  Narrator: When one o            11 00:00:01,801 --> 00:00:01,835  Narrator: When one of           12 00:00:01,835 --> 00:00:01,868  Narrator: When one of hi        13 00:00:01,868 --> 00:00:01,901  Narrator: When one of hist      14 00:00:01,901 --> 00:00:01,935  Narrator: When one of histor    15 00:00:01,935 --> 00:00:01,968  Narrator: When one of history'  16 00:00:01,968 --> 00:00:02,035  Narrator: When one of history's 17 00:00:02,035 --> 00:00:02,068  Narrator: When one of history's gr                               18 00:00:02,068 --> 00:00:02,102  Narrator: When one of history's grea                             19 00:00:02,102 --> 00:00:02,135  Narrator: When one of history's greate                           20 00:00:02,135 --> 00:00:02,168  Narrator: When one of history's greatest                         21 00:00:02,168 --> 00:00:02,202  Narrator: When one of history's greatest i                       22 00:00:02,202 --> 00:00:02,235  Narrator: When one of history's greatest inv                     23 00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:02,268  Narrator: When one of history's greatest inven                   24 00:00:02,268 --> 00:00:02,302  Narrator: When one of history's greatest invento                 25 00:00:02,302 --> 00:00:02,335  Narrator: When one of history's greatest inventors               26 00:00:02,335 --> 00:00:02,369  Narrator: When one of history's greatest inventors d             27 00:00:02,369 --> 00:00:02,402  Narrator: When one of history's greatest inventors die           28 00:00:02,402 --> 00:00:03,303  Narrator: When one of history's greatest inventors dies,         29 00:00:03,303 --> 00:00:05,338    some of his prized archives   30 00:00:05,338 --> 00:00:07,707  are lost under peculiar          circumstances.                  31 00:00:07,707 --> 00:00:09,909  Alison Leonard: Tesla was found  dead in his New York hotel room 32 00:00:09,909 --> 00:00:11,378 in 1943.                         33 00:00:11,378 --> 00:00:13,847    His personal books,              notes, and diagrams           34 00:00:13,847 --> 00:00:15,715 were sealed in a                    total of 80 trunks,           35 00:00:15,715 --> 00:00:18,585    which were shipped back to       Tesla's native Yugoslavia.    36 00:00:18,585 --> 00:00:20,353    But only 60 trunks arrived.   37 00:00:20,353 --> 00:00:23,757  James Ellis: So where did those   missing 20 trunks go?          38 00:00:23,757 --> 00:00:26,426  Narrator: A plane carrying one   of America's greatest musicians 39 00:00:26,426 --> 00:00:29,596  mysteriously disappears         over the English channel.        40 00:00:29,596 --> 00:00:32,832    Amma Agbedor: Glenn Miller       was a cultural phenomenon.    41 00:00:32,832 --> 00:00:35,135  His hits, were anthems          of a generation.                 42 00:00:35,135 --> 00:00:37,237 Adam Bunch: The timing of         Miller's flight                 43 00:00:37,237 --> 00:00:39,039    could not have been worst.    44 00:00:39,039 --> 00:00:41,808    What happened to the flight   that carried Glenn Miller        45 00:00:41,808 --> 00:00:43,476  toward the front lines?         46 00:00:43,476 --> 00:00:46,079   Narrator: An ancient             civilization responsible for   47 00:00:46,079 --> 00:00:49,649 creating one of the Seven         Wonders of the World vanishes.  48 00:00:49,649 --> 00:00:52,419  James Ellis: For centuries, the  Nabataeans had thrived.         49 00:00:52,419 --> 00:00:57,090   However, by the 7th century,    Petra had faded into obscurity. 50 00:00:57,090 --> 00:00:59,692 How did such a prosperous          civilization                   51 00:00:59,692 --> 00:01:01,394  vanish so dramatically?         52 00:01:02,495 --> 00:01:05,498  Narrator: The chain of history   has many missing links.         53 00:01:06,066 --> 00:01:07,534 Prominent people.                54 00:01:07,534 --> 00:01:09,202   Priceless treasures.           55 00:01:09,202 --> 00:01:11,137 Extraordinary artifacts.         56 00:01:11,771 --> 00:01:14,741  Their locations still unknown.  57 00:01:14,741 --> 00:01:16,676 Lost to the fog of time.         58 00:01:17,844 --> 00:01:20,780 What happens when                  stories of the past.           59 00:01:20,780 --> 00:01:22,449  Become.                         60 00:01:22,449 --> 00:01:23,683 Vanished History.                61 00:01:23,683 --> 00:01:29,589    ♪♪                            62 00:01:30,557 --> 00:01:40,767    ♪♪                            63 00:01:40,767 --> 00:01:42,602    Narrator: September, 1940.    64 00:01:42,602 --> 00:01:46,539    As World War II raged, the    legendary physicist Nikola Tesla 65 00:01:46,539 --> 00:01:50,276  told a news reporter that he'd  developed a "teleforce".         66 00:01:50,276 --> 00:01:53,079    A powerful ion beam             capable of disabling           67 00:01:53,079 --> 00:01:57,083 any military aircraft up            to 250 miles away.            68 00:01:57,083 --> 00:01:59,152  Tesla intended to take            his invention                  69 00:01:59,152 --> 00:02:01,688  to the U.S. government          and stop the war.                70 00:02:02,655 --> 00:02:04,691  Adam Bunch: Tesla hated          war and wanted to make          71 00:02:04,691 --> 00:02:07,527 war machines impractical.        72 00:02:07,527 --> 00:02:11,498   But others saw his teleforce     for its potential as an awe,   73 00:02:11,498 --> 00:02:14,667  inspiring weapon, a death beam. 74 00:02:14,667 --> 00:02:17,437   The Nazis wanted it,            the Soviets wanted it.          75 00:02:17,437 --> 00:02:19,973 And while the technology           sounds so incredible           76 00:02:19,973 --> 00:02:21,241   it's hard to believe,          77 00:02:21,241 --> 00:02:24,043 Tesla had such an                 impressive track record         78 00:02:24,043 --> 00:02:25,879    that if he said he               could do something,           79 00:02:25,879 --> 00:02:27,747   people tended to believe him.  80 00:02:28,882 --> 00:02:31,017  Alison Leonard: Tesla was found  dead in his New York hotel room 81 00:02:31,017 --> 00:02:32,719 one day in 1943.                 82 00:02:32,719 --> 00:02:35,121  And various people and            agencies swooped in.           83 00:02:35,121 --> 00:02:37,423    His personal books,              notes, and diagrams           84 00:02:37,423 --> 00:02:39,459 were sealed in a                    total of 80 trunks,           85 00:02:39,459 --> 00:02:41,594   which were carefully labeled,   accounted for,                  86 00:02:41,594 --> 00:02:44,931  and ultimately shipped back to     Tesla's native Yugoslavia.    87 00:02:44,931 --> 00:02:47,800    But overseas, only               60 trunks arrived.            88 00:02:49,335 --> 00:02:50,904 James Ellis: The contents           of those documents,           89 00:02:50,904 --> 00:02:54,207   if they could be found, might   still impact our world,         90 00:02:54,207 --> 00:02:55,708   for better, or worse.          91 00:02:55,708 --> 00:02:59,179    So where did those              missing 20 trunks go,          92 00:02:59,179 --> 00:03:00,480    and who took them?            93 00:03:02,015 --> 00:03:04,284  Narrator: Tesla                 was born in 1856,                94 00:03:04,284 --> 00:03:06,986  in the Austrian                   Empire, now Croatia.           95 00:03:06,986 --> 00:03:10,790    As a university student, he      was shown a Gramme dynamo,    96 00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:13,326 an impressive new device          that could work as both         97 00:03:13,326 --> 00:03:16,162 a direct-current                   motor and generator,           98 00:03:16,162 --> 00:03:18,498   and felt it would be simpler      and more efficient            99 00:03:18,498 --> 00:03:21,267    if it could be made to work   with alternating current.        100 00:03:21,834 --> 00:03:24,938  Anthea Nardi: After graduation,  when Tesla was only 24,         101 00:03:24,938 --> 00:03:27,307   he was walking along,           reciting lines                  102 00:03:27,307 --> 00:03:29,842   from Goethe's "Faust"             to himself,                   103 00:03:29,842 --> 00:03:31,744  when the solution came to him.  104 00:03:31,744 --> 00:03:34,948 And just like that, he'd           invented the induction motor,  105 00:03:34,948 --> 00:03:38,384    that's now used to generate   power all over the world.        106 00:03:39,986 --> 00:03:42,422    Adam Bunch: By 1887, Tesla,   107 00:03:42,422 --> 00:03:44,490 still in his early 30's,         108 00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:48,261  had filed seven patents related   to power transmission          109 00:03:48,261 --> 00:03:51,231 and motors that ran on AC power. 110 00:03:51,231 --> 00:03:53,633  So Westinghouse                    bought his patents            111 00:03:53,633 --> 00:03:56,803    during what became known as    the War of the Currents         112 00:03:56,803 --> 00:03:58,371  against Thomas Edison,          113 00:03:58,371 --> 00:04:02,408 who championed the use of        DC power, direct current.        114 00:04:02,408 --> 00:04:07,380  Less than a decade later, more     than 80% of all appliances    115 00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:10,783 we're running on                 alternating current, AC.         116 00:04:12,585 --> 00:04:14,520    Alison Leonard: Tesla spent   his patent money and more        117 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:16,522  on building specialized           laboratories.                  118 00:04:16,522 --> 00:04:19,158   A 20-storey tower in            Colorado that generated         119 00:04:19,158 --> 00:04:21,594   135-foot-long                  lightning bolts,                 120 00:04:21,594 --> 00:04:24,097    and an even taller               one on Long Island            121 00:04:24,097 --> 00:04:25,231    that he planned to use for    wireless                         122 00:04:25,231 --> 00:04:26,699   transatlantic                   communications                  123 00:04:26,699 --> 00:04:29,936   to one day transmit wireless   power all over the world.        124 00:04:29,936 --> 00:04:32,338 Tesla seemed to envision            every one of his inventions   125 00:04:32,338 --> 00:04:34,374    benefiting humanity             in some way.                   126 00:04:35,575 --> 00:04:38,011  Narrator: Wanting to ensure his  "peace beam" got built,         127 00:04:38,011 --> 00:04:40,380    Tesla sent a paper,            with diagrams,                  128 00:04:40,380 --> 00:04:42,048  to many of the Allies.          129 00:04:42,048 --> 00:04:45,485    The paper declared that his      "teleforce" would shoot out   130 00:04:45,485 --> 00:04:48,521   a super-narrow, concentrated      stream of particles           131 00:04:48,521 --> 00:04:51,524    at 270,000 miles per hour.    132 00:04:52,725 --> 00:04:54,360   James Ellis: This is what is   referred to today                133 00:04:54,360 --> 00:04:56,729   as a charged                     particle beam weapon.          134 00:04:56,729 --> 00:04:59,766 Tesla said his beam could          take down a fleet of           135 00:04:59,766 --> 00:05:04,003    10,000 warplanes up              to 250 miles away,            136 00:05:04,003 --> 00:05:06,372    thus making war impossible.   137 00:05:06,372 --> 00:05:09,575  That got attention all          right abroad and at home.        138 00:05:09,575 --> 00:05:12,945   The United States government      became extremely concerned    139 00:05:12,945 --> 00:05:16,316  about Tesla's research          falling into enemy hands.        140 00:05:17,350 --> 00:05:19,118   Anthea Nardi: Tesla lived in   hotels throughout                141 00:05:19,118 --> 00:05:21,487 much of his life                  as an American citizen.         142 00:05:21,487 --> 00:05:25,291   In 1943 he'd been residing on   the 33rd floor                  143 00:05:25,291 --> 00:05:27,327   of a hotel near Penn Station.  144 00:05:27,327 --> 00:05:30,163  One day, a member of the staff   discovered him                  145 00:05:30,163 --> 00:05:33,166  lying face down                 in his room dead,                146 00:05:33,166 --> 00:05:35,535 and wearing only                 a pair of socks.                 147 00:05:36,769 --> 00:05:39,505    Adam Bunch: The FBI quickly     arrived on the scene,          148 00:05:39,505 --> 00:05:42,809   even though there was no sign    Tesla's death was suspicious.  149 00:05:42,809 --> 00:05:45,778 He was 86 and not                   in the best health.           150 00:05:45,778 --> 00:05:48,481  They were there                    for Tesla's papers,           151 00:05:48,481 --> 00:05:50,783  which they then managed           to keep to themselves          152 00:05:50,783 --> 00:05:52,285   for almost a decade.           153 00:05:53,353 --> 00:05:54,654  Alison Leonard:                    In 1952, the court ordered    154 00:05:54,654 --> 00:05:56,356  that Tesla's personal effects,  155 00:05:56,356 --> 00:05:57,990   including his                    papers and diagrams,           156 00:05:57,990 --> 00:06:00,460 be released, and allowed          to be sent to Belgrade,         157 00:06:00,460 --> 00:06:02,662   under the care of the            Nikola Tesla Museum.           158 00:06:02,662 --> 00:06:04,597    That means it was sometime     between leaving                 159 00:06:04,597 --> 00:06:06,632    Tesla's hotel room in 1943,   160 00:06:06,632 --> 00:06:08,601   and reaching                      the museum in 1952,           161 00:06:08,601 --> 00:06:10,636   that those 20                   suitcases disappeared.          162 00:06:11,637 --> 00:06:13,606   Narrator: If having a             strong motivation,            163 00:06:13,606 --> 00:06:17,744 access, and ample opportunity to remove the files are considered. 164 00:06:17,744 --> 00:06:21,381    One needn't go far to find       a possible suspect.           165 00:06:22,382 --> 00:06:23,516  James Ellis: The United            States government,            166 00:06:23,516 --> 00:06:25,318 especially in the                 midst of World War II,          167 00:06:25,318 --> 00:06:27,920   had plenty of urgent           reasons to remove                168 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:29,489    the most significant files    169 00:06:29,489 --> 00:06:32,358    from Tesla's trove             of plans and documents.         170 00:06:32,358 --> 00:06:33,960   Whether to use his teleforce   171 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:35,595  or wireless power transmission  172 00:06:35,595 --> 00:06:38,264 for their military applications,  or simply to make sure          173 00:06:38,264 --> 00:06:40,533  the Nazis couldn't get            their hands on them,           174 00:06:40,533 --> 00:06:43,035   they may simply have           felt they had no choice.         175 00:06:44,904 --> 00:06:46,873   Anthea Nardi: Tesla's nephew,   Sava Kosanovic                  176 00:06:46,873 --> 00:06:49,108    showed up at the hotel the       morning after he found out    177 00:06:49,108 --> 00:06:50,710   about Tesla's death,           178 00:06:50,710 --> 00:06:54,614  but when he got there, Tesla's   body had already been removed.  179 00:06:54,614 --> 00:06:57,016   Not only that, but he claimed     some of his uncle's           180 00:06:57,016 --> 00:06:59,018  technical papers were missing,  181 00:06:59,018 --> 00:07:00,820   as was a notebook Tesla kept.  182 00:07:02,422 --> 00:07:04,690   Adam Bunch: Two days             after Tesla's death,           183 00:07:04,690 --> 00:07:08,327  a government department called    the Office of Alien Property   184 00:07:08,327 --> 00:07:11,564   Custodian seized the rest of    his possessions                 185 00:07:11,564 --> 00:07:15,468   from the hotel room,              including those 80 trunks.    186 00:07:15,468 --> 00:07:18,638    That department was created   to control enemy property        187 00:07:18,638 --> 00:07:22,742   confiscated in the U.S., but    Tesla was an American citizen,  188 00:07:22,742 --> 00:07:25,511   so they probably had            no legal right to do it         189 00:07:25,511 --> 00:07:27,180  and just did it anyway.         190 00:07:28,314 --> 00:07:29,782    Alison Leonard: Three weeks     later, the government called   191 00:07:29,782 --> 00:07:32,051 an expert in high-voltage        physics from MIT                 192 00:07:32,051 --> 00:07:36,022   to examine and assess Tesla's  papers, a Dr. John Trump.        193 00:07:36,022 --> 00:07:37,890 That's right, that Trump,        194 00:07:37,890 --> 00:07:40,893  President Donald Trump's uncle,  as it happens.                  195 00:07:40,893 --> 00:07:43,863 Dr. Trump's report to the          government said Tesla's work   196 00:07:43,863 --> 00:07:46,098    over the last decade and a    half of his life                 197 00:07:46,098 --> 00:07:47,366  was mostly speculative,         198 00:07:47,366 --> 00:07:49,135    not new; not sound.           199 00:07:50,436 --> 00:07:52,271 Narrator: But not                everybody agreed                 200 00:07:52,271 --> 00:07:53,873   with John Trump's assessment;  201 00:07:53,873 --> 00:07:56,943  there were people with            pull and experience,           202 00:07:56,943 --> 00:07:58,511   that felt otherwise.           203 00:07:59,846 --> 00:08:01,314    James Ellis: After              World War II was over          204 00:08:01,314 --> 00:08:04,717    and while the OAP was still     holding onto Tesla's papers,   205 00:08:04,717 --> 00:08:07,653 the Air Technical Service        Command requested                206 00:08:07,653 --> 00:08:11,090  photostat copies of his         papers on beam weaponry,         207 00:08:11,090 --> 00:08:12,859 and never returned them.         208 00:08:13,526 --> 00:08:15,695    And by 1958, DARPA,           209 00:08:15,695 --> 00:08:18,498   the Defense Advanced Research   Projects Agency                 210 00:08:18,498 --> 00:08:21,601   started a top-secret              project, "Seesaw",            211 00:08:21,601 --> 00:08:25,805   with the aim of developing a     Charged Particle Beam weapon.  212 00:08:26,906 --> 00:08:28,908    Anthea Nardi: The FBI faced   questions and accusations        213 00:08:28,908 --> 00:08:31,911 of cover-ups for decades           after Tesla's death.           214 00:08:31,911 --> 00:08:34,814    To the extent that            finally, in 2016,                215 00:08:34,814 --> 00:08:39,285   they released over 250 pages     of heavily redacted documents  216 00:08:39,285 --> 00:08:41,320   about Tesla's papers,          217 00:08:41,320 --> 00:08:45,191   many of which had been signed     personally by Edgar Hoover,   218 00:08:45,191 --> 00:08:47,026 the director of the FBI.         219 00:08:48,294 --> 00:08:51,697   The released documents didn't    disprove anyone's suspicions.  220 00:08:51,697 --> 00:08:55,401   In fact, they showed just how    intensely interested           221 00:08:55,401 --> 00:08:57,870 in Tesla's files                 the FBI had been.                222 00:09:00,406 --> 00:09:01,841  Narrator: Some believe             that the only files           223 00:09:01,841 --> 00:09:04,076 the United States                 government actually saw         224 00:09:04,076 --> 00:09:06,913  were just 'left-overs',            either duplicates,            225 00:09:06,913 --> 00:09:08,981  or documents of                 lesser import importance,        226 00:09:08,981 --> 00:09:11,617   that the people who took the     20 suitcases of files          227 00:09:11,617 --> 00:09:13,152   didn't bother taking.          228 00:09:14,253 --> 00:09:16,589  Adam Bunch: Nazi Germany would   have had real interest          229 00:09:16,589 --> 00:09:18,090  in Tesla's "Death Ray,"         230 00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:21,294 and his wireless                  transmission of energy.         231 00:09:21,294 --> 00:09:22,862  So they could add those            inventions                    232 00:09:22,862 --> 00:09:24,664    to their growing collection   233 00:09:24,664 --> 00:09:27,567    of "Wunderwaffen" -           "Wonder Weapons."                234 00:09:29,101 --> 00:09:30,836  Alison Leonard: But it          wasn't just Nazi Germany.        235 00:09:30,836 --> 00:09:33,272  The Soviets, America's          ally at the time,                236 00:09:33,272 --> 00:09:35,608  had paid Tesla $25,000          237 00:09:35,608 --> 00:09:36,943  for the rights                   to some of his patents          238 00:09:36,943 --> 00:09:39,378 on wireless power                  transmission in 1920.          239 00:09:39,378 --> 00:09:42,949    They also paid him            $250,000 in 1939,                240 00:09:42,949 --> 00:09:45,451    after running a successful    test on one phase of his         241 00:09:45,451 --> 00:09:47,019   "Peace Beam."                  242 00:09:47,019 --> 00:09:49,755  So it's entirely possible that   Tesla's files ended up          243 00:09:49,755 --> 00:09:52,992   in foreign hands, the            Soviets or the Nazis.          244 00:09:55,061 --> 00:09:57,897   Narrator: Whoever it was that    got the 20 missing suitcases   245 00:09:57,897 --> 00:10:01,567  would have needed an operative    with access to do so.          246 00:10:02,835 --> 00:10:05,338 James Ellis: Tesla's nephew, the  one that showed up at the hotel 247 00:10:05,338 --> 00:10:07,340    promptly after his             body was found,                 248 00:10:07,340 --> 00:10:09,775  was also a Yugoslavian             politician,                   249 00:10:09,775 --> 00:10:13,879 and Yugoslavia's                 ambassador to the United States, 250 00:10:13,879 --> 00:10:15,815    who happened to be               stationed in New York City    251 00:10:15,815 --> 00:10:17,750    during Tesla's final years.   252 00:10:19,452 --> 00:10:22,088  Anthea Nardi: Apparently, when   Kosanovic arrived at the hotel  253 00:10:22,088 --> 00:10:25,424   that day he hired a locksmith  to get into Tesla's room,        254 00:10:25,424 --> 00:10:27,326  and then open his uncle's safe. 255 00:10:27,326 --> 00:10:30,963  There was a memorial book from    Tesla's 75th birthday inside;  256 00:10:30,963 --> 00:10:35,501   Kosanovic took that, had the    combination changed, and left.  257 00:10:35,501 --> 00:10:37,703   The U.S. authorities           flat-out thought                 258 00:10:37,703 --> 00:10:39,805 Kosanovic might be a spy,        259 00:10:39,805 --> 00:10:43,776  who could sell Tesla's secrets    to the Nazis, or the Soviets.  260 00:10:43,776 --> 00:10:46,212    And they considered              arresting him, but didn't.    261 00:10:47,146 --> 00:10:49,782    Adam Bunch: Sava Kosanovic      was the administrator          262 00:10:49,782 --> 00:10:52,752    of Tesla's estate from the     time the inventor died          263 00:10:52,752 --> 00:10:55,554   until his own death in 1956.   264 00:10:55,554 --> 00:10:57,623   He's the one who successfully   got the courts                  265 00:10:57,623 --> 00:10:59,625  to release the trunks.          266 00:10:59,625 --> 00:11:02,928    He had them sent to           Belgrade in 1952.                267 00:11:02,928 --> 00:11:06,399    So all through the 1950's,    Soviet scientists                268 00:11:06,399 --> 00:11:10,236  were able to access the archive through the Tesla Museum         269 00:11:10,236 --> 00:11:12,171 in communist Yugoslavia,         270 00:11:12,171 --> 00:11:15,675  while Western scientists would    have had a much harder time.   271 00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:19,512    Narrator: After decades of      fruitlessly searching          272 00:11:19,512 --> 00:11:21,414    for Tesla's missing files,    273 00:11:21,414 --> 00:11:24,016   many scientists have           decided his idea                 274 00:11:24,016 --> 00:11:26,886    for a "Peace beam"              just isn't feasible.           275 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:29,855 Alison Leonard: In fact,           charged-particle beam weapons  276 00:11:29,855 --> 00:11:32,091    that both the United States     and the Soviet Union           277 00:11:32,091 --> 00:11:33,993 tried to develop                    during the Cold War           278 00:11:33,993 --> 00:11:36,529   bore a striking similarity to    Tesla's descriptions           279 00:11:36,529 --> 00:11:39,231    of his Peace Beam;             his teleforce.                  280 00:11:39,231 --> 00:11:40,900    They just couldn't               get theirs to work.           281 00:11:42,234 --> 00:11:44,737  James Ellis: The United States     tried again, in the 1980's.   282 00:11:44,737 --> 00:11:47,573   Ronald Reagan called this new   version of the program          283 00:11:47,573 --> 00:11:49,775   "Star Wars," and gave             it an annual budget           284 00:11:49,775 --> 00:11:51,677    bigger than NASA's,           285 00:11:51,677 --> 00:11:53,946  but they still couldn't          get it to work.                 286 00:11:53,946 --> 00:11:57,450    One decorated physicist who    refused to help was John Trump. 287 00:11:57,450 --> 00:12:00,886  Like Tesla, he was only            interested in using science   288 00:12:00,886 --> 00:12:02,955  for the betterment of humanity. 289 00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:06,459   Anthea Nardi:                    The nephew of Dr. John Trump   290 00:12:06,459 --> 00:12:08,427  established the "Space Force",  291 00:12:08,427 --> 00:12:10,563 during his first                    term as President.            292 00:12:10,563 --> 00:12:12,798 With a mission to secure            America's interests           293 00:12:12,798 --> 00:12:15,868 "in, from, and to space,"        294 00:12:15,868 --> 00:12:18,838  and to limit opposition         from adversaries.                295 00:12:18,838 --> 00:12:20,873   You've got to wonder what the     scientists working            296 00:12:20,873 --> 00:12:23,409   for Space Force would do with  Tesla's research,                297 00:12:23,409 --> 00:12:25,411   if they were ever to find it.  298 00:12:27,046 --> 00:12:29,582   Narrator: Nikola Tesla seems      to have successfully taken    299 00:12:29,582 --> 00:12:31,550    his knowledge about            directed energy                 300 00:12:31,550 --> 00:12:33,419 and particle beam devices        301 00:12:33,419 --> 00:12:35,187  with him when he died.          302 00:12:35,187 --> 00:12:38,657   One can only hope that if his    secrets are ever discovered,   303 00:12:38,657 --> 00:12:41,127   they might be used to           build weapons of peace          304 00:12:41,127 --> 00:12:42,762 as he'd intended.                305 00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:45,197    ♪♪                            306 00:12:45,197 --> 00:12:54,707    ♪♪                            307 00:12:54,707 --> 00:12:56,742   Narrator: Carved into crimson  sandstone cliffs                 308 00:12:56,742 --> 00:12:58,577   in modern-day Jordan,          309 00:12:58,577 --> 00:13:02,448    Petra was once the dazzling    heart of the Nabataean Kingdom. 310 00:13:02,448 --> 00:13:05,751    Renowned as master traders     and desert tacticians,          311 00:13:05,751 --> 00:13:08,487 the Nabataeans dominated          the crossroads                  312 00:13:08,487 --> 00:13:11,090   of Africa, Asia, and Europe.   313 00:13:11,991 --> 00:13:14,426  Alison Leonard: The Nabataeans   emerged around 400 BCE          314 00:13:14,426 --> 00:13:17,630  as nomadic tribes in the Negev    and Arabian deserts,           315 00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:19,965    and settled                     in Petra by 200 BCE.           316 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:22,201 Their mastery of                    the Incense Routes,           317 00:13:22,201 --> 00:13:25,371  transporting luxury goods like  frankincense, myrrh, and spices, 318 00:13:25,371 --> 00:13:26,906   brought them immense wealth.   319 00:13:28,107 --> 00:13:30,709 James Ellis: Petra was a vibrant    metropolis with fountains,    320 00:13:30,709 --> 00:13:32,812 lush gardens, and                grand structures                 321 00:13:32,812 --> 00:13:34,713  like the Great Temple complex,  322 00:13:34,713 --> 00:13:37,349  influences from                   Persia, Greece, Rome,          323 00:13:37,349 --> 00:13:40,119    and Egypt converged             in its architecture,           324 00:13:40,119 --> 00:13:44,156 while alliances forged by           King Aretas elevated Petra    325 00:13:44,156 --> 00:13:47,393 to a cosmopolitan                hub of trade and culture.        326 00:13:48,727 --> 00:13:50,863   Amma Agbedor: Their towering    rock-cut tombs                  327 00:13:50,863 --> 00:13:53,866  and lavish villas spoke         of a civilization                328 00:13:53,866 --> 00:13:57,503  unmatched in creativity          and resilience.                 329 00:13:57,503 --> 00:14:02,074    But by the 7th century, the     Nabataens had abandoned Petra  330 00:14:02,074 --> 00:14:04,743    and seemingly disappeared.    331 00:14:04,743 --> 00:14:08,013 So the question remains:          how did a civilization          332 00:14:08,013 --> 00:14:11,283   that cherished the boundless     freedom of the desert          333 00:14:11,283 --> 00:14:14,854  above all else meet its            ultimate downfall?            334 00:14:16,155 --> 00:14:18,757  Narrator: Known to the             Nabataens as Raqmu,           335 00:14:18,757 --> 00:14:22,428  Petra was far more than            a red-rock outpost.           336 00:14:22,928 --> 00:14:25,297    Adam Bunch: Early European     explorers thought Petra         337 00:14:25,297 --> 00:14:28,968  was little more than an           acropolis filled with tombs.   338 00:14:28,968 --> 00:14:31,237   But that all changed in 1812   339 00:14:31,237 --> 00:14:35,541  when a Swiss adventurer was led  to Petra by his guides          340 00:14:35,541 --> 00:14:39,578 and became the first European to  document the site in centuries. 341 00:14:40,379 --> 00:14:44,083  Awed by the vast series           of towering facades,           342 00:14:44,083 --> 00:14:47,887   hidden passages, and              sprawling temples.            343 00:14:48,888 --> 00:14:50,789    James Ellis: The Nabataeans   also demonstrated                344 00:14:50,789 --> 00:14:52,958 advanced                         agricultural innovation.         345 00:14:52,958 --> 00:14:55,327 Their engineers created a          revolutionary                  346 00:14:55,327 --> 00:14:59,198    water management system of     aqueducts, dams, and reservoirs 347 00:14:59,198 --> 00:15:03,035  that sustained life and         agriculture in the harsh desert. 348 00:15:03,035 --> 00:15:06,438   These innovations enabled the     cultivation of fruit trees,   349 00:15:06,438 --> 00:15:09,909 wheat, and vineyards, and        by the first century CE,         350 00:15:09,909 --> 00:15:13,078    the city supported             over 20,000 residents.          351 00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:16,348  Alison Leonard: But even as the Nabataeans reached their zenith, 352 00:15:16,348 --> 00:15:18,284    external pressures             began to mount,                 353 00:15:18,284 --> 00:15:20,519 threatening the stability         of their desert empire.         354 00:15:21,287 --> 00:15:23,222  Shifting trade routes,             natural upheavals,            355 00:15:23,222 --> 00:15:26,125  and changing economies chipped  away at their dominance.         356 00:15:27,259 --> 00:15:29,161    James Ellis: For centuries,      the Nabataeans had thrived    357 00:15:29,161 --> 00:15:31,964  by adapting to                    shifting geopolitics           358 00:15:31,964 --> 00:15:34,033   and environmental challenges.  359 00:15:34,033 --> 00:15:37,269   However, by the 7th century,    Petra and the Nabataens         360 00:15:37,269 --> 00:15:40,472   who had built it, had            faded into obscurity;          361 00:15:40,472 --> 00:15:43,442    the stunning city had been    abandoned by all                 362 00:15:43,442 --> 00:15:45,811   except local Bedouins           from the area.                  363 00:15:45,811 --> 00:15:48,480 How did such a prosperous          civilization                   364 00:15:48,480 --> 00:15:50,115  vanish so dramatically?         365 00:15:51,250 --> 00:15:53,052 Narrator:                           Some trace Petra's decline    366 00:15:53,052 --> 00:15:55,154  to a moment of transformation,  367 00:15:55,154 --> 00:15:58,924  a turning point that redefined  the Nabataeans' identity         368 00:15:58,924 --> 00:16:00,492    and their place in history.   369 00:16:01,093 --> 00:16:04,263 Amma Agbedor: In 106 CE,          Emperor Trajan annexed          370 00:16:04,263 --> 00:16:06,999   the Nabataean Kingdom           following the death of          371 00:16:06,999 --> 00:16:10,402   King Rabbel Soter II,           transforming it                 372 00:16:10,402 --> 00:16:14,073  into the Roman province            of Arabia Petraea.            373 00:16:14,073 --> 00:16:17,109  Roman accounts portray           this transition                 374 00:16:17,109 --> 00:16:20,212    as a seamless and peaceful     incorporation,                  375 00:16:20,212 --> 00:16:24,516   with the Nabataeans depicted    as willing participants         376 00:16:24,516 --> 00:16:26,652    in the Empire's expansion.    377 00:16:26,652 --> 00:16:32,024   This theory suggests that the  Nabataeans' independent identity 378 00:16:32,024 --> 00:16:35,661   simply faded into the             folds of imperial history.    379 00:16:37,162 --> 00:16:39,331   Adam Bunch: According            to the Roman stories,          380 00:16:39,331 --> 00:16:42,534    Petra initially flourished      as a provincial hub,           381 00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:44,303   despite the upheaval.          382 00:16:44,303 --> 00:16:47,373   Roman engineers built            the Via Nova Traiana,          383 00:16:47,373 --> 00:16:51,143    a major road linking Aqaba    on the Red Sea in Jordan         384 00:16:51,143 --> 00:16:53,779   to Bostra in southern Syria.   385 00:16:53,779 --> 00:16:57,583   They expanded farming            terraces, put up watchtowers,  386 00:16:57,583 --> 00:16:59,318    renovated parks and pools,    387 00:16:59,318 --> 00:17:02,021  all signs that Rome was            determined                    388 00:17:02,021 --> 00:17:04,256    to integrate Petra            into its empire.                 389 00:17:06,492 --> 00:17:08,160 Narrator: Beneath the surface of  this seemingly                  390 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:09,862  harmonious transition,          391 00:17:09,862 --> 00:17:13,665   recent discoveries point to a   more turbulent reality.         392 00:17:14,767 --> 00:17:17,369 James Ellis: Ancient carvings in  the deserts of northern Arabia  393 00:17:17,369 --> 00:17:21,206   tell a story at odds             with official Roman accounts.  394 00:17:21,206 --> 00:17:24,343   One text describes a            "war of the Nabataeans"         395 00:17:24,343 --> 00:17:29,014 and a King named Malichos          smiting 3,000 Roman soldiers.  396 00:17:29,848 --> 00:17:32,751  These inscriptions may confirm     that the Nabataeans           397 00:17:32,751 --> 00:17:36,288   resisted Rome more forcefully  than the empire admitted.        398 00:17:38,057 --> 00:17:40,926    Amma Agbedor: Some suggest      that Rabbel Soter II           399 00:17:40,926 --> 00:17:43,462  may have left behind two heirs  400 00:17:43,462 --> 00:17:47,566 who refused to yield the         Kingdom without a fight.         401 00:17:47,566 --> 00:17:52,371 It's possible Rome named the new province "Arabia Petraea"        402 00:17:52,371 --> 00:17:55,674  to erase the Nabataean           identity from the land          403 00:17:55,674 --> 00:17:59,378    and bury any record            of protracted conflict.         404 00:18:00,679 --> 00:18:04,149    Ultimately, Petra's           decline may have involved        405 00:18:04,149 --> 00:18:06,485  far more than conquest.         406 00:18:06,485 --> 00:18:10,522   Rome's annexation was           likely just one chapter         407 00:18:10,522 --> 00:18:14,226  in a deeper story of resilience  and resistance,                 408 00:18:14,226 --> 00:18:17,396  raising questions about whether    it was truly the beginning    409 00:18:17,396 --> 00:18:21,433   of the end or merely            part of a larger story.         410 00:18:23,135 --> 00:18:25,437  Narrator: Petra and its people     would face another,           411 00:18:25,437 --> 00:18:29,241  far greater challenge, one that  struck without warning          412 00:18:29,241 --> 00:18:32,711 and placed its future on            precarious ground.            413 00:18:33,378 --> 00:18:35,881   Adam Bunch: Another factor in    the Nabataeans' disappearance  414 00:18:35,881 --> 00:18:39,418  that often gets mentioned is a   catastrophic earthquake         415 00:18:39,418 --> 00:18:44,022  that struck the region            on May 19th, 363 CE,           416 00:18:44,022 --> 00:18:46,425    during the reign of              the Emperor Julian.           417 00:18:46,425 --> 00:18:48,494  Contemporary observers said it     was one of the most           418 00:18:48,494 --> 00:18:52,397   devastating seismic events of   the late Roman period.          419 00:18:52,397 --> 00:18:54,433 Experts say it might have         been somewhere between          420 00:18:54,433 --> 00:18:57,603  6.5 to 7 on the Richter scale.  421 00:18:59,505 --> 00:19:01,440    Alison Leonard: Excavations      in Petra revealed collapsed   422 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:03,408   columns at the Temple            of the Winged Lions,           423 00:19:03,408 --> 00:19:05,177 the Great Temple, and elsewhere, 424 00:19:05,177 --> 00:19:07,146    consistent                      with intense shaking.          425 00:19:07,146 --> 00:19:08,881    Further damage came           from the failure                 426 00:19:08,881 --> 00:19:10,449   of anti-flash flood systems,   427 00:19:10,449 --> 00:19:12,518   causing thick layers            of sediment and rubble          428 00:19:12,518 --> 00:19:14,319  to bury certain                    areas of the city.            429 00:19:16,121 --> 00:19:17,322 James Ellis: With                  their homes destroyed          430 00:19:17,322 --> 00:19:19,057  and water channels compromised, 431 00:19:19,057 --> 00:19:22,494  many residents could have fled    to nearby agricultural sites   432 00:19:22,494 --> 00:19:24,730   such as Baydha and Wadi Musa,  433 00:19:24,730 --> 00:19:27,232  where springs and less             damaged landscapes            434 00:19:27,232 --> 00:19:29,134    offered greater stability.    435 00:19:29,134 --> 00:19:31,537    And though some rebuilding     efforts were attempted          436 00:19:31,537 --> 00:19:33,572  in Petra, they were small-scale 437 00:19:33,572 --> 00:19:35,741  and often used                     salvaged materials,           438 00:19:35,741 --> 00:19:38,610    resulting in crude,              makeshift designs.            439 00:19:40,145 --> 00:19:41,413   Amma Agbedor:                    But here's the catch.          440 00:19:41,413 --> 00:19:44,750  Despite the devastation         caused by the earthquake,        441 00:19:44,750 --> 00:19:49,454 Petra endured for                 almost 300 more years,          442 00:19:49,454 --> 00:19:53,225    which forces us to              explore alternative theories.  443 00:19:55,594 --> 00:19:58,564 Narrator: Though the Nabataeans' heritage endured in subtle ways, 444 00:19:58,564 --> 00:20:01,967  the sands of time soon brought   another transformation,         445 00:20:01,967 --> 00:20:04,169  one that would                  reshape Petra's identity         446 00:20:04,169 --> 00:20:06,371 and its place in history,        447 00:20:06,371 --> 00:20:09,374    leaving lingering questions   about its ultimate fate.         448 00:20:10,309 --> 00:20:11,944 Adam Bunch: Archeologists           looking to explain            449 00:20:11,944 --> 00:20:15,280   the Nabataean's disappearance  have also been exploring         450 00:20:15,280 --> 00:20:18,817   the impact of Islamic           conquests in the 600's.         451 00:20:18,817 --> 00:20:21,553   There's some evidence hinting    that as Muslim armies          452 00:20:21,553 --> 00:20:25,591    expanded across the Arabian   Peninsula, Petra,                453 00:20:25,591 --> 00:20:28,994  which had already declined from its days as a major trading hub, 454 00:20:28,994 --> 00:20:31,763    might have been integrated     into the Islamic world.         455 00:20:33,799 --> 00:20:35,400  Alison Leonard: Petra's            strategic location            456 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:37,302   on key routes through            South Jordan                   457 00:20:37,302 --> 00:20:39,538 initially made it a focal           point for these conquests,    458 00:20:39,538 --> 00:20:42,441    but eventually, the rise of      cities like Ayla and Tabuk    459 00:20:42,441 --> 00:20:45,510 redirected commerce and military  focus away from Petra.          460 00:20:46,211 --> 00:20:48,747 By 630 CE, treaties with          local leaders signaled          461 00:20:48,747 --> 00:20:51,250 the growing influence of Islamic governance in the region.        462 00:20:53,085 --> 00:20:56,255    James Ellis: Excavations at   Baydha, a settlement near Petra, 463 00:20:56,255 --> 00:20:58,824  revealed a more complex            narrative,                    464 00:20:58,824 --> 00:21:01,727   stating from the 11th          to 14th centuries                465 00:21:01,727 --> 00:21:04,663   and constructed atop            Nabataean foundations,          466 00:21:04,663 --> 00:21:09,434   point to gradual integration      rather than abrupt erasure.   467 00:21:10,702 --> 00:21:12,004    Amma Agbedor: Based           on the evidence,                 468 00:21:12,004 --> 00:21:15,941   it's most likely the Islamic    conquests did not erase         469 00:21:15,941 --> 00:21:17,075  the Nabataeans.                 470 00:21:17,075 --> 00:21:22,180  Instead, Petra became a           living tapestry of Nabataean,  471 00:21:22,180 --> 00:21:25,083  Byzantine, and                     Islamic influences,           472 00:21:25,083 --> 00:21:29,788   a testament to the resilience   and adaptability of its people. 473 00:21:31,356 --> 00:21:33,725   Narrator: From humble             origins to its golden age,    474 00:21:33,725 --> 00:21:36,662 Petra and the Nabataeans          who shaped it,                  475 00:21:36,662 --> 00:21:39,631    remains a testament              to human ingenuity            476 00:21:39,631 --> 00:21:42,868   in one of the world's            harshest landscapes.           477 00:21:43,702 --> 00:21:45,937  Adam Bunch: Recent discoveries   have only added                 478 00:21:45,937 --> 00:21:47,806 to the wonders of Petra.         479 00:21:47,806 --> 00:21:51,443 A tomb recently uncovered           beneath the famous treasury   480 00:21:51,443 --> 00:21:55,781  held not just 12 skeletons, but    also hundreds of artifacts    481 00:21:55,781 --> 00:21:58,917    made of bronze and               iron and ceramics.            482 00:21:58,917 --> 00:22:03,021  But just another reminder that    the people who lived at Petra  483 00:22:03,021 --> 00:22:07,693 had a society filled with         refined customs and ceremonies. 484 00:22:08,794 --> 00:22:10,395  Alison Leonard: The Nabataeans'    deep understanding            485 00:22:10,395 --> 00:22:12,898   of arid landscapes and their    preference for mobility         486 00:22:12,898 --> 00:22:15,434   allowed their culture             to outlast Petra's decline.   487 00:22:15,434 --> 00:22:18,537  Their ingenious water systems,  thriving trade networks,         488 00:22:18,537 --> 00:22:21,173 and artistic achievements        influenced civilizations         489 00:22:21,173 --> 00:22:22,841    long after the city           was at its peak.                 490 00:22:24,276 --> 00:22:25,877 Narrator: The astounding          city of Petra,                  491 00:22:25,877 --> 00:22:29,514    carved into crimson cliffs,   silently recounts                492 00:22:29,514 --> 00:22:32,984  a thousand-year saga of           resilience, triumph,           493 00:22:32,984 --> 00:22:34,419 and reinvention.                 494 00:22:34,419 --> 00:22:37,289  A legacy that continues          to inspire awe                  495 00:22:37,289 --> 00:22:39,958   in the shifting sands           of the desert.                  496 00:22:39,958 --> 00:22:44,730    ♪♪                            497 00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:54,373    ♪♪                            498 00:22:54,373 --> 00:22:56,842   Narrator: December 15, 1944.   499 00:22:56,842 --> 00:22:59,411  With the Allied advance          into Europe quickening          500 00:22:59,411 --> 00:23:01,747  and morale a precious resource, 501 00:23:01,747 --> 00:23:05,150   a single-engine plane slipped   into a dense, cold mist         502 00:23:05,150 --> 00:23:06,551  above England.                  503 00:23:06,551 --> 00:23:10,255  Onboard was Major Glenn Miller, America's most celebrated        504 00:23:10,255 --> 00:23:13,425 bandleader turned                 wartime morale officer,         505 00:23:13,425 --> 00:23:16,661   bound for a new stage             in liberated Paris.           506 00:23:17,462 --> 00:23:18,930 Amma Agbedor: By the mid-1940's, 507 00:23:18,930 --> 00:23:22,167 Glenn Miller was                  a cultural phenomenon.          508 00:23:22,167 --> 00:23:26,638    His hits, like In the Mood     and Moonlight Serenade,         509 00:23:26,638 --> 00:23:29,174   were anthems of a generation.  510 00:23:29,174 --> 00:23:31,443  But at the height of his fame,  511 00:23:31,443 --> 00:23:34,079 Miller made a remarkable choice. 512 00:23:34,079 --> 00:23:36,515   He walked away from stardom,   513 00:23:36,515 --> 00:23:38,917  and enlisted to                    serve his country.            514 00:23:40,485 --> 00:23:42,421 James Ellis: In war-torn Europe,  Miller's music                  515 00:23:42,421 --> 00:23:45,157   was more than entertainment,      it was a lifeline.            516 00:23:45,157 --> 00:23:47,626  His broadcasts, carried            by the BBC                    517 00:23:47,626 --> 00:23:50,195   and the Allied Expeditionary   Forces Programme,                518 00:23:50,195 --> 00:23:53,365    resonated in damp barracks,   crowded field hospitals,         519 00:23:53,365 --> 00:23:55,200    and muddy foxholes.           520 00:23:55,867 --> 00:23:57,936  Alison Leonard:                   On December 15, 1944,          521 00:23:57,936 --> 00:24:00,539  Miller arrived at RAF Twinwood  Farm near Bedford                522 00:24:00,539 --> 00:24:01,840    to board a flight to Paris,   523 00:24:01,840 --> 00:24:03,308  where his band                    planned to meet him.           524 00:24:04,075 --> 00:24:06,445  The city was still reeling from   the grip of Nazi occupation,   525 00:24:06,445 --> 00:24:08,180 and Miller had prepared a        Christmas concert                526 00:24:08,180 --> 00:24:09,748 to uplift Allied troops.         527 00:24:11,750 --> 00:24:13,585 Adam Bunch: The timing of         Miller's flight                 528 00:24:13,585 --> 00:24:15,187 couldn't have been worse.        529 00:24:15,187 --> 00:24:18,623    The very next morning, the       Germans launched the attack   530 00:24:18,623 --> 00:24:20,826  that began the                    Battle of the Bulge.           531 00:24:20,826 --> 00:24:23,795    Allied command was               plunged into chaos.           532 00:24:23,795 --> 00:24:27,332  So no one realized the          Norseman had disappeared.        533 00:24:27,332 --> 00:24:30,302 It was days before anyone           realized the plane            534 00:24:30,302 --> 00:24:32,204   and its passengers were gone.  535 00:24:32,204 --> 00:24:36,908  And decades later, the            question is still unanswered.  536 00:24:36,908 --> 00:24:40,078    What happened to the flight     carrying Glenn Miller          537 00:24:40,078 --> 00:24:41,746  toward the front lines.         538 00:24:43,348 --> 00:24:47,085  Narrator: December 1944 marked    a pivotal moment in the war.   539 00:24:47,085 --> 00:24:50,422  The Allies, fresh from          the liberation of Paris,         540 00:24:50,422 --> 00:24:52,257  were pressing toward the Rhine, 541 00:24:52,257 --> 00:24:55,727  while German forces prepared a  devastating counterattack        542 00:24:55,727 --> 00:24:57,596  to stall their advance.         543 00:24:57,596 --> 00:24:59,764  For soldiers on                   frozen battlefields,           544 00:24:59,764 --> 00:25:02,534 hope was as vital                 as ammunition.                  545 00:25:03,168 --> 00:25:07,005   Amma Agbedor: In 1942, Miller     was turned away by the Navy   546 00:25:07,005 --> 00:25:12,811  due to his age, so he presented    the Army with a bold plan:    547 00:25:12,811 --> 00:25:17,349    to modernize military bands   and harness music                548 00:25:17,349 --> 00:25:19,184   as a morale booster.           549 00:25:19,818 --> 00:25:22,087  This vision led                    to the creation of            550 00:25:22,087 --> 00:25:25,490  the Major Glenn Miller            Army Air Force Band,           551 00:25:25,490 --> 00:25:27,726   which revolutionized             entertainment                  552 00:25:27,726 --> 00:25:29,861   for troops around the world.   553 00:25:31,963 --> 00:25:34,232   James Ellis: By 1943, Supreme  Allied Commander                 554 00:25:34,232 --> 00:25:37,802 Dwight Eisenhower recognized the need for familiar voices         555 00:25:37,802 --> 00:25:40,572   and music to lift the spirits     of American troops            556 00:25:40,572 --> 00:25:41,940   stationed in England.          557 00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:44,142    The newly launched            American Forces Network,         558 00:25:44,142 --> 00:25:46,811 filled with news, sports,          and music from home,           559 00:25:46,811 --> 00:25:49,848  quickly boosted morale           and the results showed.         560 00:25:49,848 --> 00:25:53,318    Eisenhower wanted more, he     specifically requested          561 00:25:53,318 --> 00:25:55,420 that Glenn Miller                   be moved to the UK            562 00:25:55,420 --> 00:25:57,722    to keep spirits high among     Allied troops.                  563 00:25:59,724 --> 00:26:01,560    Alison Leonard: After Paris   was liberated in August,         564 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:03,161 Miller was eager                    to bring his music            565 00:26:03,161 --> 00:26:04,996   to GI's on leave in the city.  566 00:26:04,996 --> 00:26:07,599 But the AFN and BBC were         reluctant to let him go,         567 00:26:07,599 --> 00:26:09,401   since they relied heavily on     his band's recordings          568 00:26:09,401 --> 00:26:10,902    to fill their programming.    569 00:26:11,670 --> 00:26:13,305 To secure their approval,         Miller took on                  570 00:26:13,305 --> 00:26:16,608  a grueling schedule, recording   an astonishing 84 hours         571 00:26:16,608 --> 00:26:18,710  of programming over the            course of 3 weeks.            572 00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:20,979   His efforts paid off and the      plan was announced:           573 00:26:20,979 --> 00:26:22,981 Glenn Miller was                 heading to Paris.                574 00:26:24,015 --> 00:26:27,352 Narrator:                          At 1:55 p.m. on December 15,   575 00:26:27,352 --> 00:26:30,455 Miller boarded a UC-64A Norseman 576 00:26:30,455 --> 00:26:33,258    alongside Lt. Col.             Norman Baessell                 577 00:26:33,258 --> 00:26:34,859   and pilot John Morgan          578 00:26:34,859 --> 00:26:37,095  and the men began their         ill-fated journey                579 00:26:37,095 --> 00:26:40,599   across the English Channel to    Villacoublay, France.          580 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,336 Adam Bunch: When Miller's          band arrived in Paris          581 00:26:44,336 --> 00:26:46,571 three days later,                on December 18th,                582 00:26:46,571 --> 00:26:48,773    he was nowhere to be found.   583 00:26:48,773 --> 00:26:51,142 So they contacted                  military authorities,          584 00:26:51,142 --> 00:26:53,545 and discovered no                   one there even knew           585 00:26:53,545 --> 00:26:56,247   that he had ever taken off in  the first place.                 586 00:26:56,247 --> 00:26:58,383  The Norseman had been reported  587 00:26:58,383 --> 00:27:00,518    as missing over the           English Channel,                 588 00:27:00,518 --> 00:27:03,088    but Miller was so impatient   to get to France,                589 00:27:03,088 --> 00:27:05,957 that he got on the plane           without official permission.   590 00:27:05,957 --> 00:27:08,126 So it was only the pilot          who was listed                  591 00:27:08,126 --> 00:27:09,327 as having been on board.         592 00:27:10,895 --> 00:27:12,931   Amma Agbedor: All we know is    Miller's plane                  593 00:27:12,931 --> 00:27:18,403    flew within a few miles of    Woodley Airfield at 2:12,        594 00:27:18,403 --> 00:27:22,073 before it turned                    south and vanished.           595 00:27:22,073 --> 00:27:25,710   This would mark the start of      one of the greatest           596 00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,313  unsolved mysteries of the war.  597 00:27:30,782 --> 00:27:32,450 Narrator:                          Despite exhaustive searches,   598 00:27:32,450 --> 00:27:36,955  no trace of Glenn Miller or the   Norseman has ever been found.  599 00:27:36,955 --> 00:27:39,190   The English Channel,           crisscrossed by bombers,         600 00:27:39,190 --> 00:27:41,526  transports, and                  reconnaissance planes,          601 00:27:41,526 --> 00:27:43,862   was an unforgiving corridor.   602 00:27:43,862 --> 00:27:47,832  In such volatile airspace, even   the slightest miscalculation   603 00:27:47,832 --> 00:27:50,902 could transform a routine          flight into disaster.          604 00:27:51,503 --> 00:27:53,405    James Ellis: Glenn Miller's   Norseman may have drifted        605 00:27:53,405 --> 00:27:56,574   into one of the most perilous  areas above the Channel,         606 00:27:56,574 --> 00:27:58,543 a Jettison zone.                 607 00:27:58,543 --> 00:28:00,145   Returning Allied Lancasters,   608 00:28:00,145 --> 00:28:02,714   burdened with high-explosive   payloads,                        609 00:28:02,714 --> 00:28:06,217    would circle these 10-mile     areas to safely offload         610 00:28:06,217 --> 00:28:09,354   their 500-pound bombs             before landing in England.    611 00:28:10,188 --> 00:28:11,923 Alison Leonard: The practice was  vital for safety on the ground, 612 00:28:11,923 --> 00:28:13,692   but for any aircraft             flying below,                  613 00:28:13,692 --> 00:28:15,326 the consequences                    were catastrophic.            614 00:28:15,326 --> 00:28:18,363  A single misstep into the zone    could turn an ordinary flight  615 00:28:18,363 --> 00:28:19,731  into a fatal encounter,         616 00:28:19,731 --> 00:28:21,933   as tons of explosives rained     down without warning.          617 00:28:24,035 --> 00:28:26,438   Adam Bunch: On the day Glenn   Miller's plane vanished,         618 00:28:26,438 --> 00:28:30,775   a group of Lancaster             bombers, nearly 140 of them,   619 00:28:30,775 --> 00:28:34,045 returned from an aborted          air raid over Germany.          620 00:28:34,045 --> 00:28:36,915   The fighters meant to escort    them had been grounded,         621 00:28:36,915 --> 00:28:38,917  so the mission was called off.  622 00:28:38,917 --> 00:28:40,685   And the bombers were           full of more than                623 00:28:40,685 --> 00:28:43,822 100,000 incendiary bombs,        624 00:28:43,822 --> 00:28:46,958 payloads                            too dangerous to land with.   625 00:28:46,958 --> 00:28:51,029    So the squadron set course      for the South Jettison area,   626 00:28:51,029 --> 00:28:53,565    part of the English Channel      that was designated           627 00:28:53,565 --> 00:28:55,066    as a dumping zone.            628 00:28:56,267 --> 00:29:00,071 Amma Agbedor: Decades later, RAF   navigator Fred Shaw recalled   629 00:29:00,071 --> 00:29:04,175   that as his Lancaster neared   the South Jettison Area,         630 00:29:04,175 --> 00:29:08,646    he spotted a small,           high-wing aircraft below.        631 00:29:08,646 --> 00:29:12,183    Moments later, his squadron    began releasing                 632 00:29:12,183 --> 00:29:16,488  their payload of bombs          tumbling toward the sea.         633 00:29:16,488 --> 00:29:19,057   If Shaw's story is accurate,   634 00:29:19,057 --> 00:29:22,861   this tragic scenario             might hold the answer          635 00:29:22,861 --> 00:29:24,996 to Glenn Miller's disappearance. 636 00:29:27,232 --> 00:29:29,367 Narrator: Initial doubts           about Shaw's account           637 00:29:29,367 --> 00:29:33,071 arose from discrepancies            in the reported timelines.    638 00:29:33,071 --> 00:29:36,975   Some reports claim the bombs     were jettisoned at 1:40 p.m.,  639 00:29:36,975 --> 00:29:40,545  but pilot John Morgan's flight   log placed the Norseman         640 00:29:40,545 --> 00:29:42,380   an hour ahead of the bombers.  641 00:29:44,082 --> 00:29:46,851   Adam Bunch: Lancaster            bombers typically jettisoned   642 00:29:46,851 --> 00:29:51,022   their payloads from altitudes   of 5,000 to 6,000 feet.         643 00:29:51,022 --> 00:29:53,958   And from those heights, it's    thought that a Norseman flying  644 00:29:53,958 --> 00:29:58,196  much closer to the water would    just look like a tiny speck,   645 00:29:58,196 --> 00:30:00,398 almost invisible                  to the bombers,                 646 00:30:00,398 --> 00:30:01,766   even in clear skies.           647 00:30:03,034 --> 00:30:05,870    Amma Agbedor: Crucially, no   Lancaster crews reported         648 00:30:05,870 --> 00:30:09,140  seeing an aircraft in distress    or filing any reports          649 00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:12,977   of an incident, as was their      strict obligation.            650 00:30:12,977 --> 00:30:17,015 So in the end, the friendly fire   idea feels more like           651 00:30:17,015 --> 00:30:20,385    speculation born out of the   confusion of war,                652 00:30:20,385 --> 00:30:24,789   pushing us to look at other,   more likely explanations.        653 00:30:26,124 --> 00:30:29,227    Narrator: The skies of 1944      held more than just danger    654 00:30:29,227 --> 00:30:32,063   from above, hidden within the  fragile machines                 655 00:30:32,063 --> 00:30:34,699   carrying the men lay            vulnerabilities                 656 00:30:34,699 --> 00:30:36,434  waiting to betray them.         657 00:30:37,101 --> 00:30:40,038 James Ellis: Another explanation  focuses on the aircraft itself. 658 00:30:40,038 --> 00:30:44,008  The UC-64A Norseman was           built for durability           659 00:30:44,008 --> 00:30:47,245 and designed to meet the           demands of wartime aviation.   660 00:30:47,245 --> 00:30:49,914  But its simplicity also            left it vulnerable.           661 00:30:49,914 --> 00:30:52,450    Its single engine,            lightweight steel frame,         662 00:30:52,450 --> 00:30:55,854    and minimal safety systems,     were practical for logistics,  663 00:30:55,854 --> 00:30:57,288 but offered no protection        664 00:30:57,288 --> 00:31:00,091  against the engineering           challenges of winter flying.   665 00:31:00,091 --> 00:31:03,661  One recurring issue, carburetor  icing, could turn even          666 00:31:03,661 --> 00:31:06,164   the sturdiest planes           into death traps.                667 00:31:07,966 --> 00:31:09,901 Alison Leonard: Carburetor icing   was a mechanical flaw          668 00:31:09,901 --> 00:31:12,070   rather than a purely             environmental hazard.          669 00:31:12,070 --> 00:31:14,906  When moisture in the air froze  inside the engine's fuel intake, 670 00:31:14,906 --> 00:31:17,475 it restricted airflow and          starved the engine of power.   671 00:31:17,475 --> 00:31:20,144    Pilots frequently reported      this issue with the Norseman,  672 00:31:20,144 --> 00:31:22,413   particularly in cold,          damp conditions.                 673 00:31:24,148 --> 00:31:26,718    Adam Bunch: During the war,     ground crews were overworked   674 00:31:26,718 --> 00:31:28,419    and had limited resources.    675 00:31:28,419 --> 00:31:31,089 So they had to prioritize         combat aircraft                 676 00:31:31,089 --> 00:31:33,324   over transport planes             like the Norseman.            677 00:31:33,324 --> 00:31:36,294  So even relatively easy           to fix issues                  678 00:31:36,294 --> 00:31:38,963    like an improperly              calibrated carburetor          679 00:31:38,963 --> 00:31:42,166 or a crack in a fuel line         were easily overlooked.         680 00:31:44,335 --> 00:31:46,471    Narrator: If the Norseman's   engine failed mid-flight,        681 00:31:46,471 --> 00:31:49,674 Captain Morgan's response        would have been critical.        682 00:31:49,674 --> 00:31:52,744    But the perilous conditions   over the English Channel         683 00:31:52,744 --> 00:31:55,680   left him little time           or space to act.                 684 00:31:56,648 --> 00:31:58,616 Amma Agbedor: Flying low          beneath the cloud cover         685 00:31:58,616 --> 00:32:00,184  to maintain visibility,         686 00:32:00,184 --> 00:32:04,455 Morgan would have                had no margin for error.         687 00:32:04,455 --> 00:32:08,927  At that altitude, even a brief    engine stall could be fatal.   688 00:32:08,927 --> 00:32:12,463    The Norseman's lightweight,     fabric-covered frame           689 00:32:12,463 --> 00:32:16,267   would have offered no           protection in a crash.          690 00:32:16,267 --> 00:32:19,871  Once it hit the water,          it likely disintegrated,         691 00:32:19,871 --> 00:32:23,041   leaving no trace for            investigators to find.          692 00:32:24,642 --> 00:32:26,311  James Ellis: To our knowledge,  there were no significant        693 00:32:26,311 --> 00:32:28,379  issues with Miller's aircraft,  694 00:32:28,379 --> 00:32:31,416   and no distress signals were    sent during the flight.         695 00:32:31,416 --> 00:32:34,385  Even with a mechanical failure,   an experienced pilot           696 00:32:34,385 --> 00:32:38,056 like Morgan might have managed a    controlled ditching           697 00:32:38,056 --> 00:32:40,291  if given time to react.         698 00:32:40,291 --> 00:32:44,295 If the engine failed, why         didn't he send a Mayday signal? 699 00:32:44,295 --> 00:32:48,299  Or was the situation too sudden   and catastrophic to allow it?  700 00:32:48,299 --> 00:32:51,803  Narrator: For some, the answer    lies not in faulty machinery   701 00:32:51,803 --> 00:32:54,105  but in the unrelenting          forces of nature                 702 00:32:54,105 --> 00:32:56,441   that turned the skies          over the English Channel         703 00:32:56,441 --> 00:32:59,777   into a battleground no pilot    could hope to conquer.          704 00:33:00,378 --> 00:33:01,579 Alison Leonard: The most            straightforward explanation   705 00:33:01,579 --> 00:33:02,981    is also the most haunting.    706 00:33:02,981 --> 00:33:04,849   Glenn Miller's Norseman fell    victim                          707 00:33:04,849 --> 00:33:06,851    to the brutal winter skies.   708 00:33:06,851 --> 00:33:09,187    Weather over the Channel in     December 1944                  709 00:33:09,187 --> 00:33:12,490 was notoriously treacherous, and   December 15 was no exception,  710 00:33:12,490 --> 00:33:15,960    with a 300-foot ceiling and     ice due to freezing drizzle.   711 00:33:16,995 --> 00:33:18,896   Adam Bunch: When the             Norsemen lifted off,           712 00:33:18,896 --> 00:33:21,766  the weather was foggy,           but seemed manageable.          713 00:33:21,766 --> 00:33:25,036  Once they got over the channel, the conditions got worse.        714 00:33:25,036 --> 00:33:27,638    Records suggest that dense      cloud layers                   715 00:33:27,638 --> 00:33:29,474  stretch from sea level upward,  716 00:33:29,474 --> 00:33:31,275 conditions, that                   would have been ideal          717 00:33:31,275 --> 00:33:34,078   for causing icing at           lower altitudes.                 718 00:33:35,079 --> 00:33:36,614 Amma Agbedor: The English        Channel in winter                719 00:33:36,614 --> 00:33:39,317   was infamous among aviators.   720 00:33:39,317 --> 00:33:42,453   Sudden gusts,                     violent turbulence,           721 00:33:42,453 --> 00:33:46,591    and thick fog often reduced     even the most seasoned pilots  722 00:33:46,591 --> 00:33:49,427   to flying by instinct alone.   723 00:33:49,427 --> 00:33:52,497 Visibility could                  vanish without warning,         724 00:33:52,497 --> 00:33:55,833 leaving crews disoriented         and vulnerable                  725 00:33:55,833 --> 00:33:58,503 in an endless, featureless void. 726 00:34:00,171 --> 00:34:01,439  James Ellis: To                   maintain visibility,           727 00:34:01,439 --> 00:34:04,542   pilots often flew low          beneath the cloud cover.         728 00:34:04,542 --> 00:34:08,212    But flying so close to the      sea came with its own risks.   729 00:34:08,212 --> 00:34:10,782    Over the Channel, Atlantic    winds could have collided        730 00:34:10,782 --> 00:34:14,519   with coastal drafts,              creating sudden turbulence.   731 00:34:15,219 --> 00:34:17,989   A single downdraft could pull   a plane into the water          732 00:34:17,989 --> 00:34:19,457  within seconds.                 733 00:34:19,457 --> 00:34:21,626   But given the absence             of solid evidence,            734 00:34:21,626 --> 00:34:24,729    it's impossible to conclude    that weather conditions         735 00:34:24,729 --> 00:34:26,731 caused the disappearance.        736 00:34:27,331 --> 00:34:29,400 Narrator: Despite                decades of investigation,        737 00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:32,103 no trace of Glenn                 Miller, his companions,         738 00:34:32,103 --> 00:34:34,906   or their aircraft has            ever been confirmed.           739 00:34:34,906 --> 00:34:38,643  But tantalizing clues persist,  keeping the mystery alive        740 00:34:38,643 --> 00:34:41,612 and tied to the enduring           legacy of his music.           741 00:34:42,547 --> 00:34:44,582    Alison Leonard: In 1987, a      retired trawler man reported   742 00:34:44,582 --> 00:34:47,151  pulling up wreckage he believed  was Miller's Norseman.          743 00:34:47,151 --> 00:34:49,153   Though he was told to          return it to the Channel,        744 00:34:49,153 --> 00:34:50,621   he recorded the coordinates,   745 00:34:50,621 --> 00:34:53,558 a potential clue tied to         historical aircraft data.        746 00:34:54,959 --> 00:34:56,994   The Norseman was the            only plane of its kind          747 00:34:56,994 --> 00:34:58,496   lost during the war,           748 00:34:58,496 --> 00:35:01,165    and its unique steel-tubed       fuselage and engine           749 00:35:01,165 --> 00:35:03,301    could still confirm            its identity if found.          750 00:35:04,936 --> 00:35:07,705   Narrator: From his early days     as a struggling trombonist    751 00:35:07,705 --> 00:35:11,409   to creating a signature sound   that defined the Big Band era,  752 00:35:11,409 --> 00:35:15,146 Miller's story is one of            persistence and innovation.   753 00:35:15,146 --> 00:35:17,415    His disappearance over the     English Channel remains         754 00:35:17,415 --> 00:35:20,885 a mystery, but his music          continues to resonate,          755 00:35:20,885 --> 00:35:25,523 transcending time and connecting audiences across decades.        756 00:35:26,624 --> 00:35:26,724    ♪♪                            757 00:35:26,724 --> 00:35:35,800    ♪♪                            758 00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,303   Narrator: In 435 BCE,          renowned sculptor Phidias        759 00:35:39,303 --> 00:35:41,339    completed his masterpiece,    760 00:35:41,339 --> 00:35:44,041    a towering                     40-foot statue of Zeus,         761 00:35:44,041 --> 00:35:47,411 the supreme deity of the          ancient Greek pantheon.         762 00:35:47,411 --> 00:35:49,714    Housed in a special              temple at Olympia,            763 00:35:49,714 --> 00:35:52,783    the sculpture presided over   the Olympic games                764 00:35:52,783 --> 00:35:54,152    for nine centuries.           765 00:35:54,785 --> 00:35:57,455 James Ellis: Zeus' statue         became the focus of the games;  766 00:35:57,455 --> 00:36:00,658  the procession of athletes and   spectators, who had pilgrimaged 767 00:36:00,658 --> 00:36:03,961  from all over Greece to attend,    marched through the temple    768 00:36:03,961 --> 00:36:05,363    on the way to the stadium,    769 00:36:05,363 --> 00:36:09,200 to observe this colossal          effigy, and pay their respects. 770 00:36:10,835 --> 00:36:12,703 Anthea Nardi: The statue            and its temple weren't just   771 00:36:12,703 --> 00:36:14,005  the focus of the games;         772 00:36:14,005 --> 00:36:17,575    they were one of the Seven      Ancient Wonders of the World.  773 00:36:17,575 --> 00:36:19,810   People came from all            over the Mediterranean          774 00:36:19,810 --> 00:36:22,847    to experience this sublime      sculpture of the God           775 00:36:22,847 --> 00:36:24,715  who ruled over the other Gods.  776 00:36:26,384 --> 00:36:28,352  Adam Bunch: We know the            statue existed for at least   777 00:36:28,352 --> 00:36:33,891    about 900 years, but by the   5 or 600 CE, it was gone.        778 00:36:33,891 --> 00:36:36,294    There are lots of theories       about what happened to it,    779 00:36:36,294 --> 00:36:38,663    but no conclusive evidence.   780 00:36:38,663 --> 00:36:43,868  So how does an enormous           40-foot sculpture disappear?   781 00:36:43,868 --> 00:36:48,406   What did happen to Olympia's    famous Statue of Zeus?          782 00:36:50,374 --> 00:36:53,477 Narrator: Because Olympia had no  full-time civilian population,  783 00:36:53,477 --> 00:36:55,546   it was not considered a city,  784 00:36:55,546 --> 00:36:59,116    but rather a sanctuary site   with over 700 structures         785 00:36:59,116 --> 00:37:01,652 dedicated to the worship of Zeus 786 00:37:01,652 --> 00:37:04,956 and for hosting the games           meant to honor him.           787 00:37:04,956 --> 00:37:06,390   James Ellis:                     Just as they are now,          788 00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:09,994  the games were held every four    years, even in times of war.   789 00:37:09,994 --> 00:37:13,497    This was a religious event,     meant to be enjoyed not only   790 00:37:13,497 --> 00:37:16,300   by people but by the           Gods themselves,                 791 00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:19,270   so a sacred truce would be in    place to ensure peace          792 00:37:19,270 --> 00:37:20,671 while the games were on.         793 00:37:21,739 --> 00:37:23,774    Anthea Nardi: Ironically, a   disagreement between two         794 00:37:23,774 --> 00:37:26,477   nearby towns, Elis and Pisa,   795 00:37:26,477 --> 00:37:29,680  over which of them should have   the right to oversee the games, 796 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:31,282    is what led to war.           797 00:37:32,116 --> 00:37:34,218   The towns fought for decades,  798 00:37:34,218 --> 00:37:36,654   and when Elis finally          came out on top,                 799 00:37:36,654 --> 00:37:39,390    the town decided to             celebrate the victory          800 00:37:39,390 --> 00:37:41,926    and spend some of the loot      they'd stolen during the war,  801 00:37:41,926 --> 00:37:45,696  by building a fabulous          temple dedicated to Zeus.        802 00:37:46,998 --> 00:37:50,801  Adam Bunch: The Temple of Zeus     was finished about 460 BCE    803 00:37:50,801 --> 00:37:53,471    and it would have instantly   become a famous landmark         804 00:37:53,471 --> 00:37:56,407    right near the main           Olympic Stadium.                 805 00:37:56,407 --> 00:38:01,412    It was nearly 100 feet wide     and more than 200 feet long,   806 00:38:01,412 --> 00:38:06,417    six massive columns on the      front and 13 down the sides.   807 00:38:06,417 --> 00:38:09,253   And inside you'd find          a chamber called a cella         808 00:38:09,253 --> 00:38:12,356    that was built for               one central purpose           809 00:38:12,356 --> 00:38:16,560   to house a towering statue of    the King of the Gods.          810 00:38:18,462 --> 00:38:20,398 Narrator: Phidias                already had a reputation         811 00:38:20,398 --> 00:38:23,834  for creating a colossal          sculpture of the Goddess Athena 812 00:38:23,834 --> 00:38:25,803   for the Parthenon in Athens.   813 00:38:25,803 --> 00:38:29,774 For the statue of Zeus, he had a  huge workshop built in Olympia, 814 00:38:29,774 --> 00:38:32,610   seemingly determined           to outdo himself.                815 00:38:33,077 --> 00:38:37,148   Anthea Nardi: By 435 BCE, the   enormous statue was completed,  816 00:38:37,148 --> 00:38:38,783   and installed in the temple.   817 00:38:38,783 --> 00:38:41,886 There was a 20 by 30 foot         podium of black marble          818 00:38:41,886 --> 00:38:44,388 on which Zeus sat on his throne. 819 00:38:44,388 --> 00:38:46,824 His features were                 meticulously sculpted,          820 00:38:46,824 --> 00:38:49,760   with precious jewels              inlaid in his eyes.           821 00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:52,663   In one hand he held a           scepter with an eagle;          822 00:38:52,663 --> 00:38:56,667  in the other, a statue of Nike,  the Goddess of victory.         823 00:38:57,902 --> 00:38:59,770   Adam Bunch: The statue helped   Olympia become one of the most  824 00:38:59,770 --> 00:39:02,673    important religious              centers in Greece.            825 00:39:02,673 --> 00:39:05,710   It was so famous, there were    even miniature likenesses of it 826 00:39:05,710 --> 00:39:08,012    depicted on coins,            which is part of                 827 00:39:08,012 --> 00:39:09,747 how we know what it looked like. 828 00:39:09,747 --> 00:39:13,784   It was a must-see on people's     bucket lists for centuries.   829 00:39:13,784 --> 00:39:18,189  But then, at some point before  the end of the 500's CE,         830 00:39:18,189 --> 00:39:20,358  the statue disappeared.         831 00:39:21,726 --> 00:39:23,828  Narrator: It's possible            the statue of Zeus,           832 00:39:23,828 --> 00:39:27,064  the God who wielded one          form of nature's power,         833 00:39:27,064 --> 00:39:30,835   may have been destroyed by an    even greater force of nature   834 00:39:30,835 --> 00:39:32,937   Zeus did not control.          835 00:39:32,937 --> 00:39:34,972  Amma Agbedor: This part of the  world experienced                836 00:39:34,972 --> 00:39:38,943  powerful earthquakes during the   first millennium CE;           837 00:39:38,943 --> 00:39:42,480  one of them could have brought  the Temple of Zeus down,         838 00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:46,016   and smashed Phydias's            masterpiece to bits.           839 00:39:47,518 --> 00:39:49,820    After the ruins of Olympia    were discovered,                 840 00:39:49,820 --> 00:39:53,524 and ultimately excavated,        in the late 19th century,        841 00:39:53,524 --> 00:39:56,694   evidence emerged that             led to this theory.           842 00:39:57,695 --> 00:39:59,397    James Ellis: As the Temple     of Zeus was uncovered,          843 00:39:59,397 --> 00:40:02,333   many columns of its southern    flank were splayed out          844 00:40:02,333 --> 00:40:04,368 in a pattern like                fallen dominoes,                 845 00:40:04,368 --> 00:40:05,936    which immediately suggested   846 00:40:05,936 --> 00:40:08,939  that only something as            overwhelming as an earthquake  847 00:40:08,939 --> 00:40:10,040 could have toppled them.         848 00:40:11,509 --> 00:40:13,043   Anthea Nardi:                    The geological record shows,   849 00:40:13,043 --> 00:40:14,512  there were catastrophic quakes  850 00:40:14,512 --> 00:40:17,448  in that part of                 Greece in 522 CE,                851 00:40:17,448 --> 00:40:20,684   and again, in 551 CE.          852 00:40:20,684 --> 00:40:24,422    The 551 event even resulted   in the site being buried         853 00:40:24,422 --> 00:40:26,791  under more than 25 feet of silt 854 00:40:26,791 --> 00:40:29,493 from the Alpheios                   and Kladeos Rivers.           855 00:40:31,562 --> 00:40:33,831  Adam Bunch: Some people           question that theory, though.  856 00:40:33,831 --> 00:40:36,267  Modern simulations have           suggested that the earthquake  857 00:40:36,267 --> 00:40:39,036 in 551 wouldn't have been         powerful enough                 858 00:40:39,036 --> 00:40:42,273    to topple the columns into    that particular pattern,         859 00:40:42,273 --> 00:40:43,974    but they clearly did fall.    860 00:40:43,974 --> 00:40:46,177  So if it wasn't an earthquake,     historians are left           861 00:40:46,177 --> 00:40:48,746   to figure out what else could   have brought them down.         862 00:40:50,514 --> 00:40:51,649  Narrator: Some have speculated  863 00:40:51,649 --> 00:40:53,651 that not even the                King of the Gods                 864 00:40:53,651 --> 00:40:56,854  can stay above the law             of the land for very long.    865 00:40:57,788 --> 00:40:59,723 Amma Agbedor: The Temple            of Zeus in Olympia,           866 00:40:59,723 --> 00:41:03,360    along with the world-famous     statue it contained,           867 00:41:03,360 --> 00:41:06,464   may have been                  intentionally destroyed,         868 00:41:06,464 --> 00:41:09,033 per the orders of Rome's           Christian leadership.          869 00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:11,802    In the late 4th century CE,   870 00:41:11,802 --> 00:41:17,174  the Roman Emperor Theodosius I  outlawed all pagan cults         871 00:41:17,174 --> 00:41:19,009  throughout the Empire.          872 00:41:20,277 --> 00:41:22,613 Pagan sanctuaries                  were to be abandoned;          873 00:41:22,613 --> 00:41:26,150   and all non-Christian            rituals were banned.           874 00:41:26,150 --> 00:41:29,887   The Olympics, which had been     held every four years          875 00:41:29,887 --> 00:41:33,557 for almost 12 centuries,            were ended.                   876 00:41:34,658 --> 00:41:37,194   James Ellis: The Emperor had     not, not yet, anyway,          877 00:41:37,194 --> 00:41:40,531  ordered the destruction           of pagan temples themselves.   878 00:41:40,531 --> 00:41:44,435 But one overenthusiastic           prefect in the town of Apamea  879 00:41:44,435 --> 00:41:46,737   took it upon himself              to demolish a temple there,   880 00:41:46,737 --> 00:41:48,439    that was dedicated to Zeus,   881 00:41:48,439 --> 00:41:50,908   by having its                    columns pulled down.           882 00:41:52,209 --> 00:41:54,478   Anthea Nardi: They tried with   teams of draft animals          883 00:41:54,478 --> 00:41:57,448    and ropes, and the             columns wouldn't budge.         884 00:41:57,448 --> 00:41:59,683   So they tried                    something brilliant.           885 00:41:59,683 --> 00:42:02,586    undermined one side           of three of the columns,         886 00:42:02,586 --> 00:42:06,056  supported that side by           inserting timber beams,         887 00:42:06,056 --> 00:42:10,127 undermined some more, and           then lit the beams on fire.   888 00:42:11,529 --> 00:42:14,098    The beams burned away, and       the three columns toppled,    889 00:42:14,098 --> 00:42:17,468 smashing into, and taking          down another twelve,           890 00:42:17,468 --> 00:42:19,970   and possibly at least          part of the roof.                891 00:42:19,970 --> 00:42:22,106    They said that the crashing    sound was heard                 892 00:42:22,106 --> 00:42:23,173   throughout the town.           893 00:42:24,975 --> 00:42:26,744   Adam Bunch: Some researchers    have suggested                  894 00:42:26,744 --> 00:42:28,679 that if the same                    technique was used            895 00:42:28,679 --> 00:42:30,948   on the Temple of Zeus             at Olympia,                   896 00:42:30,948 --> 00:42:34,051  that might explain the          toppled dominoes pattern.        897 00:42:34,718 --> 00:42:36,020  But whatever the cause,         898 00:42:36,020 --> 00:42:38,556 an earthquake or                  intentional demolition,         899 00:42:38,556 --> 00:42:40,691  there's another                   unanswered question.           900 00:42:40,691 --> 00:42:44,128 If the statue of Zeus was        destroyed in the temple,         901 00:42:44,128 --> 00:42:47,865  why haven't we found any trace  of gold or ivory from it?        902 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,970   Narrator: When all efforts at   finding proof something existed 903 00:42:52,970 --> 00:42:55,272    in a certain place              have been exhausted,           904 00:42:55,272 --> 00:42:58,742 it may lead to one simple           but surprising conclusion.    905 00:43:00,044 --> 00:43:03,380  Amma Agbedor: Maybe the statue     of Zeus just wasn't there.    906 00:43:03,380 --> 00:43:05,316  Not by the time of the             destruction                   907 00:43:05,316 --> 00:43:06,817  of the temple, anyway.          908 00:43:06,817 --> 00:43:10,054  It may have been moved             to Constantinople,            909 00:43:10,054 --> 00:43:15,225   now Istanbul, over 400 miles      across the Sea of Marmara.    910 00:43:16,660 --> 00:43:19,430  James Ellis: The thing is, even well after pagan rituals         911 00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:22,933 and beliefs had been banned, the   Statue of Zeus was recognized  912 00:43:22,933 --> 00:43:25,803  by many as an important           work of art.                   913 00:43:25,803 --> 00:43:30,341   And somewhere around 430 CE,   the Imperial Chamberlain         914 00:43:30,341 --> 00:43:32,476  of Theodosius,                     a man named Lausus,           915 00:43:32,476 --> 00:43:35,879   might have used his money and   position to acquire the statue  916 00:43:35,879 --> 00:43:39,183    for his private collection     of "pagan antiquities."         917 00:43:41,185 --> 00:43:45,856 Adam Bunch: In 475 CE, there was  a great fire in Constantinople, 918 00:43:45,856 --> 00:43:47,992    and it swept right            through the area                 919 00:43:47,992 --> 00:43:50,094 where the Palace                 of Lausos stood.                 920 00:43:50,094 --> 00:43:53,864    Later, historians reported     that the palace was destroyed,  921 00:43:53,864 --> 00:43:56,634  along with the                     statues inside it,            922 00:43:56,634 --> 00:43:59,003   but we don't know if             Zeus was one of them.          923 00:44:00,971 --> 00:44:03,941 Narrator: Though Phidias's later  life is something of a mystery, 924 00:44:03,941 --> 00:44:06,910   we know that the great Statue     of Zeus at Olympia            925 00:44:06,910 --> 00:44:10,514   turned out to be his greatest    and last masterpiece.          926 00:44:11,548 --> 00:44:14,251 Amma Agbedor: There are accounts    that Phidias was implicated   927 00:44:14,251 --> 00:44:15,819  in a number of crimes,          928 00:44:15,819 --> 00:44:18,989   targeted by enemies of one of  his benefactors.                 929 00:44:18,989 --> 00:44:23,427  He was accused of stealing gold   from one of his own statues,   930 00:44:23,427 --> 00:44:28,232    which was disproved, but he      was convicted of "impiety",   931 00:44:28,232 --> 00:44:29,933   for carving his own likeness   932 00:44:29,933 --> 00:44:32,503 into the Goddess                 Athena's shield.                 933 00:44:32,503 --> 00:44:34,972  For that he was jailed.         934 00:44:34,972 --> 00:44:38,475    After that, the historical     record is inconclusive;         935 00:44:38,475 --> 00:44:40,077 he may have died in jail,        936 00:44:40,077 --> 00:44:42,846    or he may have been             released into exile.           937 00:44:44,415 --> 00:44:46,583   Narrator: The Statue of Zeus     stood tall in Olympia          938 00:44:46,583 --> 00:44:50,187 for roughly a thousand years and  could be said to have achieved  939 00:44:50,187 --> 00:44:53,123   a kind of immortality          even beyond that.                940 00:44:53,123 --> 00:44:56,593    Phidias' depiction of Zeus      seated on his throne           941 00:44:56,593 --> 00:44:59,763   became the standard,              copied and repeated           942 00:44:59,763 --> 00:45:02,466 for Gods and mortals ever since. 943 00:45:02,466 --> 00:45:09,873    ♪♪                            944 00:45:10,908 --> 00:45:15,879    ♪♪                            112749

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