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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,468 --> 00:00:01,501    Na                            2 00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:01,534    Narr                          3 00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:01,568    Narrat                        4 00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:01,601    Narrator                      5 00:00:01,601 --> 00:00:01,634    Narrator:                     6 00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:01,668    Narrator: Th                  7 00:00:01,668 --> 00:00:01,701    Narrator: The                 8 00:00:01,701 --> 00:00:01,735    Narrator: The di              9 00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:01,768    Narrator: The disa            10 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:01,801    Narrator: The disapp          11 00:00:01,801 --> 00:00:01,835    Narrator: The disappea        12 00:00:01,835 --> 00:00:01,868    Narrator: The disappeara      13 00:00:01,868 --> 00:00:01,901    Narrator: The disappearanc    14 00:00:01,901 --> 00:00:02,002    Narrator: The disappearance   15 00:00:02,002 --> 00:00:02,035    Narrator: The disappearance      of                            16 00:00:02,035 --> 00:00:02,068    Narrator: The disappearance      of a                          17 00:00:02,068 --> 00:00:02,102    Narrator: The disappearance      of an                         18 00:00:02,102 --> 00:00:02,135    Narrator: The disappearance      of an Am                      19 00:00:02,135 --> 00:00:02,168    Narrator: The disappearance      of an Amer                    20 00:00:02,168 --> 00:00:02,202    Narrator: The disappearance      of an Americ                  21 00:00:02,202 --> 00:00:02,235    Narrator: The disappearance      of an American                22 00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:02,268    Narrator: The disappearance      of an American h              23 00:00:02,268 --> 00:00:02,302    Narrator: The disappearance      of an American her            24 00:00:02,302 --> 00:00:02,802    Narrator: The disappearance      of an American hero           25 00:00:02,802 --> 00:00:04,204 shocks the world.                26 00:00:05,271 --> 00:00:06,573   Adam Bunch: She had reported     that they were flying          27 00:00:06,573 --> 00:00:09,342   near Howland Island,             but couldn't see it,           28 00:00:09,342 --> 00:00:12,479  and that their fuel was         running dangerously low.         29 00:00:12,479 --> 00:00:16,816 After the final message,          silence fell over the airwaves, 30 00:00:16,816 --> 00:00:18,685   and the Electra disappeared.   31 00:00:20,286 --> 00:00:21,855   Narrator: The search             for the lost treasure          32 00:00:21,855 --> 00:00:25,859  of France's emperor follows the   path of his boldest invasion.  33 00:00:26,426 --> 00:00:28,294  Anthea Nardi: The vast fortune   in money and treasures          34 00:00:28,294 --> 00:00:31,331    his men had accumulated and    carted along with them          35 00:00:31,331 --> 00:00:34,467    had disappeared and has not   been found, to this day.         36 00:00:34,467 --> 00:00:37,604    So, what could have become       of Napoleon's stolen loot?    37 00:00:40,306 --> 00:00:42,375    Narrator: A daring explorer     vanishes in the cold,          38 00:00:42,375 --> 00:00:44,811    unforgiving waters             of the Arctic.                  39 00:00:45,678 --> 00:00:47,213    Alison Leonard: Hudson, his   son, and a few loyal men,        40 00:00:47,213 --> 00:00:50,116  were set adrift in icy,         uncharted waters.                41 00:00:50,116 --> 00:00:52,052 Centuries later,                   the question remains:          42 00:00:52,052 --> 00:00:54,254  did he vanish into the Arctic's    merciless expanse,            43 00:00:54,254 --> 00:00:56,356    or somehow                    survive against all odds?        44 00:00:58,491 --> 00:01:01,461  Narrator: The chain of history   has many missing links.         45 00:01:02,429 --> 00:01:03,663 Prominent people.                46 00:01:03,663 --> 00:01:05,265   Priceless treasures.           47 00:01:05,265 --> 00:01:07,167 Extraordinary artifacts.         48 00:01:07,834 --> 00:01:10,703  Their locations still unknown.  49 00:01:10,703 --> 00:01:12,772 Lost to the fog of time.         50 00:01:13,873 --> 00:01:16,843 What happens when                  stories of the past,           51 00:01:16,843 --> 00:01:18,445  Become,                         52 00:01:18,445 --> 00:01:19,712 Vanished History.                53 00:01:19,712 --> 00:01:25,652    ♪♪                            54 00:01:26,286 --> 00:01:33,560    ♪♪                            55 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:36,563 Narrator: In 1937, Amelia        Earhart embarked                 56 00:01:36,563 --> 00:01:40,100    on an audacious journey to    circumnavigate the globe,        57 00:01:40,100 --> 00:01:43,336  piloting a cutting-edge           Lockheed Electra 10E           58 00:01:43,336 --> 00:01:45,672    with navigator Fred Noonan.   59 00:01:46,306 --> 00:01:49,209  Their flight was a feat         of daring and innovation,        60 00:01:49,209 --> 00:01:51,744 pushing the boundaries of         human endurance                 61 00:01:51,744 --> 00:01:53,513 and aviation technology.         62 00:01:54,481 --> 00:01:55,982 James Ellis: Earhart and          Noonan's journey began          63 00:01:55,982 --> 00:02:01,154   on May 21, 1937, in Oakland,   California, before heading east. 64 00:02:01,154 --> 00:02:04,991 By the time they reached           Lae, New Guinea, on June 29,   65 00:02:04,991 --> 00:02:08,695 they had traveled                   an astounding 22,000 miles    66 00:02:08,695 --> 00:02:10,697   over 21 flight days.           67 00:02:10,697 --> 00:02:13,566 The next leg, to                   Howland Island, was critical,  68 00:02:13,566 --> 00:02:16,302    it was a refueling               stop on their route           69 00:02:16,302 --> 00:02:18,138 through the vast Pacific.        70 00:02:19,072 --> 00:02:20,340  Alison Leonard: Howland            Island was a tiny,            71 00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:23,610  uninhabited coral atoll, barely   a speck in the endless ocean.  72 00:02:23,610 --> 00:02:26,279 To help their approach, the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Itasca        73 00:02:26,279 --> 00:02:28,548   was stationed nearby,           emitting smoke signals          74 00:02:28,548 --> 00:02:30,717  and transmitting radio           communications.                 75 00:02:30,717 --> 00:02:33,553  But logs from the Itasca reveal   a troubling reality:           76 00:02:33,553 --> 00:02:36,189    many of their transmissions   went unheard by Earhart,         77 00:02:36,189 --> 00:02:38,391  and while her responses            were occasionally received,   78 00:02:38,391 --> 00:02:40,260   they were fragmented             and unclear.                   79 00:02:41,294 --> 00:02:44,831   Adam Bunch: On July 2, 1937,     at 8:43 a.m.,                  80 00:02:44,831 --> 00:02:48,768 Earhart's final confirmed           transmission came through.    81 00:02:48,768 --> 00:02:51,971   She reported they were flying     near Howland Island           82 00:02:51,971 --> 00:02:53,706   but could not see it.          83 00:02:53,706 --> 00:02:56,609 And that the fuel                  was running dangerously low.   84 00:02:56,609 --> 00:03:00,947   After final message, silence    fell over the airwaves,         85 00:03:00,947 --> 00:03:03,082   and the Electra disappeared.   86 00:03:03,082 --> 00:03:04,417    The world was left            87 00:03:04,417 --> 00:03:07,353   with one of history's             greatest mysteries.           88 00:03:07,353 --> 00:03:11,157  What happened to Amelia         Earhart and Fred Noonan?         89 00:03:12,458 --> 00:03:15,195 Narrator: Amelia Earhart's final    flight was the culmination    90 00:03:15,195 --> 00:03:18,131  of a career defined by             groundbreaking achievements   91 00:03:18,131 --> 00:03:19,499   in aviation.                   92 00:03:19,499 --> 00:03:21,968   From setting                   transcontinental records,        93 00:03:21,968 --> 00:03:24,270   to becoming the first          woman to fly solo                94 00:03:24,270 --> 00:03:25,738   across the Atlantic,           95 00:03:25,738 --> 00:03:27,340 she captivated the world.        96 00:03:29,209 --> 00:03:31,511 Amma Agbedor: Earhart discovered her passion for aviation         97 00:03:31,511 --> 00:03:35,748   after World War I following a    chance encounter with pilots.  98 00:03:35,748 --> 00:03:39,319 She moved from Kansas to            California in 1920,           99 00:03:39,319 --> 00:03:43,590 and by 1922, she had already set    the women's altitude record   100 00:03:43,590 --> 00:03:48,127    at 14,000 feet, showcasing    her determination                101 00:03:48,127 --> 00:03:50,430    to push boundaries.           102 00:03:50,430 --> 00:03:52,532    But Earhart wasn't              just a pilot,                  103 00:03:52,532 --> 00:03:56,402  she became a symbol of            possibility and empowerment.   104 00:03:57,537 --> 00:03:59,138 James Ellis: As the first          woman Vice-President           105 00:03:59,138 --> 00:04:01,307  of the National                  Aeronautic Association,         106 00:04:01,307 --> 00:04:04,811 Earhart championed opportunities   for women in flight.           107 00:04:04,811 --> 00:04:08,548 At Purdue University, she served   as a professor and counselor,  108 00:04:08,548 --> 00:04:12,252   encouraging women to embrace   engineering and science.         109 00:04:13,553 --> 00:04:15,054  Alison Leonard: Amelia's first  attempt to circumnavigate        110 00:04:15,054 --> 00:04:16,823 the globe began with high hopes. 111 00:04:16,823 --> 00:04:20,426  On March 17, 1937, she and her   team successfully flew          112 00:04:20,426 --> 00:04:24,130   the first leg from Oakland to     Honolulu in under 16 hours.   113 00:04:24,130 --> 00:04:26,266   But three days later,          disaster struck.                 114 00:04:26,266 --> 00:04:28,468    During takeoff, the Electra    ground-looped,                  115 00:04:28,468 --> 00:04:30,436   a maneuver where the aircraft    veers uncontrollably           116 00:04:30,436 --> 00:04:32,138  during taxi or takeoff.         117 00:04:32,138 --> 00:04:33,740    As she attempted to correct   a rightward drift                118 00:04:33,740 --> 00:04:36,743  on the rain-slicked field, her     adjustments overcompensated   119 00:04:36,743 --> 00:04:39,145  and caused the Electra            to spin sharply to the left.   120 00:04:39,145 --> 00:04:40,947  This damaged the plane             and forced the team           121 00:04:40,947 --> 00:04:41,981  to call off the flight.         122 00:04:43,116 --> 00:04:47,720 Adam Bunch: By June 1937 Earhart  was ready to try again.         123 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:50,390  This time, she and Fred Noonan   would leave from Miami          124 00:04:50,390 --> 00:04:52,625    and fly from west to east.    125 00:04:52,625 --> 00:04:57,430 Over the next month, they        traveled more than 20,000 miles, 126 00:04:57,430 --> 00:05:00,400    stopping everywhere             from South America to Africa,  127 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:02,402   India and New Guinea.          128 00:05:03,670 --> 00:05:05,972  Narrator: But what would become  the final leg of their journey  129 00:05:05,972 --> 00:05:07,774  was fraught with peril.         130 00:05:07,774 --> 00:05:11,611   The flight from New Guinea to    refuel on tiny Howland Island  131 00:05:11,611 --> 00:05:16,015   was 2,500 miles over the vast    expanse of the Pacific Ocean.  132 00:05:17,917 --> 00:05:21,554 Amma Agbedor: The Electra         carried 1,000 gallons of fuel,  133 00:05:21,554 --> 00:05:23,623   that's about 20 hours worth,   134 00:05:23,623 --> 00:05:26,459   but strong headwinds,           overcast skies,                 135 00:05:26,459 --> 00:05:29,295   and communication breakdowns    likely reduced                  136 00:05:29,295 --> 00:05:31,564  their margin for error.         137 00:05:31,564 --> 00:05:34,767  Despite their preparation, they were flying into a region        138 00:05:34,767 --> 00:05:39,639 where even a slight navigational    error could mean disaster.    139 00:05:40,873 --> 00:05:42,575  James Ellis: When radio contact   with the Coast Guard           140 00:05:42,575 --> 00:05:44,711    cutter Itasca fell silent,    141 00:05:44,711 --> 00:05:47,747    the enormity of the            situation became clear.         142 00:05:47,747 --> 00:05:51,484  President Roosevelt ordered an    unprecedented search effort,   143 00:05:51,484 --> 00:05:55,688 spanning 250,000                  square miles of ocean.          144 00:05:55,688 --> 00:05:57,557  George Putnam,                  Amelia's husband,                145 00:05:57,557 --> 00:06:00,193  even financed private searches, 146 00:06:00,193 --> 00:06:02,395   but by October 1937,           147 00:06:02,395 --> 00:06:04,430   all efforts had come up dry.   148 00:06:05,498 --> 00:06:07,567 Narrator: Earhart's final           radio transmission            149 00:06:07,567 --> 00:06:09,736    42 days into their journey    150 00:06:09,736 --> 00:06:12,739 was a faint echo                   lost to the Pacific,           151 00:06:12,739 --> 00:06:15,775   where many believe the truth     behind their silence           152 00:06:15,775 --> 00:06:17,243   lies hidden.                   153 00:06:17,243 --> 00:06:19,212    Alison Leonard: One theory    suggests a tragic                154 00:06:19,212 --> 00:06:20,847  yet straightforward conclusion: 155 00:06:20,847 --> 00:06:23,549  Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan   ran out of fuel                 156 00:06:23,549 --> 00:06:25,385  and were forced to ditch their   plane into the Pacific          157 00:06:25,385 --> 00:06:26,686   near Howland Island,           158 00:06:26,686 --> 00:06:28,888  a huge and unforgiving           expanse of open ocean.          159 00:06:31,924 --> 00:06:34,494    Adam Bunch: Earhart's last    reported message,                160 00:06:34,494 --> 00:06:37,930   'We are on the line 157 337'   161 00:06:37,930 --> 00:06:40,366   suggested they were following     their planned path,           162 00:06:40,366 --> 00:06:42,502 but navigational                  miscalculations                 163 00:06:42,502 --> 00:06:44,370    could have led them astray,   164 00:06:44,370 --> 00:06:46,706    and overcast skies               could have obscured           165 00:06:46,706 --> 00:06:48,975   their view of Howland Island,  166 00:06:48,975 --> 00:06:53,112    which is just a tiny atoll.    Critically low on fuel,         167 00:06:53,112 --> 00:06:54,647   they would then have             had no choice                  168 00:06:54,647 --> 00:06:57,884  but to try an emergency          landing at sea.                 169 00:07:00,420 --> 00:07:02,121    Narrator: The Pacific near     Howland Island                  170 00:07:02,121 --> 00:07:05,825   is one of the most remote and   inaccessible regions on Earth.  171 00:07:06,759 --> 00:07:10,797    Its ocean floor plunges to      depths exceeding 17,000 feet,  172 00:07:10,797 --> 00:07:13,533  with powerful currents            constantly reshaping           173 00:07:13,533 --> 00:07:16,202 the sea floor, making any         recovery effort                 174 00:07:16,202 --> 00:07:18,137    an extraordinary challenge.   175 00:07:19,705 --> 00:07:22,341  Adam Bunch: In 2009, a           non-profit group called         176 00:07:22,341 --> 00:07:25,144    the Waitt Institute             used deep-sea robots           177 00:07:25,144 --> 00:07:27,880    to search thousands           of square miles.                 178 00:07:27,880 --> 00:07:30,783  The missions did expand         our understanding                179 00:07:30,783 --> 00:07:34,420    of the sea floor, but they    didn't find the Electra.         180 00:07:35,555 --> 00:07:37,757 Amma Agbedor: The crash-and-sank   theory offers                  181 00:07:37,757 --> 00:07:41,060 a logical explanation for          their disappearance,           182 00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:45,865    but the complete absence of      wreckage raises questions.    183 00:07:45,865 --> 00:07:49,735 Could the vastness of the        ocean conceal their fate?        184 00:07:49,735 --> 00:07:52,672 Or does the lack                    of evidence suggest           185 00:07:52,672 --> 00:07:54,674    there's more to the story?    186 00:07:55,775 --> 00:07:58,444 Narrator: Other theories propose    Earhart and Noonan            187 00:07:58,444 --> 00:08:01,647 may have found refuge far          from Howland Island,           188 00:08:01,647 --> 00:08:04,617 only to face an entirely          different fate.                 189 00:08:05,718 --> 00:08:07,887  James Ellis: Nikumaroro           a remote coral atoll           190 00:08:07,887 --> 00:08:12,091   in the Phoenix Islands, sits    along the 157-337 line          191 00:08:12,091 --> 00:08:15,628 of position mentioned in           Earhart's final transmission.  192 00:08:15,628 --> 00:08:18,064  As fuel dwindled and their view of Howland Island                193 00:08:18,064 --> 00:08:21,133  remained obscured, Earhart and  Noonan may have followed         194 00:08:21,133 --> 00:08:26,606    the 157-337 line southeast       toward Nikumaroro,            195 00:08:26,606 --> 00:08:29,408   hoping to find refuge             on the coral atoll            196 00:08:29,408 --> 00:08:31,143 surrounded by deep ocean.        197 00:08:32,612 --> 00:08:33,846   Alison Leonard: This           wasn't a random heading.         198 00:08:33,846 --> 00:08:37,783  The 157-337 line was a precise   navigational strategy,          199 00:08:37,783 --> 00:08:41,120  calculated from the rising sun     using celestial navigation.   200 00:08:41,687 --> 00:08:43,089   Fred Noonan, a master             of this technique,            201 00:08:43,089 --> 00:08:44,891  would have plotted this           line well in advance.          202 00:08:46,359 --> 00:08:48,060 Adam Bunch: After                  their disappearance,           203 00:08:48,060 --> 00:08:51,197   hopes were sparked by             reports of a series           204 00:08:51,197 --> 00:08:53,966   of faint radio transmissions.  205 00:08:53,966 --> 00:08:58,304 121 distress signals were           received by radio operators   206 00:08:58,304 --> 00:08:59,972  over the next ten days,         207 00:08:59,972 --> 00:09:03,042  and it was thought that            at least 57 of them           208 00:09:03,042 --> 00:09:05,678 could potentially                   have come from the Electra.   209 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:09,549   Narrator: Decades of             investigation have uncovered   210 00:09:09,549 --> 00:09:13,553    compelling clues suggesting    that Nikumaroro may be          211 00:09:13,553 --> 00:09:15,888    the Electra's final            resting place,                  212 00:09:15,888 --> 00:09:19,058    and the site of a desperate    struggle for survival.          213 00:09:20,660 --> 00:09:22,929   James Ellis: In 1940,             a British colonial officer    214 00:09:22,929 --> 00:09:26,332 made a chilling discovery          on Nikumaroro                  215 00:09:26,332 --> 00:09:30,670   a human skull and bones along   with remnants of a woman's shoe 216 00:09:30,670 --> 00:09:33,272 near what appeared to be         a makeshift camp.                217 00:09:34,173 --> 00:09:35,608    Alison Leonard: Subsequent    investigations uncovered         218 00:09:35,608 --> 00:09:37,843   bottles of cosmetics,           a sextant box,                  219 00:09:37,843 --> 00:09:39,879    which is an essential tool     for navigation,                 220 00:09:39,879 --> 00:09:42,515 and shells and bones from        fish, turtles, and birds         221 00:09:42,515 --> 00:09:43,950   that appeared                     to have been eaten.           222 00:09:43,950 --> 00:09:46,018   These clues hint at a            resourceful survivor           223 00:09:46,018 --> 00:09:48,054   struggling to endure            on this isolated atoll.         224 00:09:49,021 --> 00:09:51,591 Adam Bunch: The initial analysis    of the human bones            225 00:09:51,591 --> 00:09:54,794 found they belonged to a            short European man.           226 00:09:54,794 --> 00:09:56,762 But while they've                since been lost,                 227 00:09:56,762 --> 00:09:59,732    a more recent reevaluation      of the measurements,           228 00:09:59,732 --> 00:10:01,867  using modern forensic software, 229 00:10:01,867 --> 00:10:04,337 suggests they're actually          more likely to belong          230 00:10:04,337 --> 00:10:08,441 to a tall European woman           right around the same height   231 00:10:08,441 --> 00:10:10,710   and build as Amelia Earhart.   232 00:10:11,777 --> 00:10:13,913 James Ellis: Yet despite          years of investigation,         233 00:10:13,913 --> 00:10:19,852   no evidence conclusively ties  Earhart or Noonan to Nikumaroro, 234 00:10:19,852 --> 00:10:22,221  or to the human remains         discovered there.                235 00:10:23,856 --> 00:10:25,257  Narrator: As the search         for answers moves                236 00:10:25,257 --> 00:10:28,995   beyond Nikumaroro, the trail   leads to a theory                237 00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:31,597   that shifts the focus          to a possibility                 238 00:10:31,597 --> 00:10:34,867   rooted in the shadowy            waters of the Pacific          239 00:10:34,867 --> 00:10:36,969 and the tumult of                pre-war tensions.                240 00:10:38,971 --> 00:10:40,339   Alison Leonard: It's possible  that Earhart and Noonan,         241 00:10:40,339 --> 00:10:41,941 unable to locate                  Howland Island,                 242 00:10:41,941 --> 00:10:44,510    may have veered off course     and flown north toward          243 00:10:44,510 --> 00:10:46,212  the Japanese-controlled         Marshall Islands.                244 00:10:46,212 --> 00:10:49,115    Eyewitness accounts passed    down through generations         245 00:10:49,115 --> 00:10:52,385    of Marshallese locals tell    of a silver plane landing        246 00:10:52,385 --> 00:10:54,654   on the remote shores            of Mili Atoll.                  247 00:10:56,922 --> 00:11:00,993  Narrator: In 2017, interest was re-ignited in this theory        248 00:11:00,993 --> 00:11:04,830    by a photograph discovered     in the U.S. National Archives.  249 00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:09,101  Amma Agbedor: The grainy photo   seemed to show a man and woman  250 00:11:09,101 --> 00:11:12,705   resembling Noonan and Earhart  sitting on a dock                251 00:11:12,705 --> 00:11:17,243 at Jaluit Atoll with what looked like the Electra nearby.         252 00:11:17,243 --> 00:11:21,714  It sparked speculation that the  Japanese Navy had captured them 253 00:11:21,714 --> 00:11:23,516 and taken them to Saipan.        254 00:11:24,050 --> 00:11:26,719 But the story fell apart            when researchers discovered   255 00:11:26,719 --> 00:11:30,423    the photo in a 1935             Japanese travel book,          256 00:11:30,423 --> 00:11:33,759 two years before                 Earhart vanished.                257 00:11:34,860 --> 00:11:37,396   James Ellis: Still, advocates   of the Marshall Islands theory  258 00:11:37,396 --> 00:11:40,032  point to other                  intriguing clues.                259 00:11:40,032 --> 00:11:44,503  It's been proposed that Earhart had a contingency plan, "Plan B" 260 00:11:44,503 --> 00:11:46,238  to head for the                 Marshall Islands                 261 00:11:46,238 --> 00:11:49,241 if Howland Island                  could not be located.          262 00:11:49,241 --> 00:11:52,078  Some suggest her radio           silence was deliberate,         263 00:11:52,078 --> 00:11:56,182  masking an intelligence mission  to scout Japanese installations 264 00:11:56,182 --> 00:11:57,349  in the Pacific.                 265 00:11:57,817 --> 00:11:59,552    Adam Bunch: Without              concrete evidence,            266 00:11:59,552 --> 00:12:02,421  no wreckage, no                  documents, no records,          267 00:12:02,421 --> 00:12:05,357   the claim is                     impossible to prove.           268 00:12:05,357 --> 00:12:06,826    But some people still find    269 00:12:06,826 --> 00:12:09,562   the Marshall Islands           idea compelling.                 270 00:12:09,562 --> 00:12:12,231 Another theory looking to        provide an answer                271 00:12:12,231 --> 00:12:15,000   to one of the world's          great mysteries.                 272 00:12:16,502 --> 00:12:19,271    Narrator: For decades, the     disappearance of Amelia Earhart 273 00:12:19,271 --> 00:12:22,108    and Fred Noonan has             captivated the world,          274 00:12:22,108 --> 00:12:24,643   inspiring relentless            investigations                  275 00:12:24,643 --> 00:12:26,312  and countless theories.         276 00:12:27,947 --> 00:12:30,783 Amma Agbedor: The crash-and-sank  theory offers a simple          277 00:12:30,783 --> 00:12:32,718  and tragic conclusion,          278 00:12:32,718 --> 00:12:35,054 an aircraft lost                   to the vast Pacific,           279 00:12:35,054 --> 00:12:37,857 swallowed by an unforgiving sea. 280 00:12:37,857 --> 00:12:40,359   But without wreckage             or definitive proof,           281 00:12:40,359 --> 00:12:44,363   the mystery lingers, keeping    doubt alive even today.         282 00:12:45,931 --> 00:12:48,734    James Ellis: The Nikumaroro     theory paints a vivid picture  283 00:12:48,734 --> 00:12:52,638   of survival, a plane           stranded on a coral reef,        284 00:12:52,638 --> 00:12:55,374    faint radio                   signals calling for help,        285 00:12:55,374 --> 00:12:57,877  and traces of a makeshift camp. 286 00:12:57,877 --> 00:13:00,112  But the clues,                  while compelling,                287 00:13:00,112 --> 00:13:05,017 remain frustratingly incomplete, leaving us with a puzzle         288 00:13:05,017 --> 00:13:07,653  where the pieces don't             quite fit together.           289 00:13:07,653 --> 00:13:10,222 In the end, we may never            know what happened.           290 00:13:12,024 --> 00:13:13,993 Narrator: Amelia                    Earhart once said,            291 00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:16,962   "Adventure is                   worthwhile in itself."          292 00:13:16,962 --> 00:13:20,866  Her life, her journey, and her   disappearance remind us         293 00:13:20,866 --> 00:13:24,170   that sometimes the pursuit of  the extraordinary                294 00:13:24,170 --> 00:13:25,738    is its own reward.            295 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:34,947    ♪♪                            296 00:13:34,947 --> 00:13:38,217 Narrator: By 1812, French           Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte    297 00:13:38,217 --> 00:13:41,587   had already conquered Europe   from Portugal to Poland;         298 00:13:41,587 --> 00:13:44,023   from the Baltic Sea to Italy.  299 00:13:44,023 --> 00:13:46,592 But to get at the                powerful British Empire,         300 00:13:46,592 --> 00:13:48,394 he had to defeat Russia,         301 00:13:48,394 --> 00:13:52,131   a feat he estimated he could      achieve within a few weeks    302 00:13:52,131 --> 00:13:55,901   backed by an army of             over 600,000 strong.           303 00:13:57,002 --> 00:14:00,206   Adam Bunch: At first Napoleon   seemed to have the upper hand.  304 00:14:00,206 --> 00:14:03,342  His Grand Armée chased            the Russians eastward          305 00:14:03,342 --> 00:14:04,610    as they retreated.            306 00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:08,214  The soldiers would collect huge   amounts of loot and treasure,  307 00:14:08,214 --> 00:14:11,183 everything from priceless         religious icons                 308 00:14:11,183 --> 00:14:14,386  to gold and silver that           Napoleon hoped to use          309 00:14:14,386 --> 00:14:16,555 to fund future campaigns.        310 00:14:16,555 --> 00:14:21,427    Their story is thousands of     cartloads filled with riches.  311 00:14:23,262 --> 00:14:25,097   Anthea Nardi: But by the time   Napoleon had abandoned          312 00:14:25,097 --> 00:14:28,234   his Russian conquest, and the     remnants of his broken army   313 00:14:28,234 --> 00:14:29,969  had returned to Western Europe, 314 00:14:29,969 --> 00:14:32,471    the vast fortune in              money and treasures           315 00:14:32,471 --> 00:14:35,441    his men had accumulated and    carted along with them          316 00:14:35,441 --> 00:14:38,878  had disappeared and has            not been found to this day.   317 00:14:38,878 --> 00:14:42,281   So what could have become of    Napoleon's stolen loot?         318 00:14:45,184 --> 00:14:47,453   Narrator: Napoleon's invasion    force was the largest          319 00:14:47,453 --> 00:14:49,021   in European history.           320 00:14:49,021 --> 00:14:52,291    And with an army that size,     delivering a constant supply   321 00:14:52,291 --> 00:14:55,060 of food can be a                    daunting challenge.           322 00:14:55,060 --> 00:14:57,630   But one of Napoleon's           guiding principles was          323 00:14:57,630 --> 00:14:59,932 "The army feeds itself."         324 00:15:01,233 --> 00:15:03,669    James Ellis: Well, the army      didn't exactly feed itself;   325 00:15:03,669 --> 00:15:06,672   that was a nice way of saying   that his army plundered riches  326 00:15:06,672 --> 00:15:09,975    and food from whatever area      they were marching through.   327 00:15:09,975 --> 00:15:13,012    Providing money to fund his     current and future campaigns   328 00:15:13,012 --> 00:15:16,048    and food to sustain             the troops each day.           329 00:15:16,048 --> 00:15:19,351 For Napoleon, it                    simplified things greatly.    330 00:15:20,352 --> 00:15:22,221  Alison Leonard:                    On June 22nd, 1812,           331 00:15:22,221 --> 00:15:24,823   Napoleon and his Grand Armée   crossed the Niemen River         332 00:15:24,823 --> 00:15:26,358    and marched on to Vilnius,    333 00:15:26,358 --> 00:15:29,361   expecting their first battle    but there was no fight.         334 00:15:29,361 --> 00:15:31,931   The Russian army had already    withdrawn, so the chase was on. 335 00:15:33,399 --> 00:15:35,668  Adam Bunch: Czar Alexander the   First responded                 336 00:15:35,668 --> 00:15:40,205   to Napoleon's strategy with a  brutal, scorched earth campaign, 337 00:15:40,205 --> 00:15:44,176    destroying roads, bridges,       livestock and food supplies   338 00:15:44,176 --> 00:15:47,579  in the places where his         own people lived,                339 00:15:47,579 --> 00:15:52,284   leaving almost nothing behind   for Napoleon's army to live on. 340 00:15:53,252 --> 00:15:55,120   Anthea Nardi: Throughout that  summer, there was no way         341 00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:58,057 for Napoleon to properly         supply his forces                342 00:15:58,057 --> 00:16:00,793    as they chased the rapidly      withdrawing Russians.          343 00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:03,128   Even before fighting             any of their battles,          344 00:16:03,128 --> 00:16:05,397   they'd started dying           by the thousands,                345 00:16:05,397 --> 00:16:08,867  of thirst, starvation, disease,   and heat exhaustion,           346 00:16:08,867 --> 00:16:12,471 and were losing about a thousand horses a day to the same things. 347 00:16:14,673 --> 00:16:17,109 Narrator:                        On September 14th, 1812,         348 00:16:17,109 --> 00:16:19,712 Napoleon and his                   army reached Moscow,           349 00:16:19,712 --> 00:16:23,615  ready to negotiate Tsar          Alexander's peaceful surrender  350 00:16:23,615 --> 00:16:26,085   or to take the city by force.  351 00:16:26,085 --> 00:16:29,254    But the Tsar wasn't             there, nor his army.           352 00:16:29,254 --> 00:16:32,658  Moscow had been                 abandoned and set aflame,        353 00:16:32,658 --> 00:16:34,460    as per Alexander's orders.    354 00:16:35,794 --> 00:16:38,364   James Ellis: The Grand Armée     looted the city of its riches  355 00:16:38,364 --> 00:16:41,133   while Napoleon waited          for the Tsar to give in.         356 00:16:41,133 --> 00:16:44,169 All the while, his troops           supplies of food and water    357 00:16:44,169 --> 00:16:46,205   grew lower and lower,          358 00:16:46,205 --> 00:16:49,141  because the Russian command had  ordered the city's food stores  359 00:16:49,141 --> 00:16:51,610  to be destroyed                  before its evacuation.          360 00:16:52,778 --> 00:16:54,680  Alison Leonard:                 Napoleon waited 36 days.         361 00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:58,050   Finally, on October 18th, he      ordered his army to retreat   362 00:16:58,050 --> 00:17:00,986 and they left Moscow with          50,000 carts and wheelbarrows  363 00:17:00,986 --> 00:17:02,621 loaded with loot                 and gold bullion.                364 00:17:02,621 --> 00:17:05,090    They even took things like      the massive crucifix           365 00:17:05,090 --> 00:17:06,425 from Ivan the Great's cathedral, 366 00:17:06,425 --> 00:17:08,093   which they displayed            as a symbol of victory,         367 00:17:08,093 --> 00:17:09,228    as they retreated.            368 00:17:11,063 --> 00:17:13,465   Adam Bunch: It was a             catastrophic retreat.          369 00:17:13,465 --> 00:17:16,568   That fall rain turned             roads and the mud.            370 00:17:16,568 --> 00:17:19,038   In November, the temperatures     plummeted as low as           371 00:17:19,038 --> 00:17:22,141  -22 Fahrenheit.                 372 00:17:22,141 --> 00:17:25,644    The men suffered frostbite       and snow blindness.           373 00:17:25,644 --> 00:17:30,115 For food some were left to broil  and eat their own dying horses, 374 00:17:30,115 --> 00:17:35,521    seasoned with gunpowder or      cats, handles, axle grease...  375 00:17:35,521 --> 00:17:38,190    Some even resorted             to cannibalism.                 376 00:17:38,190 --> 00:17:42,995   By mid-November, the 600,000    men of the Grand Armée          377 00:17:42,995 --> 00:17:45,564  were down to only about 36,000. 378 00:17:47,266 --> 00:17:48,901 Narrator: Some speculate           that the bulk                  379 00:17:48,901 --> 00:17:51,036  of Napoleon's treasures            from Moscow                   380 00:17:51,036 --> 00:17:53,672 never made it more than a           quarter of the way            381 00:17:53,672 --> 00:17:55,207  back to Paris.                  382 00:17:56,375 --> 00:17:58,310    Anthea Nardi: At the end of     November, with the Cossacks,   383 00:17:58,310 --> 00:18:00,279   who were politically             independent fighters,          384 00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:03,449 cooperating with Russia,            chasing and firing on them,   385 00:18:03,449 --> 00:18:06,151  the French scrambled to         build two bridges                386 00:18:06,151 --> 00:18:07,786    across the Berezina River,    387 00:18:07,786 --> 00:18:10,122  in a desperate                    attempt to get away.           388 00:18:10,122 --> 00:18:13,425    And that might be as far as   Napoleon's loot traveled.        389 00:18:14,626 --> 00:18:16,295    James Ellis: It's possible       that untold amounts           390 00:18:16,295 --> 00:18:18,430    of Napoleon's gold             and other booty                 391 00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:21,700  lie deep under the silt          of the Berezina River.          392 00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:25,838  That river crossing was chaotic  and absolutely hellish.         393 00:18:27,072 --> 00:18:29,108  Alison Leonard: This was not an   orderly retreat by any means.  394 00:18:29,108 --> 00:18:31,076    With the Russian artillery    bombarding them,                 395 00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:32,711    people panicked and             trampled one another           396 00:18:32,711 --> 00:18:35,147   to get on the bridges, which     repeatedly collapsed           397 00:18:35,147 --> 00:18:36,482 under the immense weight,        398 00:18:36,482 --> 00:18:39,518  killing around 15,000 soldiers   and civilians.                  399 00:18:39,518 --> 00:18:42,754   The wagons of treasure would   have sunk straight down.         400 00:18:43,689 --> 00:18:45,557 Adam Bunch: Once Napoleon           and his main force            401 00:18:45,557 --> 00:18:48,861 were across the river, he        ordered the bridges burn         402 00:18:48,861 --> 00:18:51,029   to keep the Russians            from following.                 403 00:18:51,029 --> 00:18:55,200  Tens of thousands of stragglers    were left on the other bank   404 00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,403 to be captured or                   killed, or to drown           405 00:18:58,403 --> 00:19:00,639   as they tried to swim through     the freezing water.           406 00:19:02,474 --> 00:19:04,343  Narrator: If any amount         of the treasure survived         407 00:19:04,343 --> 00:19:06,478   beyond the Berezina crossing,  408 00:19:06,478 --> 00:19:10,048   those who carried it may have   reconsidered its value.         409 00:19:10,048 --> 00:19:12,317 From war booty to make them rich 410 00:19:12,317 --> 00:19:16,088  to something that might         just get them home alive.        411 00:19:17,256 --> 00:19:19,091 James Ellis: Those of Napoleon's    men that managed to travel    412 00:19:19,091 --> 00:19:22,427 the 200 miles to Vilnius,          in Lithuania,                  413 00:19:22,427 --> 00:19:24,796    may have spent much of the    booty they'd kept                414 00:19:24,796 --> 00:19:27,299 on food or accommodation.        415 00:19:28,467 --> 00:19:29,768  Alison Leonard:                    Vilnius is known as           416 00:19:29,768 --> 00:19:31,670  "The city built on human bones" 417 00:19:31,670 --> 00:19:33,705   and there's a                    grim reason for that.          418 00:19:33,705 --> 00:19:36,508    About 20,000 of Napoleon's     soldiers made it there,         419 00:19:36,508 --> 00:19:38,277 but they were in                  very bad shape.                 420 00:19:38,277 --> 00:19:39,745   Many had frostbitten              extremities                   421 00:19:39,745 --> 00:19:40,979    that had turned gangrenous;   422 00:19:40,979 --> 00:19:42,414    all were starving.            423 00:19:43,549 --> 00:19:47,219   Adam Bunch: Starving soldiers    fought over food, shelter...   424 00:19:47,219 --> 00:19:50,088 Many of those who                  didn't have gold to pay with   425 00:19:50,088 --> 00:19:52,357  froze to death outside.         426 00:19:52,357 --> 00:19:55,627  One witness described thousands of frozen corpses                427 00:19:55,627 --> 00:19:59,631    lining the streets, stacked      three storeys high,           428 00:19:59,631 --> 00:20:00,899 waiting to be collected.         429 00:20:03,669 --> 00:20:07,206  Narrator: Such descriptions may   be hard to imagine or believe  430 00:20:07,206 --> 00:20:10,075 and it's easy to think they must   have been exaggerated          431 00:20:10,075 --> 00:20:11,443  over the years.                 432 00:20:11,443 --> 00:20:14,713  But with time,                     occasionally, comes proof.    433 00:20:15,881 --> 00:20:18,116  James Ellis: In 2002, municipal    workers demolishing           434 00:20:18,116 --> 00:20:22,387   old buildings just outside of  Vilnius discovered a mass grave. 435 00:20:22,387 --> 00:20:25,090    Thousands of human               skeletons, arranged neatly,   436 00:20:25,090 --> 00:20:26,658 layer upon layer.                437 00:20:26,658 --> 00:20:29,528  With the skeletons were buttons  from military uniforms,         438 00:20:29,528 --> 00:20:33,031  stamped with their unit          numbers; scraps of blue cloth;  439 00:20:33,031 --> 00:20:35,234   and a crushed                    infantryman's helmet.          440 00:20:36,969 --> 00:20:37,236    Alison Leonard: None of the      skeletons showed any signs    441 00:20:37,236 --> 00:20:38,737    Alison Leonard: None of the      skeletons showed any signs    442 00:20:38,737 --> 00:20:39,871 of having died in battle.        443 00:20:39,871 --> 00:20:43,208 And, aside from one gold         20-franc Napoleonic coin,        444 00:20:43,208 --> 00:20:44,943   no booty was found with them.  445 00:20:44,943 --> 00:20:46,345  By many contemporaneous         accounts,                        446 00:20:46,345 --> 00:20:48,580 people were "diligent" in         separating the war dead         447 00:20:48,580 --> 00:20:51,550  from their gold, and so far the   archaeological record          448 00:20:51,550 --> 00:20:52,884   supports those observations.   449 00:20:53,986 --> 00:20:56,355  Adam Bunch: The account claims     the army was still carrying   450 00:20:56,355 --> 00:20:59,958    chests filled with             10 million gold francs          451 00:20:59,958 --> 00:21:01,793  on its way to Vilnius.          452 00:21:01,793 --> 00:21:04,930   While under attack, a colonel  gave Napoleon's treasury         453 00:21:04,930 --> 00:21:08,800   the emperor's personal stash     to some nearby guards          454 00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,571 for safekeeping, but the            officer claimed every coin    455 00:21:12,571 --> 00:21:15,474    was returned after             the danger had passed.          456 00:21:15,474 --> 00:21:18,310    So if that's true,             where are they?                 457 00:21:20,178 --> 00:21:23,248  Narrator: Some experts believe   there may not be a single place 458 00:21:23,248 --> 00:21:25,684 where Napoleon's                  lost treasure now lies          459 00:21:25,684 --> 00:21:27,786 and that the key to what          happened to it                  460 00:21:27,786 --> 00:21:30,522 is the moment the                   Grand Armée changed           461 00:21:30,522 --> 00:21:33,025   from being predators to prey.  462 00:21:33,925 --> 00:21:35,994    Anthea Nardi: From the time      Napoleon began his retreat    463 00:21:35,994 --> 00:21:39,364   from Moscow, his soldiers and    all of his cartloads           464 00:21:39,364 --> 00:21:40,932    of war booty were targets.    465 00:21:40,932 --> 00:21:43,969   The Russian army, and          especially the Cossacks,         466 00:21:43,969 --> 00:21:46,571    chased, hunted and             harassed them.                  467 00:21:46,571 --> 00:21:49,775    They picked off their rear     guards, and stole their booty,  468 00:21:49,775 --> 00:21:50,842   whenever they could.           469 00:21:52,444 --> 00:21:53,812 James Ellis: The                  Cossacks were skilled,          470 00:21:53,812 --> 00:21:55,347 and they were relentless.        471 00:21:55,347 --> 00:21:58,383  Napoleon, who one might expect  would be upset with them         472 00:21:58,383 --> 00:21:59,751    for preying on his troops,    473 00:21:59,751 --> 00:22:02,621   was actually instead              greatly impressed.            474 00:22:02,621 --> 00:22:05,357   He said he "could go all the     way 'round the world"          475 00:22:05,357 --> 00:22:07,259    if he had them in his army.   476 00:22:09,361 --> 00:22:10,729  Adam Bunch: Some of the            soldiers who tried to carry   477 00:22:10,729 --> 00:22:13,699    smaller amounts of treasure    in their own backpacks,         478 00:22:13,699 --> 00:22:15,767 would've made it all the          way to Vilnius,                 479 00:22:15,767 --> 00:22:19,004  but many of them would've been     overtaken by the Russians,    480 00:22:19,004 --> 00:22:21,139 killed or taken prisoner.        481 00:22:21,139 --> 00:22:23,375   The loot they carried          wasn't any help;                 482 00:22:23,375 --> 00:22:25,277   it had only slowed them down.  483 00:22:26,545 --> 00:22:29,047 Narrator: The loss of Napoleon's  plundered trophies and treasure 484 00:22:29,047 --> 00:22:32,351   was not only an embarrassment     or a loss of face;            485 00:22:32,351 --> 00:22:35,687    it represented the failure     of the entire campaign,         486 00:22:35,687 --> 00:22:38,957   and signaled the beginning of  the end for the Emperor.         487 00:22:40,225 --> 00:22:42,461  Anthea Nardi: Napoleon tried to   put a positive spin on things  488 00:22:42,461 --> 00:22:43,829    when he returned to France.   489 00:22:43,829 --> 00:22:48,033   He said, "All had gone well.   Moscow was in my power."         490 00:22:48,033 --> 00:22:51,803   Even though it was an empty,     burning city when he arrived.  491 00:22:51,803 --> 00:22:54,439 And he said, "the                   cold of the winter"           492 00:22:54,439 --> 00:22:55,974    caused a general calamity.    493 00:22:58,009 --> 00:22:59,411   James Ellis: The cold            of the Russian winter          494 00:22:59,411 --> 00:23:01,847  did make things harder            for Napoleon's troops          495 00:23:01,847 --> 00:23:04,216    as did the heat of               the Russian summer.           496 00:23:04,216 --> 00:23:08,687  But what really failed them was   his planning and leadership.   497 00:23:08,687 --> 00:23:12,424  In the end, his philosophy that   his army could "feed itself"   498 00:23:12,424 --> 00:23:15,427  was neutralized by Tsar            Alexander's policy            499 00:23:15,427 --> 00:23:16,895  of scorching the earth.         500 00:23:18,997 --> 00:23:21,833   Narrator: Napoleon's invasion  of Russia is to this day,        501 00:23:21,833 --> 00:23:25,137   one of the deadliest military    campaigns in history.          502 00:23:25,837 --> 00:23:28,173  What ultimately became            of the plundered loot          503 00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:30,108   his army hauled behind them,   504 00:23:30,108 --> 00:23:32,177 may never be discovered.         505 00:23:32,177 --> 00:23:34,379 But what's almost                   certain to be found           506 00:23:34,379 --> 00:23:36,415 is more evidence of those doomed 507 00:23:36,415 --> 00:23:39,751   by one man's                    unrealistic ambitions.          508 00:23:42,154 --> 00:23:49,961    ♪♪                            509 00:23:49,961 --> 00:23:52,697  Narrator: In the early 1600's,     as European empires           510 00:23:52,697 --> 00:23:55,534   pushed the boundaries            of their world maps,           511 00:23:55,534 --> 00:23:58,336 one explorer sailed into            uncertainty                   512 00:23:58,336 --> 00:24:01,273    with extraordinary              courage and ambition.          513 00:24:01,273 --> 00:24:03,642  Henry Hudson, driven by visions 514 00:24:03,642 --> 00:24:06,111  of an elusive northern           route to Asia,                  515 00:24:06,111 --> 00:24:09,848    ventured through ice-choked      seas and uncharted coasts.    516 00:24:09,848 --> 00:24:14,219   Four bold voyages carved new   lines on maritime charts.        517 00:24:14,219 --> 00:24:18,023    But his final journey would      end with a sudden betrayal,   518 00:24:18,023 --> 00:24:21,693   leaving behind one of            history's greatest mysteries.  519 00:24:24,296 --> 00:24:25,730   Anthea Nardi: In the              early 17th century,           520 00:24:25,730 --> 00:24:28,133    most European trade            routes to Asia                  521 00:24:28,133 --> 00:24:30,402   required long voyages south,   522 00:24:30,402 --> 00:24:32,270 around the tip of Africa.        523 00:24:32,270 --> 00:24:34,773  Hudson sought a                    daring alternative.           524 00:24:34,773 --> 00:24:38,944   A shorter, northern waterway    known as the Northwest Passage, 525 00:24:38,944 --> 00:24:42,447   a route that could change the  balance of global trade forever. 526 00:24:43,682 --> 00:24:46,051   James Ellis: Hudson's            groundbreaking Arctic mapping  527 00:24:46,051 --> 00:24:48,787   expanded the known world and    opened the door                 528 00:24:48,787 --> 00:24:51,890  for Dutch colonization in what   would become New York.          529 00:24:51,890 --> 00:24:55,727    But his relentless pursuit    of the Northwest Passage,        530 00:24:55,727 --> 00:24:59,531  coupled with a habit of defying  orders and straining his crews, 531 00:24:59,531 --> 00:25:03,235 placed mounting pressure           on every expedition,           532 00:25:03,235 --> 00:25:05,237    which set the stage           for the conflicts                533 00:25:05,237 --> 00:25:07,472  that would mark                    his final journey.            534 00:25:08,473 --> 00:25:10,242 Alison Leonard: In 1611,           after a brutal winter          535 00:25:10,242 --> 00:25:12,644  trapped in James Bay, the crew    of Hudson's discovery          536 00:25:12,644 --> 00:25:14,045   reached their breaking point.  537 00:25:14,045 --> 00:25:16,882 Starvation, illness, and            Hudson's alleged favoritism   538 00:25:16,882 --> 00:25:19,784    triggered a mutiny; Hudson,     his son, and a few loyal men,  539 00:25:19,784 --> 00:25:22,487  were set adrift in icy,            uncharted waters..            540 00:25:22,487 --> 00:25:24,723 Centuries later,                   the question remains:          541 00:25:24,723 --> 00:25:26,992  did he vanish into the             Arctic's merciless expanse,   542 00:25:26,992 --> 00:25:29,060    or somehow survive            against all odds?                543 00:25:31,129 --> 00:25:34,065    Narrator: By the early 17th   century, improved charts,        544 00:25:34,065 --> 00:25:35,934    growing maritime expertise,   545 00:25:35,934 --> 00:25:38,837 and the lingering promise          of a shortcut to Asia          546 00:25:38,837 --> 00:25:42,440 only intensified Europe's         hunger for a solution.          547 00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,111  Hudson entered this stage armed    with lessons from the past,   548 00:25:46,111 --> 00:25:49,681   determined to succeed          where others had failed.         549 00:25:52,150 --> 00:25:55,787  Adam Bunch: In 1609, Hudson was   hired by the Dutch East India  550 00:25:55,787 --> 00:25:59,524 Company to search for the        Northeast Passage to Asia        551 00:25:59,524 --> 00:26:02,227  by sailing through the           Arctic north of Russia.         552 00:26:02,227 --> 00:26:05,630  He set sail on his third voyage   aboard the Half Moon           553 00:26:05,630 --> 00:26:07,899    with a crew of 17.            554 00:26:07,899 --> 00:26:12,604  But when ice blocked his path,     Hudson ignored his orders.    555 00:26:12,604 --> 00:26:15,307   Instead of returning              home to Amsterdam,            556 00:26:15,307 --> 00:26:18,877  he headed west                    across the Atlantic,           557 00:26:18,877 --> 00:26:22,480  hoping to discover a different    route to the Pacific,          558 00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:24,015  the Northwest Passage.          559 00:26:26,017 --> 00:26:27,986 Anthea Nardi: Hudson charted the  coast of North America,         560 00:26:27,986 --> 00:26:31,356  navigating from Newfoundland to  present-day Manhattan,          561 00:26:31,356 --> 00:26:34,292 before venturing                  150 miles up the river          562 00:26:34,292 --> 00:26:37,996 that now bears his name,            reaching as far as Albany.    563 00:26:37,996 --> 00:26:39,731   Rather than returning            to Amsterdam,                  564 00:26:39,731 --> 00:26:42,701 Hudson docked in England,        where he secured support         565 00:26:42,701 --> 00:26:44,769    for yet another expedition,   566 00:26:44,769 --> 00:26:48,006  while the Half Moon returned to  the Dutch without him.          567 00:26:48,006 --> 00:26:50,775   These actions angered            his Dutch employers,           568 00:26:50,775 --> 00:26:53,411   but opened lucrative              trade opportunities           569 00:26:53,411 --> 00:26:55,113   and solidified his reputation  570 00:26:55,113 --> 00:26:57,716 as an explorer willing to         risk everything                 571 00:26:57,716 --> 00:26:59,150 in pursuit of discovery.         572 00:27:02,587 --> 00:27:04,022 Narrator: In April 1610,         573 00:27:04,022 --> 00:27:06,625  with the backing of the            British East India Company    574 00:27:06,625 --> 00:27:08,526  and other influential figures,  575 00:27:08,526 --> 00:27:10,295  including the Prince of Wales,  576 00:27:10,295 --> 00:27:13,965    Hudson embarked on his most     ambitious voyage yet.          577 00:27:13,965 --> 00:27:17,736  After leaving London aboard the 55-ton Discovery,                578 00:27:17,736 --> 00:27:21,239  he ventured to Iceland and the     rugged coasts of Labrador,    579 00:27:21,239 --> 00:27:25,677  driven by the dream of finding  an open passage to China.        580 00:27:27,112 --> 00:27:29,014    James Ellis: Hudson           had a crew of 23,                581 00:27:29,014 --> 00:27:32,484    including his son John and     lifetime associate Robert Juet. 582 00:27:32,484 --> 00:27:36,388    But early in the voyage, he    made the controversial decision 583 00:27:36,388 --> 00:27:38,556   to bring aboard Henry Greene,  584 00:27:38,556 --> 00:27:42,527 a volatile figure tasked         with spying on the crew,         585 00:27:42,527 --> 00:27:44,863   a choice, that hinted           at the tensions                 586 00:27:44,863 --> 00:27:46,898   brewing beneath the surface.   587 00:27:48,266 --> 00:27:49,934  Alison Leonard: Despite fights    breaking out on board          588 00:27:49,934 --> 00:27:51,436    and members                     threatening to leave,          589 00:27:51,436 --> 00:27:52,971  Hudson managed to push farther  590 00:27:52,971 --> 00:27:54,873  than any of his                   previous expeditions.          591 00:27:54,873 --> 00:27:57,709    Eventually, he crossed the     strait that now bears his name  592 00:27:57,709 --> 00:28:00,245  and entered the vast, uncharted   waters of Hudson Bay.          593 00:28:01,946 --> 00:28:04,015  Adam Bunch: Hudson and            his crew spent months          594 00:28:04,015 --> 00:28:08,119  searching the shores of Hudson   Bay for a route to the Pacific, 595 00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:11,589 and tensions on board the         discovery were growing.         596 00:28:11,589 --> 00:28:14,392    Eventually, his crew began       openly disagreeing            597 00:28:14,392 --> 00:28:18,296  with his decisions, but Hudson   ignored their warnings          598 00:28:18,296 --> 00:28:23,168 crackdown on dissent and           insisted on pushing forward.   599 00:28:25,704 --> 00:28:28,073   Narrator: Hudson's relentless    drive to push onward,          600 00:28:28,073 --> 00:28:30,108    despite the crew's             growing doubts,                 601 00:28:30,108 --> 00:28:33,244 only deepened the cracks          in his fragile command.         602 00:28:35,280 --> 00:28:37,549  Anthea Nardi: As months           passed and winter closed in,   603 00:28:37,549 --> 00:28:39,350  they sailed south to James Bay; 604 00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:42,087   where it became clear they'd      reached a dead end.           605 00:28:42,087 --> 00:28:44,923   Trapped by ice on the            shores of James Bay,           606 00:28:44,923 --> 00:28:48,560 the crew endured a brutal winter of freezing temperatures,        607 00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:50,929  dwindling supplies, and scurvy. 608 00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:54,065  James Ellis: By                    the spring of 1611,           609 00:28:54,065 --> 00:28:58,303   tensions aboard the Discovery   were ready to explode.          610 00:28:58,303 --> 00:29:02,974  The crew had become suspicious  that Hudson was hoarding rations 611 00:29:02,974 --> 00:29:06,344 for his favorites, including his   son and the ship's carpenter,  612 00:29:06,344 --> 00:29:10,081 which deepened the divide         between the captain and his men 613 00:29:10,081 --> 00:29:12,984 and fueled simmering resentment. 614 00:29:12,984 --> 00:29:15,386 And when the ice                  finally began to thaw,          615 00:29:15,386 --> 00:29:18,189  instead of keeping his            promise to sail home,          616 00:29:18,189 --> 00:29:22,160  Hudson instead revealed            plans to push further west.   617 00:29:24,028 --> 00:29:25,230   Alison Leonard: The crew was   already weakened,                618 00:29:25,230 --> 00:29:27,465   demoralized, and without any      faith in the vision           619 00:29:27,465 --> 00:29:29,234  or leadership of their captain. 620 00:29:29,234 --> 00:29:31,736   This final betrayal, coupled   with months of hardship,         621 00:29:31,736 --> 00:29:33,671   sparked a full-blown mutiny.   622 00:29:33,671 --> 00:29:35,840 In June, the crew                  cast Hudson, his son,          623 00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:38,743    and seven loyal men adrift    in a small, open shallop,        624 00:29:38,743 --> 00:29:40,912    leaving them to the             mercy of the Arctic.           625 00:29:40,912 --> 00:29:42,881   The Discovery sailed              away, and with it,            626 00:29:42,881 --> 00:29:44,115 the last trace of Hudson.        627 00:29:45,884 --> 00:29:47,886    Narrator: The Arctic's thaw   brought no relief                628 00:29:47,886 --> 00:29:50,321 to Henry Hudson's                fragile command.                 629 00:29:50,321 --> 00:29:54,292  However, some maintain that his    final moments were decided    630 00:29:54,292 --> 00:29:57,796  not by the biting cold, but by     the hands of those            631 00:29:57,796 --> 00:29:59,130  who once followed him.          632 00:30:00,398 --> 00:30:02,834   Adam Bunch: Some think Henry    Hudson might have been murdered 633 00:30:02,834 --> 00:30:04,602 by his own crew.                 634 00:30:04,602 --> 00:30:07,138  After months of                    frostbite, scurvy,            635 00:30:07,138 --> 00:30:09,607   and mind numbing confinement,  636 00:30:09,607 --> 00:30:11,576 it might have taken only a spark 637 00:30:11,576 --> 00:30:13,878   to ignite a violent reaction.  638 00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:17,115  Anthea Nardi: Although           mutineers later claimed         639 00:30:17,115 --> 00:30:19,651 they cast Hudson and his         loyalists adrift                 640 00:30:19,651 --> 00:30:24,255    with adequate supplies, the    ship's deck told another story. 641 00:30:24,255 --> 00:30:28,092   Dark, crusted bloodstains on    the ship's deck hinted          642 00:30:28,092 --> 00:30:31,429    at a violent confrontation    before Hudson disappeared        643 00:30:31,429 --> 00:30:32,831 into the Arctic.                 644 00:30:32,831 --> 00:30:35,967   This scene would suggest that  the final moments aboard         645 00:30:35,967 --> 00:30:38,269    the Discovery were              anything but orderly.          646 00:30:40,939 --> 00:30:43,508  Narrator: Not everyone accepts    that Hudson perished           647 00:30:43,508 --> 00:30:45,109  amid ice and betrayal.          648 00:30:45,109 --> 00:30:48,279  Another theory suggests           his fate led inland,           649 00:30:48,279 --> 00:30:51,683 weaving him into the stories and    landscapes of those           650 00:30:51,683 --> 00:30:53,451    who called the region home.   651 00:30:55,620 --> 00:30:57,088   Alison Leonard: Some believe    that Hudson and his men         652 00:30:57,088 --> 00:31:00,058   survived by forging new bonds    with Indigenous communities.   653 00:31:00,058 --> 00:31:03,027 Accounts from Cree elders         describe a band of pale         654 00:31:03,027 --> 00:31:05,964   strangers arriving near James  Bay in the early 1600's.         655 00:31:05,964 --> 00:31:08,066  One figure was                     notably red-haired,           656 00:31:08,066 --> 00:31:10,935  adorned with striking jewelry,    and exuded authority.          657 00:31:11,970 --> 00:31:13,338    Anthea Nardi: The Arctic's      relentless conditions          658 00:31:13,338 --> 00:31:16,507   would have demanded ingenuity  and cooperation,                 659 00:31:16,507 --> 00:31:20,712   making cultural integration a    plausible means of survival.   660 00:31:20,712 --> 00:31:23,047 Although there's                  no solid proof,                 661 00:31:23,047 --> 00:31:25,850   a mention by explorer             Samuel de Champlain           662 00:31:25,850 --> 00:31:28,887 of English youths                in the company Algonquin         663 00:31:28,887 --> 00:31:31,356   supports this                   intriguing possibility.         664 00:31:32,991 --> 00:31:35,293 James Ellis: The survival           theory, though fascinating,   665 00:31:35,293 --> 00:31:36,628 faces challenges.                666 00:31:36,628 --> 00:31:40,965   Without solid archaeological    proof or documented encounters, 667 00:31:40,965 --> 00:31:44,135 the idea of Hudson's crew           blending seamlessly           668 00:31:44,135 --> 00:31:48,039  into Indigenous life seems more   hopeful than certain.          669 00:31:48,039 --> 00:31:51,409 In a land that hides its           secrets beneath ice,           670 00:31:51,409 --> 00:31:54,379    there may be a far              harsher explanation.           671 00:31:56,114 --> 00:31:58,650  Narrator: Not everyone believes   Hudson's story ended           672 00:31:58,650 --> 00:32:01,152 with warm hearths                   and new alliances.            673 00:32:01,152 --> 00:32:04,489   Another theory points           to a colder conclusion,         674 00:32:04,489 --> 00:32:08,359 shaped by the unforgiving          nature of the Arctic itself.   675 00:32:09,694 --> 00:32:13,598 Adam Bunch: In 1823, an explorer  named Douglas Clavering         676 00:32:13,598 --> 00:32:17,235  said to have found some graves    on the island of Spitsbergen,  677 00:32:17,235 --> 00:32:20,204 far to the north                    of mainland Norway,           678 00:32:20,204 --> 00:32:24,275 including one marked with         the name Henry Hudson.          679 00:32:24,275 --> 00:32:26,978    Leading to speculation that     Hudson's boat could have been  680 00:32:26,978 --> 00:32:30,882    blown 3000 miles across the    North Atlantic                  681 00:32:30,882 --> 00:32:32,684  by southwesterly gales.         682 00:32:33,551 --> 00:32:34,886  Anthea Nardi: According         to some accounts,                683 00:32:34,886 --> 00:32:37,021    his crew exhumed a              well-preserved body,           684 00:32:37,021 --> 00:32:38,523  bringing it aboard their ship.  685 00:32:38,523 --> 00:32:41,092  However, as the                  warmer climate set in,          686 00:32:41,092 --> 00:32:42,994   the body began to decompose,   687 00:32:42,994 --> 00:32:45,163    and they allegedly               cast it overboard.            688 00:32:46,030 --> 00:32:48,132    This strange tale,               though intriguing,            689 00:32:48,132 --> 00:32:51,002   was never documented           in the ship's log                690 00:32:51,002 --> 00:32:54,072  and exists only in the writings    of Archibald Smith,           691 00:32:54,072 --> 00:32:55,640    an associate of Clavering.    692 00:32:58,042 --> 00:33:00,511  Narrator: Henry Hudson's legacy stands at the crossroads         693 00:33:00,511 --> 00:33:04,749 of ambition, exploration,          and human endurance.           694 00:33:04,749 --> 00:33:07,251 While his voyages                   broadened horizons            695 00:33:07,251 --> 00:33:11,222   and fueled empires, clearing     paths for future expeditions,  696 00:33:11,222 --> 00:33:13,524    whaling industries,           and settlements,                 697 00:33:13,524 --> 00:33:16,828 his disappearance proves          that discovery                  698 00:33:16,828 --> 00:33:19,364   often extracts a heavy toll.   699 00:33:20,765 --> 00:33:24,469   Adam Bunch: Hudson's travels   helped reshape the world,        700 00:33:24,469 --> 00:33:27,939  expanded Europe's understanding of it and its geography,         701 00:33:27,939 --> 00:33:31,175 brought news of the river        that now bears his name,         702 00:33:31,175 --> 00:33:35,079    and set the stage for Dutch    colonization in North America.  703 00:33:35,079 --> 00:33:38,016   Pushing open doors that would   enrich European empires         704 00:33:38,016 --> 00:33:40,618   and devastate                     indigenous nations.           705 00:33:40,618 --> 00:33:43,554   And he charted Arctic             waters no European            706 00:33:43,554 --> 00:33:45,289  had ever mapped before.         707 00:33:46,324 --> 00:33:48,126    Anthea Nardi: But Hudson's     unwavering hunt                 708 00:33:48,126 --> 00:33:51,462 for the Northwest Passage          came at a human cost.          709 00:33:51,462 --> 00:33:54,966 His disregard for orders            and the uneven distribution   710 00:33:54,966 --> 00:33:58,269    of scarce resources stoked    resentments that,                711 00:33:58,269 --> 00:34:01,906 in the frozen darkness of         James Bay, flared into mutiny.  712 00:34:01,906 --> 00:34:04,909  That single, desperate             act left questions            713 00:34:04,909 --> 00:34:06,878    that still haunt us           centuries later.                 714 00:34:07,378 --> 00:34:09,881  James Ellis: Whether he           succumbed to Arctic hardship,  715 00:34:09,881 --> 00:34:12,116    fell victim to his            own crew's fury,                 716 00:34:12,116 --> 00:34:14,786  or slipped quietly into          Indigenous communities,         717 00:34:14,786 --> 00:34:18,589    Hudson's fate embodies the    thin line between success        718 00:34:18,589 --> 00:34:22,260    and disaster in the golden       age of exploration.           719 00:34:24,128 --> 00:34:26,631  Narrator: Henry Hudson ventured    boldly into realms            720 00:34:26,631 --> 00:34:28,399    few dared navigate.           721 00:34:28,399 --> 00:34:31,002 His disappearance                   remains a testament           722 00:34:31,002 --> 00:34:34,272 that not all who journey           into uncharted worlds          723 00:34:34,272 --> 00:34:36,707    return with their stories.    724 00:34:37,975 --> 00:34:45,650    ♪♪                            725 00:34:45,650 --> 00:34:49,554 Narrator: Before 221 BCE            there was no China.           726 00:34:49,554 --> 00:34:53,157   But then Zhao Zheng,             a young King, rose up          727 00:34:53,157 --> 00:34:55,059 and by the power of will,        728 00:34:55,059 --> 00:34:58,162   forged seven warring           states into one,                 729 00:34:58,162 --> 00:35:01,532  and proclaimed himself           China's First Emperor.          730 00:35:01,532 --> 00:35:04,836  He desired to have a seal that     all would recognize           731 00:35:04,836 --> 00:35:06,504   and none would dare question,  732 00:35:06,504 --> 00:35:08,739  an object of lasting permanence 733 00:35:08,739 --> 00:35:12,443    to sustain his dynasty for       10,000 generations,           734 00:35:12,443 --> 00:35:15,346  The Heirloom Seal of the Realm. 735 00:35:16,914 --> 00:35:19,250   Amma Agbedor: Seals had been    used in that part of the world  736 00:35:19,250 --> 00:35:21,419   for hundreds of years before,  737 00:35:21,419 --> 00:35:25,256  as early as the                 11th century BCE.                738 00:35:25,256 --> 00:35:28,392   These weren't the wax             seals some might think of.    739 00:35:28,392 --> 00:35:32,597    These were more like stamps     carved out of wood or stone,   740 00:35:32,597 --> 00:35:36,067 or sometimes made                  of bronze or copper,           741 00:35:36,067 --> 00:35:38,836 and dipped into a thick red ink. 742 00:35:40,404 --> 00:35:41,672  James Ellis: They were            used as a signature,           743 00:35:41,672 --> 00:35:43,908    to mark contracts,              or to sign paintings,          744 00:35:43,908 --> 00:35:47,545    or sometimes, pressed into    clay, as a potter's mark.        745 00:35:47,545 --> 00:35:51,249   One person might own various    seals, for variety of purposes. 746 00:35:51,249 --> 00:35:53,985   Many were small, producing an  impression about the size        747 00:35:53,985 --> 00:35:55,653 of your small fingernail,        748 00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:58,923 but the largest might be         about four inches square.        749 00:35:59,757 --> 00:36:02,293    Anthea Nardi: China's first     emperor ordered a seal made,   750 00:36:02,293 --> 00:36:06,364  only one, and that was part of     its power and significance.   751 00:36:06,364 --> 00:36:09,267   Its name, translated           into English, was                752 00:36:09,267 --> 00:36:11,769 "Jade Seal Passed                   Through the Realm".           753 00:36:11,769 --> 00:36:15,473    He intended to hand it down    to all those in his bloodline.  754 00:36:15,473 --> 00:36:18,009    And it was one of the most      historically significant jade  755 00:36:18,009 --> 00:36:19,544   artifacts ever made.           756 00:36:20,845 --> 00:36:23,047 Adam Bunch: The seal did          pass through the realm.         757 00:36:23,047 --> 00:36:26,551  It didn't just serve him, but a whole series of dynasties        758 00:36:26,551 --> 00:36:29,220 that followed and                  generations to come.           759 00:36:29,220 --> 00:36:32,290   But by the end of the            first millennium CE,           760 00:36:32,290 --> 00:36:34,825 the heirloom seal                had disappeared,                 761 00:36:34,825 --> 00:36:36,127   and centuries later,           762 00:36:36,127 --> 00:36:38,963   we're left wondering             what happened to it.           763 00:36:38,963 --> 00:36:41,199 And could it ever                be rediscovered?                 764 00:36:43,134 --> 00:36:46,304   Narrator: Zhao Zheng             was born in 259 BCE,           765 00:36:46,304 --> 00:36:48,506    during the "Warring            States" period.                 766 00:36:48,506 --> 00:36:52,443   After his father's death, he    ascended as King of Qin State,  767 00:36:52,443 --> 00:36:56,547 and over the next 25 years ended two and a half centuries         768 00:36:56,547 --> 00:36:59,784 of conflict by conquering          every competing state          769 00:36:59,784 --> 00:37:01,919    to form a unified country.    770 00:37:01,919 --> 00:37:05,323    The Imperial Seal was then      ordered to be carved           771 00:37:05,323 --> 00:37:06,891   for his personal use.          772 00:37:08,993 --> 00:37:11,362  Amma Agbedor: The seal is said   to have been inscribed          773 00:37:11,362 --> 00:37:14,465 with a sentiment: "Having          received the mandate           774 00:37:14,465 --> 00:37:17,335   from heaven,                     may the Emperor lead           775 00:37:17,335 --> 00:37:20,438   a long and prosperous life."   776 00:37:20,438 --> 00:37:24,775    Two things there; one, that     people should believe          777 00:37:24,775 --> 00:37:28,446  Zhao Zheng had a divine          right to rule;                  778 00:37:28,446 --> 00:37:33,284  and two, he had a preoccupation  with staving off death.         779 00:37:34,552 --> 00:37:36,587  James Ellis: Zhao Zheng is said to have sought to achieve        780 00:37:36,587 --> 00:37:39,857    his own immortality through      alchemy and magic.            781 00:37:39,857 --> 00:37:43,527  He had a sprawling underground    mausoleum built for himself,   782 00:37:43,527 --> 00:37:46,530  guarded by thousands of           terra-cotta warriors.          783 00:37:46,530 --> 00:37:49,100    As for ensuring his             dynasty's longevity,           784 00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:52,536    he ruled harshly, and even      tried to suppress opposition   785 00:37:52,536 --> 00:37:55,673 and "subversive thought"         by burning books.                786 00:37:56,707 --> 00:37:58,509    Anthea Nardi: Zhao Zheng's     brutal methods weren't          787 00:37:58,509 --> 00:38:02,013   entirely successful; in fact,   they backfired.                 788 00:38:02,013 --> 00:38:06,717   Not only did his Qin Dynasty     not last 10,000 generations,   789 00:38:06,717 --> 00:38:09,353 as was his wish,                   but after his death,           790 00:38:09,353 --> 00:38:11,155   rebellion promptly broke out;  791 00:38:11,155 --> 00:38:13,357    his dynasty was overthrown,   792 00:38:13,357 --> 00:38:16,260   and all of his surviving Qin    imperial family members         793 00:38:16,260 --> 00:38:17,695    were systematically killed.   794 00:38:19,463 --> 00:38:21,165   Adam Bunch: But while            the Qin Dynasty fell,          795 00:38:21,165 --> 00:38:23,367    the heirloom seal survived.   796 00:38:23,367 --> 00:38:26,070    It was passed down from one      emperor to the next           797 00:38:26,070 --> 00:38:28,606  through the Han                    Dynasty and beyond.           798 00:38:28,606 --> 00:38:30,574 It did become the                   symbol of stability           799 00:38:30,574 --> 00:38:32,743   Zhao Zheng designed it to be   800 00:38:32,743 --> 00:38:35,513  at least right up until          the nine hundreds or so         801 00:38:35,513 --> 00:38:36,814   when it disappeared.           802 00:38:38,716 --> 00:38:41,018   Narrator: One theory,          held by many historians,         803 00:38:41,018 --> 00:38:44,555 suggests the paranoia of          Zhao Zheng increasingly         804 00:38:44,555 --> 00:38:46,757 experienced throughout his reign 805 00:38:46,757 --> 00:38:48,959 and his perceived                   need for protection           806 00:38:48,959 --> 00:38:51,028 may have had some basis in fact. 807 00:38:52,897 --> 00:38:54,665    Amma Agbedor: There             is a very good chance          808 00:38:54,665 --> 00:38:57,001  the Heirloom Seal of the Realm    was destroyed                  809 00:38:57,001 --> 00:38:59,904   when China's capital           was looted and ransacked,        810 00:38:59,904 --> 00:39:03,541  by rebels or by                   the warlord, Zhu Wen,          811 00:39:03,541 --> 00:39:08,145  in the late 9th century at the  end of the Tang Dynasty.         812 00:39:09,213 --> 00:39:11,515   James Ellis: The Tang Dynasty     had reestablished Chang'an,   813 00:39:11,515 --> 00:39:13,784    in the country's northeast,    as the capital.                 814 00:39:13,784 --> 00:39:16,787  It was surrounded by mountains    as natural barriers,           815 00:39:16,787 --> 00:39:19,590    so it was believed to be as    militarily impregnable          816 00:39:19,590 --> 00:39:21,425   as any city could be.          817 00:39:21,425 --> 00:39:24,428 Chang'an was the eastern            terminus of the Silk Road,    818 00:39:24,428 --> 00:39:26,931   and it was a wealthy,            vibrant city.                  819 00:39:26,931 --> 00:39:30,434 It was also possibly the world's    most populous at that time    820 00:39:30,434 --> 00:39:32,503 with about three million people. 821 00:39:32,503 --> 00:39:35,673    This is where the Imperial    Palace was built,                822 00:39:35,673 --> 00:39:38,843   and that's where the Heirloom     Seal of the Realm was kept.   823 00:39:40,111 --> 00:39:42,113   Anthea Nardi: But in the end,    the Tang rulers had committed  824 00:39:42,113 --> 00:39:46,417   the same fatal errors as Zhao     Zheng had centuries before:   825 00:39:46,417 --> 00:39:49,253   they looked after themselves,  not their people.                826 00:39:49,253 --> 00:39:50,755  There was an uprising,          827 00:39:50,755 --> 00:39:54,125 and Chang'an was attacked          repeatedly by peasant rebels,  828 00:39:54,125 --> 00:39:56,293  and by opportunistic warlords.  829 00:39:56,293 --> 00:39:58,462 When the Imperial                   Palace was seized,            830 00:39:58,462 --> 00:40:01,432    the last Tang emperor fled,    leaving his treasures,          831 00:40:01,432 --> 00:40:04,335   including the Heirloom Seal,     unprotected.                   832 00:40:04,335 --> 00:40:09,240   It was then, sometime           between 874 and 884 CE,         833 00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:11,075    that it could have             been destroyed.                 834 00:40:11,075 --> 00:40:12,710  Adam Bunch: At the very latest, 835 00:40:12,710 --> 00:40:15,212 the Imperial Seal                   was lost to history           836 00:40:15,212 --> 00:40:16,781 during the following era,        837 00:40:16,781 --> 00:40:21,986  the period of the Five            Dynasties from 907 to 960 CE.  838 00:40:21,986 --> 00:40:24,855   But that doesn't necessarily      mean that it was physically   839 00:40:24,855 --> 00:40:27,825  lost by then, just that         we have no records of it,        840 00:40:27,825 --> 00:40:30,761 so we don't know exactly         when it vanished.                841 00:40:30,761 --> 00:40:33,097    There have been claims that   even reappeared at times         842 00:40:33,097 --> 00:40:34,732    during the centuries since,   843 00:40:34,732 --> 00:40:37,101  but no historians have          been able to confirm it.         844 00:40:38,436 --> 00:40:40,171    Narrator: Some researchers    believe the fact                 845 00:40:40,171 --> 00:40:42,940   that the Imperial Seal of the   Realm hasn't been seen          846 00:40:42,940 --> 00:40:46,177 in all these centuries is          actually a good sign.          847 00:40:47,678 --> 00:40:50,347    Amma Agbedor: Those in the       Imperial Palace at Chang'an   848 00:40:50,347 --> 00:40:53,384   knew the Tang Dynasty           was in danger.                  849 00:40:53,384 --> 00:40:57,521   And they must have known that  continued assaults on the palace 850 00:40:57,521 --> 00:40:59,223   were likely to occur.          851 00:40:59,223 --> 00:41:02,960  So they might have smuggled the  Seal to some safe place         852 00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:04,028  and hidden it.                  853 00:41:05,062 --> 00:41:06,897    James Ellis: With those who    knew the Imperial Seal's hiding 854 00:41:06,897 --> 00:41:09,800   place possibly killed during     the sack of Chang'an,          855 00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:14,004    or executed afterward, the    seal may still lie safe,         856 00:41:14,004 --> 00:41:17,641    wherever they hid it, still      waiting to be rediscovered.   857 00:41:18,776 --> 00:41:20,311    Anthea Nardi: This practice      of hiding treasures           858 00:41:20,311 --> 00:41:22,680 in advance of an                    anticipated attack,           859 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:26,116 and those treasures subsequently  being lost to history,          860 00:41:26,116 --> 00:41:27,885  is a fairly common occurrence.  861 00:41:27,885 --> 00:41:31,088   In 1970, a trove of treasures   was discovered                  862 00:41:31,088 --> 00:41:32,823    in the village of Hejiacun.   863 00:41:32,823 --> 00:41:36,994  Silver and gold jewelry; a wine    vessel carved out of agate;   864 00:41:36,994 --> 00:41:40,731    all kinds of valuables from     the coffers of China's elite.  865 00:41:40,731 --> 00:41:44,168   All of which had been hidden   during a time of unrest,         866 00:41:44,168 --> 00:41:45,202  and forgotten.                  867 00:41:46,170 --> 00:41:48,105    Adam Bunch: If the Heirloom   Seal of the Realm                868 00:41:48,105 --> 00:41:49,974 was intentionally hidden,        869 00:41:49,974 --> 00:41:52,676    finding it would be              a monumental task,            870 00:41:52,676 --> 00:41:55,112  a four inch stone cube          871 00:41:55,112 --> 00:41:57,681    buried somewhere in China.    872 00:41:57,681 --> 00:42:01,519  It doesn't even really seem to     be any agreed upon theories   873 00:42:01,519 --> 00:42:03,754  about where you should             even start looking.           874 00:42:04,655 --> 00:42:06,857   Narrator: One school              of thought suggests           875 00:42:06,857 --> 00:42:08,959   that if the Imperial              Seal has survived,            876 00:42:08,959 --> 00:42:12,796  archaeologists may not             need to go far to find it.    877 00:42:13,998 --> 00:42:15,766    Amma Agbedor: The last Tang     emperor knew                   878 00:42:15,766 --> 00:42:19,436 that continued attacks on         Chang'an were likely to occur,  879 00:42:19,436 --> 00:42:24,074   but they didn't know exactly   when those attacks might happen. 880 00:42:24,074 --> 00:42:28,245   So it's conceivable the last      assault came as a surprise,   881 00:42:28,245 --> 00:42:31,849   and the jade seal was simply    abandoned in the chaos          882 00:42:31,849 --> 00:42:34,952   and lost among the rubble of     the Imperial Palace.           883 00:42:36,620 --> 00:42:38,122    Adam Bunch:                    If that theory is true,         884 00:42:38,122 --> 00:42:41,292  that would dramatically          narrow the area                 885 00:42:41,292 --> 00:42:42,893 that needs to be search.         886 00:42:42,893 --> 00:42:45,829   So far the seal still          hasn't turned up.                887 00:42:47,298 --> 00:42:50,334  Narrator: The Heirloom Seal of    the Realm was lost to history  888 00:42:50,334 --> 00:42:52,469 by the Period of                    the Five Dynasties,           889 00:42:52,469 --> 00:42:54,872    which had succeeded             the fall of the Tang.          890 00:42:54,872 --> 00:42:57,207    But that's not the              end of the story....           891 00:42:58,909 --> 00:43:00,578    Anthea Nardi: We don't know      that the seal was actually,   892 00:43:00,578 --> 00:43:02,947 physically lost,                  until hundreds of years         893 00:43:02,947 --> 00:43:05,149   after the end                    of the Tang Dynasty.           894 00:43:05,149 --> 00:43:09,186   Because even at the start of      the Ming Dynasty, in 1369,    895 00:43:09,186 --> 00:43:12,156    the new emperor was              determined to get it back.    896 00:43:12,823 --> 00:43:14,959   James Ellis:                    From 1271, the Mongols,         897 00:43:14,959 --> 00:43:17,161   starting with                  Kublai Khan, ruled China.        898 00:43:17,161 --> 00:43:19,363 And when the Mongols were        finally defeated                 899 00:43:19,363 --> 00:43:20,698  about a century later,          900 00:43:20,698 --> 00:43:23,434  the first Ming Emperor is said   to have been determined         901 00:43:23,434 --> 00:43:25,803    to relocate                      the Heirloom Seal.            902 00:43:26,537 --> 00:43:28,072  Amma Agbedor: According          to one account,                 903 00:43:28,072 --> 00:43:31,775   the Ming emperor carried out     a raid and stole one           904 00:43:31,775 --> 00:43:35,145 of the personal seals of            the Mongol emperor.           905 00:43:35,145 --> 00:43:39,817 However, it turns out the         Mongol owned 11 seals,          906 00:43:39,817 --> 00:43:42,152    and the one taken from him    907 00:43:42,152 --> 00:43:45,422 was not the Imperial Seal        that Zhao Zheng had made         908 00:43:45,422 --> 00:43:48,425   almost 15 centuries earlier.   909 00:43:48,425 --> 00:43:50,861 So, yet another dead end.        910 00:43:53,030 --> 00:43:54,898    Narrator: The lump of jade      that was once carved           911 00:43:54,898 --> 00:43:56,967 into the Heirloom                Seal of the Realm                912 00:43:56,967 --> 00:43:59,336   must certainly still              exist in some form.           913 00:44:00,704 --> 00:44:02,539  It may one day be found intact. 914 00:44:03,140 --> 00:44:05,709 Or it may continue to lie          indefinitely,                  915 00:44:05,709 --> 00:44:08,579  in one or many pieces,          916 00:44:08,579 --> 00:44:11,115  in the earth from which            it was first taken.           917 00:44:16,453 --> 00:44:19,857    ♪♪                            109636

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