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Na
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Narr
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Narrat
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Narrator
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Narrator:
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Narrator: Th
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Narrator: The
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Narrator: The di
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Narrator: The disa
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Narrator: The disapp
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Narrator: The disappea
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Narrator: The disappeara
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Narrator: The disappearanc
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Narrator: The disappearance
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Narrator: The disappearance
of
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Narrator: The disappearance
of a
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an Am
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an Amer
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an Americ
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an American
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an American h
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an American her
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Narrator: The disappearance
of an American hero
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shocks the world.
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Adam Bunch: She had reported
that they were flying
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near Howland Island,
but couldn't see it,
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and that their fuel was
running dangerously low.
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After the final message,
silence fell over the airwaves,
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and the Electra disappeared.
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Narrator: The search
for the lost treasure
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of France's emperor follows the
path of his boldest invasion.
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Anthea Nardi: The vast fortune
in money and treasures
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his men had accumulated and
carted along with them
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had disappeared and has not
been found, to this day.
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So, what could have become
of Napoleon's stolen loot?
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Narrator: A daring explorer
vanishes in the cold,
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unforgiving waters
of the Arctic.
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Alison Leonard: Hudson, his
son, and a few loyal men,
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were set adrift in icy,
uncharted waters.
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Centuries later,
the question remains:
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did he vanish into the Arctic's
merciless expanse,
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or somehow
survive against all odds?
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Narrator: The chain of history
has many missing links.
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Prominent people.
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Priceless treasures.
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Extraordinary artifacts.
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Their locations still unknown.
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Lost to the fog of time.
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What happens when
stories of the past,
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Become,
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Vanished History.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Narrator: In 1937, Amelia
Earhart embarked
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on an audacious journey to
circumnavigate the globe,
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piloting a cutting-edge
Lockheed Electra 10E
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with navigator Fred Noonan.
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Their flight was a feat
of daring and innovation,
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pushing the boundaries of
human endurance
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and aviation technology.
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James Ellis: Earhart and
Noonan's journey began
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on May 21, 1937, in Oakland,
California, before heading east.
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By the time they reached
Lae, New Guinea, on June 29,
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they had traveled
an astounding 22,000 miles
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over 21 flight days.
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The next leg, to
Howland Island, was critical,
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it was a refueling
stop on their route
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through the vast Pacific.
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Alison Leonard: Howland
Island was a tiny,
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uninhabited coral atoll, barely
a speck in the endless ocean.
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To help their approach, the U.S.
Coast Guard cutter Itasca
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was stationed nearby,
emitting smoke signals
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and transmitting radio
communications.
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But logs from the Itasca reveal
a troubling reality:
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many of their transmissions
went unheard by Earhart,
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and while her responses
were occasionally received,
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they were fragmented
and unclear.
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Adam Bunch: On July 2, 1937,
at 8:43 a.m.,
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Earhart's final confirmed
transmission came through.
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She reported they were flying
near Howland Island
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but could not see it.
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And that the fuel
was running dangerously low.
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After final message, silence
fell over the airwaves,
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and the Electra disappeared.
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The world was left
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with one of history's
greatest mysteries.
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What happened to Amelia
Earhart and Fred Noonan?
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Narrator: Amelia Earhart's final
flight was the culmination
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of a career defined by
groundbreaking achievements
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in aviation.
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From setting
transcontinental records,
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to becoming the first
woman to fly solo
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across the Atlantic,
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she captivated the world.
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Amma Agbedor: Earhart discovered
her passion for aviation
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after World War I following a
chance encounter with pilots.
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She moved from Kansas to
California in 1920,
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and by 1922, she had already set
the women's altitude record
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at 14,000 feet, showcasing
her determination
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to push boundaries.
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But Earhart wasn't
just a pilot,
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she became a symbol of
possibility and empowerment.
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James Ellis: As the first
woman Vice-President
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of the National
Aeronautic Association,
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Earhart championed opportunities
for women in flight.
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At Purdue University, she served
as a professor and counselor,
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encouraging women to embrace
engineering and science.
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Alison Leonard: Amelia's first
attempt to circumnavigate
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the globe began with high hopes.
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On March 17, 1937, she and her
team successfully flew
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the first leg from Oakland to
Honolulu in under 16 hours.
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But three days later,
disaster struck.
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During takeoff, the Electra
ground-looped,
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a maneuver where the aircraft
veers uncontrollably
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during taxi or takeoff.
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As she attempted to correct
a rightward drift
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on the rain-slicked field, her
adjustments overcompensated
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and caused the Electra
to spin sharply to the left.
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This damaged the plane
and forced the team
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to call off the flight.
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Adam Bunch: By June 1937 Earhart
was ready to try again.
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This time, she and Fred Noonan
would leave from Miami
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and fly from west to east.
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Over the next month, they
traveled more than 20,000 miles,
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stopping everywhere
from South America to Africa,
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India and New Guinea.
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Narrator: But what would become
the final leg of their journey
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was fraught with peril.
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The flight from New Guinea to
refuel on tiny Howland Island
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was 2,500 miles over the vast
expanse of the Pacific Ocean.
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00:05:17,917 --> 00:05:21,554
Amma Agbedor: The Electra
carried 1,000 gallons of fuel,
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that's about 20 hours worth,
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00:05:23,623 --> 00:05:26,459
but strong headwinds,
overcast skies,
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00:05:26,459 --> 00:05:29,295
and communication breakdowns
likely reduced
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00:05:29,295 --> 00:05:31,564
their margin for error.
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Despite their preparation, they
were flying into a region
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where even a slight navigational
error could mean disaster.
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James Ellis: When radio contact
with the Coast Guard
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cutter Itasca fell silent,
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the enormity of the
situation became clear.
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President Roosevelt ordered an
unprecedented search effort,
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00:05:51,484 --> 00:05:55,688
spanning 250,000
square miles of ocean.
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00:05:55,688 --> 00:05:57,557
George Putnam,
Amelia's husband,
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even financed private searches,
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but by October 1937,
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all efforts had come up dry.
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Narrator: Earhart's final
radio transmission
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00:06:07,567 --> 00:06:09,736
42 days into their journey
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00:06:09,736 --> 00:06:12,739
was a faint echo
lost to the Pacific,
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where many believe the truth
behind their silence
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lies hidden.
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Alison Leonard: One theory
suggests a tragic
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yet straightforward conclusion:
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Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan
ran out of fuel
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and were forced to ditch their
plane into the Pacific
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near Howland Island,
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a huge and unforgiving
expanse of open ocean.
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Adam Bunch: Earhart's last
reported message,
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'We are on the line 157 337'
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suggested they were following
their planned path,
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but navigational
miscalculations
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could have led them astray,
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and overcast skies
could have obscured
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their view of Howland Island,
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which is just a tiny atoll.
Critically low on fuel,
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they would then have
had no choice
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but to try an emergency
landing at sea.
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Narrator: The Pacific near
Howland Island
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is one of the most remote and
inaccessible regions on Earth.
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Its ocean floor plunges to
depths exceeding 17,000 feet,
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with powerful currents
constantly reshaping
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the sea floor, making any
recovery effort
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an extraordinary challenge.
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Adam Bunch: In 2009, a
non-profit group called
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00:07:22,341 --> 00:07:25,144
the Waitt Institute
used deep-sea robots
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to search thousands
of square miles.
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The missions did expand
our understanding
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of the sea floor, but they
didn't find the Electra.
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Amma Agbedor: The crash-and-sank
theory offers
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00:07:37,757 --> 00:07:41,060
a logical explanation for
their disappearance,
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but the complete absence of
wreckage raises questions.
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Could the vastness of the
ocean conceal their fate?
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Or does the lack
of evidence suggest
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there's more to the story?
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Narrator: Other theories propose
Earhart and Noonan
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may have found refuge far
from Howland Island,
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only to face an entirely
different fate.
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James Ellis: Nikumaroro
a remote coral atoll
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in the Phoenix Islands, sits
along the 157-337 line
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of position mentioned in
Earhart's final transmission.
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As fuel dwindled and their view
of Howland Island
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remained obscured, Earhart and
Noonan may have followed
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the 157-337 line southeast
toward Nikumaroro,
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hoping to find refuge
on the coral atoll
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surrounded by deep ocean.
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00:08:32,612 --> 00:08:33,846
Alison Leonard: This
wasn't a random heading.
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00:08:33,846 --> 00:08:37,783
The 157-337 line was a precise
navigational strategy,
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00:08:37,783 --> 00:08:41,120
calculated from the rising sun
using celestial navigation.
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00:08:41,687 --> 00:08:43,089
Fred Noonan, a master
of this technique,
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00:08:43,089 --> 00:08:44,891
would have plotted this
line well in advance.
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00:08:46,359 --> 00:08:48,060
Adam Bunch: After
their disappearance,
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00:08:48,060 --> 00:08:51,197
hopes were sparked by
reports of a series
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00:08:51,197 --> 00:08:53,966
of faint radio transmissions.
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00:08:53,966 --> 00:08:58,304
121 distress signals were
received by radio operators
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00:08:58,304 --> 00:08:59,972
over the next ten days,
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00:08:59,972 --> 00:09:03,042
and it was thought that
at least 57 of them
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00:09:03,042 --> 00:09:05,678
could potentially
have come from the Electra.
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00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:09,549
Narrator: Decades of
investigation have uncovered
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00:09:09,549 --> 00:09:13,553
compelling clues suggesting
that Nikumaroro may be
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00:09:13,553 --> 00:09:15,888
the Electra's final
resting place,
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00:09:15,888 --> 00:09:19,058
and the site of a desperate
struggle for survival.
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00:09:20,660 --> 00:09:22,929
James Ellis: In 1940,
a British colonial officer
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00:09:22,929 --> 00:09:26,332
made a chilling discovery
on Nikumaroro
215
00:09:26,332 --> 00:09:30,670
a human skull and bones along
with remnants of a woman's shoe
216
00:09:30,670 --> 00:09:33,272
near what appeared to be
a makeshift camp.
217
00:09:34,173 --> 00:09:35,608
Alison Leonard: Subsequent
investigations uncovered
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00:09:35,608 --> 00:09:37,843
bottles of cosmetics,
a sextant box,
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00:09:37,843 --> 00:09:39,879
which is an essential tool
for navigation,
220
00:09:39,879 --> 00:09:42,515
and shells and bones from
fish, turtles, and birds
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00:09:42,515 --> 00:09:43,950
that appeared
to have been eaten.
222
00:09:43,950 --> 00:09:46,018
These clues hint at a
resourceful survivor
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00:09:46,018 --> 00:09:48,054
struggling to endure
on this isolated atoll.
224
00:09:49,021 --> 00:09:51,591
Adam Bunch: The initial analysis
of the human bones
225
00:09:51,591 --> 00:09:54,794
found they belonged to a
short European man.
226
00:09:54,794 --> 00:09:56,762
But while they've
since been lost,
227
00:09:56,762 --> 00:09:59,732
a more recent reevaluation
of the measurements,
228
00:09:59,732 --> 00:10:01,867
using modern forensic software,
229
00:10:01,867 --> 00:10:04,337
suggests they're actually
more likely to belong
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00:10:04,337 --> 00:10:08,441
to a tall European woman
right around the same height
231
00:10:08,441 --> 00:10:10,710
and build as Amelia Earhart.
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00:10:11,777 --> 00:10:13,913
James Ellis: Yet despite
years of investigation,
233
00:10:13,913 --> 00:10:19,852
no evidence conclusively ties
Earhart or Noonan to Nikumaroro,
234
00:10:19,852 --> 00:10:22,221
or to the human remains
discovered there.
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00:10:23,856 --> 00:10:25,257
Narrator: As the search
for answers moves
236
00:10:25,257 --> 00:10:28,995
beyond Nikumaroro, the trail
leads to a theory
237
00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:31,597
that shifts the focus
to a possibility
238
00:10:31,597 --> 00:10:34,867
rooted in the shadowy
waters of the Pacific
239
00:10:34,867 --> 00:10:36,969
and the tumult of
pre-war tensions.
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00:10:38,971 --> 00:10:40,339
Alison Leonard: It's possible
that Earhart and Noonan,
241
00:10:40,339 --> 00:10:41,941
unable to locate
Howland Island,
242
00:10:41,941 --> 00:10:44,510
may have veered off course
and flown north toward
243
00:10:44,510 --> 00:10:46,212
the Japanese-controlled
Marshall Islands.
244
00:10:46,212 --> 00:10:49,115
Eyewitness accounts passed
down through generations
245
00:10:49,115 --> 00:10:52,385
of Marshallese locals tell
of a silver plane landing
246
00:10:52,385 --> 00:10:54,654
on the remote shores
of Mili Atoll.
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00:10:56,922 --> 00:11:00,993
Narrator: In 2017, interest was
re-ignited in this theory
248
00:11:00,993 --> 00:11:04,830
by a photograph discovered
in the U.S. National Archives.
249
00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:09,101
Amma Agbedor: The grainy photo
seemed to show a man and woman
250
00:11:09,101 --> 00:11:12,705
resembling Noonan and Earhart
sitting on a dock
251
00:11:12,705 --> 00:11:17,243
at Jaluit Atoll with what looked
like the Electra nearby.
252
00:11:17,243 --> 00:11:21,714
It sparked speculation that the
Japanese Navy had captured them
253
00:11:21,714 --> 00:11:23,516
and taken them to Saipan.
254
00:11:24,050 --> 00:11:26,719
But the story fell apart
when researchers discovered
255
00:11:26,719 --> 00:11:30,423
the photo in a 1935
Japanese travel book,
256
00:11:30,423 --> 00:11:33,759
two years before
Earhart vanished.
257
00:11:34,860 --> 00:11:37,396
James Ellis: Still, advocates
of the Marshall Islands theory
258
00:11:37,396 --> 00:11:40,032
point to other
intriguing clues.
259
00:11:40,032 --> 00:11:44,503
It's been proposed that Earhart
had a contingency plan, "Plan B"
260
00:11:44,503 --> 00:11:46,238
to head for the
Marshall Islands
261
00:11:46,238 --> 00:11:49,241
if Howland Island
could not be located.
262
00:11:49,241 --> 00:11:52,078
Some suggest her radio
silence was deliberate,
263
00:11:52,078 --> 00:11:56,182
masking an intelligence mission
to scout Japanese installations
264
00:11:56,182 --> 00:11:57,349
in the Pacific.
265
00:11:57,817 --> 00:11:59,552
Adam Bunch: Without
concrete evidence,
266
00:11:59,552 --> 00:12:02,421
no wreckage, no
documents, no records,
267
00:12:02,421 --> 00:12:05,357
the claim is
impossible to prove.
268
00:12:05,357 --> 00:12:06,826
But some people still find
269
00:12:06,826 --> 00:12:09,562
the Marshall Islands
idea compelling.
270
00:12:09,562 --> 00:12:12,231
Another theory looking to
provide an answer
271
00:12:12,231 --> 00:12:15,000
to one of the world's
great mysteries.
272
00:12:16,502 --> 00:12:19,271
Narrator: For decades, the
disappearance of Amelia Earhart
273
00:12:19,271 --> 00:12:22,108
and Fred Noonan has
captivated the world,
274
00:12:22,108 --> 00:12:24,643
inspiring relentless
investigations
275
00:12:24,643 --> 00:12:26,312
and countless theories.
276
00:12:27,947 --> 00:12:30,783
Amma Agbedor: The crash-and-sank
theory offers a simple
277
00:12:30,783 --> 00:12:32,718
and tragic conclusion,
278
00:12:32,718 --> 00:12:35,054
an aircraft lost
to the vast Pacific,
279
00:12:35,054 --> 00:12:37,857
swallowed by an unforgiving sea.
280
00:12:37,857 --> 00:12:40,359
But without wreckage
or definitive proof,
281
00:12:40,359 --> 00:12:44,363
the mystery lingers, keeping
doubt alive even today.
282
00:12:45,931 --> 00:12:48,734
James Ellis: The Nikumaroro
theory paints a vivid picture
283
00:12:48,734 --> 00:12:52,638
of survival, a plane
stranded on a coral reef,
284
00:12:52,638 --> 00:12:55,374
faint radio
signals calling for help,
285
00:12:55,374 --> 00:12:57,877
and traces of a makeshift camp.
286
00:12:57,877 --> 00:13:00,112
But the clues,
while compelling,
287
00:13:00,112 --> 00:13:05,017
remain frustratingly incomplete,
leaving us with a puzzle
288
00:13:05,017 --> 00:13:07,653
where the pieces don't
quite fit together.
289
00:13:07,653 --> 00:13:10,222
In the end, we may never
know what happened.
290
00:13:12,024 --> 00:13:13,993
Narrator: Amelia
Earhart once said,
291
00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:16,962
"Adventure is
worthwhile in itself."
292
00:13:16,962 --> 00:13:20,866
Her life, her journey, and her
disappearance remind us
293
00:13:20,866 --> 00:13:24,170
that sometimes the pursuit of
the extraordinary
294
00:13:24,170 --> 00:13:25,738
is its own reward.
295
00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:34,947
♪♪
296
00:13:34,947 --> 00:13:38,217
Narrator: By 1812, French
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
297
00:13:38,217 --> 00:13:41,587
had already conquered Europe
from Portugal to Poland;
298
00:13:41,587 --> 00:13:44,023
from the Baltic Sea to Italy.
299
00:13:44,023 --> 00:13:46,592
But to get at the
powerful British Empire,
300
00:13:46,592 --> 00:13:48,394
he had to defeat Russia,
301
00:13:48,394 --> 00:13:52,131
a feat he estimated he could
achieve within a few weeks
302
00:13:52,131 --> 00:13:55,901
backed by an army of
over 600,000 strong.
303
00:13:57,002 --> 00:14:00,206
Adam Bunch: At first Napoleon
seemed to have the upper hand.
304
00:14:00,206 --> 00:14:03,342
His Grand Armée chased
the Russians eastward
305
00:14:03,342 --> 00:14:04,610
as they retreated.
306
00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:08,214
The soldiers would collect huge
amounts of loot and treasure,
307
00:14:08,214 --> 00:14:11,183
everything from priceless
religious icons
308
00:14:11,183 --> 00:14:14,386
to gold and silver that
Napoleon hoped to use
309
00:14:14,386 --> 00:14:16,555
to fund future campaigns.
310
00:14:16,555 --> 00:14:21,427
Their story is thousands of
cartloads filled with riches.
311
00:14:23,262 --> 00:14:25,097
Anthea Nardi: But by the time
Napoleon had abandoned
312
00:14:25,097 --> 00:14:28,234
his Russian conquest, and the
remnants of his broken army
313
00:14:28,234 --> 00:14:29,969
had returned to Western Europe,
314
00:14:29,969 --> 00:14:32,471
the vast fortune in
money and treasures
315
00:14:32,471 --> 00:14:35,441
his men had accumulated and
carted along with them
316
00:14:35,441 --> 00:14:38,878
had disappeared and has
not been found to this day.
317
00:14:38,878 --> 00:14:42,281
So what could have become of
Napoleon's stolen loot?
318
00:14:45,184 --> 00:14:47,453
Narrator: Napoleon's invasion
force was the largest
319
00:14:47,453 --> 00:14:49,021
in European history.
320
00:14:49,021 --> 00:14:52,291
And with an army that size,
delivering a constant supply
321
00:14:52,291 --> 00:14:55,060
of food can be a
daunting challenge.
322
00:14:55,060 --> 00:14:57,630
But one of Napoleon's
guiding principles was
323
00:14:57,630 --> 00:14:59,932
"The army feeds itself."
324
00:15:01,233 --> 00:15:03,669
James Ellis: Well, the army
didn't exactly feed itself;
325
00:15:03,669 --> 00:15:06,672
that was a nice way of saying
that his army plundered riches
326
00:15:06,672 --> 00:15:09,975
and food from whatever area
they were marching through.
327
00:15:09,975 --> 00:15:13,012
Providing money to fund his
current and future campaigns
328
00:15:13,012 --> 00:15:16,048
and food to sustain
the troops each day.
329
00:15:16,048 --> 00:15:19,351
For Napoleon, it
simplified things greatly.
330
00:15:20,352 --> 00:15:22,221
Alison Leonard:
On June 22nd, 1812,
331
00:15:22,221 --> 00:15:24,823
Napoleon and his Grand Armée
crossed the Niemen River
332
00:15:24,823 --> 00:15:26,358
and marched on to Vilnius,
333
00:15:26,358 --> 00:15:29,361
expecting their first battle
but there was no fight.
334
00:15:29,361 --> 00:15:31,931
The Russian army had already
withdrawn, so the chase was on.
335
00:15:33,399 --> 00:15:35,668
Adam Bunch: Czar Alexander the
First responded
336
00:15:35,668 --> 00:15:40,205
to Napoleon's strategy with a
brutal, scorched earth campaign,
337
00:15:40,205 --> 00:15:44,176
destroying roads, bridges,
livestock and food supplies
338
00:15:44,176 --> 00:15:47,579
in the places where his
own people lived,
339
00:15:47,579 --> 00:15:52,284
leaving almost nothing behind
for Napoleon's army to live on.
340
00:15:53,252 --> 00:15:55,120
Anthea Nardi: Throughout that
summer, there was no way
341
00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:58,057
for Napoleon to properly
supply his forces
342
00:15:58,057 --> 00:16:00,793
as they chased the rapidly
withdrawing Russians.
343
00:16:00,793 --> 00:16:03,128
Even before fighting
any of their battles,
344
00:16:03,128 --> 00:16:05,397
they'd started dying
by the thousands,
345
00:16:05,397 --> 00:16:08,867
of thirst, starvation, disease,
and heat exhaustion,
346
00:16:08,867 --> 00:16:12,471
and were losing about a thousand
horses a day to the same things.
347
00:16:14,673 --> 00:16:17,109
Narrator:
On September 14th, 1812,
348
00:16:17,109 --> 00:16:19,712
Napoleon and his
army reached Moscow,
349
00:16:19,712 --> 00:16:23,615
ready to negotiate Tsar
Alexander's peaceful surrender
350
00:16:23,615 --> 00:16:26,085
or to take the city by force.
351
00:16:26,085 --> 00:16:29,254
But the Tsar wasn't
there, nor his army.
352
00:16:29,254 --> 00:16:32,658
Moscow had been
abandoned and set aflame,
353
00:16:32,658 --> 00:16:34,460
as per Alexander's orders.
354
00:16:35,794 --> 00:16:38,364
James Ellis: The Grand Armée
looted the city of its riches
355
00:16:38,364 --> 00:16:41,133
while Napoleon waited
for the Tsar to give in.
356
00:16:41,133 --> 00:16:44,169
All the while, his troops
supplies of food and water
357
00:16:44,169 --> 00:16:46,205
grew lower and lower,
358
00:16:46,205 --> 00:16:49,141
because the Russian command had
ordered the city's food stores
359
00:16:49,141 --> 00:16:51,610
to be destroyed
before its evacuation.
360
00:16:52,778 --> 00:16:54,680
Alison Leonard:
Napoleon waited 36 days.
361
00:16:54,680 --> 00:16:58,050
Finally, on October 18th, he
ordered his army to retreat
362
00:16:58,050 --> 00:17:00,986
and they left Moscow with
50,000 carts and wheelbarrows
363
00:17:00,986 --> 00:17:02,621
loaded with loot
and gold bullion.
364
00:17:02,621 --> 00:17:05,090
They even took things like
the massive crucifix
365
00:17:05,090 --> 00:17:06,425
from Ivan the Great's cathedral,
366
00:17:06,425 --> 00:17:08,093
which they displayed
as a symbol of victory,
367
00:17:08,093 --> 00:17:09,228
as they retreated.
368
00:17:11,063 --> 00:17:13,465
Adam Bunch: It was a
catastrophic retreat.
369
00:17:13,465 --> 00:17:16,568
That fall rain turned
roads and the mud.
370
00:17:16,568 --> 00:17:19,038
In November, the temperatures
plummeted as low as
371
00:17:19,038 --> 00:17:22,141
-22 Fahrenheit.
372
00:17:22,141 --> 00:17:25,644
The men suffered frostbite
and snow blindness.
373
00:17:25,644 --> 00:17:30,115
For food some were left to broil
and eat their own dying horses,
374
00:17:30,115 --> 00:17:35,521
seasoned with gunpowder or
cats, handles, axle grease...
375
00:17:35,521 --> 00:17:38,190
Some even resorted
to cannibalism.
376
00:17:38,190 --> 00:17:42,995
By mid-November, the 600,000
men of the Grand Armée
377
00:17:42,995 --> 00:17:45,564
were down to only about 36,000.
378
00:17:47,266 --> 00:17:48,901
Narrator: Some speculate
that the bulk
379
00:17:48,901 --> 00:17:51,036
of Napoleon's treasures
from Moscow
380
00:17:51,036 --> 00:17:53,672
never made it more than a
quarter of the way
381
00:17:53,672 --> 00:17:55,207
back to Paris.
382
00:17:56,375 --> 00:17:58,310
Anthea Nardi: At the end of
November, with the Cossacks,
383
00:17:58,310 --> 00:18:00,279
who were politically
independent fighters,
384
00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:03,449
cooperating with Russia,
chasing and firing on them,
385
00:18:03,449 --> 00:18:06,151
the French scrambled to
build two bridges
386
00:18:06,151 --> 00:18:07,786
across the Berezina River,
387
00:18:07,786 --> 00:18:10,122
in a desperate
attempt to get away.
388
00:18:10,122 --> 00:18:13,425
And that might be as far as
Napoleon's loot traveled.
389
00:18:14,626 --> 00:18:16,295
James Ellis: It's possible
that untold amounts
390
00:18:16,295 --> 00:18:18,430
of Napoleon's gold
and other booty
391
00:18:18,430 --> 00:18:21,700
lie deep under the silt
of the Berezina River.
392
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:25,838
That river crossing was chaotic
and absolutely hellish.
393
00:18:27,072 --> 00:18:29,108
Alison Leonard: This was not an
orderly retreat by any means.
394
00:18:29,108 --> 00:18:31,076
With the Russian artillery
bombarding them,
395
00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:32,711
people panicked and
trampled one another
396
00:18:32,711 --> 00:18:35,147
to get on the bridges, which
repeatedly collapsed
397
00:18:35,147 --> 00:18:36,482
under the immense weight,
398
00:18:36,482 --> 00:18:39,518
killing around 15,000 soldiers
and civilians.
399
00:18:39,518 --> 00:18:42,754
The wagons of treasure would
have sunk straight down.
400
00:18:43,689 --> 00:18:45,557
Adam Bunch: Once Napoleon
and his main force
401
00:18:45,557 --> 00:18:48,861
were across the river, he
ordered the bridges burn
402
00:18:48,861 --> 00:18:51,029
to keep the Russians
from following.
403
00:18:51,029 --> 00:18:55,200
Tens of thousands of stragglers
were left on the other bank
404
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,403
to be captured or
killed, or to drown
405
00:18:58,403 --> 00:19:00,639
as they tried to swim through
the freezing water.
406
00:19:02,474 --> 00:19:04,343
Narrator: If any amount
of the treasure survived
407
00:19:04,343 --> 00:19:06,478
beyond the Berezina crossing,
408
00:19:06,478 --> 00:19:10,048
those who carried it may have
reconsidered its value.
409
00:19:10,048 --> 00:19:12,317
From war booty to make them rich
410
00:19:12,317 --> 00:19:16,088
to something that might
just get them home alive.
411
00:19:17,256 --> 00:19:19,091
James Ellis: Those of Napoleon's
men that managed to travel
412
00:19:19,091 --> 00:19:22,427
the 200 miles to Vilnius,
in Lithuania,
413
00:19:22,427 --> 00:19:24,796
may have spent much of the
booty they'd kept
414
00:19:24,796 --> 00:19:27,299
on food or accommodation.
415
00:19:28,467 --> 00:19:29,768
Alison Leonard:
Vilnius is known as
416
00:19:29,768 --> 00:19:31,670
"The city built on human bones"
417
00:19:31,670 --> 00:19:33,705
and there's a
grim reason for that.
418
00:19:33,705 --> 00:19:36,508
About 20,000 of Napoleon's
soldiers made it there,
419
00:19:36,508 --> 00:19:38,277
but they were in
very bad shape.
420
00:19:38,277 --> 00:19:39,745
Many had frostbitten
extremities
421
00:19:39,745 --> 00:19:40,979
that had turned gangrenous;
422
00:19:40,979 --> 00:19:42,414
all were starving.
423
00:19:43,549 --> 00:19:47,219
Adam Bunch: Starving soldiers
fought over food, shelter...
424
00:19:47,219 --> 00:19:50,088
Many of those who
didn't have gold to pay with
425
00:19:50,088 --> 00:19:52,357
froze to death outside.
426
00:19:52,357 --> 00:19:55,627
One witness described thousands
of frozen corpses
427
00:19:55,627 --> 00:19:59,631
lining the streets, stacked
three storeys high,
428
00:19:59,631 --> 00:20:00,899
waiting to be collected.
429
00:20:03,669 --> 00:20:07,206
Narrator: Such descriptions may
be hard to imagine or believe
430
00:20:07,206 --> 00:20:10,075
and it's easy to think they must
have been exaggerated
431
00:20:10,075 --> 00:20:11,443
over the years.
432
00:20:11,443 --> 00:20:14,713
But with time,
occasionally, comes proof.
433
00:20:15,881 --> 00:20:18,116
James Ellis: In 2002, municipal
workers demolishing
434
00:20:18,116 --> 00:20:22,387
old buildings just outside of
Vilnius discovered a mass grave.
435
00:20:22,387 --> 00:20:25,090
Thousands of human
skeletons, arranged neatly,
436
00:20:25,090 --> 00:20:26,658
layer upon layer.
437
00:20:26,658 --> 00:20:29,528
With the skeletons were buttons
from military uniforms,
438
00:20:29,528 --> 00:20:33,031
stamped with their unit
numbers; scraps of blue cloth;
439
00:20:33,031 --> 00:20:35,234
and a crushed
infantryman's helmet.
440
00:20:36,969 --> 00:20:37,236
Alison Leonard: None of the
skeletons showed any signs
441
00:20:37,236 --> 00:20:38,737
Alison Leonard: None of the
skeletons showed any signs
442
00:20:38,737 --> 00:20:39,871
of having died in battle.
443
00:20:39,871 --> 00:20:43,208
And, aside from one gold
20-franc Napoleonic coin,
444
00:20:43,208 --> 00:20:44,943
no booty was found with them.
445
00:20:44,943 --> 00:20:46,345
By many contemporaneous
accounts,
446
00:20:46,345 --> 00:20:48,580
people were "diligent" in
separating the war dead
447
00:20:48,580 --> 00:20:51,550
from their gold, and so far the
archaeological record
448
00:20:51,550 --> 00:20:52,884
supports those observations.
449
00:20:53,986 --> 00:20:56,355
Adam Bunch: The account claims
the army was still carrying
450
00:20:56,355 --> 00:20:59,958
chests filled with
10 million gold francs
451
00:20:59,958 --> 00:21:01,793
on its way to Vilnius.
452
00:21:01,793 --> 00:21:04,930
While under attack, a colonel
gave Napoleon's treasury
453
00:21:04,930 --> 00:21:08,800
the emperor's personal stash
to some nearby guards
454
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,571
for safekeeping, but the
officer claimed every coin
455
00:21:12,571 --> 00:21:15,474
was returned after
the danger had passed.
456
00:21:15,474 --> 00:21:18,310
So if that's true,
where are they?
457
00:21:20,178 --> 00:21:23,248
Narrator: Some experts believe
there may not be a single place
458
00:21:23,248 --> 00:21:25,684
where Napoleon's
lost treasure now lies
459
00:21:25,684 --> 00:21:27,786
and that the key to what
happened to it
460
00:21:27,786 --> 00:21:30,522
is the moment the
Grand Armée changed
461
00:21:30,522 --> 00:21:33,025
from being predators to prey.
462
00:21:33,925 --> 00:21:35,994
Anthea Nardi: From the time
Napoleon began his retreat
463
00:21:35,994 --> 00:21:39,364
from Moscow, his soldiers and
all of his cartloads
464
00:21:39,364 --> 00:21:40,932
of war booty were targets.
465
00:21:40,932 --> 00:21:43,969
The Russian army, and
especially the Cossacks,
466
00:21:43,969 --> 00:21:46,571
chased, hunted and
harassed them.
467
00:21:46,571 --> 00:21:49,775
They picked off their rear
guards, and stole their booty,
468
00:21:49,775 --> 00:21:50,842
whenever they could.
469
00:21:52,444 --> 00:21:53,812
James Ellis: The
Cossacks were skilled,
470
00:21:53,812 --> 00:21:55,347
and they were relentless.
471
00:21:55,347 --> 00:21:58,383
Napoleon, who one might expect
would be upset with them
472
00:21:58,383 --> 00:21:59,751
for preying on his troops,
473
00:21:59,751 --> 00:22:02,621
was actually instead
greatly impressed.
474
00:22:02,621 --> 00:22:05,357
He said he "could go all the
way 'round the world"
475
00:22:05,357 --> 00:22:07,259
if he had them in his army.
476
00:22:09,361 --> 00:22:10,729
Adam Bunch: Some of the
soldiers who tried to carry
477
00:22:10,729 --> 00:22:13,699
smaller amounts of treasure
in their own backpacks,
478
00:22:13,699 --> 00:22:15,767
would've made it all the
way to Vilnius,
479
00:22:15,767 --> 00:22:19,004
but many of them would've been
overtaken by the Russians,
480
00:22:19,004 --> 00:22:21,139
killed or taken prisoner.
481
00:22:21,139 --> 00:22:23,375
The loot they carried
wasn't any help;
482
00:22:23,375 --> 00:22:25,277
it had only slowed them down.
483
00:22:26,545 --> 00:22:29,047
Narrator: The loss of Napoleon's
plundered trophies and treasure
484
00:22:29,047 --> 00:22:32,351
was not only an embarrassment
or a loss of face;
485
00:22:32,351 --> 00:22:35,687
it represented the failure
of the entire campaign,
486
00:22:35,687 --> 00:22:38,957
and signaled the beginning of
the end for the Emperor.
487
00:22:40,225 --> 00:22:42,461
Anthea Nardi: Napoleon tried to
put a positive spin on things
488
00:22:42,461 --> 00:22:43,829
when he returned to France.
489
00:22:43,829 --> 00:22:48,033
He said, "All had gone well.
Moscow was in my power."
490
00:22:48,033 --> 00:22:51,803
Even though it was an empty,
burning city when he arrived.
491
00:22:51,803 --> 00:22:54,439
And he said, "the
cold of the winter"
492
00:22:54,439 --> 00:22:55,974
caused a general calamity.
493
00:22:58,009 --> 00:22:59,411
James Ellis: The cold
of the Russian winter
494
00:22:59,411 --> 00:23:01,847
did make things harder
for Napoleon's troops
495
00:23:01,847 --> 00:23:04,216
as did the heat of
the Russian summer.
496
00:23:04,216 --> 00:23:08,687
But what really failed them was
his planning and leadership.
497
00:23:08,687 --> 00:23:12,424
In the end, his philosophy that
his army could "feed itself"
498
00:23:12,424 --> 00:23:15,427
was neutralized by Tsar
Alexander's policy
499
00:23:15,427 --> 00:23:16,895
of scorching the earth.
500
00:23:18,997 --> 00:23:21,833
Narrator: Napoleon's invasion
of Russia is to this day,
501
00:23:21,833 --> 00:23:25,137
one of the deadliest military
campaigns in history.
502
00:23:25,837 --> 00:23:28,173
What ultimately became
of the plundered loot
503
00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:30,108
his army hauled behind them,
504
00:23:30,108 --> 00:23:32,177
may never be discovered.
505
00:23:32,177 --> 00:23:34,379
But what's almost
certain to be found
506
00:23:34,379 --> 00:23:36,415
is more evidence of those doomed
507
00:23:36,415 --> 00:23:39,751
by one man's
unrealistic ambitions.
508
00:23:42,154 --> 00:23:49,961
♪♪
509
00:23:49,961 --> 00:23:52,697
Narrator: In the early 1600's,
as European empires
510
00:23:52,697 --> 00:23:55,534
pushed the boundaries
of their world maps,
511
00:23:55,534 --> 00:23:58,336
one explorer sailed into
uncertainty
512
00:23:58,336 --> 00:24:01,273
with extraordinary
courage and ambition.
513
00:24:01,273 --> 00:24:03,642
Henry Hudson, driven by visions
514
00:24:03,642 --> 00:24:06,111
of an elusive northern
route to Asia,
515
00:24:06,111 --> 00:24:09,848
ventured through ice-choked
seas and uncharted coasts.
516
00:24:09,848 --> 00:24:14,219
Four bold voyages carved new
lines on maritime charts.
517
00:24:14,219 --> 00:24:18,023
But his final journey would
end with a sudden betrayal,
518
00:24:18,023 --> 00:24:21,693
leaving behind one of
history's greatest mysteries.
519
00:24:24,296 --> 00:24:25,730
Anthea Nardi: In the
early 17th century,
520
00:24:25,730 --> 00:24:28,133
most European trade
routes to Asia
521
00:24:28,133 --> 00:24:30,402
required long voyages south,
522
00:24:30,402 --> 00:24:32,270
around the tip of Africa.
523
00:24:32,270 --> 00:24:34,773
Hudson sought a
daring alternative.
524
00:24:34,773 --> 00:24:38,944
A shorter, northern waterway
known as the Northwest Passage,
525
00:24:38,944 --> 00:24:42,447
a route that could change the
balance of global trade forever.
526
00:24:43,682 --> 00:24:46,051
James Ellis: Hudson's
groundbreaking Arctic mapping
527
00:24:46,051 --> 00:24:48,787
expanded the known world and
opened the door
528
00:24:48,787 --> 00:24:51,890
for Dutch colonization in what
would become New York.
529
00:24:51,890 --> 00:24:55,727
But his relentless pursuit
of the Northwest Passage,
530
00:24:55,727 --> 00:24:59,531
coupled with a habit of defying
orders and straining his crews,
531
00:24:59,531 --> 00:25:03,235
placed mounting pressure
on every expedition,
532
00:25:03,235 --> 00:25:05,237
which set the stage
for the conflicts
533
00:25:05,237 --> 00:25:07,472
that would mark
his final journey.
534
00:25:08,473 --> 00:25:10,242
Alison Leonard: In 1611,
after a brutal winter
535
00:25:10,242 --> 00:25:12,644
trapped in James Bay, the crew
of Hudson's discovery
536
00:25:12,644 --> 00:25:14,045
reached their breaking point.
537
00:25:14,045 --> 00:25:16,882
Starvation, illness, and
Hudson's alleged favoritism
538
00:25:16,882 --> 00:25:19,784
triggered a mutiny; Hudson,
his son, and a few loyal men,
539
00:25:19,784 --> 00:25:22,487
were set adrift in icy,
uncharted waters..
540
00:25:22,487 --> 00:25:24,723
Centuries later,
the question remains:
541
00:25:24,723 --> 00:25:26,992
did he vanish into the
Arctic's merciless expanse,
542
00:25:26,992 --> 00:25:29,060
or somehow survive
against all odds?
543
00:25:31,129 --> 00:25:34,065
Narrator: By the early 17th
century, improved charts,
544
00:25:34,065 --> 00:25:35,934
growing maritime expertise,
545
00:25:35,934 --> 00:25:38,837
and the lingering promise
of a shortcut to Asia
546
00:25:38,837 --> 00:25:42,440
only intensified Europe's
hunger for a solution.
547
00:25:42,440 --> 00:25:46,111
Hudson entered this stage armed
with lessons from the past,
548
00:25:46,111 --> 00:25:49,681
determined to succeed
where others had failed.
549
00:25:52,150 --> 00:25:55,787
Adam Bunch: In 1609, Hudson was
hired by the Dutch East India
550
00:25:55,787 --> 00:25:59,524
Company to search for the
Northeast Passage to Asia
551
00:25:59,524 --> 00:26:02,227
by sailing through the
Arctic north of Russia.
552
00:26:02,227 --> 00:26:05,630
He set sail on his third voyage
aboard the Half Moon
553
00:26:05,630 --> 00:26:07,899
with a crew of 17.
554
00:26:07,899 --> 00:26:12,604
But when ice blocked his path,
Hudson ignored his orders.
555
00:26:12,604 --> 00:26:15,307
Instead of returning
home to Amsterdam,
556
00:26:15,307 --> 00:26:18,877
he headed west
across the Atlantic,
557
00:26:18,877 --> 00:26:22,480
hoping to discover a different
route to the Pacific,
558
00:26:22,480 --> 00:26:24,015
the Northwest Passage.
559
00:26:26,017 --> 00:26:27,986
Anthea Nardi: Hudson charted the
coast of North America,
560
00:26:27,986 --> 00:26:31,356
navigating from Newfoundland to
present-day Manhattan,
561
00:26:31,356 --> 00:26:34,292
before venturing
150 miles up the river
562
00:26:34,292 --> 00:26:37,996
that now bears his name,
reaching as far as Albany.
563
00:26:37,996 --> 00:26:39,731
Rather than returning
to Amsterdam,
564
00:26:39,731 --> 00:26:42,701
Hudson docked in England,
where he secured support
565
00:26:42,701 --> 00:26:44,769
for yet another expedition,
566
00:26:44,769 --> 00:26:48,006
while the Half Moon returned to
the Dutch without him.
567
00:26:48,006 --> 00:26:50,775
These actions angered
his Dutch employers,
568
00:26:50,775 --> 00:26:53,411
but opened lucrative
trade opportunities
569
00:26:53,411 --> 00:26:55,113
and solidified his reputation
570
00:26:55,113 --> 00:26:57,716
as an explorer willing to
risk everything
571
00:26:57,716 --> 00:26:59,150
in pursuit of discovery.
572
00:27:02,587 --> 00:27:04,022
Narrator: In April 1610,
573
00:27:04,022 --> 00:27:06,625
with the backing of the
British East India Company
574
00:27:06,625 --> 00:27:08,526
and other influential figures,
575
00:27:08,526 --> 00:27:10,295
including the Prince of Wales,
576
00:27:10,295 --> 00:27:13,965
Hudson embarked on his most
ambitious voyage yet.
577
00:27:13,965 --> 00:27:17,736
After leaving London aboard the
55-ton Discovery,
578
00:27:17,736 --> 00:27:21,239
he ventured to Iceland and the
rugged coasts of Labrador,
579
00:27:21,239 --> 00:27:25,677
driven by the dream of finding
an open passage to China.
580
00:27:27,112 --> 00:27:29,014
James Ellis: Hudson
had a crew of 23,
581
00:27:29,014 --> 00:27:32,484
including his son John and
lifetime associate Robert Juet.
582
00:27:32,484 --> 00:27:36,388
But early in the voyage, he
made the controversial decision
583
00:27:36,388 --> 00:27:38,556
to bring aboard Henry Greene,
584
00:27:38,556 --> 00:27:42,527
a volatile figure tasked
with spying on the crew,
585
00:27:42,527 --> 00:27:44,863
a choice, that hinted
at the tensions
586
00:27:44,863 --> 00:27:46,898
brewing beneath the surface.
587
00:27:48,266 --> 00:27:49,934
Alison Leonard: Despite fights
breaking out on board
588
00:27:49,934 --> 00:27:51,436
and members
threatening to leave,
589
00:27:51,436 --> 00:27:52,971
Hudson managed to push farther
590
00:27:52,971 --> 00:27:54,873
than any of his
previous expeditions.
591
00:27:54,873 --> 00:27:57,709
Eventually, he crossed the
strait that now bears his name
592
00:27:57,709 --> 00:28:00,245
and entered the vast, uncharted
waters of Hudson Bay.
593
00:28:01,946 --> 00:28:04,015
Adam Bunch: Hudson and
his crew spent months
594
00:28:04,015 --> 00:28:08,119
searching the shores of Hudson
Bay for a route to the Pacific,
595
00:28:08,119 --> 00:28:11,589
and tensions on board the
discovery were growing.
596
00:28:11,589 --> 00:28:14,392
Eventually, his crew began
openly disagreeing
597
00:28:14,392 --> 00:28:18,296
with his decisions, but Hudson
ignored their warnings
598
00:28:18,296 --> 00:28:23,168
crackdown on dissent and
insisted on pushing forward.
599
00:28:25,704 --> 00:28:28,073
Narrator: Hudson's relentless
drive to push onward,
600
00:28:28,073 --> 00:28:30,108
despite the crew's
growing doubts,
601
00:28:30,108 --> 00:28:33,244
only deepened the cracks
in his fragile command.
602
00:28:35,280 --> 00:28:37,549
Anthea Nardi: As months
passed and winter closed in,
603
00:28:37,549 --> 00:28:39,350
they sailed south to James Bay;
604
00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:42,087
where it became clear they'd
reached a dead end.
605
00:28:42,087 --> 00:28:44,923
Trapped by ice on the
shores of James Bay,
606
00:28:44,923 --> 00:28:48,560
the crew endured a brutal winter
of freezing temperatures,
607
00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:50,929
dwindling supplies, and scurvy.
608
00:28:52,630 --> 00:28:54,065
James Ellis: By
the spring of 1611,
609
00:28:54,065 --> 00:28:58,303
tensions aboard the Discovery
were ready to explode.
610
00:28:58,303 --> 00:29:02,974
The crew had become suspicious
that Hudson was hoarding rations
611
00:29:02,974 --> 00:29:06,344
for his favorites, including his
son and the ship's carpenter,
612
00:29:06,344 --> 00:29:10,081
which deepened the divide
between the captain and his men
613
00:29:10,081 --> 00:29:12,984
and fueled simmering resentment.
614
00:29:12,984 --> 00:29:15,386
And when the ice
finally began to thaw,
615
00:29:15,386 --> 00:29:18,189
instead of keeping his
promise to sail home,
616
00:29:18,189 --> 00:29:22,160
Hudson instead revealed
plans to push further west.
617
00:29:24,028 --> 00:29:25,230
Alison Leonard: The crew was
already weakened,
618
00:29:25,230 --> 00:29:27,465
demoralized, and without any
faith in the vision
619
00:29:27,465 --> 00:29:29,234
or leadership of their captain.
620
00:29:29,234 --> 00:29:31,736
This final betrayal, coupled
with months of hardship,
621
00:29:31,736 --> 00:29:33,671
sparked a full-blown mutiny.
622
00:29:33,671 --> 00:29:35,840
In June, the crew
cast Hudson, his son,
623
00:29:35,840 --> 00:29:38,743
and seven loyal men adrift
in a small, open shallop,
624
00:29:38,743 --> 00:29:40,912
leaving them to the
mercy of the Arctic.
625
00:29:40,912 --> 00:29:42,881
The Discovery sailed
away, and with it,
626
00:29:42,881 --> 00:29:44,115
the last trace of Hudson.
627
00:29:45,884 --> 00:29:47,886
Narrator: The Arctic's thaw
brought no relief
628
00:29:47,886 --> 00:29:50,321
to Henry Hudson's
fragile command.
629
00:29:50,321 --> 00:29:54,292
However, some maintain that his
final moments were decided
630
00:29:54,292 --> 00:29:57,796
not by the biting cold, but by
the hands of those
631
00:29:57,796 --> 00:29:59,130
who once followed him.
632
00:30:00,398 --> 00:30:02,834
Adam Bunch: Some think Henry
Hudson might have been murdered
633
00:30:02,834 --> 00:30:04,602
by his own crew.
634
00:30:04,602 --> 00:30:07,138
After months of
frostbite, scurvy,
635
00:30:07,138 --> 00:30:09,607
and mind numbing confinement,
636
00:30:09,607 --> 00:30:11,576
it might have taken only a spark
637
00:30:11,576 --> 00:30:13,878
to ignite a violent reaction.
638
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:17,115
Anthea Nardi: Although
mutineers later claimed
639
00:30:17,115 --> 00:30:19,651
they cast Hudson and his
loyalists adrift
640
00:30:19,651 --> 00:30:24,255
with adequate supplies, the
ship's deck told another story.
641
00:30:24,255 --> 00:30:28,092
Dark, crusted bloodstains on
the ship's deck hinted
642
00:30:28,092 --> 00:30:31,429
at a violent confrontation
before Hudson disappeared
643
00:30:31,429 --> 00:30:32,831
into the Arctic.
644
00:30:32,831 --> 00:30:35,967
This scene would suggest that
the final moments aboard
645
00:30:35,967 --> 00:30:38,269
the Discovery were
anything but orderly.
646
00:30:40,939 --> 00:30:43,508
Narrator: Not everyone accepts
that Hudson perished
647
00:30:43,508 --> 00:30:45,109
amid ice and betrayal.
648
00:30:45,109 --> 00:30:48,279
Another theory suggests
his fate led inland,
649
00:30:48,279 --> 00:30:51,683
weaving him into the stories and
landscapes of those
650
00:30:51,683 --> 00:30:53,451
who called the region home.
651
00:30:55,620 --> 00:30:57,088
Alison Leonard: Some believe
that Hudson and his men
652
00:30:57,088 --> 00:31:00,058
survived by forging new bonds
with Indigenous communities.
653
00:31:00,058 --> 00:31:03,027
Accounts from Cree elders
describe a band of pale
654
00:31:03,027 --> 00:31:05,964
strangers arriving near James
Bay in the early 1600's.
655
00:31:05,964 --> 00:31:08,066
One figure was
notably red-haired,
656
00:31:08,066 --> 00:31:10,935
adorned with striking jewelry,
and exuded authority.
657
00:31:11,970 --> 00:31:13,338
Anthea Nardi: The Arctic's
relentless conditions
658
00:31:13,338 --> 00:31:16,507
would have demanded ingenuity
and cooperation,
659
00:31:16,507 --> 00:31:20,712
making cultural integration a
plausible means of survival.
660
00:31:20,712 --> 00:31:23,047
Although there's
no solid proof,
661
00:31:23,047 --> 00:31:25,850
a mention by explorer
Samuel de Champlain
662
00:31:25,850 --> 00:31:28,887
of English youths
in the company Algonquin
663
00:31:28,887 --> 00:31:31,356
supports this
intriguing possibility.
664
00:31:32,991 --> 00:31:35,293
James Ellis: The survival
theory, though fascinating,
665
00:31:35,293 --> 00:31:36,628
faces challenges.
666
00:31:36,628 --> 00:31:40,965
Without solid archaeological
proof or documented encounters,
667
00:31:40,965 --> 00:31:44,135
the idea of Hudson's crew
blending seamlessly
668
00:31:44,135 --> 00:31:48,039
into Indigenous life seems more
hopeful than certain.
669
00:31:48,039 --> 00:31:51,409
In a land that hides its
secrets beneath ice,
670
00:31:51,409 --> 00:31:54,379
there may be a far
harsher explanation.
671
00:31:56,114 --> 00:31:58,650
Narrator: Not everyone believes
Hudson's story ended
672
00:31:58,650 --> 00:32:01,152
with warm hearths
and new alliances.
673
00:32:01,152 --> 00:32:04,489
Another theory points
to a colder conclusion,
674
00:32:04,489 --> 00:32:08,359
shaped by the unforgiving
nature of the Arctic itself.
675
00:32:09,694 --> 00:32:13,598
Adam Bunch: In 1823, an explorer
named Douglas Clavering
676
00:32:13,598 --> 00:32:17,235
said to have found some graves
on the island of Spitsbergen,
677
00:32:17,235 --> 00:32:20,204
far to the north
of mainland Norway,
678
00:32:20,204 --> 00:32:24,275
including one marked with
the name Henry Hudson.
679
00:32:24,275 --> 00:32:26,978
Leading to speculation that
Hudson's boat could have been
680
00:32:26,978 --> 00:32:30,882
blown 3000 miles across the
North Atlantic
681
00:32:30,882 --> 00:32:32,684
by southwesterly gales.
682
00:32:33,551 --> 00:32:34,886
Anthea Nardi: According
to some accounts,
683
00:32:34,886 --> 00:32:37,021
his crew exhumed a
well-preserved body,
684
00:32:37,021 --> 00:32:38,523
bringing it aboard their ship.
685
00:32:38,523 --> 00:32:41,092
However, as the
warmer climate set in,
686
00:32:41,092 --> 00:32:42,994
the body began to decompose,
687
00:32:42,994 --> 00:32:45,163
and they allegedly
cast it overboard.
688
00:32:46,030 --> 00:32:48,132
This strange tale,
though intriguing,
689
00:32:48,132 --> 00:32:51,002
was never documented
in the ship's log
690
00:32:51,002 --> 00:32:54,072
and exists only in the writings
of Archibald Smith,
691
00:32:54,072 --> 00:32:55,640
an associate of Clavering.
692
00:32:58,042 --> 00:33:00,511
Narrator: Henry Hudson's legacy
stands at the crossroads
693
00:33:00,511 --> 00:33:04,749
of ambition, exploration,
and human endurance.
694
00:33:04,749 --> 00:33:07,251
While his voyages
broadened horizons
695
00:33:07,251 --> 00:33:11,222
and fueled empires, clearing
paths for future expeditions,
696
00:33:11,222 --> 00:33:13,524
whaling industries,
and settlements,
697
00:33:13,524 --> 00:33:16,828
his disappearance proves
that discovery
698
00:33:16,828 --> 00:33:19,364
often extracts a heavy toll.
699
00:33:20,765 --> 00:33:24,469
Adam Bunch: Hudson's travels
helped reshape the world,
700
00:33:24,469 --> 00:33:27,939
expanded Europe's understanding
of it and its geography,
701
00:33:27,939 --> 00:33:31,175
brought news of the river
that now bears his name,
702
00:33:31,175 --> 00:33:35,079
and set the stage for Dutch
colonization in North America.
703
00:33:35,079 --> 00:33:38,016
Pushing open doors that would
enrich European empires
704
00:33:38,016 --> 00:33:40,618
and devastate
indigenous nations.
705
00:33:40,618 --> 00:33:43,554
And he charted Arctic
waters no European
706
00:33:43,554 --> 00:33:45,289
had ever mapped before.
707
00:33:46,324 --> 00:33:48,126
Anthea Nardi: But Hudson's
unwavering hunt
708
00:33:48,126 --> 00:33:51,462
for the Northwest Passage
came at a human cost.
709
00:33:51,462 --> 00:33:54,966
His disregard for orders
and the uneven distribution
710
00:33:54,966 --> 00:33:58,269
of scarce resources stoked
resentments that,
711
00:33:58,269 --> 00:34:01,906
in the frozen darkness of
James Bay, flared into mutiny.
712
00:34:01,906 --> 00:34:04,909
That single, desperate
act left questions
713
00:34:04,909 --> 00:34:06,878
that still haunt us
centuries later.
714
00:34:07,378 --> 00:34:09,881
James Ellis: Whether he
succumbed to Arctic hardship,
715
00:34:09,881 --> 00:34:12,116
fell victim to his
own crew's fury,
716
00:34:12,116 --> 00:34:14,786
or slipped quietly into
Indigenous communities,
717
00:34:14,786 --> 00:34:18,589
Hudson's fate embodies the
thin line between success
718
00:34:18,589 --> 00:34:22,260
and disaster in the golden
age of exploration.
719
00:34:24,128 --> 00:34:26,631
Narrator: Henry Hudson ventured
boldly into realms
720
00:34:26,631 --> 00:34:28,399
few dared navigate.
721
00:34:28,399 --> 00:34:31,002
His disappearance
remains a testament
722
00:34:31,002 --> 00:34:34,272
that not all who journey
into uncharted worlds
723
00:34:34,272 --> 00:34:36,707
return with their stories.
724
00:34:37,975 --> 00:34:45,650
♪♪
725
00:34:45,650 --> 00:34:49,554
Narrator: Before 221 BCE
there was no China.
726
00:34:49,554 --> 00:34:53,157
But then Zhao Zheng,
a young King, rose up
727
00:34:53,157 --> 00:34:55,059
and by the power of will,
728
00:34:55,059 --> 00:34:58,162
forged seven warring
states into one,
729
00:34:58,162 --> 00:35:01,532
and proclaimed himself
China's First Emperor.
730
00:35:01,532 --> 00:35:04,836
He desired to have a seal that
all would recognize
731
00:35:04,836 --> 00:35:06,504
and none would dare question,
732
00:35:06,504 --> 00:35:08,739
an object of lasting permanence
733
00:35:08,739 --> 00:35:12,443
to sustain his dynasty for
10,000 generations,
734
00:35:12,443 --> 00:35:15,346
The Heirloom Seal of the Realm.
735
00:35:16,914 --> 00:35:19,250
Amma Agbedor: Seals had been
used in that part of the world
736
00:35:19,250 --> 00:35:21,419
for hundreds of years before,
737
00:35:21,419 --> 00:35:25,256
as early as the
11th century BCE.
738
00:35:25,256 --> 00:35:28,392
These weren't the wax
seals some might think of.
739
00:35:28,392 --> 00:35:32,597
These were more like stamps
carved out of wood or stone,
740
00:35:32,597 --> 00:35:36,067
or sometimes made
of bronze or copper,
741
00:35:36,067 --> 00:35:38,836
and dipped into a thick red ink.
742
00:35:40,404 --> 00:35:41,672
James Ellis: They were
used as a signature,
743
00:35:41,672 --> 00:35:43,908
to mark contracts,
or to sign paintings,
744
00:35:43,908 --> 00:35:47,545
or sometimes, pressed into
clay, as a potter's mark.
745
00:35:47,545 --> 00:35:51,249
One person might own various
seals, for variety of purposes.
746
00:35:51,249 --> 00:35:53,985
Many were small, producing an
impression about the size
747
00:35:53,985 --> 00:35:55,653
of your small fingernail,
748
00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:58,923
but the largest might be
about four inches square.
749
00:35:59,757 --> 00:36:02,293
Anthea Nardi: China's first
emperor ordered a seal made,
750
00:36:02,293 --> 00:36:06,364
only one, and that was part of
its power and significance.
751
00:36:06,364 --> 00:36:09,267
Its name, translated
into English, was
752
00:36:09,267 --> 00:36:11,769
"Jade Seal Passed
Through the Realm".
753
00:36:11,769 --> 00:36:15,473
He intended to hand it down
to all those in his bloodline.
754
00:36:15,473 --> 00:36:18,009
And it was one of the most
historically significant jade
755
00:36:18,009 --> 00:36:19,544
artifacts ever made.
756
00:36:20,845 --> 00:36:23,047
Adam Bunch: The seal did
pass through the realm.
757
00:36:23,047 --> 00:36:26,551
It didn't just serve him, but a
whole series of dynasties
758
00:36:26,551 --> 00:36:29,220
that followed and
generations to come.
759
00:36:29,220 --> 00:36:32,290
But by the end of the
first millennium CE,
760
00:36:32,290 --> 00:36:34,825
the heirloom seal
had disappeared,
761
00:36:34,825 --> 00:36:36,127
and centuries later,
762
00:36:36,127 --> 00:36:38,963
we're left wondering
what happened to it.
763
00:36:38,963 --> 00:36:41,199
And could it ever
be rediscovered?
764
00:36:43,134 --> 00:36:46,304
Narrator: Zhao Zheng
was born in 259 BCE,
765
00:36:46,304 --> 00:36:48,506
during the "Warring
States" period.
766
00:36:48,506 --> 00:36:52,443
After his father's death, he
ascended as King of Qin State,
767
00:36:52,443 --> 00:36:56,547
and over the next 25 years ended
two and a half centuries
768
00:36:56,547 --> 00:36:59,784
of conflict by conquering
every competing state
769
00:36:59,784 --> 00:37:01,919
to form a unified country.
770
00:37:01,919 --> 00:37:05,323
The Imperial Seal was then
ordered to be carved
771
00:37:05,323 --> 00:37:06,891
for his personal use.
772
00:37:08,993 --> 00:37:11,362
Amma Agbedor: The seal is said
to have been inscribed
773
00:37:11,362 --> 00:37:14,465
with a sentiment: "Having
received the mandate
774
00:37:14,465 --> 00:37:17,335
from heaven,
may the Emperor lead
775
00:37:17,335 --> 00:37:20,438
a long and prosperous life."
776
00:37:20,438 --> 00:37:24,775
Two things there; one, that
people should believe
777
00:37:24,775 --> 00:37:28,446
Zhao Zheng had a divine
right to rule;
778
00:37:28,446 --> 00:37:33,284
and two, he had a preoccupation
with staving off death.
779
00:37:34,552 --> 00:37:36,587
James Ellis: Zhao Zheng is said
to have sought to achieve
780
00:37:36,587 --> 00:37:39,857
his own immortality through
alchemy and magic.
781
00:37:39,857 --> 00:37:43,527
He had a sprawling underground
mausoleum built for himself,
782
00:37:43,527 --> 00:37:46,530
guarded by thousands of
terra-cotta warriors.
783
00:37:46,530 --> 00:37:49,100
As for ensuring his
dynasty's longevity,
784
00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:52,536
he ruled harshly, and even
tried to suppress opposition
785
00:37:52,536 --> 00:37:55,673
and "subversive thought"
by burning books.
786
00:37:56,707 --> 00:37:58,509
Anthea Nardi: Zhao Zheng's
brutal methods weren't
787
00:37:58,509 --> 00:38:02,013
entirely successful; in fact,
they backfired.
788
00:38:02,013 --> 00:38:06,717
Not only did his Qin Dynasty
not last 10,000 generations,
789
00:38:06,717 --> 00:38:09,353
as was his wish,
but after his death,
790
00:38:09,353 --> 00:38:11,155
rebellion promptly broke out;
791
00:38:11,155 --> 00:38:13,357
his dynasty was overthrown,
792
00:38:13,357 --> 00:38:16,260
and all of his surviving Qin
imperial family members
793
00:38:16,260 --> 00:38:17,695
were systematically killed.
794
00:38:19,463 --> 00:38:21,165
Adam Bunch: But while
the Qin Dynasty fell,
795
00:38:21,165 --> 00:38:23,367
the heirloom seal survived.
796
00:38:23,367 --> 00:38:26,070
It was passed down from one
emperor to the next
797
00:38:26,070 --> 00:38:28,606
through the Han
Dynasty and beyond.
798
00:38:28,606 --> 00:38:30,574
It did become the
symbol of stability
799
00:38:30,574 --> 00:38:32,743
Zhao Zheng designed it to be
800
00:38:32,743 --> 00:38:35,513
at least right up until
the nine hundreds or so
801
00:38:35,513 --> 00:38:36,814
when it disappeared.
802
00:38:38,716 --> 00:38:41,018
Narrator: One theory,
held by many historians,
803
00:38:41,018 --> 00:38:44,555
suggests the paranoia of
Zhao Zheng increasingly
804
00:38:44,555 --> 00:38:46,757
experienced throughout his reign
805
00:38:46,757 --> 00:38:48,959
and his perceived
need for protection
806
00:38:48,959 --> 00:38:51,028
may have had some basis in fact.
807
00:38:52,897 --> 00:38:54,665
Amma Agbedor: There
is a very good chance
808
00:38:54,665 --> 00:38:57,001
the Heirloom Seal of the Realm
was destroyed
809
00:38:57,001 --> 00:38:59,904
when China's capital
was looted and ransacked,
810
00:38:59,904 --> 00:39:03,541
by rebels or by
the warlord, Zhu Wen,
811
00:39:03,541 --> 00:39:08,145
in the late 9th century at the
end of the Tang Dynasty.
812
00:39:09,213 --> 00:39:11,515
James Ellis: The Tang Dynasty
had reestablished Chang'an,
813
00:39:11,515 --> 00:39:13,784
in the country's northeast,
as the capital.
814
00:39:13,784 --> 00:39:16,787
It was surrounded by mountains
as natural barriers,
815
00:39:16,787 --> 00:39:19,590
so it was believed to be as
militarily impregnable
816
00:39:19,590 --> 00:39:21,425
as any city could be.
817
00:39:21,425 --> 00:39:24,428
Chang'an was the eastern
terminus of the Silk Road,
818
00:39:24,428 --> 00:39:26,931
and it was a wealthy,
vibrant city.
819
00:39:26,931 --> 00:39:30,434
It was also possibly the world's
most populous at that time
820
00:39:30,434 --> 00:39:32,503
with about three million people.
821
00:39:32,503 --> 00:39:35,673
This is where the Imperial
Palace was built,
822
00:39:35,673 --> 00:39:38,843
and that's where the Heirloom
Seal of the Realm was kept.
823
00:39:40,111 --> 00:39:42,113
Anthea Nardi: But in the end,
the Tang rulers had committed
824
00:39:42,113 --> 00:39:46,417
the same fatal errors as Zhao
Zheng had centuries before:
825
00:39:46,417 --> 00:39:49,253
they looked after themselves,
not their people.
826
00:39:49,253 --> 00:39:50,755
There was an uprising,
827
00:39:50,755 --> 00:39:54,125
and Chang'an was attacked
repeatedly by peasant rebels,
828
00:39:54,125 --> 00:39:56,293
and by opportunistic warlords.
829
00:39:56,293 --> 00:39:58,462
When the Imperial
Palace was seized,
830
00:39:58,462 --> 00:40:01,432
the last Tang emperor fled,
leaving his treasures,
831
00:40:01,432 --> 00:40:04,335
including the Heirloom Seal,
unprotected.
832
00:40:04,335 --> 00:40:09,240
It was then, sometime
between 874 and 884 CE,
833
00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:11,075
that it could have
been destroyed.
834
00:40:11,075 --> 00:40:12,710
Adam Bunch: At the very latest,
835
00:40:12,710 --> 00:40:15,212
the Imperial Seal
was lost to history
836
00:40:15,212 --> 00:40:16,781
during the following era,
837
00:40:16,781 --> 00:40:21,986
the period of the Five
Dynasties from 907 to 960 CE.
838
00:40:21,986 --> 00:40:24,855
But that doesn't necessarily
mean that it was physically
839
00:40:24,855 --> 00:40:27,825
lost by then, just that
we have no records of it,
840
00:40:27,825 --> 00:40:30,761
so we don't know exactly
when it vanished.
841
00:40:30,761 --> 00:40:33,097
There have been claims that
even reappeared at times
842
00:40:33,097 --> 00:40:34,732
during the centuries since,
843
00:40:34,732 --> 00:40:37,101
but no historians have
been able to confirm it.
844
00:40:38,436 --> 00:40:40,171
Narrator: Some researchers
believe the fact
845
00:40:40,171 --> 00:40:42,940
that the Imperial Seal of the
Realm hasn't been seen
846
00:40:42,940 --> 00:40:46,177
in all these centuries is
actually a good sign.
847
00:40:47,678 --> 00:40:50,347
Amma Agbedor: Those in the
Imperial Palace at Chang'an
848
00:40:50,347 --> 00:40:53,384
knew the Tang Dynasty
was in danger.
849
00:40:53,384 --> 00:40:57,521
And they must have known that
continued assaults on the palace
850
00:40:57,521 --> 00:40:59,223
were likely to occur.
851
00:40:59,223 --> 00:41:02,960
So they might have smuggled the
Seal to some safe place
852
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:04,028
and hidden it.
853
00:41:05,062 --> 00:41:06,897
James Ellis: With those who
knew the Imperial Seal's hiding
854
00:41:06,897 --> 00:41:09,800
place possibly killed during
the sack of Chang'an,
855
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:14,004
or executed afterward, the
seal may still lie safe,
856
00:41:14,004 --> 00:41:17,641
wherever they hid it, still
waiting to be rediscovered.
857
00:41:18,776 --> 00:41:20,311
Anthea Nardi: This practice
of hiding treasures
858
00:41:20,311 --> 00:41:22,680
in advance of an
anticipated attack,
859
00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:26,116
and those treasures subsequently
being lost to history,
860
00:41:26,116 --> 00:41:27,885
is a fairly common occurrence.
861
00:41:27,885 --> 00:41:31,088
In 1970, a trove of treasures
was discovered
862
00:41:31,088 --> 00:41:32,823
in the village of Hejiacun.
863
00:41:32,823 --> 00:41:36,994
Silver and gold jewelry; a wine
vessel carved out of agate;
864
00:41:36,994 --> 00:41:40,731
all kinds of valuables from
the coffers of China's elite.
865
00:41:40,731 --> 00:41:44,168
All of which had been hidden
during a time of unrest,
866
00:41:44,168 --> 00:41:45,202
and forgotten.
867
00:41:46,170 --> 00:41:48,105
Adam Bunch: If the Heirloom
Seal of the Realm
868
00:41:48,105 --> 00:41:49,974
was intentionally hidden,
869
00:41:49,974 --> 00:41:52,676
finding it would be
a monumental task,
870
00:41:52,676 --> 00:41:55,112
a four inch stone cube
871
00:41:55,112 --> 00:41:57,681
buried somewhere in China.
872
00:41:57,681 --> 00:42:01,519
It doesn't even really seem to
be any agreed upon theories
873
00:42:01,519 --> 00:42:03,754
about where you should
even start looking.
874
00:42:04,655 --> 00:42:06,857
Narrator: One school
of thought suggests
875
00:42:06,857 --> 00:42:08,959
that if the Imperial
Seal has survived,
876
00:42:08,959 --> 00:42:12,796
archaeologists may not
need to go far to find it.
877
00:42:13,998 --> 00:42:15,766
Amma Agbedor: The last Tang
emperor knew
878
00:42:15,766 --> 00:42:19,436
that continued attacks on
Chang'an were likely to occur,
879
00:42:19,436 --> 00:42:24,074
but they didn't know exactly
when those attacks might happen.
880
00:42:24,074 --> 00:42:28,245
So it's conceivable the last
assault came as a surprise,
881
00:42:28,245 --> 00:42:31,849
and the jade seal was simply
abandoned in the chaos
882
00:42:31,849 --> 00:42:34,952
and lost among the rubble of
the Imperial Palace.
883
00:42:36,620 --> 00:42:38,122
Adam Bunch:
If that theory is true,
884
00:42:38,122 --> 00:42:41,292
that would dramatically
narrow the area
885
00:42:41,292 --> 00:42:42,893
that needs to be search.
886
00:42:42,893 --> 00:42:45,829
So far the seal still
hasn't turned up.
887
00:42:47,298 --> 00:42:50,334
Narrator: The Heirloom Seal of
the Realm was lost to history
888
00:42:50,334 --> 00:42:52,469
by the Period of
the Five Dynasties,
889
00:42:52,469 --> 00:42:54,872
which had succeeded
the fall of the Tang.
890
00:42:54,872 --> 00:42:57,207
But that's not the
end of the story....
891
00:42:58,909 --> 00:43:00,578
Anthea Nardi: We don't know
that the seal was actually,
892
00:43:00,578 --> 00:43:02,947
physically lost,
until hundreds of years
893
00:43:02,947 --> 00:43:05,149
after the end
of the Tang Dynasty.
894
00:43:05,149 --> 00:43:09,186
Because even at the start of
the Ming Dynasty, in 1369,
895
00:43:09,186 --> 00:43:12,156
the new emperor was
determined to get it back.
896
00:43:12,823 --> 00:43:14,959
James Ellis:
From 1271, the Mongols,
897
00:43:14,959 --> 00:43:17,161
starting with
Kublai Khan, ruled China.
898
00:43:17,161 --> 00:43:19,363
And when the Mongols were
finally defeated
899
00:43:19,363 --> 00:43:20,698
about a century later,
900
00:43:20,698 --> 00:43:23,434
the first Ming Emperor is said
to have been determined
901
00:43:23,434 --> 00:43:25,803
to relocate
the Heirloom Seal.
902
00:43:26,537 --> 00:43:28,072
Amma Agbedor: According
to one account,
903
00:43:28,072 --> 00:43:31,775
the Ming emperor carried out
a raid and stole one
904
00:43:31,775 --> 00:43:35,145
of the personal seals of
the Mongol emperor.
905
00:43:35,145 --> 00:43:39,817
However, it turns out the
Mongol owned 11 seals,
906
00:43:39,817 --> 00:43:42,152
and the one taken from him
907
00:43:42,152 --> 00:43:45,422
was not the Imperial Seal
that Zhao Zheng had made
908
00:43:45,422 --> 00:43:48,425
almost 15 centuries earlier.
909
00:43:48,425 --> 00:43:50,861
So, yet another dead end.
910
00:43:53,030 --> 00:43:54,898
Narrator: The lump of jade
that was once carved
911
00:43:54,898 --> 00:43:56,967
into the Heirloom
Seal of the Realm
912
00:43:56,967 --> 00:43:59,336
must certainly still
exist in some form.
913
00:44:00,704 --> 00:44:02,539
It may one day be found intact.
914
00:44:03,140 --> 00:44:05,709
Or it may continue to lie
indefinitely,
915
00:44:05,709 --> 00:44:08,579
in one or many pieces,
916
00:44:08,579 --> 00:44:11,115
in the earth from which
it was first taken.
917
00:44:16,453 --> 00:44:19,857
♪♪
109636
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