Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:01,468 --> 00:00:01,501
Na
2
00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:01,534
Narr
3
00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:01,568
Narrat
4
00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:01,601
Narrator
5
00:00:01,601 --> 00:00:01,634
Narrator:
6
00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:01,668
Narrator: In
7
00:00:01,668 --> 00:00:01,701
Narrator: In 5
8
00:00:01,701 --> 00:00:01,735
Narrator: In 524
9
00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:01,768
Narrator: In 524 B
10
00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:01,801
Narrator: In 524 BCE
11
00:00:01,801 --> 00:00:01,835
Narrator: In 524 BCE,
12
00:00:01,835 --> 00:00:01,868
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an
13
00:00:01,868 --> 00:00:01,901
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an a
14
00:00:01,901 --> 00:00:01,935
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an arm
15
00:00:01,935 --> 00:00:02,002
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
16
00:00:02,002 --> 00:00:02,035
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of
17
00:00:02,035 --> 00:00:02,068
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 5
18
00:00:02,068 --> 00:00:02,102
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,
19
00:00:02,102 --> 00:00:02,135
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,00
20
00:00:02,135 --> 00:00:02,168
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000
21
00:00:02,168 --> 00:00:02,202
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 fo
22
00:00:02,202 --> 00:00:02,235
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 for
23
00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:02,268
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 for Ca
24
00:00:02,268 --> 00:00:02,302
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 for Camb
25
00:00:02,302 --> 00:00:02,335
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 for Cambys
26
00:00:02,335 --> 00:00:02,369
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 for Cambyses
27
00:00:02,369 --> 00:00:02,402
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 for Cambyses I
28
00:00:02,402 --> 00:00:05,939
Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army
of 50,000 for Cambyses II
29
00:00:05,939 --> 00:00:07,841
set out to conquer Egypt,
30
00:00:07,841 --> 00:00:10,343
only to vanish in
the Western Desert.
31
00:00:11,144 --> 00:00:14,147
Amma Agbedor: The sands
swallowed Cambyses' ambitions,
32
00:00:14,147 --> 00:00:17,083
leaving behind only
questions and legends.
33
00:00:19,486 --> 00:00:22,022
Narrator: The greatest mystery
of the Devil's Bible,
34
00:00:22,022 --> 00:00:24,257
the largest surviving
medieval manuscript,
35
00:00:24,257 --> 00:00:26,226
lies not in what remains,
36
00:00:26,226 --> 00:00:27,694
but what is missing...
37
00:00:28,661 --> 00:00:31,598
James Ellis: Ten pages,
meticulously cut out
38
00:00:31,598 --> 00:00:33,299
and deliberately removed.
39
00:00:33,299 --> 00:00:36,302
What secrets were these
pages meant to conceal,
40
00:00:36,302 --> 00:00:38,671
and why were they
erased from history?
41
00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:43,309
Narrator: Thousands of hours of
secret voice recordings
42
00:00:43,309 --> 00:00:45,945
within President Richard Nixon's
administration,
43
00:00:45,945 --> 00:00:48,882
and subsequent erasure
of 18 and a half minutes,
44
00:00:48,882 --> 00:00:53,119
results in one of the biggest
political scandals of all time.
45
00:00:56,156 --> 00:00:57,724
Adam Bunch: Who erased the tape?
46
00:00:57,724 --> 00:01:01,094
And what exactly were
they so desperate to hide?
47
00:01:03,930 --> 00:01:05,165
Narrator: The chain of history
48
00:01:05,165 --> 00:01:07,100
has many missing links.
49
00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:08,802
Prominent people.
50
00:01:08,802 --> 00:01:10,603
Priceless treasures.
51
00:01:10,603 --> 00:01:12,372
Extraordinary artifacts.
52
00:01:12,972 --> 00:01:15,942
Their locations still unknown,
53
00:01:15,942 --> 00:01:18,144
lost to the fog of time.
54
00:01:19,245 --> 00:01:22,048
What happens when
stories of the past,
55
00:01:22,048 --> 00:01:23,583
Become...
56
00:01:23,583 --> 00:01:24,818
Vanished History.
57
00:01:24,818 --> 00:01:41,034
♪♪
58
00:01:41,034 --> 00:01:43,203
Narrator: In 524 BCE,
59
00:01:43,203 --> 00:01:46,406
Cambyses II, Persia's
conqueror of Egypt,
60
00:01:46,406 --> 00:01:49,342
dispatched 50,000
soldiers from Thebes
61
00:01:49,342 --> 00:01:51,878
into the merciless
Western Desert
62
00:01:51,878 --> 00:01:54,114
to silence the Oracle of Amun.
63
00:01:56,082 --> 00:01:59,586
Adam Bunch: Cambyses II
was the son of the famous
64
00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:01,754
Persian King of Kings,
65
00:02:01,754 --> 00:02:03,356
Cyrus The Great,
66
00:02:03,356 --> 00:02:05,692
founder of the
Achaemenid Empire.
67
00:02:05,692 --> 00:02:10,563
Cambyses was named crown prince
as early as 539 BCE,
68
00:02:10,563 --> 00:02:13,233
and seems to have
served as co-ruler.
69
00:02:13,233 --> 00:02:17,103
But when Cyrus died, his son
officially took the throne.
70
00:02:17,103 --> 00:02:22,175
Cambyses reigned from
530 to 522 BCE
71
00:02:22,175 --> 00:02:25,211
and was determined to
expand the empire,
72
00:02:25,211 --> 00:02:26,946
carrying on his father's
73
00:02:26,946 --> 00:02:29,582
ambitious campaigns of conquest.
74
00:02:31,684 --> 00:02:33,419
Anthea Nardi: By 525 BCE,
75
00:02:33,419 --> 00:02:36,156
Cambyses had set
his sights on Egypt,
76
00:02:36,156 --> 00:02:38,324
attracted by its abundant
resources
77
00:02:38,324 --> 00:02:40,393
and strategic importance.
78
00:02:40,393 --> 00:02:42,395
As he marched along the
Mediterranean coast,
79
00:02:42,395 --> 00:02:44,230
he secured water supplies
80
00:02:44,230 --> 00:02:47,367
through alliances
with Arabian chieftains.
81
00:02:47,367 --> 00:02:50,503
The decisive Battle of Pelusium
opened the gateway
82
00:02:50,503 --> 00:02:53,173
to the Nile Delta,
and by that summer,
83
00:02:53,173 --> 00:02:57,177
Memphis, Egypt's capital,
fell to Persian forces,
84
00:02:57,177 --> 00:03:00,847
marking the start of the
27th Dynasty under Persian rule.
85
00:03:02,749 --> 00:03:04,784
James Ellis:
But victory brought defiance.
86
00:03:06,786 --> 00:03:10,690
Many Egyptians viewed Cambyses
as a foreign usurper.
87
00:03:11,558 --> 00:03:14,294
One particularly potent symbol
of resistance
88
00:03:14,294 --> 00:03:16,296
lay deep in the Western Desert,
89
00:03:16,296 --> 00:03:19,532
the Oracle of Amun at Siwa.
90
00:03:19,532 --> 00:03:21,935
Revered by Egyptians
and Greeks alike,
91
00:03:21,935 --> 00:03:26,039
the Oracle was a temple and
sanctuary in the Siwa Oasis,
92
00:03:26,039 --> 00:03:28,508
where a priesthood served
as intermediaries
93
00:03:28,508 --> 00:03:32,345
between the God Amun and those
seeking divine guidance.
94
00:03:32,345 --> 00:03:35,715
It refused to legitimize
Cambyses' rule,
95
00:03:35,715 --> 00:03:39,452
a public slight against
the new Pharaoh-King.
96
00:03:42,722 --> 00:03:44,891
Amma Agbedor: Determined
to crush this affront,
97
00:03:44,891 --> 00:03:47,026
Cambyses dispatched
98
00:03:47,026 --> 00:03:50,430
50,000 soldiers
westward from Thebes.
99
00:03:50,430 --> 00:03:54,000
Their mission: to subjugate the
Amonians at Siwa
100
00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:55,935
and destroy the Oracle.
101
00:03:57,904 --> 00:04:00,707
Narrator: Greek historian
and geographer, Herodotus,
102
00:04:00,707 --> 00:04:03,376
later dubbed
"The Father of History",
103
00:04:03,376 --> 00:04:06,012
helped pioneer
Greek trade with Egypt.
104
00:04:06,012 --> 00:04:08,481
He wrote detailed
accounts about the lives
105
00:04:08,481 --> 00:04:11,217
of prominent kings
and famous battles.
106
00:04:12,785 --> 00:04:14,320
Amma Agbedor:
But according to Herodotus,
107
00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:17,457
the troops vanished
without a trace,
108
00:04:17,457 --> 00:04:21,094
never returning to Egypt
nor reaching the Amonians.
109
00:04:21,094 --> 00:04:24,130
So what happened to
this massive force?
110
00:04:24,130 --> 00:04:25,965
♪♪
111
00:04:31,671 --> 00:04:33,506
Narrator: The Western Desert,
spanning nearly
112
00:04:33,506 --> 00:04:37,977
40,000 square miles across
western Egypt and eastern Libya,
113
00:04:37,977 --> 00:04:41,681
is one of the most inhospitable
landscapes on Earth.
114
00:04:43,916 --> 00:04:46,986
In this desolate expanse,
described by Herodotus
115
00:04:46,986 --> 00:04:50,323
as a place where even
powerful armies can vanish,
116
00:04:50,323 --> 00:04:53,793
Cambyses' ill-fated
expedition began.
117
00:04:56,496 --> 00:04:59,799
Adam Bunch: Herodotus is our
main source for the story.
118
00:04:59,799 --> 00:05:03,136
He writes about the force
leaving Thebes, in Upper Egypt,
119
00:05:03,136 --> 00:05:05,805
and stopping
at the Kharga Oasis
120
00:05:05,805 --> 00:05:07,974
after a seven days' march.
121
00:05:07,974 --> 00:05:09,942
That much seems to check out.
122
00:05:09,942 --> 00:05:13,413
Thebes and Kharga are
about 150 miles apart,
123
00:05:13,413 --> 00:05:15,882
and his timeline
matches the estimates for
124
00:05:15,882 --> 00:05:19,252
how long it would have taken to
travel across that much desert.
125
00:05:21,487 --> 00:05:23,489
Anthea Nardi: From there,
the army continued on a route
126
00:05:23,489 --> 00:05:26,626
toward Siwa, home of
the Oracle of Amun.
127
00:05:26,626 --> 00:05:30,630
But no corroborating records
detail the exact path
128
00:05:30,630 --> 00:05:33,766
or what truly befell the
soldiers of Cambyses.
129
00:05:36,002 --> 00:05:37,537
James Ellis: Siwa was critical.
130
00:05:37,537 --> 00:05:39,405
Beyond its religious standing,
131
00:05:39,405 --> 00:05:41,741
it was a strategic desert oasis
132
00:05:41,741 --> 00:05:44,711
that dared question
Persian authority
133
00:05:44,711 --> 00:05:47,814
by refusing
Cambyses' legitimacy.
134
00:05:47,814 --> 00:05:50,216
In sending an army
across the desert,
135
00:05:50,216 --> 00:05:52,618
Cambyses sought
not just conquest,
136
00:05:52,618 --> 00:05:55,755
but symbolic dominance,
an attempt to erase
137
00:05:55,755 --> 00:05:59,025
any lingering doubt of
his right to rule Egypt.
138
00:06:01,527 --> 00:06:04,263
Amma Agbedor: The Western
Desert spared no one.
139
00:06:04,263 --> 00:06:07,467
Reliable water sources
were scarce and hidden,
140
00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:09,602
making each new
stretch of desert
141
00:06:09,602 --> 00:06:11,771
more perilous than the last.
142
00:06:11,771 --> 00:06:15,541
Without the Arabian chieftains
who had once supplied water,
143
00:06:15,541 --> 00:06:19,946
the army moved forward with
only limited provisions.
144
00:06:21,047 --> 00:06:23,516
Somewhere between
Kharga and Siwa,
145
00:06:23,516 --> 00:06:26,819
the sands swallowed
Cambyses' ambitions,
146
00:06:26,819 --> 00:06:29,922
leaving behind only
questions and legends.
147
00:06:33,693 --> 00:06:36,662
Adam Bunch: Herodotus
gives us a chilling tale.
148
00:06:36,662 --> 00:06:40,133
He says, that as the army
of Cambyses' stopped to eat,
149
00:06:40,133 --> 00:06:42,368
a wind whipped up
from the south,
150
00:06:42,368 --> 00:06:44,470
"strong and deadly,
151
00:06:44,470 --> 00:06:47,740
bringing with it vast
columns of whirling sand".
152
00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:50,643
And that storm
swallowed up the troops.
153
00:06:50,643 --> 00:06:54,147
Dunes rose in the place
where men had stood
154
00:06:54,147 --> 00:06:55,548
just moments earlier.
155
00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:01,120
Amma Agbedor: But Herodotus'
account raises questions.
156
00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:04,056
Could a storm even
of such ferocity
157
00:07:04,056 --> 00:07:06,025
obliterate an entire army
158
00:07:06,025 --> 00:07:08,761
of 50,000 soldiers
159
00:07:08,761 --> 00:07:10,530
without a trace?
160
00:07:10,530 --> 00:07:13,599
Experienced armies
like Cambyses'
161
00:07:13,599 --> 00:07:17,303
would have been prepared for
harsh desert conditions,
162
00:07:17,303 --> 00:07:20,173
and a sandstorm,
no matter how powerful,
163
00:07:20,173 --> 00:07:22,141
would likely not
have been enough
164
00:07:22,141 --> 00:07:24,377
to overwhelm them entirely.
165
00:07:28,881 --> 00:07:31,217
Narrator: The desert's
silence may be masking
166
00:07:31,217 --> 00:07:32,919
not a natural calamity,
167
00:07:32,919 --> 00:07:35,354
but the echoes of
an ancient rebellion,
168
00:07:35,354 --> 00:07:37,557
one that toppled an army
169
00:07:37,557 --> 00:07:40,860
and rewrote the narrative
of a Pharaoh's conquest.
170
00:07:42,628 --> 00:07:45,531
Adam Bunch: Some historians
think that the army of Cambyses'
171
00:07:45,531 --> 00:07:47,700
might have come
to an end in battle
172
00:07:47,700 --> 00:07:51,637
against an Egyptian rebel
called Petubastis IV.
173
00:07:51,637 --> 00:07:56,008
He declared himself Pharaoh
around 522 BCE
174
00:07:56,008 --> 00:07:59,045
and led an uprising
against Persian rule.
175
00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:02,482
Anthea Nardi:
This theory gained momentum
176
00:08:02,482 --> 00:08:04,817
thanks to the work of
a Dutch archaeologist,
177
00:08:04,817 --> 00:08:08,120
who uncovered inscriptions
referencing a pitched battle
178
00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:10,056
in the remote Western Desert.
179
00:08:12,258 --> 00:08:15,061
According to his findings,
the temple blocks at Amheida,
180
00:08:15,061 --> 00:08:19,699
reveal Petubastis IV possessed
enough power and resources
181
00:08:19,699 --> 00:08:23,569
to erect a major monument in
honor of the God Thoth,
182
00:08:23,569 --> 00:08:26,606
an undertaking that implies a
stable administration
183
00:08:26,606 --> 00:08:28,574
rather than a fleeting revolt.
184
00:08:30,910 --> 00:08:33,880
James Ellis: It was proposed
that the "lost army" legend
185
00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,682
may have originated
as Persian propaganda,
186
00:08:36,682 --> 00:08:40,887
a fabricated sandstorm tale to
mask a humiliating defeat.
187
00:08:40,887 --> 00:08:45,024
The evidence points to Cambyses
dispatching a large contingent
188
00:08:45,024 --> 00:08:49,362
from Thebes to quash
Petubastis IV's rebellion,
189
00:08:49,362 --> 00:08:52,098
in or near the Dakhla Oasis.
190
00:08:54,567 --> 00:08:56,702
Narrator: But instead of
returning victorious,
191
00:08:56,702 --> 00:08:59,839
the force vanished from
the historical record.
192
00:09:02,475 --> 00:09:04,043
Amma Agbedor: The simplest
explanation is that
193
00:09:04,043 --> 00:09:07,980
Petubastis ambushed them,
won decisively,
194
00:09:07,980 --> 00:09:11,684
and capitalized on the victory
to consolidate his authority.
195
00:09:13,986 --> 00:09:16,122
Adam Bunch: If it's true,
that story helps explain
196
00:09:16,122 --> 00:09:18,257
why Petubastis IV appears on
197
00:09:18,257 --> 00:09:20,726
ancient lists of Egyptian Kings,
198
00:09:20,726 --> 00:09:24,297
that his rebellion wasn't just
symbolic but successful enough
199
00:09:24,297 --> 00:09:26,799
to secure territory,
build temples,
200
00:09:26,799 --> 00:09:29,669
and maybe even briefly
rule from Memphis,
201
00:09:29,669 --> 00:09:31,604
which the Persians
used as their
202
00:09:31,604 --> 00:09:33,673
administrative capital
for the area.
203
00:09:34,941 --> 00:09:36,509
James Ellis:
Another possibility is that the
204
00:09:36,509 --> 00:09:38,978
Western Desert itself
inflicted a slow,
205
00:09:38,978 --> 00:09:41,981
crushing defeat
of Cambyses' army.
206
00:09:42,949 --> 00:09:46,419
Even without direct combat,
crossing hundreds of miles
207
00:09:46,419 --> 00:09:48,921
of featureless dunes and
sweltering heat
208
00:09:48,921 --> 00:09:51,657
could doom a force of this size.
209
00:09:56,128 --> 00:09:57,997
Amma Agbedor: Rather than
taking the coastal path,
210
00:09:57,997 --> 00:10:01,200
where Arabian chieftains had
previously provided water,
211
00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:06,505
Cambyses allegedly sent his
soldiers southwest from Thebes,
212
00:10:06,505 --> 00:10:11,210
through oases like Kharga
and possibly Dakhla,
213
00:10:11,210 --> 00:10:13,746
then onward toward Siwa.
214
00:10:15,147 --> 00:10:19,785
This route required precise
navigation and reliable wells,
215
00:10:19,785 --> 00:10:23,189
both of which were in
critically short supply.
216
00:10:25,591 --> 00:10:27,059
Anthea Nardi: If the
army of Cambyses veered
217
00:10:27,059 --> 00:10:30,196
even slightly off
established caravan paths,
218
00:10:30,196 --> 00:10:33,733
they would've lost access to
crucial water supplies.
219
00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:36,669
Dehydration, not just
sandstorms,
220
00:10:36,669 --> 00:10:38,137
likely sealed their fate.
221
00:10:42,975 --> 00:10:44,910
Narrator: After decades
of exploration
222
00:10:44,910 --> 00:10:48,547
across Egypt's Western Desert,
a surprising new route
223
00:10:48,547 --> 00:10:52,051
for Cambyses' ill-fated army,
was discovered.
224
00:10:53,052 --> 00:10:54,820
James Ellis:
This research is pivotal.
225
00:10:54,820 --> 00:10:58,758
Cambyses' army may have veered
onto an alternative track
226
00:10:58,758 --> 00:11:00,926
deep within the Great Sand Sea,
227
00:11:00,926 --> 00:11:03,796
bypassing the more
established oases,
228
00:11:03,796 --> 00:11:06,932
which might still have been
under Egyptian control.
229
00:11:08,034 --> 00:11:11,737
In doing so, the army
sacrificed short-term security
230
00:11:11,737 --> 00:11:13,439
for the element of surprise,
231
00:11:13,439 --> 00:11:17,009
hoping to catch the defenders
of the Amon temple off guard.
232
00:11:19,779 --> 00:11:21,080
Amma Agbedor:
Based on this research,
233
00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:24,884
Cambyses' army must have
set out from Thebes,
234
00:11:24,884 --> 00:11:27,353
along a lesser-known corridor,
235
00:11:27,353 --> 00:11:29,488
one that earlier archaeologists
236
00:11:29,488 --> 00:11:31,857
had not examined.
237
00:11:31,857 --> 00:11:35,561
Their geological surveys over
these uncharted swaths
238
00:11:35,561 --> 00:11:38,164
of terrain revealed
dried-up wells
239
00:11:38,164 --> 00:11:40,766
and fragments of
earthenware pottery
240
00:11:40,766 --> 00:11:43,703
matching Persian water pots.
241
00:11:48,908 --> 00:11:51,277
Narrator: Local Bedouin legends
of an entire valley,
242
00:11:51,277 --> 00:11:55,114
filled with bleached human
bones, fueled suspicions.
243
00:11:56,916 --> 00:11:59,385
Adam Bunch: A discovery
was made not far from Siwa
244
00:11:59,385 --> 00:12:00,753
by a pair of filmmakers.
245
00:12:00,753 --> 00:12:03,956
A grave littered
with skeletal remains,
246
00:12:03,956 --> 00:12:06,425
which included a horse's bit,
247
00:12:06,425 --> 00:12:10,196
said to have maybe been used
by the Persian cavalry.
248
00:12:10,196 --> 00:12:12,898
Some believe it might be
tangible evidence
249
00:12:12,898 --> 00:12:15,234
that the forces of Cambyses'
250
00:12:15,234 --> 00:12:18,237
met their end there
in the Great Sand Sea.
251
00:12:20,606 --> 00:12:21,974
Anthea Nardi: Scattered
bronze arrowheads,
252
00:12:21,974 --> 00:12:25,478
fragments of Persian pottery,
and human remains
253
00:12:25,478 --> 00:12:28,881
suggest the soldiers dispersed
under brutal conditions,
254
00:12:28,881 --> 00:12:31,450
some seeking shelter
behind dunes,
255
00:12:31,450 --> 00:12:34,186
others wandering off in a
desperate search for water.
256
00:12:37,723 --> 00:12:39,291
James Ellis: The Western
Desert's dunes can bury
257
00:12:39,291 --> 00:12:41,594
artifacts and skeletons
for centuries
258
00:12:41,594 --> 00:12:43,829
before revealing them again.
259
00:12:43,829 --> 00:12:47,032
Such intermittent
rediscovery explains
260
00:12:47,032 --> 00:12:49,769
why we've only encountered
scattered finds
261
00:12:49,769 --> 00:12:52,972
instead of a single,
conclusive burial site.
262
00:12:52,972 --> 00:12:55,474
Nature's forces have
continuously
263
00:12:55,474 --> 00:12:57,143
rearranged the remnants.
264
00:12:59,445 --> 00:13:02,915
Amma Agbedor: In all likelihood,
Cambyses' army didn't vanish
265
00:13:02,915 --> 00:13:06,719
in one massive storm,
but gradually disintegrated
266
00:13:06,719 --> 00:13:08,788
in a logistical nightmare.
267
00:13:08,788 --> 00:13:11,557
An episode few
ancient chroniclers
268
00:13:11,557 --> 00:13:13,759
saw fit to document in detail.
269
00:13:19,131 --> 00:13:23,002
Narrator: The fate of Cambyses'
Lost Army is a haunting mystery,
270
00:13:23,002 --> 00:13:27,072
etched into the unforgiving
sands of the Western Desert.
271
00:13:27,072 --> 00:13:31,677
Over 2,500 years later,
the desert refuses to yield
272
00:13:31,677 --> 00:13:35,748
the truth of what happened
to 50,000 men.
273
00:13:37,817 --> 00:13:39,118
Adam Bunch:
The account of Herodotus
274
00:13:39,118 --> 00:13:42,555
is as much a carefully
crafted narrative,
275
00:13:42,555 --> 00:13:45,057
as it is a historical source.
276
00:13:45,858 --> 00:13:49,094
The lack of physical evidence
raises questions
277
00:13:49,094 --> 00:13:51,797
about how much
of his story is fact
278
00:13:51,797 --> 00:13:53,432
and how much is fiction.
279
00:13:58,404 --> 00:14:02,007
Narrator: For now, the legend
of Lost Army of Cambyses,
280
00:14:02,007 --> 00:14:03,976
stands as a potent reminder,
281
00:14:03,976 --> 00:14:05,678
that even the grandest armies
282
00:14:05,678 --> 00:14:07,746
are not invincible.
283
00:14:07,746 --> 00:14:11,417
Time, shifting sands,
and the unyielding desert
284
00:14:11,417 --> 00:14:13,919
continue to obscure the truth.
285
00:14:17,690 --> 00:14:17,723
♪♪
286
00:14:17,723 --> 00:14:27,399
♪♪
287
00:14:27,399 --> 00:14:30,102
Narrator: In the shadowy
heart of medieval Bohemia,
288
00:14:30,102 --> 00:14:32,738
a colossal manuscript emerged.
289
00:14:32,738 --> 00:14:37,076
A towering compendium of sacred
scripture, esoteric knowledge,
290
00:14:37,076 --> 00:14:40,112
and an unsettling portrait
of the Devil.
291
00:14:43,449 --> 00:14:47,119
Known as the Codex Gigas,
or the Devil's Bible,
292
00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:50,189
it was intended to contain
all the world's knowledge.
293
00:14:51,490 --> 00:14:52,825
Alison Leonard: The Codex
Gigas is the largest
294
00:14:52,825 --> 00:14:54,593
surviving medieval manuscript.
295
00:14:54,593 --> 00:14:56,595
It weighs 165 pounds,
296
00:14:56,595 --> 00:14:58,264
stands some three feet tall,
297
00:14:58,264 --> 00:15:02,268
and was crafted from the
skins of over 160 animals.
298
00:15:02,268 --> 00:15:04,169
Encased in leather
and ornate metal,
299
00:15:04,169 --> 00:15:06,038
it aimed to gather
every kind of knowledge,
300
00:15:06,038 --> 00:15:08,340
spiritual, historical,
medicinal,
301
00:15:08,340 --> 00:15:11,076
even magical,
within one binding.
302
00:15:13,646 --> 00:15:17,449
Adam Bunch: The Codex was
created in the early 1200s,
303
00:15:17,449 --> 00:15:20,452
a period shaped by the
Fourth Lateran Council.
304
00:15:20,452 --> 00:15:23,522
The Church was
cracking down on heresy,
305
00:15:23,522 --> 00:15:25,291
books were being destroyed,
306
00:15:25,291 --> 00:15:27,960
scribes were carefully watched.
307
00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:29,962
Producing a manuscript
that included
308
00:15:29,962 --> 00:15:33,032
both scripture
and magic formulas,
309
00:15:33,032 --> 00:15:35,234
must have been inherently risky.
310
00:15:38,671 --> 00:15:40,572
Anthea Nardi: An inscription
on the first page suggests
311
00:15:40,572 --> 00:15:43,943
that the Codex originated
at the Benedictine monastery
312
00:15:43,943 --> 00:15:47,546
of PodlaOice in Bohemia,
now the Czech Republic.
313
00:15:47,546 --> 00:15:50,683
But this impoverished monastery
lacked the resources
314
00:15:50,683 --> 00:15:52,885
for such an ambitious project.
315
00:15:52,885 --> 00:15:55,354
Over centuries,
the Codex changed hands.
316
00:15:55,354 --> 00:15:58,023
Purchased, pawned,
and prized by collectors
317
00:15:58,023 --> 00:16:00,092
like Emperor Rudolf II,
318
00:16:00,092 --> 00:16:02,728
and seized by
Sweden as war booty.
319
00:16:02,728 --> 00:16:06,231
The journey leaves behind
more questions than answers.
320
00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:09,969
James Ellis: The greatest
mystery of the Devil's Bible
321
00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:13,305
lies not in what remains,
but in what's missing.
322
00:16:13,305 --> 00:16:17,543
Ten pages, meticulously cut out
and deliberately removed.
323
00:16:18,043 --> 00:16:20,713
This wasn't the result
of an accident or decay.
324
00:16:20,713 --> 00:16:23,849
What secrets were these
pages meant to conceal,
325
00:16:23,849 --> 00:16:26,318
and why were they
erased from history?
326
00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:31,623
♪♪
327
00:16:31,623 --> 00:16:35,094
Narrator: The Codex Gigas is a
window into the medieval world,
328
00:16:35,094 --> 00:16:37,896
reflecting a time
of religious devotion,
329
00:16:37,896 --> 00:16:41,066
intellectual ambition,
and social upheaval.
330
00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:46,138
Over the centuries, it has been
prized as a spiritual treasure,
331
00:16:46,138 --> 00:16:49,575
a financial asset,
and a source of fascination.
332
00:16:51,210 --> 00:16:52,411
Alison Leonard:
Forensic analysis suggests
333
00:16:52,411 --> 00:16:54,847
the Codex was produced
by a single scribe
334
00:16:54,847 --> 00:16:57,282
over as many as 20 to 30 years.
335
00:16:57,282 --> 00:16:59,985
This is a lifetime's work,
considering the average lifespan
336
00:16:59,985 --> 00:17:02,054
at the time was
roughly 30 years.
337
00:17:02,054 --> 00:17:04,656
Its uniform script and
illustrations show no breaks
338
00:17:04,656 --> 00:17:07,292
in style and no sign of
aging in handwriting.
339
00:17:07,292 --> 00:17:10,295
This consistency defies
easy explanation,
340
00:17:10,295 --> 00:17:11,730
and fuels legends
that the scribe
341
00:17:11,730 --> 00:17:14,233
achieved the impossible with
supernatural help.
342
00:17:17,669 --> 00:17:20,539
Adam Bunch: Legend says the
Codex was written by a monk
343
00:17:20,539 --> 00:17:24,777
called Herman the Recluse,
who broke his sacred vows
344
00:17:24,777 --> 00:17:29,348
and was condemned to death
by being walled up alive.
345
00:17:29,348 --> 00:17:31,850
To save his life,
he promised to write a book
346
00:17:31,850 --> 00:17:34,053
that would glorify the monastery
347
00:17:34,053 --> 00:17:36,889
by compiling all
human knowledge,
348
00:17:36,889 --> 00:17:39,358
and to do it in a single night.
349
00:17:39,358 --> 00:17:42,061
By midnight,
he was so desperate,
350
00:17:42,061 --> 00:17:44,363
he struck a deal with the Devil,
351
00:17:44,363 --> 00:17:47,800
selling his soul in return
for finishing the book.
352
00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:51,437
And in thanks, Herman included
the Devil's portrait.
353
00:17:54,773 --> 00:17:57,543
Anthea Nardi: The contents of
the Codex are fascinating.
354
00:17:57,543 --> 00:18:01,080
Half of its pages contain the
Old and New Testaments,
355
00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,450
while the remainder overflows
with other texts
356
00:18:04,450 --> 00:18:07,419
like Isidore of
Seville's Etymologiae,
357
00:18:07,419 --> 00:18:10,389
Josephus' histories,
medical remedies,
358
00:18:10,389 --> 00:18:13,125
exorcism rituals,
magical formulas,
359
00:18:13,125 --> 00:18:15,427
and lengthy sinful confessions.
360
00:18:15,427 --> 00:18:18,497
It also contains an extensive
list of "rarities"
361
00:18:18,497 --> 00:18:21,233
like alchemical and
scientific sketches,
362
00:18:21,233 --> 00:18:23,469
and even a 12-page calendar.
363
00:18:25,037 --> 00:18:27,106
Narrator: Among its most
arresting images
364
00:18:27,106 --> 00:18:29,341
is that of the Devil himself.
365
00:18:31,343 --> 00:18:33,378
James Ellis: This full-page
portrait of the Devil
366
00:18:33,378 --> 00:18:36,548
is unlike anything else in
medieval manuscript art.
367
00:18:36,548 --> 00:18:39,685
He's depicted with massive
horns, twin tongues,
368
00:18:39,685 --> 00:18:43,989
and crimson claws, draped only
in an ermine loincloth,
369
00:18:43,989 --> 00:18:46,825
a fabric worn
exclusively by royalty;
370
00:18:46,825 --> 00:18:50,829
this underscores his status
as the Prince of Darkness.
371
00:18:56,168 --> 00:18:57,936
Alison Leonard: Directly
opposite this infernal figure is
372
00:18:57,936 --> 00:19:01,673
an unsettling depiction of the
Heavenly City, empty of life.
373
00:19:01,673 --> 00:19:04,610
This juxtaposition highlights
the era's spiritual tension,
374
00:19:04,610 --> 00:19:08,380
pitting eternal salvation
against the threat of damnation.
375
00:19:08,380 --> 00:19:10,215
It's interesting to note that
these are the only
376
00:19:10,215 --> 00:19:12,384
full-page illustrations
in the manuscript,
377
00:19:12,384 --> 00:19:14,887
and part of the reason why the
Codex earned its nickname,
378
00:19:14,887 --> 00:19:16,188
'The Devil's Bible.
379
00:19:17,623 --> 00:19:20,526
Adam Bunch: The Codex Gigas
is missing pages,
380
00:19:20,526 --> 00:19:23,328
and there are lots of theories
about what was on them.
381
00:19:23,328 --> 00:19:25,397
Some people even like to say
they might have included
382
00:19:25,397 --> 00:19:30,402
a secret "devil's prayer" with
the power to end the world.
383
00:19:34,339 --> 00:19:36,041
Narrator:
While tales of occult secrets
384
00:19:36,041 --> 00:19:37,876
and forbidden knowledge persist,
385
00:19:37,876 --> 00:19:41,680
the missing pages may have a
far more pragmatic origin.
386
00:19:44,149 --> 00:19:45,317
Anthea Nardi:
In medieval Europe,
387
00:19:45,317 --> 00:19:47,920
Monasteries were
not only spiritual centers
388
00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:49,621
but also land managers;
389
00:19:49,621 --> 00:19:52,057
they constantly struggled
to sustain
390
00:19:52,057 --> 00:19:54,092
their existence financially.
391
00:19:54,092 --> 00:19:56,695
Parchment made from animal skin,
known as Vellum,
392
00:19:56,695 --> 00:20:00,332
was incredibly expensive,
and by 1295,
393
00:20:00,332 --> 00:20:03,669
PodlaOice Monastery was so
desperate for funds
394
00:20:03,669 --> 00:20:08,073
it had to pawn the Codex Gigas
just to survive.
395
00:20:08,073 --> 00:20:10,909
It's possible that monks
or later custodians,
396
00:20:10,909 --> 00:20:12,644
removed certain pages,
397
00:20:12,644 --> 00:20:16,415
perhaps containing valuable
illustrations or rare texts,
398
00:20:16,415 --> 00:20:19,484
to sell individually for
much-needed income.
399
00:20:23,589 --> 00:20:25,424
Adam Bunch: By the early 1400s,
400
00:20:25,424 --> 00:20:28,660
Bohemia was engulfed by
religious upheaval
401
00:20:28,660 --> 00:20:31,563
that led to the
Hussite Revolution.
402
00:20:31,563 --> 00:20:35,267
Monasteries became
battlegrounds over ideology,
403
00:20:35,267 --> 00:20:38,003
including the one where
the Codex was written,
404
00:20:38,003 --> 00:20:39,671
which was destroyed.
405
00:20:39,671 --> 00:20:42,007
Libraries were raided
and books were burned,
406
00:20:42,007 --> 00:20:45,944
for being politically dangerous,
denounced as heresy.
407
00:20:47,879 --> 00:20:51,116
Anthea Nardi: If the Codex Gigas
contained sensitive material,
408
00:20:51,116 --> 00:20:53,552
prophecies,
inflammatory rhetoric,
409
00:20:53,552 --> 00:20:56,555
or ideas challenging
prevailing doctrines,
410
00:20:56,555 --> 00:21:00,259
removing select pages could
have been a calculated move
411
00:21:00,259 --> 00:21:02,494
to shield its custodians
from heresy charges.
412
00:21:04,896 --> 00:21:07,699
Narrator: As speculation swirls
around political intrigue
413
00:21:07,699 --> 00:21:11,303
and doctrinal strife, some
believe the explanation
414
00:21:11,303 --> 00:21:14,873
is tied to the devilish imagery
within these pages,
415
00:21:14,873 --> 00:21:17,843
and that what vanished,
may have been too unsettling
416
00:21:17,843 --> 00:21:19,311
to remain on record.
417
00:21:20,812 --> 00:21:23,649
Adam Bunch: Some people have
suggested the missing pages
418
00:21:23,649 --> 00:21:26,451
might have been removed because
they crossed a line,
419
00:21:26,451 --> 00:21:28,954
that they could have
been seen as heretical
420
00:21:28,954 --> 00:21:31,123
or even outright satanic.
421
00:21:31,123 --> 00:21:33,558
The Codex Gigas is famous
422
00:21:33,558 --> 00:21:36,395
for its full-page portrait
of the Devil,
423
00:21:36,395 --> 00:21:38,864
directly opposite
the image of an empty,
424
00:21:38,864 --> 00:21:41,166
silent Heavenly Jerusalem.
425
00:21:41,667 --> 00:21:43,835
It's an eerie pairing
that reflects
426
00:21:43,835 --> 00:21:46,438
medieval obsessions
with sin and redemption.
427
00:21:46,438 --> 00:21:48,674
And when you add the
exorcism rituals
428
00:21:48,674 --> 00:21:51,643
with magic formulas
included in nearby sections,
429
00:21:51,643 --> 00:21:54,379
some wonder if the manuscript
might have already been
430
00:21:54,379 --> 00:21:56,815
pushing the limits of what
the Church would allow.
431
00:21:58,817 --> 00:22:01,720
A. Nardi: If those missing pages
went deeper into demonology,
432
00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:04,856
like detailing
unholy invocations,
433
00:22:04,856 --> 00:22:06,992
or even diabolical pacts,
434
00:22:06,992 --> 00:22:09,428
they would've been seen
as a serious challenge
435
00:22:09,428 --> 00:22:11,263
to the Church's authority.
436
00:22:11,263 --> 00:22:13,598
Taking them out would
have been a quiet way
437
00:22:13,598 --> 00:22:16,034
to keep the Codex within
acceptable limits,
438
00:22:16,034 --> 00:22:20,005
to protect both the manuscript
and anyone connected to it.
439
00:22:24,509 --> 00:22:26,845
Narrator: The Codex Gigas
eventually became part
440
00:22:26,845 --> 00:22:30,849
of Emperor Rudolf II's
prized collection in Prague.
441
00:22:31,783 --> 00:22:35,153
The palace was a magnet for
philosophers, alchemists,
442
00:22:35,153 --> 00:22:37,356
astronomers, and artists,
443
00:22:37,356 --> 00:22:39,524
and filled with
treasures that reflected
444
00:22:39,524 --> 00:22:43,528
Rudolf's profound fascination
with the occult, astrology,
445
00:22:43,528 --> 00:22:46,331
and the pursuit
of forbidden knowledge.
446
00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:50,235
James Ellis: Under
Rudolf's reign, Prague became
447
00:22:50,235 --> 00:22:53,271
a Renaissance hub
of arts and sciences,
448
00:22:53,271 --> 00:22:56,274
where curiosity and
fear intertwined.
449
00:22:56,274 --> 00:22:58,810
His collection brimmed with
exotic artifacts
450
00:22:58,810 --> 00:23:02,447
and esoteric texts, pushing the
boundaries of knowledge
451
00:23:02,447 --> 00:23:04,383
while walking a fine line
452
00:23:04,383 --> 00:23:06,885
between discovery
and the looming threat
453
00:23:06,885 --> 00:23:10,655
of condemnation, in an era
of devout suspicion.
454
00:23:12,924 --> 00:23:15,360
A. Leonard: In Rudolf's court,
any page explicitly detailing
455
00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:17,796
unholy invocations or
demon-summoning rituals
456
00:23:17,796 --> 00:23:19,931
could have invited
immediate scrutiny.
457
00:23:19,931 --> 00:23:22,334
Religious authorities and
political rivals alike
458
00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:24,169
would have seized upon
this kind of material
459
00:23:24,169 --> 00:23:25,604
as evidence of heresy.
460
00:23:25,604 --> 00:23:27,672
Removing these pages may have
been a calculated move
461
00:23:27,672 --> 00:23:29,574
to shield the Codex
and its guardians,
462
00:23:29,574 --> 00:23:31,610
from the era's harsh
consequences
463
00:23:31,610 --> 00:23:32,944
for perceived transgressions.
464
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:36,815
Adam Bunch: There's no proof
the missing pages
465
00:23:36,815 --> 00:23:40,018
had anything to do
with satanic worship.
466
00:23:40,018 --> 00:23:41,453
And other surviving sections
467
00:23:41,453 --> 00:23:44,489
do include exorcisms
and magical spells.
468
00:23:44,489 --> 00:23:47,893
Medieval depictions of demons
were often a warning,
469
00:23:47,893 --> 00:23:51,696
they didn't glorify evil,
they cautioned against sin.
470
00:23:51,696 --> 00:23:54,299
The Devil's portrait is
unsettling,
471
00:23:54,299 --> 00:23:56,835
it still fits in
to that tradition.
472
00:23:57,436 --> 00:23:59,171
But whatever happened
with the Codex,
473
00:23:59,171 --> 00:24:01,606
we know that in a world haunted
474
00:24:01,606 --> 00:24:04,676
by real fear of
diabolical influence,
475
00:24:04,676 --> 00:24:07,879
some knowledge was thought
to be too dangerous to preserve.
476
00:24:10,816 --> 00:24:12,984
Anthea Nardi: Its survival
alone is remarkable,
477
00:24:12,984 --> 00:24:16,521
but the real mystery
is those missing pages.
478
00:24:16,521 --> 00:24:19,558
Whoever removed them
didn't just tear them out,
479
00:24:19,558 --> 00:24:23,528
they did it carefully, leaving
no clear evidence behind.
480
00:24:23,528 --> 00:24:26,064
That kind of precision suggests
481
00:24:26,064 --> 00:24:27,532
whatever was on those pages
482
00:24:27,532 --> 00:24:29,534
was incredibly significant.
483
00:24:31,336 --> 00:24:33,205
James Ellis:
The Codex Gigas now rests
484
00:24:33,205 --> 00:24:35,173
in Stockholm's National Library.
485
00:24:35,173 --> 00:24:38,343
Advances in modern technology,
like digital imaging,
486
00:24:38,343 --> 00:24:42,614
ultraviolet analysis, or even
DNA testing of the parchment,
487
00:24:42,614 --> 00:24:45,951
might one day reveal
traces of what was lost.
488
00:24:45,951 --> 00:24:49,988
Or even, those new insights
might just deepen the mystery.
489
00:24:52,190 --> 00:24:54,559
Narrator: The missing pages
leave the Devil's Bible
490
00:24:54,559 --> 00:24:56,995
shrouded in eternal mystery,
491
00:24:56,995 --> 00:24:58,563
their absence a void
492
00:24:58,563 --> 00:25:00,465
where the sum of all knowledge
493
00:25:00,465 --> 00:25:02,400
was once meant to reside.
494
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,903
♪♪
495
00:25:06,872 --> 00:25:06,905
♪♪
496
00:25:06,905 --> 00:25:15,480
♪♪
497
00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:17,949
Narrator: June 17, 1972.
498
00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:20,719
in the early hours
of the morning,
499
00:25:20,719 --> 00:25:22,153
five men were arrested inside
500
00:25:22,153 --> 00:25:24,689
the Democratic National
Committee headquarters,
501
00:25:24,689 --> 00:25:28,560
at the Watergate complex
in Washington, D.C.
502
00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:30,962
What first seemed like
a botched burglary,
503
00:25:30,962 --> 00:25:32,964
would ignite a
political firestorm,
504
00:25:32,964 --> 00:25:36,134
shaking the very foundations
of American democracy,
505
00:25:36,134 --> 00:25:40,105
and leading to the first
resignation of a U.S. President.
506
00:25:42,874 --> 00:25:45,443
James Ellis: President Richard
Nixon was a complex figure,
507
00:25:45,443 --> 00:25:48,413
brilliant, yet deeply paranoid.
508
00:25:48,413 --> 00:25:50,849
His obsession with control
and his legacy,
509
00:25:50,849 --> 00:25:53,852
drove him to
extraordinary lengths.
510
00:25:53,852 --> 00:25:56,821
To document his administration,
he installed a secret,
511
00:25:56,821 --> 00:25:59,024
voice-activated recording system
512
00:25:59,024 --> 00:26:01,860
that automatically captured
every conversation
513
00:26:01,860 --> 00:26:03,995
in the Oval Office,
the Cabinet Room,
514
00:26:03,995 --> 00:26:06,932
and even at Camp David,
the presidential retreat.
515
00:26:09,601 --> 00:26:10,835
Alison Leonard: Among the
thousands of hours recorded,
516
00:26:10,835 --> 00:26:13,305
one tape stood out--
not for what was said,
517
00:26:13,305 --> 00:26:14,940
but for what was missing.
518
00:26:16,474 --> 00:26:19,244
This conversation, just 3 days
after the Watergate break-in,
519
00:26:19,244 --> 00:26:20,679
recorded a meeting between Nixon
520
00:26:20,679 --> 00:26:22,948
and his Chief of Staff,
H.R. Haldeman,
521
00:26:22,948 --> 00:26:24,616
in what would become
one of the most scrutinized
522
00:26:24,616 --> 00:26:26,751
and infamous moments
of his presidency.
523
00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:30,722
Adam Bunch: The conversation
probably included
524
00:26:30,722 --> 00:26:33,792
critical details about the
administration's plans
525
00:26:33,792 --> 00:26:35,527
to handle the fallout,
526
00:26:35,527 --> 00:26:37,929
maybe even evidence
of an early cover-up.
527
00:26:37,929 --> 00:26:40,532
But when investigators
listened to the tape,
528
00:26:40,532 --> 00:26:43,368
they didn't find answers,
instead they found
529
00:26:43,368 --> 00:26:46,805
that it had an 18.5-minute gap.
530
00:26:46,805 --> 00:26:48,707
It had been erased.
531
00:26:53,311 --> 00:26:54,846
Who erased the tape?
532
00:26:54,846 --> 00:26:58,083
And what exactly were they
so desperate to hide?
533
00:27:06,324 --> 00:27:09,928
Narrator: The roots of
Watergate trace back to 1971,
534
00:27:09,928 --> 00:27:13,465
when a Nixon official leaked
the Pentagon Papers,
535
00:27:13,465 --> 00:27:15,834
a 7,000-page classified report
536
00:27:15,834 --> 00:27:19,571
that exposed government
deception about the Vietnam War.
537
00:27:19,571 --> 00:27:21,106
(exploding bombs)
538
00:27:21,106 --> 00:27:23,408
It came at a time when
public anger and doubt
539
00:27:23,408 --> 00:27:27,679
over the U.S. role in Vietnam
was already at a boiling point.
540
00:27:29,147 --> 00:27:31,349
Anthea Nardi: Nixon was so
enraged by the leak
541
00:27:31,349 --> 00:27:34,052
that he created a covert unit
called the "Plumbers",
542
00:27:34,052 --> 00:27:37,689
aptly named in reference to
their job of plugging leaks.
543
00:27:37,689 --> 00:27:40,759
But things escalated quickly,
the Plumbers resorted
544
00:27:40,759 --> 00:27:42,961
to break-ins and illegal
surveillance,
545
00:27:42,961 --> 00:27:45,697
all in the name of protecting
the administration.
546
00:27:48,066 --> 00:27:51,703
James Ellis: On June 17,
1972, five men broke
547
00:27:51,703 --> 00:27:54,973
into the Watergate complex
in Washington, D.C.
548
00:27:54,973 --> 00:27:56,841
The burglars, dressed in suits,
549
00:27:56,841 --> 00:27:59,477
carried sophisticated
recording equipment,
550
00:27:59,477 --> 00:28:00,845
lock-picking tools,
551
00:28:00,845 --> 00:28:04,783
and wads of sequentially
numbered $100 bills.
552
00:28:06,818 --> 00:28:08,353
Alison Leonard: It was obvious
these weren't petty crooks.
553
00:28:08,353 --> 00:28:10,922
One was James McCord,
a security coordinator
554
00:28:10,922 --> 00:28:12,891
for Nixon's reelection campaign,
555
00:28:12,891 --> 00:28:14,959
ironically nicknamed CREEP.
556
00:28:14,959 --> 00:28:17,429
The operation was
led by G. Gordon Liddy,
557
00:28:17,429 --> 00:28:21,132
a former FBI agent, and E.
Howard Hunt, a CIA veteran.
558
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,003
Adam Bunch: It would prove to be
one of the most infamous cases
559
00:28:25,003 --> 00:28:27,706
of political
espionage in history.
560
00:28:27,706 --> 00:28:29,874
And as the
investigation deepened,
561
00:28:29,874 --> 00:28:32,844
it became clear that the motives
behind the break-in
562
00:28:32,844 --> 00:28:34,746
went all the way to the top.
563
00:28:37,148 --> 00:28:40,085
Anthea Nardi: By February
of 1973, the U.S. Senate
564
00:28:40,085 --> 00:28:43,321
had formed a committee to
investigate the Nixon campaign.
565
00:28:43,321 --> 00:28:47,158
Meanwhile, Nixon and his aides
were amid a desperate cover-up
566
00:28:47,158 --> 00:28:50,195
involving discussions of
million-dollar hush payments,
567
00:28:50,195 --> 00:28:53,298
using federal agencies to
block the investigation,
568
00:28:53,298 --> 00:28:55,133
and coaching aides to lie.
569
00:28:56,801 --> 00:29:00,171
James Ellis: The real turning
point came in July 1973,
570
00:29:00,171 --> 00:29:02,807
during the live Senate
Watergate hearings,
571
00:29:02,807 --> 00:29:06,177
when Alexander Butterfield,
Nixon's Deputy Assistant,
572
00:29:06,177 --> 00:29:07,979
dropped a bombshell.
573
00:29:07,979 --> 00:29:10,915
Nixon had a secret
recording system.
574
00:29:10,915 --> 00:29:13,251
This was a major breakthrough.
575
00:29:13,251 --> 00:29:17,388
Those tapes held the potential
to prove, without a doubt,
576
00:29:17,388 --> 00:29:20,925
what the President knew
about Watergate and when.
577
00:29:26,264 --> 00:29:28,767
Narrator: In 1974, under
mounting pressure
578
00:29:28,767 --> 00:29:30,368
from federal investigators,
579
00:29:30,368 --> 00:29:33,171
Nixon released
dozens of White House tapes
580
00:29:33,171 --> 00:29:36,307
and thousands of pages
of transcripts.
581
00:29:37,375 --> 00:29:38,943
Alison Leonard: One of the
key revelations in the
582
00:29:38,943 --> 00:29:41,546
'smoking gun' evidence
was tape 342,
583
00:29:41,546 --> 00:29:43,114
a recording of a
meeting between Nixon
584
00:29:43,114 --> 00:29:45,250
and his Chief of Staff
H.R. Haldeman.
585
00:29:45,250 --> 00:29:48,119
This was the first time Nixon
was recorded discussing
586
00:29:48,119 --> 00:29:50,522
the Watergate break-in, just
three days after it happened.
587
00:29:53,424 --> 00:29:55,527
Adam Bunch: Thanks to Haldeman's
handwritten notes
588
00:29:55,527 --> 00:29:59,464
from that meeting, we know he
and Nixon talked about Watergate
589
00:29:59,464 --> 00:30:01,232
and probably about using the CIA
590
00:30:01,232 --> 00:30:03,968
to thwart the FBI's
investigation.
591
00:30:03,968 --> 00:30:06,771
But there's no audio
to back it up.
592
00:30:06,771 --> 00:30:09,574
18.5 minutes had vanished,
593
00:30:09,574 --> 00:30:13,478
replaced with an ominous
patch of clicks and buzzes.
594
00:30:13,478 --> 00:30:18,449
(tape buzzing)
595
00:30:19,951 --> 00:30:21,553
Narrator: Nixon went
to extreme lengths
596
00:30:21,553 --> 00:30:23,054
to keep the tapes hidden,
597
00:30:23,054 --> 00:30:25,156
and after two years of
public scrutiny
598
00:30:25,156 --> 00:30:27,091
and growing calls
for his impeachment,
599
00:30:27,091 --> 00:30:29,794
President Nixon
resigned in disgrace.
600
00:30:31,663 --> 00:30:33,198
President Nixon:
By taking this action,
601
00:30:34,833 --> 00:30:37,969
I hope that I will
hasten the start
602
00:30:38,970 --> 00:30:40,572
of that process of healing,
603
00:30:41,906 --> 00:30:43,975
which is so desperately
needed in America.
604
00:30:46,010 --> 00:30:48,847
Narrator: In a White House
gripped by chaos and paranoia,
605
00:30:48,847 --> 00:30:51,015
some believe the answer
to the missing minutes
606
00:30:51,015 --> 00:30:53,318
lies not in deliberate sabotage,
607
00:30:53,318 --> 00:30:56,521
but in an unintentional
act of loyalty.
608
00:30:58,656 --> 00:30:59,724
Anthea Nardi: Rose Mary Woods,
609
00:30:59,724 --> 00:31:02,193
Nixon's fiercely loyal
personal secretary,
610
00:31:02,193 --> 00:31:06,164
claimed she accidentally
erased the 18.5 minutes.
611
00:31:06,164 --> 00:31:09,000
According to Woods, she was
transcribing the tapes
612
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,302
for prosecutors
when the phone rang.
613
00:31:11,302 --> 00:31:12,670
(phone ringing)
614
00:31:12,670 --> 00:31:15,740
In her rush to answer, she said
she pressed the wrong button,
615
00:31:15,740 --> 00:31:18,977
which caused her to delete part
of the original conversation.
616
00:31:20,879 --> 00:31:22,313
James Ellis: In her
grand jury testimony,
617
00:31:22,313 --> 00:31:25,516
Woods explained that when she
went to answer the phone,
618
00:31:25,516 --> 00:31:27,318
she reached for the stop button
619
00:31:27,318 --> 00:31:31,022
on the Oval Office's Uher 5000
reel-to-reel recorder,
620
00:31:31,022 --> 00:31:33,725
but instead, she accidentally
pressed her foot
621
00:31:33,725 --> 00:31:35,460
into the pedal of the machine,
622
00:31:35,460 --> 00:31:38,296
which would cause it to record
over the conversation.
623
00:31:40,031 --> 00:31:41,332
Alison Leonard: To defend
her version of events,
624
00:31:41,332 --> 00:31:44,002
Woods reenacted the incident
in front of reporters;
625
00:31:44,002 --> 00:31:47,772
in her now-infamous pose,
dubbed the "Rose Mary Stretch",
626
00:31:47,772 --> 00:31:49,307
you can see her awkwardly
stretching her leg
627
00:31:49,307 --> 00:31:51,042
to press the pedal
while leaning far back
628
00:31:51,042 --> 00:31:52,377
to grab the phone behind her.
629
00:31:55,380 --> 00:31:58,549
Narrator: The mechanics of the
Uher 5000 recorder in question
630
00:31:58,549 --> 00:32:02,921
cemented the initial doubt
many had over Woods's story.
631
00:32:04,155 --> 00:32:06,024
Adam Bunch: The machine
didn't even work the way
632
00:32:06,024 --> 00:32:07,659
Woods said it did.
633
00:32:07,659 --> 00:32:10,228
To erase the audio, someone
would have to press both
634
00:32:10,228 --> 00:32:13,798
the "play" and "record"
buttons at the same time,
635
00:32:13,798 --> 00:32:15,900
You couldn't do
that with the pedal.
636
00:32:17,669 --> 00:32:19,938
Anthea Nardi: And the erasure
wasn't a single act,
637
00:32:19,938 --> 00:32:23,041
it was done in at least
five separate segments.
638
00:32:23,041 --> 00:32:26,044
The idea that Woods could
hold such an awkward physical
639
00:32:26,044 --> 00:32:28,346
position for over 18 minutes
640
00:32:28,346 --> 00:32:31,916
made her story virtually
impossible to believe.
641
00:32:33,484 --> 00:32:36,654
James Ellis: Woods' explanation
was riddled with flaws.
642
00:32:36,654 --> 00:32:38,423
Despite thorough
investigations,
643
00:32:38,423 --> 00:32:42,560
there's no evidence she erased
the entire 18 and half minutes.
644
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:46,130
The forensic findings prove
this was a deliberate act,
645
00:32:46,130 --> 00:32:49,667
but one that was most likely
carried out by someone else.
646
00:32:53,371 --> 00:32:55,139
Alison Leonard: One of the most
prominent theories is that
647
00:32:55,139 --> 00:32:57,308
President Nixon or someone in
his inner circle
648
00:32:57,308 --> 00:32:59,711
intentionally erased the
tape to hide evidence
649
00:32:59,711 --> 00:33:01,179
of a Watergate cover-up.
650
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,016
The timing is key, this was
Nixon's first meeting
651
00:33:05,016 --> 00:33:06,651
with H.R. Haldeman
after the break-in,
652
00:33:06,651 --> 00:33:09,287
and it likely focused on
how to manage the fallout.
653
00:33:09,287 --> 00:33:11,823
If the tape revealed early
steps in the cover-up,
654
00:33:11,823 --> 00:33:13,324
it would have been devastating.
655
00:33:18,296 --> 00:33:20,665
James Ellis: Nixon's Chief of
Staff, H.R. Haldeman
656
00:33:20,665 --> 00:33:23,501
was in a prime position
to erase the evidence.
657
00:33:23,501 --> 00:33:26,070
Only three days after
the conversation
658
00:33:26,070 --> 00:33:27,338
with the missing minutes,
659
00:33:27,338 --> 00:33:30,308
Nixon was recorded ordering
Haldeman to tell the FBI
660
00:33:30,308 --> 00:33:34,245
"not to go further
into the case--period."
661
00:33:34,979 --> 00:33:37,315
Haldeman was deeply involved
in the cover-up
662
00:33:37,315 --> 00:33:40,752
and had every reason to protect
both Nixon and himself.
663
00:33:41,953 --> 00:33:42,920
Alison Leonard:
Or it could've been others
664
00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:44,288
in the President's inner circle,
665
00:33:44,288 --> 00:33:46,224
like John Ehrlichman,
who was instrumental in
666
00:33:46,224 --> 00:33:48,192
creating the "Plumbers"
and orchestrated
667
00:33:48,192 --> 00:33:50,495
many of the administration's
covert operations.
668
00:33:50,495 --> 00:33:52,864
Or campaign director
John N. Mitchell,
669
00:33:52,864 --> 00:33:54,465
who approved
the plan for Watergate.
670
00:33:54,465 --> 00:33:56,501
They had similar
access and motives.
671
00:33:58,102 --> 00:34:00,571
Adam Bunch: Since Nixon
wasn't good with technology,
672
00:34:00,571 --> 00:34:04,142
it does seem unlikely he would
have done the erasing himself.
673
00:34:04,142 --> 00:34:08,246
And since there are more than
3,700 hours of recordings,
674
00:34:08,246 --> 00:34:10,748
you have to wonder
why his team targeted
675
00:34:10,748 --> 00:34:13,684
just those 18.5 minutes?
676
00:34:16,454 --> 00:34:18,056
James Ellis: One name
that often comes up
677
00:34:18,056 --> 00:34:20,058
is General Alexander Haig,
678
00:34:20,058 --> 00:34:22,226
who took over as Nixon's
Chief of Staff
679
00:34:22,226 --> 00:34:24,295
after Haldeman resigned.
680
00:34:24,295 --> 00:34:28,633
Haig famously called the erasure
the work of a "sinister force";
681
00:34:28,633 --> 00:34:31,803
a cryptic remark that some
interpreted as an attempt
682
00:34:31,803 --> 00:34:37,275
to deflect blame or perhaps a
subtle nod to internal sabotage.
683
00:34:39,377 --> 00:34:40,778
Alison Leonard: Another
possibility points
684
00:34:40,778 --> 00:34:43,448
to an unknown Secret Service
agent or a technical staffer,
685
00:34:43,448 --> 00:34:46,084
someone with the access and
technical know-how
686
00:34:46,084 --> 00:34:47,418
to manipulate the tapes.
687
00:34:47,418 --> 00:34:49,220
If they believed the
June 20 conversation
688
00:34:49,220 --> 00:34:50,721
posed a significant threat,
689
00:34:50,721 --> 00:34:53,424
whether to national
security or Nixon's Presidency,
690
00:34:53,424 --> 00:34:55,593
they might have taken matters
into their own hands.
691
00:34:59,230 --> 00:35:01,365
Adam Bunch: There have
been years of speculation,
692
00:35:01,365 --> 00:35:03,668
but no one's ever been
identified
693
00:35:03,668 --> 00:35:05,436
as the "sinister force".
694
00:35:05,436 --> 00:35:07,672
There have been
extensive investigations
695
00:35:07,672 --> 00:35:09,407
by the FBI and by Congress,
696
00:35:09,407 --> 00:35:12,743
but no concrete evidence
of a "rogue agent".
697
00:35:12,743 --> 00:35:16,481
So it's just one more piece
of the enduring mystery
698
00:35:16,481 --> 00:35:18,483
surrounding those
missing minutes.
699
00:35:22,653 --> 00:35:24,021
Anthea Nardi:
The fallout from Watergate
700
00:35:24,021 --> 00:35:26,457
was unlike anything
in American history.
701
00:35:26,457 --> 00:35:30,495
Nixon became the first and
only President to ever resign.
702
00:35:30,495 --> 00:35:33,931
The Watergate burglars served
time for conspiracy,
703
00:35:33,931 --> 00:35:35,867
burglary, and wiretapping,
704
00:35:35,867 --> 00:35:38,302
while 48 others,
including Haldeman,
705
00:35:38,302 --> 00:35:40,938
were convicted of crimes like
obstruction of justice,
706
00:35:40,938 --> 00:35:42,640
conspiracy, and perjury.
707
00:35:44,075 --> 00:35:47,145
James Ellis: Watergate set a
new tone for American politics;
708
00:35:47,145 --> 00:35:49,280
it led to sweeping reforms
709
00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:51,782
aimed at restoring trust
in the government.
710
00:35:52,416 --> 00:35:54,585
The Supreme Court's
unanimous decision
711
00:35:54,585 --> 00:35:56,754
to order Nixon
to release the tapes,
712
00:35:56,754 --> 00:36:00,191
reshaped the presidency by
affirming that no one,
713
00:36:00,191 --> 00:36:02,660
not even the President,
is above the law.
714
00:36:02,660 --> 00:36:06,664
That limit on power is
just as relevant today.
715
00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:11,235
Narrator: The missing minutes
remain one of the most profound
716
00:36:11,235 --> 00:36:14,038
puzzles in American
political history.
717
00:36:14,038 --> 00:36:16,641
Despite advancements
in technology,
718
00:36:16,641 --> 00:36:20,244
experts have been unable to
recover the missing audio.
719
00:36:20,244 --> 00:36:24,182
It's a mystery that remains
locked away...for now.
720
00:36:25,183 --> 00:36:27,985
Maybe one day, the right tools
will finally bring
721
00:36:27,985 --> 00:36:30,454
those lost moments to light.
722
00:36:30,454 --> 00:36:31,489
♪♪
723
00:36:33,658 --> 00:36:33,691
♪♪
724
00:36:33,691 --> 00:36:44,735
♪♪
725
00:36:44,735 --> 00:36:48,306
Narrator: He was the leader of
Jesus Christ's 12 disciples
726
00:36:48,306 --> 00:36:51,275
and the first Pope of
the Catholic Church.
727
00:36:51,275 --> 00:36:53,744
As such, Saint Peter's
sacred remains
728
00:36:53,744 --> 00:36:55,880
have been a precious
and revered relic,
729
00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:59,250
kept in the watchful care
of the Catholic Church,
730
00:36:59,250 --> 00:37:02,353
and venerated for the
better part of two millennia,
731
00:37:02,353 --> 00:37:05,523
less than a thousand feet
from where he was martyred.
732
00:37:07,792 --> 00:37:10,361
Amma Agbedor: The first
Basilica of St. Peter
733
00:37:10,361 --> 00:37:12,396
was built in the 4th century,
734
00:37:12,396 --> 00:37:14,232
right over the resting place
735
00:37:14,232 --> 00:37:16,133
of the Apostle Peter's remains,
736
00:37:16,133 --> 00:37:18,736
on Rome's Vatican Hill.
737
00:37:18,736 --> 00:37:21,038
The spot for the basilica
738
00:37:21,038 --> 00:37:23,541
wasn't chosen
for any other reason,
739
00:37:23,541 --> 00:37:27,278
than that's where
Peter's bones were.
740
00:37:29,213 --> 00:37:30,715
James Ellis: The site
has been venerated
741
00:37:30,715 --> 00:37:32,617
for about 1,800 years.
742
00:37:32,617 --> 00:37:34,485
For the long
succession of Popes,
743
00:37:34,485 --> 00:37:36,120
and any other worshippers
fortunate enough
744
00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:37,755
to have the opportunity,
745
00:37:37,755 --> 00:37:39,557
venerating Peter's remains
746
00:37:39,557 --> 00:37:42,593
has been a deeply
meaningful practice.
747
00:37:43,561 --> 00:37:46,030
Alison Leonard: But in 1950,
Pope Pius XII's
748
00:37:46,030 --> 00:37:48,099
Christmas radio address
contained an
749
00:37:48,099 --> 00:37:50,067
"I've got good news
and bad news"
750
00:37:50,067 --> 00:37:51,602
kind of announcement.
751
00:37:51,602 --> 00:37:52,970
What the Pontiff said was that,
752
00:37:52,970 --> 00:37:54,305
during the excavations
carried out
753
00:37:54,305 --> 00:37:57,041
beneath St. Peter's Basilica
some years prior,
754
00:37:57,041 --> 00:37:59,577
"human hones had been found,"
755
00:37:59,577 --> 00:38:02,079
but he said it wasn't possible
to say with certainty,
756
00:38:02,079 --> 00:38:03,614
that the bones were
Saint Peter's.
757
00:38:05,316 --> 00:38:07,518
Adam Bunch: Catholics had been
paying their respects
758
00:38:07,518 --> 00:38:09,887
in the basilica for centuries,
759
00:38:09,887 --> 00:38:13,391
confident the Apostle Peter's
remains were nearby.
760
00:38:13,391 --> 00:38:15,559
But if those discovered bones
761
00:38:15,559 --> 00:38:18,029
might have belonged
to someone else,
762
00:38:18,029 --> 00:38:19,964
then where were
St. Peter's bones?
763
00:38:23,134 --> 00:38:24,468
Narrator:
It's believed that sometime
764
00:38:24,468 --> 00:38:27,305
between 54 and 68 CE,
765
00:38:27,305 --> 00:38:29,607
the Apostle Peter came to Rome,
766
00:38:29,607 --> 00:38:31,876
where in the absence of
any Christian churches,
767
00:38:31,876 --> 00:38:35,246
he preached in private
homes around the city.
768
00:38:36,380 --> 00:38:39,850
This was in the time of
Rome's fifth Emperor, Nero,
769
00:38:39,850 --> 00:38:43,421
infamous for his public
persecution of Christians.
770
00:38:45,356 --> 00:38:46,424
Amma Agbedor:
According to the accounts
771
00:38:46,424 --> 00:38:48,592
of the Roman historian Tacitus,
772
00:38:48,592 --> 00:38:52,396
Christians were killed
by burning, or crucifixion,
773
00:38:52,396 --> 00:38:55,566
or being devoured
by wild animals,
774
00:38:55,566 --> 00:38:58,869
in front of crowds of a
chariot-racing circuit
775
00:38:58,869 --> 00:39:02,039
known as the Circus of Nero,
776
00:39:02,039 --> 00:39:04,308
outside Rome's city walls.
777
00:39:04,308 --> 00:39:07,645
It's believed
that around 67 CE,
778
00:39:07,645 --> 00:39:11,048
Peter became one of these
martyred victims.
779
00:39:13,184 --> 00:39:14,885
James Ellis: Peter was
reportedly buried
780
00:39:14,885 --> 00:39:17,655
in a Roman necropolis,
or "city of the dead",
781
00:39:17,655 --> 00:39:19,924
known as the Vatican necropolis.
782
00:39:19,924 --> 00:39:22,593
This site didn't have any
Christian significance
783
00:39:22,593 --> 00:39:25,629
at the time;
it was merely an area adjacent
784
00:39:25,629 --> 00:39:28,766
to the Circus of Nero,
where many Romans were buried.
785
00:39:31,202 --> 00:39:34,071
Alison Leonard: About a century
and a half later, in 313 CE,
786
00:39:34,071 --> 00:39:36,941
Rome's then-Emperor Constantine
converted to Christianity,
787
00:39:36,941 --> 00:39:38,809
and ordered a
great basilica to be built
788
00:39:38,809 --> 00:39:41,612
over the place where Peter's
tomb was believed to lie.
789
00:39:42,613 --> 00:39:44,648
Within the basilica, a monument,
eventually called
790
00:39:44,648 --> 00:39:47,551
the Trophy of Gaius, was built
directly over the tomb.
791
00:39:47,551 --> 00:39:49,286
There was a latticed door
that supposedly led
792
00:39:49,286 --> 00:39:50,621
to Peter's remains.
793
00:39:52,323 --> 00:39:55,025
Adam Bunch: The basilica was
rebuilt and expanded
794
00:39:55,025 --> 00:39:56,961
about 1,200 years later,
795
00:39:56,961 --> 00:39:59,397
in the 1500s and 1600s,
796
00:39:59,397 --> 00:40:02,366
including the addition
of the iconic dome
797
00:40:02,366 --> 00:40:04,335
designed by Michelangelo.
798
00:40:04,335 --> 00:40:07,371
Vatican Hill was
completely transformed.
799
00:40:07,371 --> 00:40:10,674
The high altar was built
above the Trophy of Gaius
800
00:40:10,674 --> 00:40:14,512
and St. Peter's tomb, and it
has stood there ever since,
801
00:40:14,512 --> 00:40:17,047
as a symbol of
Christian devotion.
802
00:40:18,115 --> 00:40:20,951
So, according to tradition,
there was no reason to question
803
00:40:20,951 --> 00:40:23,587
that the faithful were
venerating Peter's
804
00:40:23,587 --> 00:40:27,658
actual remains, until that
Papal address in 1950.
805
00:40:32,329 --> 00:40:33,898
Narrator: If Saint Peter's
remains are gone
806
00:40:33,898 --> 00:40:35,900
from their original
resting place,
807
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:38,602
some historians believe
they may have been lost
808
00:40:38,602 --> 00:40:41,372
about five centuries ago,
during a senseless
809
00:40:41,372 --> 00:40:43,140
and traumatic event.
810
00:40:44,275 --> 00:40:46,544
Amma Agbedor: Saint Peter's
bones could have been lost
811
00:40:46,544 --> 00:40:49,513
or destroyed in May of 1527,
812
00:40:49,513 --> 00:40:51,482
during the Sack of Rome.
813
00:40:51,482 --> 00:40:53,984
The forces of Charles V,
814
00:40:53,984 --> 00:40:55,920
the "Holy Roman Emperor",
815
00:40:55,920 --> 00:40:57,688
and King of Spain,
816
00:40:57,688 --> 00:41:00,124
hadn't been paid in some time,
817
00:41:00,124 --> 00:41:01,692
so they were angry.
818
00:41:03,227 --> 00:41:05,930
About 20,000 of them
stormed into Rome,
819
00:41:05,930 --> 00:41:09,633
looting and pillaging, and
indiscriminately murdering
820
00:41:09,633 --> 00:41:12,570
military defenders
and civilians alike.
821
00:41:13,938 --> 00:41:16,106
James Ellis: Merchants were
ransomed, tortured,
822
00:41:16,106 --> 00:41:17,575
or murdered for their money.
823
00:41:17,575 --> 00:41:19,443
This went on for a month!
824
00:41:19,443 --> 00:41:22,379
But the thing is,
the violence also took on
825
00:41:22,379 --> 00:41:24,014
religious overtones.
826
00:41:24,014 --> 00:41:27,785
Many of the attacking soldiers
felt a particular hatred
827
00:41:27,785 --> 00:41:30,454
of Catholic Rome and
expressed their disdain
828
00:41:30,454 --> 00:41:32,089
with great cruelty.
829
00:41:33,324 --> 00:41:35,593
Alison Leonard: Accounts also
say that churches were ransacked
830
00:41:35,593 --> 00:41:37,161
and that relics of Peter
and other saints
831
00:41:37,161 --> 00:41:38,562
were trampled and destroyed.
832
00:41:41,599 --> 00:41:43,033
Narrator: But it's
the very possibility
833
00:41:43,033 --> 00:41:45,836
that St. Peter's bones
were removed long ago,
834
00:41:45,836 --> 00:41:47,771
that gives some
modern believers
835
00:41:47,771 --> 00:41:50,641
and researchers
hope for the bones' safety.
836
00:41:52,176 --> 00:41:54,512
Amma Agbedor: In the
4th century, at a time when
837
00:41:54,512 --> 00:41:57,481
Christians faced
intense persecution,
838
00:41:57,481 --> 00:42:00,317
some followers may have
moved Peter's bones
839
00:42:00,317 --> 00:42:02,453
to protect them from theft
840
00:42:02,453 --> 00:42:04,822
or intentional destruction.
841
00:42:04,822 --> 00:42:08,058
And one theory as to where
they'd have moved them to,
842
00:42:08,058 --> 00:42:09,860
is the Roman catacombs.
843
00:42:13,097 --> 00:42:16,267
James Ellis: Catacumba comes
from two ancient Greek words
844
00:42:16,267 --> 00:42:17,935
meaning "at the quarry."
845
00:42:17,935 --> 00:42:20,271
Rome's first catacombs
were just tunnels
846
00:42:20,271 --> 00:42:22,640
dug to quarry volcanic stone.
847
00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:25,009
Once those tunnels were
no longer being quarried,
848
00:42:25,009 --> 00:42:28,345
the Christians started using
them as underground cemeteries,
849
00:42:28,345 --> 00:42:31,115
and expanded and extended them.
850
00:42:31,115 --> 00:42:34,251
Later, tunnels were dug
expressly to be used
851
00:42:34,251 --> 00:42:35,886
as underground cemeteries.
852
00:42:38,122 --> 00:42:39,957
Alison Leonard: It was common
for Christians to move relics
853
00:42:39,957 --> 00:42:41,859
to secure locations
for their protection,
854
00:42:41,859 --> 00:42:43,394
and the idea that this
may have been done
855
00:42:43,394 --> 00:42:44,695
with Saint Peter's bones is
856
00:42:44,695 --> 00:42:46,931
one of the more
accepted theories today.
857
00:42:46,931 --> 00:42:50,801
The Chronograph,
the Roman calendar, of 354 CE
858
00:42:50,801 --> 00:42:53,771
actually supports this,
saying that from 258 CE,
859
00:42:53,771 --> 00:42:58,242
Peter's remains were ad
catacumbas "at the catacombs"
860
00:42:58,242 --> 00:42:59,643
and not at Vatican Hill.
861
00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:04,615
Adam Bunch: Rome's catacombs
are some of the oldest,
862
00:43:04,615 --> 00:43:07,551
and longest in the world.
863
00:43:07,551 --> 00:43:10,454
There are hundreds of
miles of burial tunnels
864
00:43:10,454 --> 00:43:12,856
beneath the city and
the surrounding area.
865
00:43:12,856 --> 00:43:14,658
Some have been
open to the public,
866
00:43:14,658 --> 00:43:17,595
but many of them still haven't
been properly explored,
867
00:43:17,595 --> 00:43:21,131
and there could be even more
waiting to be discovered.
868
00:43:21,131 --> 00:43:24,335
So, if Peter's remains
are down there somewhere,
869
00:43:24,335 --> 00:43:26,537
they would be very hard to find.
870
00:43:28,272 --> 00:43:30,874
Narrator: But some experts
believe St. Peter's bones
871
00:43:30,874 --> 00:43:33,143
may be hiding in plain sight.
872
00:43:35,079 --> 00:43:37,514
Amma Agbedor: It's possible
that Saint Peter's remains
873
00:43:37,514 --> 00:43:39,116
have already been found,
874
00:43:39,116 --> 00:43:42,286
and that they've been
in the Vatican all along.
875
00:43:44,521 --> 00:43:46,156
James Ellis:
In 1939, it was decided
876
00:43:46,156 --> 00:43:47,591
that the Vatican Grottoes,
877
00:43:47,591 --> 00:43:50,127
an ancient complex of
chambers and chapels
878
00:43:50,127 --> 00:43:52,763
that lie beneath the
floor of the Basilica,
879
00:43:52,763 --> 00:43:54,865
should be opened to the public.
880
00:43:54,865 --> 00:43:57,801
Creating access required
some excavation work,
881
00:43:57,801 --> 00:43:58,869
and in the course of that,
882
00:43:58,869 --> 00:44:00,938
workers came across Roman tombs
883
00:44:00,938 --> 00:44:03,841
the ancient Vatican necropolis.
884
00:44:03,841 --> 00:44:07,444
Materials were removed and
put into a Vatican warehouse
885
00:44:07,444 --> 00:44:08,879
and forgotten about.
886
00:44:10,748 --> 00:44:12,049
Alison Leonard: As these
excavations continued,
887
00:44:12,049 --> 00:44:14,385
a Catholic mystic claimed to
have had several visions
888
00:44:14,385 --> 00:44:17,421
in which Jesus told her Peter's
remains weren't on Vatican Hill,
889
00:44:17,421 --> 00:44:19,189
but had been interred
miles from there,
890
00:44:19,189 --> 00:44:21,625
in the catacombs of
Marcillinus and Peter.
891
00:44:23,794 --> 00:44:25,996
Adam Bunch: Years after
the excavations began,
892
00:44:25,996 --> 00:44:28,999
a worker who was involved
told one of the archaeologists
893
00:44:28,999 --> 00:44:31,702
that some of the materials
discovered early on
894
00:44:31,702 --> 00:44:34,705
had been bones,
and that they'd been removed
895
00:44:34,705 --> 00:44:36,907
and were now in
a Vatican warehouse.
896
00:44:39,977 --> 00:44:42,780
Narrator: The bones were pulled
from the Vatican storehouse,
897
00:44:42,780 --> 00:44:44,848
and sent for forensic testing.
898
00:44:46,450 --> 00:44:49,987
Amma Agbedor: The analysis said
the bones belonged to one man,
899
00:44:49,987 --> 00:44:53,624
heavy set, who'd been
about 60 or 70 years old
900
00:44:53,624 --> 00:44:55,225
at the time of his death,
901
00:44:55,225 --> 00:44:58,162
which matched
Peter's approximate age
902
00:44:58,162 --> 00:45:00,297
when he was martyred.
903
00:45:00,297 --> 00:45:02,099
And there were traces of wool,
904
00:45:02,099 --> 00:45:05,602
dyed purple and interwoven
with gold thread,
905
00:45:05,602 --> 00:45:08,005
suggesting the
bones had been wrapped
906
00:45:08,005 --> 00:45:10,841
with great care,
before being interred.
907
00:45:14,712 --> 00:45:16,580
James Ellis: This was enough
for the Catholic Church.
908
00:45:16,580 --> 00:45:20,117
By 1968, Pope Paul VI
announced officially
909
00:45:20,117 --> 00:45:22,553
that Peter's bones
had been found.
910
00:45:22,553 --> 00:45:25,656
So they ended their temporary
stay in the Vatican warehouse,
911
00:45:25,656 --> 00:45:27,257
and at the forensic labs,
912
00:45:27,257 --> 00:45:30,761
and were venerated privately,
until 2013,
913
00:45:30,761 --> 00:45:33,230
when Pope Francis displayed
them publicly
914
00:45:33,230 --> 00:45:34,798
in St. Peter's Square.
915
00:45:36,734 --> 00:45:38,435
Alison Leonard: So it's
a neat, happy ending.
916
00:45:38,435 --> 00:45:40,804
As long as you believe that the
results of the forensic testing
917
00:45:40,804 --> 00:45:42,106
on the bones were
sufficient to prove
918
00:45:42,106 --> 00:45:44,041
the bones really were
St. Peter's.
919
00:45:44,041 --> 00:45:45,809
Many experts still
have their doubts.
920
00:45:47,511 --> 00:45:50,314
Amma Agbedor: Peter's bones
may have been lost to history,
921
00:45:50,314 --> 00:45:53,851
or they may be safe and
secure in the Vatican.
922
00:45:53,851 --> 00:45:56,053
But if neither of those is true,
923
00:45:56,053 --> 00:45:58,822
there are still many miles
of unexplored,
924
00:45:58,822 --> 00:46:00,724
unexcavated catacombs
925
00:46:00,724 --> 00:46:03,627
that may still hold
Peter's remains.
926
00:46:03,627 --> 00:46:05,796
♪♪
927
00:46:05,796 --> 00:46:08,966
Narrator: Until Peter's bones
are verified or located,
928
00:46:08,966 --> 00:46:11,535
believers may have their
faith tested,
929
00:46:11,535 --> 00:46:13,137
while scientists and skeptics
930
00:46:13,137 --> 00:46:15,372
may keep searching
for the truth.
931
00:46:15,372 --> 00:46:17,407
And it's possible both
932
00:46:17,407 --> 00:46:18,809
will one day find
933
00:46:18,809 --> 00:46:20,277
what they're looking for.
934
00:46:20,277 --> 00:46:24,214
♪♪
935
00:46:27,351 --> 00:46:30,120
♪♪
109831
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.