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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,468 --> 00:00:01,501   Na                             2 00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:01,534   Narr                           3 00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:01,568   Narrat                         4 00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:01,601   Narrator                       5 00:00:01,601 --> 00:00:01,634   Narrator:                      6 00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:01,668   Narrator: In                   7 00:00:01,668 --> 00:00:01,701   Narrator: In 5                 8 00:00:01,701 --> 00:00:01,735   Narrator: In 524               9 00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:01,768   Narrator: In 524 B             10 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:01,801   Narrator: In 524 BCE           11 00:00:01,801 --> 00:00:01,835   Narrator: In 524 BCE,          12 00:00:01,835 --> 00:00:01,868   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an       13 00:00:01,868 --> 00:00:01,901   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an a     14 00:00:01,901 --> 00:00:01,935   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an arm   15 00:00:01,935 --> 00:00:02,002   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  16 00:00:02,002 --> 00:00:02,035   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of                               17 00:00:02,035 --> 00:00:02,068   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 5                             18 00:00:02,068 --> 00:00:02,102   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,                           19 00:00:02,102 --> 00:00:02,135   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,00                         20 00:00:02,135 --> 00:00:02,168   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000                        21 00:00:02,168 --> 00:00:02,202   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 fo                     22 00:00:02,202 --> 00:00:02,235   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 for                    23 00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:02,268   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 for Ca                 24 00:00:02,268 --> 00:00:02,302   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 for Camb               25 00:00:02,302 --> 00:00:02,335   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 for Cambys             26 00:00:02,335 --> 00:00:02,369   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 for Cambyses           27 00:00:02,369 --> 00:00:02,402   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 for Cambyses I         28 00:00:02,402 --> 00:00:05,939   Narrator: In 524 BCE, an army  of 50,000 for Cambyses II        29 00:00:05,939 --> 00:00:07,841 set out to conquer Egypt,        30 00:00:07,841 --> 00:00:10,343 only to vanish in                   the Western Desert.           31 00:00:11,144 --> 00:00:14,147  Amma Agbedor: The sands          swallowed Cambyses' ambitions,  32 00:00:14,147 --> 00:00:17,083    leaving behind only            questions and legends.          33 00:00:19,486 --> 00:00:22,022  Narrator: The greatest mystery    of the Devil's Bible,          34 00:00:22,022 --> 00:00:24,257   the largest surviving            medieval manuscript,           35 00:00:24,257 --> 00:00:26,226 lies not in what remains,        36 00:00:26,226 --> 00:00:27,694  but what is missing...          37 00:00:28,661 --> 00:00:31,598  James Ellis: Ten pages,           meticulously cut out           38 00:00:31,598 --> 00:00:33,299 and deliberately removed.        39 00:00:33,299 --> 00:00:36,302  What secrets were these          pages meant to conceal,         40 00:00:36,302 --> 00:00:38,671 and why were they                  erased from history?           41 00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:43,309  Narrator: Thousands of hours of  secret voice recordings         42 00:00:43,309 --> 00:00:45,945 within President Richard Nixon's  administration,                 43 00:00:45,945 --> 00:00:48,882  and subsequent erasure          of 18 and a half minutes,        44 00:00:48,882 --> 00:00:53,119   results in one of the biggest   political scandals of all time. 45 00:00:56,156 --> 00:00:57,724 Adam Bunch: Who erased the tape? 46 00:00:57,724 --> 00:01:01,094   And what exactly were             they so desperate to hide?    47 00:01:03,930 --> 00:01:05,165  Narrator: The chain of history  48 00:01:05,165 --> 00:01:07,100  has many missing links.         49 00:01:07,100 --> 00:01:08,802 Prominent people.                50 00:01:08,802 --> 00:01:10,603   Priceless treasures.           51 00:01:10,603 --> 00:01:12,372 Extraordinary artifacts.         52 00:01:12,972 --> 00:01:15,942  Their locations still unknown,  53 00:01:15,942 --> 00:01:18,144 lost to the fog of time.         54 00:01:19,245 --> 00:01:22,048 What happens when                  stories of the past,           55 00:01:22,048 --> 00:01:23,583 Become...                        56 00:01:23,583 --> 00:01:24,818 Vanished History.                57 00:01:24,818 --> 00:01:41,034    ♪♪                            58 00:01:41,034 --> 00:01:43,203   Narrator: In 524 BCE,          59 00:01:43,203 --> 00:01:46,406   Cambyses II, Persia's             conqueror of Egypt,           60 00:01:46,406 --> 00:01:49,342 dispatched 50,000                  soldiers from Thebes           61 00:01:49,342 --> 00:01:51,878    into the merciless             Western Desert                  62 00:01:51,878 --> 00:01:54,114  to silence the Oracle of Amun.  63 00:01:56,082 --> 00:01:59,586  Adam Bunch: Cambyses II         was the son of the famous        64 00:01:59,586 --> 00:02:01,754  Persian King of Kings,          65 00:02:01,754 --> 00:02:03,356 Cyrus The Great,                 66 00:02:03,356 --> 00:02:05,692  founder of the                     Achaemenid Empire.            67 00:02:05,692 --> 00:02:10,563  Cambyses was named crown prince   as early as 539 BCE,           68 00:02:10,563 --> 00:02:13,233 and seems to have                   served as co-ruler.           69 00:02:13,233 --> 00:02:17,103   But when Cyrus died, his son      officially took the throne.   70 00:02:17,103 --> 00:02:22,175   Cambyses reigned from           530 to 522 BCE                  71 00:02:22,175 --> 00:02:25,211   and was determined to             expand the empire,            72 00:02:25,211 --> 00:02:26,946 carrying on his father's         73 00:02:26,946 --> 00:02:29,582 ambitious campaigns of conquest. 74 00:02:31,684 --> 00:02:33,419 Anthea Nardi: By 525 BCE,        75 00:02:33,419 --> 00:02:36,156 Cambyses had set                   his sights on Egypt,           76 00:02:36,156 --> 00:02:38,324 attracted by its abundant        resources                        77 00:02:38,324 --> 00:02:40,393 and strategic importance.        78 00:02:40,393 --> 00:02:42,395  As he marched along the           Mediterranean coast,           79 00:02:42,395 --> 00:02:44,230 he secured water supplies        80 00:02:44,230 --> 00:02:47,367 through alliances                with Arabian chieftains.         81 00:02:47,367 --> 00:02:50,503  The decisive Battle of Pelusium    opened the gateway            82 00:02:50,503 --> 00:02:53,173    to the Nile Delta,               and by that summer,           83 00:02:53,173 --> 00:02:57,177 Memphis, Egypt's capital,         fell to Persian forces,         84 00:02:57,177 --> 00:03:00,847 marking the start of the         27th Dynasty under Persian rule. 85 00:03:02,749 --> 00:03:04,784   James Ellis:                     But victory brought defiance.  86 00:03:06,786 --> 00:03:10,690  Many Egyptians viewed Cambyses    as a foreign usurper.          87 00:03:11,558 --> 00:03:14,294  One particularly potent symbol    of resistance                  88 00:03:14,294 --> 00:03:16,296  lay deep in the Western Desert, 89 00:03:16,296 --> 00:03:19,532    the Oracle of Amun at Siwa.   90 00:03:19,532 --> 00:03:21,935   Revered by Egyptians           and Greeks alike,                91 00:03:21,935 --> 00:03:26,039    the Oracle was a temple and     sanctuary in the Siwa Oasis,   92 00:03:26,039 --> 00:03:28,508 where a priesthood served        as intermediaries                93 00:03:28,508 --> 00:03:32,345  between the God Amun and those  seeking divine guidance.         94 00:03:32,345 --> 00:03:35,715 It refused to legitimize          Cambyses' rule,                 95 00:03:35,715 --> 00:03:39,452  a public slight against           the new Pharaoh-King.          96 00:03:42,722 --> 00:03:44,891 Amma Agbedor: Determined          to crush this affront,          97 00:03:44,891 --> 00:03:47,026    Cambyses dispatched           98 00:03:47,026 --> 00:03:50,430  50,000 soldiers                   westward from Thebes.          99 00:03:50,430 --> 00:03:54,000  Their mission: to subjugate the Amonians at Siwa                 100 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:55,935  and destroy the Oracle.         101 00:03:57,904 --> 00:04:00,707 Narrator: Greek historian           and geographer, Herodotus,    102 00:04:00,707 --> 00:04:03,376   later dubbed                   "The Father of History",         103 00:04:03,376 --> 00:04:06,012  helped pioneer                   Greek trade with Egypt.         104 00:04:06,012 --> 00:04:08,481 He wrote detailed                accounts about the lives         105 00:04:08,481 --> 00:04:11,217    of prominent kings               and famous battles.           106 00:04:12,785 --> 00:04:14,320   Amma Agbedor:                     But according to Herodotus,   107 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:17,457    the troops vanished           without a trace,                 108 00:04:17,457 --> 00:04:21,094 never returning to Egypt            nor reaching the Amonians.    109 00:04:21,094 --> 00:04:24,130    So what happened to              this massive force?           110 00:04:24,130 --> 00:04:25,965    ♪♪                            111 00:04:31,671 --> 00:04:33,506   Narrator: The Western Desert,   spanning nearly                 112 00:04:33,506 --> 00:04:37,977    40,000 square miles across    western Egypt and eastern Libya, 113 00:04:37,977 --> 00:04:41,681  is one of the most inhospitable   landscapes on Earth.           114 00:04:43,916 --> 00:04:46,986 In this desolate expanse,         described by Herodotus          115 00:04:46,986 --> 00:04:50,323   as a place where even             powerful armies can vanish,   116 00:04:50,323 --> 00:04:53,793    Cambyses' ill-fated           expedition began.                117 00:04:56,496 --> 00:04:59,799   Adam Bunch: Herodotus is our      main source for the story.    118 00:04:59,799 --> 00:05:03,136 He writes about the force         leaving Thebes, in Upper Egypt, 119 00:05:03,136 --> 00:05:05,805   and stopping                      at the Kharga Oasis           120 00:05:05,805 --> 00:05:07,974    after a seven days' march.    121 00:05:07,974 --> 00:05:09,942   That much seems to check out.  122 00:05:09,942 --> 00:05:13,413   Thebes and Kharga are           about 150 miles apart,          123 00:05:13,413 --> 00:05:15,882 and his timeline                 matches the estimates for        124 00:05:15,882 --> 00:05:19,252  how long it would have taken to  travel across that much desert. 125 00:05:21,487 --> 00:05:23,489 Anthea Nardi: From there,          the army continued on a route  126 00:05:23,489 --> 00:05:26,626   toward Siwa, home of              the Oracle of Amun.           127 00:05:26,626 --> 00:05:30,630   But no corroborating records     detail the exact path          128 00:05:30,630 --> 00:05:33,766 or what truly befell the           soldiers of Cambyses.          129 00:05:36,002 --> 00:05:37,537  James Ellis: Siwa was critical. 130 00:05:37,537 --> 00:05:39,405  Beyond its religious standing,  131 00:05:39,405 --> 00:05:41,741  it was a strategic desert oasis 132 00:05:41,741 --> 00:05:44,711    that dared question           Persian authority                133 00:05:44,711 --> 00:05:47,814    by refusing                     Cambyses' legitimacy.          134 00:05:47,814 --> 00:05:50,216    In sending an army               across the desert,            135 00:05:50,216 --> 00:05:52,618  Cambyses sought                    not just conquest,            136 00:05:52,618 --> 00:05:55,755  but symbolic dominance,            an attempt to erase           137 00:05:55,755 --> 00:05:59,025  any lingering doubt of          his right to rule Egypt.         138 00:06:01,527 --> 00:06:04,263 Amma Agbedor: The Western          Desert spared no one.          139 00:06:04,263 --> 00:06:07,467  Reliable water sources           were scarce and hidden,         140 00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:09,602  making each new                 stretch of desert                141 00:06:09,602 --> 00:06:11,771   more perilous than the last.   142 00:06:11,771 --> 00:06:15,541  Without the Arabian chieftains    who had once supplied water,   143 00:06:15,541 --> 00:06:19,946    the army moved forward with   only limited provisions.         144 00:06:21,047 --> 00:06:23,516 Somewhere between                Kharga and Siwa,                 145 00:06:23,516 --> 00:06:26,819    the sands swallowed             Cambyses' ambitions,           146 00:06:26,819 --> 00:06:29,922    leaving behind only            questions and legends.          147 00:06:33,693 --> 00:06:36,662   Adam Bunch: Herodotus          gives us a chilling tale.        148 00:06:36,662 --> 00:06:40,133 He says, that as the army          of Cambyses' stopped to eat,   149 00:06:40,133 --> 00:06:42,368 a wind whipped up                 from the south,                 150 00:06:42,368 --> 00:06:44,470    "strong and deadly,           151 00:06:44,470 --> 00:06:47,740   bringing with it vast             columns of whirling sand".    152 00:06:47,740 --> 00:06:50,643  And that storm                  swallowed up the troops.         153 00:06:50,643 --> 00:06:54,147  Dunes rose in the place            where men had stood           154 00:06:54,147 --> 00:06:55,548   just moments earlier.          155 00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:01,120   Amma Agbedor: But Herodotus'   account raises questions.        156 00:07:01,120 --> 00:07:04,056    Could a storm even            of such ferocity                 157 00:07:04,056 --> 00:07:06,025 obliterate an entire army        158 00:07:06,025 --> 00:07:08,761    of 50,000 soldiers            159 00:07:08,761 --> 00:07:10,530 without a trace?                 160 00:07:10,530 --> 00:07:13,599    Experienced armies             like Cambyses'                  161 00:07:13,599 --> 00:07:17,303   would have been prepared for   harsh desert conditions,         162 00:07:17,303 --> 00:07:20,173 and a sandstorm,                  no matter how powerful,         163 00:07:20,173 --> 00:07:22,141 would likely not                 have been enough                 164 00:07:22,141 --> 00:07:24,377    to overwhelm them entirely.   165 00:07:28,881 --> 00:07:31,217  Narrator: The desert's           silence may be masking          166 00:07:31,217 --> 00:07:32,919  not a natural calamity,         167 00:07:32,919 --> 00:07:35,354 but the echoes of                  an ancient rebellion,          168 00:07:35,354 --> 00:07:37,557 one that toppled an army         169 00:07:37,557 --> 00:07:40,860 and rewrote the narrative        of a Pharaoh's conquest.         170 00:07:42,628 --> 00:07:45,531    Adam Bunch: Some historians   think that the army of Cambyses' 171 00:07:45,531 --> 00:07:47,700  might have come                    to an end in battle           172 00:07:47,700 --> 00:07:51,637 against an Egyptian rebel          called Petubastis IV.          173 00:07:51,637 --> 00:07:56,008    He declared himself Pharaoh    around 522 BCE                  174 00:07:56,008 --> 00:07:59,045    and led an uprising             against Persian rule.          175 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:02,482   Anthea Nardi:                     This theory gained momentum   176 00:08:02,482 --> 00:08:04,817   thanks to the work of           a Dutch archaeologist,          177 00:08:04,817 --> 00:08:08,120    who uncovered inscriptions      referencing a pitched battle   178 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:10,056   in the remote Western Desert.  179 00:08:12,258 --> 00:08:15,061    According to his findings,      the temple blocks at Amheida,  180 00:08:15,061 --> 00:08:19,699  reveal Petubastis IV possessed     enough power and resources    181 00:08:19,699 --> 00:08:23,569   to erect a major monument in    honor of the God Thoth,         182 00:08:23,569 --> 00:08:26,606   an undertaking that implies a    stable administration          183 00:08:26,606 --> 00:08:28,574  rather than a fleeting revolt.  184 00:08:30,910 --> 00:08:33,880   James Ellis: It was proposed      that the "lost army" legend   185 00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:36,682    may have originated            as Persian propaganda,          186 00:08:36,682 --> 00:08:40,887  a fabricated sandstorm tale to     mask a humiliating defeat.    187 00:08:40,887 --> 00:08:45,024  The evidence points to Cambyses  dispatching a large contingent  188 00:08:45,024 --> 00:08:49,362   from Thebes to quash              Petubastis IV's rebellion,    189 00:08:49,362 --> 00:08:52,098   in or near the Dakhla Oasis.   190 00:08:54,567 --> 00:08:56,702 Narrator: But instead of           returning victorious,          191 00:08:56,702 --> 00:08:59,839  the force vanished from          the historical record.          192 00:09:02,475 --> 00:09:04,043    Amma Agbedor: The simplest       explanation is that           193 00:09:04,043 --> 00:09:07,980 Petubastis ambushed them,         won decisively,                 194 00:09:07,980 --> 00:09:11,684  and capitalized on the victory    to consolidate his authority.  195 00:09:13,986 --> 00:09:16,122 Adam Bunch: If it's true,        that story helps explain         196 00:09:16,122 --> 00:09:18,257   why Petubastis IV appears on   197 00:09:18,257 --> 00:09:20,726 ancient lists of Egyptian Kings, 198 00:09:20,726 --> 00:09:24,297  that his rebellion wasn't just   symbolic but successful enough  199 00:09:24,297 --> 00:09:26,799   to secure territory,            build temples,                  200 00:09:26,799 --> 00:09:29,669  and maybe even briefly             rule from Memphis,            201 00:09:29,669 --> 00:09:31,604    which the Persians              used as their                  202 00:09:31,604 --> 00:09:33,673  administrative capital            for the area.                  203 00:09:34,941 --> 00:09:36,509   James Ellis:                    Another possibility is that the 204 00:09:36,509 --> 00:09:38,978   Western Desert itself          inflicted a slow,                205 00:09:38,978 --> 00:09:41,981  crushing defeat                    of Cambyses' army.            206 00:09:42,949 --> 00:09:46,419    Even without direct combat,      crossing hundreds of miles    207 00:09:46,419 --> 00:09:48,921 of featureless dunes and          sweltering heat                 208 00:09:48,921 --> 00:09:51,657 could doom a force of this size. 209 00:09:56,128 --> 00:09:57,997 Amma Agbedor: Rather than        taking the coastal path,         210 00:09:57,997 --> 00:10:01,200   where Arabian chieftains had      previously provided water,    211 00:10:01,200 --> 00:10:06,505    Cambyses allegedly sent his    soldiers southwest from Thebes, 212 00:10:06,505 --> 00:10:11,210 through oases like Kharga          and possibly Dakhla,           213 00:10:11,210 --> 00:10:13,746 then onward toward Siwa.         214 00:10:15,147 --> 00:10:19,785    This route required precise    navigation and reliable wells,  215 00:10:19,785 --> 00:10:23,189   both of which were in          critically short supply.         216 00:10:25,591 --> 00:10:27,059   Anthea Nardi: If the            army of Cambyses veered         217 00:10:27,059 --> 00:10:30,196 even slightly off                   established caravan paths,    218 00:10:30,196 --> 00:10:33,733   they would've lost access to    crucial water supplies.         219 00:10:33,733 --> 00:10:36,669   Dehydration, not just             sandstorms,                   220 00:10:36,669 --> 00:10:38,137 likely sealed their fate.        221 00:10:42,975 --> 00:10:44,910  Narrator: After decades          of exploration                  222 00:10:44,910 --> 00:10:48,547  across Egypt's Western Desert,   a surprising new route          223 00:10:48,547 --> 00:10:52,051   for Cambyses' ill-fated army,   was discovered.                 224 00:10:53,052 --> 00:10:54,820   James Ellis:                   This research is pivotal.        225 00:10:54,820 --> 00:10:58,758  Cambyses' army may have veered  onto an alternative track        226 00:10:58,758 --> 00:11:00,926  deep within the Great Sand Sea, 227 00:11:00,926 --> 00:11:03,796    bypassing the more               established oases,            228 00:11:03,796 --> 00:11:06,932    which might still have been    under Egyptian control.         229 00:11:08,034 --> 00:11:11,737   In doing so, the army           sacrificed short-term security  230 00:11:11,737 --> 00:11:13,439   for the element of surprise,   231 00:11:13,439 --> 00:11:17,009   hoping to catch the defenders    of the Amon temple off guard.  232 00:11:19,779 --> 00:11:21,080   Amma Agbedor:                   Based on this research,         233 00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:24,884 Cambyses' army must have           set out from Thebes,           234 00:11:24,884 --> 00:11:27,353  along a lesser-known corridor,  235 00:11:27,353 --> 00:11:29,488  one that earlier archaeologists 236 00:11:29,488 --> 00:11:31,857 had not examined.                237 00:11:31,857 --> 00:11:35,561   Their geological surveys over   these uncharted swaths          238 00:11:35,561 --> 00:11:38,164    of terrain revealed            dried-up wells                  239 00:11:38,164 --> 00:11:40,766 and fragments of                    earthenware pottery           240 00:11:40,766 --> 00:11:43,703   matching Persian water pots.   241 00:11:48,908 --> 00:11:51,277  Narrator: Local Bedouin legends   of an entire valley,           242 00:11:51,277 --> 00:11:55,114    filled with bleached human    bones, fueled suspicions.        243 00:11:56,916 --> 00:11:59,385  Adam Bunch: A discovery            was made not far from Siwa    244 00:11:59,385 --> 00:12:00,753 by a pair of filmmakers.         245 00:12:00,753 --> 00:12:03,956 A grave littered                  with skeletal remains,          246 00:12:03,956 --> 00:12:06,425   which included a horse's bit,  247 00:12:06,425 --> 00:12:10,196   said to have maybe been used    by the Persian cavalry.         248 00:12:10,196 --> 00:12:12,898 Some believe it might be         tangible evidence                249 00:12:12,898 --> 00:12:15,234   that the forces of Cambyses'   250 00:12:15,234 --> 00:12:18,237    met their end there            in the Great Sand Sea.          251 00:12:20,606 --> 00:12:21,974  Anthea Nardi: Scattered            bronze arrowheads,            252 00:12:21,974 --> 00:12:25,478   fragments of Persian pottery,  and human remains                253 00:12:25,478 --> 00:12:28,881  suggest the soldiers dispersed  under brutal conditions,         254 00:12:28,881 --> 00:12:31,450   some seeking shelter             behind dunes,                  255 00:12:31,450 --> 00:12:34,186 others wandering off in a           desperate search for water.   256 00:12:37,723 --> 00:12:39,291 James Ellis: The Western          Desert's dunes can bury         257 00:12:39,291 --> 00:12:41,594  artifacts and skeletons           for centuries                  258 00:12:41,594 --> 00:12:43,829   before revealing them again.   259 00:12:43,829 --> 00:12:47,032 Such intermittent                  rediscovery explains           260 00:12:47,032 --> 00:12:49,769    why we've only encountered     scattered finds                 261 00:12:49,769 --> 00:12:52,972   instead of a single,            conclusive burial site.         262 00:12:52,972 --> 00:12:55,474   Nature's forces have             continuously                   263 00:12:55,474 --> 00:12:57,143 rearranged the remnants.         264 00:12:59,445 --> 00:13:02,915 Amma Agbedor: In all likelihood,   Cambyses' army didn't vanish   265 00:13:02,915 --> 00:13:06,719   in one massive storm,             but gradually disintegrated   266 00:13:06,719 --> 00:13:08,788    in a logistical nightmare.    267 00:13:08,788 --> 00:13:11,557  An episode few                     ancient chroniclers           268 00:13:11,557 --> 00:13:13,759  saw fit to document in detail.  269 00:13:19,131 --> 00:13:23,002  Narrator: The fate of Cambyses' Lost Army is a haunting mystery, 270 00:13:23,002 --> 00:13:27,072    etched into the unforgiving     sands of the Western Desert.   271 00:13:27,072 --> 00:13:31,677  Over 2,500 years later,            the desert refuses to yield   272 00:13:31,677 --> 00:13:35,748    the truth of what happened     to 50,000 men.                  273 00:13:37,817 --> 00:13:39,118    Adam Bunch:                   The account of Herodotus         274 00:13:39,118 --> 00:13:42,555  is as much a carefully             crafted narrative,            275 00:13:42,555 --> 00:13:45,057   as it is a historical source.  276 00:13:45,858 --> 00:13:49,094   The lack of physical evidence  raises questions                 277 00:13:49,094 --> 00:13:51,797  about how much                    of his story is fact           278 00:13:51,797 --> 00:13:53,432 and how much is fiction.         279 00:13:58,404 --> 00:14:02,007   Narrator: For now, the legend  of Lost Army of Cambyses,        280 00:14:02,007 --> 00:14:03,976   stands as a potent reminder,   281 00:14:03,976 --> 00:14:05,678   that even the grandest armies  282 00:14:05,678 --> 00:14:07,746    are not invincible.           283 00:14:07,746 --> 00:14:11,417   Time, shifting sands,          and the unyielding desert        284 00:14:11,417 --> 00:14:13,919  continue to obscure the truth.  285 00:14:17,690 --> 00:14:17,723    ♪♪                            286 00:14:17,723 --> 00:14:27,399    ♪♪                            287 00:14:27,399 --> 00:14:30,102 Narrator: In the shadowy            heart of medieval Bohemia,    288 00:14:30,102 --> 00:14:32,738  a colossal manuscript emerged.  289 00:14:32,738 --> 00:14:37,076  A towering compendium of sacred  scripture, esoteric knowledge,  290 00:14:37,076 --> 00:14:40,112    and an unsettling portrait      of the Devil.                  291 00:14:43,449 --> 00:14:47,119 Known as the Codex Gigas,          or the Devil's Bible,          292 00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:50,189    it was intended to contain       all the world's knowledge.    293 00:14:51,490 --> 00:14:52,825 Alison Leonard: The Codex          Gigas is the largest           294 00:14:52,825 --> 00:14:54,593  surviving medieval manuscript.  295 00:14:54,593 --> 00:14:56,595   It weighs 165 pounds,          296 00:14:56,595 --> 00:14:58,264   stands some three feet tall,   297 00:14:58,264 --> 00:15:02,268 and was crafted from the            skins of over 160 animals.    298 00:15:02,268 --> 00:15:04,169    Encased in leather            and ornate metal,                299 00:15:04,169 --> 00:15:06,038    it aimed to gather            every kind of knowledge,         300 00:15:06,038 --> 00:15:08,340  spiritual, historical,             medicinal,                    301 00:15:08,340 --> 00:15:11,076   even magical,                     within one binding.           302 00:15:13,646 --> 00:15:17,449 Adam Bunch: The Codex was           created in the early 1200s,   303 00:15:17,449 --> 00:15:20,452  a period shaped by the           Fourth Lateran Council.         304 00:15:20,452 --> 00:15:23,522  The Church was                  cracking down on heresy,         305 00:15:23,522 --> 00:15:25,291    books were being destroyed,   306 00:15:25,291 --> 00:15:27,960  scribes were carefully watched. 307 00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:29,962  Producing a manuscript            that included                  308 00:15:29,962 --> 00:15:33,032  both scripture                     and magic formulas,           309 00:15:33,032 --> 00:15:35,234 must have been inherently risky. 310 00:15:38,671 --> 00:15:40,572   Anthea Nardi: An inscription      on the first page suggests    311 00:15:40,572 --> 00:15:43,943 that the Codex originated          at the Benedictine monastery   312 00:15:43,943 --> 00:15:47,546 of PodlaOice in Bohemia,          now the Czech Republic.         313 00:15:47,546 --> 00:15:50,683  But this impoverished monastery   lacked the resources           314 00:15:50,683 --> 00:15:52,885  for such an ambitious project.  315 00:15:52,885 --> 00:15:55,354  Over centuries,                 the Codex changed hands.         316 00:15:55,354 --> 00:15:58,023    Purchased, pawned,            and prized by collectors         317 00:15:58,023 --> 00:16:00,092  like Emperor Rudolf II,         318 00:16:00,092 --> 00:16:02,728   and seized by                    Sweden as war booty.           319 00:16:02,728 --> 00:16:06,231 The journey leaves behind          more questions than answers.   320 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:09,969 James Ellis: The greatest          mystery of the Devil's Bible   321 00:16:09,969 --> 00:16:13,305 lies not in what remains,         but in what's missing.          322 00:16:13,305 --> 00:16:17,543  Ten pages, meticulously cut out and deliberately removed.        323 00:16:18,043 --> 00:16:20,713  This wasn't the result          of an accident or decay.         324 00:16:20,713 --> 00:16:23,849  What secrets were these          pages meant to conceal,         325 00:16:23,849 --> 00:16:26,318 and why were they                  erased from history?           326 00:16:26,318 --> 00:16:31,623    ♪♪                            327 00:16:31,623 --> 00:16:35,094  Narrator: The Codex Gigas is a   window into the medieval world, 328 00:16:35,094 --> 00:16:37,896 reflecting a time                 of religious devotion,          329 00:16:37,896 --> 00:16:41,066  intellectual ambition,            and social upheaval.           330 00:16:42,534 --> 00:16:46,138  Over the centuries, it has been  prized as a spiritual treasure, 331 00:16:46,138 --> 00:16:49,575    a financial asset,              and a source of fascination.   332 00:16:51,210 --> 00:16:52,411  Alison Leonard:                    Forensic analysis suggests    333 00:16:52,411 --> 00:16:54,847  the Codex was produced             by a single scribe            334 00:16:54,847 --> 00:16:57,282  over as many as 20 to 30 years. 335 00:16:57,282 --> 00:16:59,985    This is a lifetime's work,    considering the average lifespan 336 00:16:59,985 --> 00:17:02,054  at the time was                 roughly 30 years.                337 00:17:02,054 --> 00:17:04,656  Its uniform script and            illustrations show no breaks   338 00:17:04,656 --> 00:17:07,292  in style and no sign of           aging in handwriting.          339 00:17:07,292 --> 00:17:10,295  This consistency defies         easy explanation,                340 00:17:10,295 --> 00:17:11,730 and fuels legends                 that the scribe                 341 00:17:11,730 --> 00:17:14,233   achieved the impossible with      supernatural help.            342 00:17:17,669 --> 00:17:20,539    Adam Bunch: Legend says the      Codex was written by a monk   343 00:17:20,539 --> 00:17:24,777    called Herman the Recluse,    who broke his sacred vows        344 00:17:24,777 --> 00:17:29,348    and was condemned to death    by being walled up alive.        345 00:17:29,348 --> 00:17:31,850 To save his life,                   he promised to write a book   346 00:17:31,850 --> 00:17:34,053 that would glorify the monastery 347 00:17:34,053 --> 00:17:36,889 by compiling all                 human knowledge,                 348 00:17:36,889 --> 00:17:39,358  and to do it in a single night. 349 00:17:39,358 --> 00:17:42,061   By midnight,                     he was so desperate,           350 00:17:42,061 --> 00:17:44,363 he struck a deal with the Devil, 351 00:17:44,363 --> 00:17:47,800    selling his soul in return     for finishing the book.         352 00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:51,437  And in thanks, Herman included    the Devil's portrait.          353 00:17:54,773 --> 00:17:57,543   Anthea Nardi: The contents of     the Codex are fascinating.    354 00:17:57,543 --> 00:18:01,080   Half of its pages contain the   Old and New Testaments,         355 00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,450   while the remainder overflows  with other texts                 356 00:18:04,450 --> 00:18:07,419  like Isidore of                  Seville's Etymologiae,          357 00:18:07,419 --> 00:18:10,389   Josephus' histories,           medical remedies,                358 00:18:10,389 --> 00:18:13,125 exorcism rituals,                magical formulas,                359 00:18:13,125 --> 00:18:15,427  and lengthy sinful confessions. 360 00:18:15,427 --> 00:18:18,497   It also contains an extensive     list of "rarities"            361 00:18:18,497 --> 00:18:21,233    like alchemical and             scientific sketches,           362 00:18:21,233 --> 00:18:23,469   and even a 12-page calendar.   363 00:18:25,037 --> 00:18:27,106 Narrator: Among its most         arresting images                 364 00:18:27,106 --> 00:18:29,341   is that of the Devil himself.  365 00:18:31,343 --> 00:18:33,378    James Ellis: This full-page     portrait of the Devil          366 00:18:33,378 --> 00:18:36,548    is unlike anything else in    medieval manuscript art.         367 00:18:36,548 --> 00:18:39,685    He's depicted with massive      horns, twin tongues,           368 00:18:39,685 --> 00:18:43,989  and crimson claws, draped only   in an ermine loincloth,         369 00:18:43,989 --> 00:18:46,825   a fabric worn                   exclusively by royalty;         370 00:18:46,825 --> 00:18:50,829    this underscores his status      as the Prince of Darkness.    371 00:18:56,168 --> 00:18:57,936 Alison Leonard: Directly         opposite this infernal figure is 372 00:18:57,936 --> 00:19:01,673  an unsettling depiction of the    Heavenly City, empty of life.  373 00:19:01,673 --> 00:19:04,610   This juxtaposition highlights    the era's spiritual tension,   374 00:19:04,610 --> 00:19:08,380 pitting eternal salvation        against the threat of damnation. 375 00:19:08,380 --> 00:19:10,215   It's interesting to note that     these are the only            376 00:19:10,215 --> 00:19:12,384  full-page illustrations            in the manuscript,            377 00:19:12,384 --> 00:19:14,887  and part of the reason why the     Codex earned its nickname,    378 00:19:14,887 --> 00:19:16,188    'The Devil's Bible.           379 00:19:17,623 --> 00:19:20,526    Adam Bunch: The Codex Gigas   is missing pages,                380 00:19:20,526 --> 00:19:23,328  and there are lots of theories   about what was on them.         381 00:19:23,328 --> 00:19:25,397   Some people even like to say   they might have included         382 00:19:25,397 --> 00:19:30,402  a secret "devil's prayer" with     the power to end the world.   383 00:19:34,339 --> 00:19:36,041 Narrator:                          While tales of occult secrets  384 00:19:36,041 --> 00:19:37,876 and forbidden knowledge persist, 385 00:19:37,876 --> 00:19:41,680   the missing pages may have a      far more pragmatic origin.    386 00:19:44,149 --> 00:19:45,317   Anthea Nardi:                     In medieval Europe,           387 00:19:45,317 --> 00:19:47,920 Monasteries were                    not only spiritual centers    388 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:49,621  but also land managers;         389 00:19:49,621 --> 00:19:52,057 they constantly struggled           to sustain                    390 00:19:52,057 --> 00:19:54,092   their existence financially.   391 00:19:54,092 --> 00:19:56,695 Parchment made from animal skin, known as Vellum,                 392 00:19:56,695 --> 00:20:00,332 was incredibly expensive,          and by 1295,                   393 00:20:00,332 --> 00:20:03,669    PodlaOice Monastery was so       desperate for funds           394 00:20:03,669 --> 00:20:08,073  it had to pawn the Codex Gigas  just to survive.                 395 00:20:08,073 --> 00:20:10,909 It's possible that monks           or later custodians,           396 00:20:10,909 --> 00:20:12,644  removed certain pages,          397 00:20:12,644 --> 00:20:16,415    perhaps containing valuable     illustrations or rare texts,   398 00:20:16,415 --> 00:20:19,484 to sell individually for            much-needed income.           399 00:20:23,589 --> 00:20:25,424  Adam Bunch: By the early 1400s, 400 00:20:25,424 --> 00:20:28,660  Bohemia was engulfed by            religious upheaval            401 00:20:28,660 --> 00:20:31,563  that led to the                    Hussite Revolution.           402 00:20:31,563 --> 00:20:35,267    Monasteries became              battlegrounds over ideology,   403 00:20:35,267 --> 00:20:38,003  including the one where          the Codex was written,          404 00:20:38,003 --> 00:20:39,671   which was destroyed.           405 00:20:39,671 --> 00:20:42,007   Libraries were raided           and books were burned,          406 00:20:42,007 --> 00:20:45,944 for being politically dangerous,   denounced as heresy.           407 00:20:47,879 --> 00:20:51,116 Anthea Nardi: If the Codex Gigas   contained sensitive material,  408 00:20:51,116 --> 00:20:53,552    prophecies,                    inflammatory rhetoric,          409 00:20:53,552 --> 00:20:56,555   or ideas challenging             prevailing doctrines,          410 00:20:56,555 --> 00:21:00,259    removing select pages could      have been a calculated move   411 00:21:00,259 --> 00:21:02,494 to shield its custodians           from heresy charges.           412 00:21:04,896 --> 00:21:07,699  Narrator: As speculation swirls around political intrigue        413 00:21:07,699 --> 00:21:11,303    and doctrinal strife, some     believe the explanation         414 00:21:11,303 --> 00:21:14,873  is tied to the devilish imagery    within these pages,           415 00:21:14,873 --> 00:21:17,843  and that what vanished,           may have been too unsettling   416 00:21:17,843 --> 00:21:19,311   to remain on record.           417 00:21:20,812 --> 00:21:23,649   Adam Bunch: Some people have      suggested the missing pages   418 00:21:23,649 --> 00:21:26,451  might have been removed because   they crossed a line,           419 00:21:26,451 --> 00:21:28,954   that they could have            been seen as heretical          420 00:21:28,954 --> 00:21:31,123 or even outright satanic.        421 00:21:31,123 --> 00:21:33,558 The Codex Gigas is famous        422 00:21:33,558 --> 00:21:36,395    for its full-page portrait      of the Devil,                  423 00:21:36,395 --> 00:21:38,864 directly opposite                 the image of an empty,          424 00:21:38,864 --> 00:21:41,166    silent Heavenly Jerusalem.    425 00:21:41,667 --> 00:21:43,835   It's an eerie pairing            that reflects                  426 00:21:43,835 --> 00:21:46,438    medieval obsessions           with sin and redemption.         427 00:21:46,438 --> 00:21:48,674   And when you add the           exorcism rituals                 428 00:21:48,674 --> 00:21:51,643    with magic formulas             included in nearby sections,   429 00:21:51,643 --> 00:21:54,379   some wonder if the manuscript   might have already been         430 00:21:54,379 --> 00:21:56,815    pushing the limits of what     the Church would allow.         431 00:21:58,817 --> 00:22:01,720 A. Nardi: If those missing pages   went deeper into demonology,   432 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:04,856  like detailing                     unholy invocations,           433 00:22:04,856 --> 00:22:06,992 or even diabolical pacts,        434 00:22:06,992 --> 00:22:09,428  they would've been seen          as a serious challenge          435 00:22:09,428 --> 00:22:11,263    to the Church's authority.    436 00:22:11,263 --> 00:22:13,598   Taking them out would            have been a quiet way          437 00:22:13,598 --> 00:22:16,034 to keep the Codex within            acceptable limits,            438 00:22:16,034 --> 00:22:20,005  to protect both the manuscript     and anyone connected to it.   439 00:22:24,509 --> 00:22:26,845 Narrator: The Codex Gigas         eventually became part          440 00:22:26,845 --> 00:22:30,849  of Emperor Rudolf II's            prized collection in Prague.   441 00:22:31,783 --> 00:22:35,153    The palace was a magnet for   philosophers, alchemists,        442 00:22:35,153 --> 00:22:37,356 astronomers, and artists,        443 00:22:37,356 --> 00:22:39,524  and filled with                 treasures that reflected         444 00:22:39,524 --> 00:22:43,528   Rudolf's profound fascination     with the occult, astrology,   445 00:22:43,528 --> 00:22:46,331  and the pursuit                  of forbidden knowledge.         446 00:22:48,333 --> 00:22:50,235    James Ellis: Under              Rudolf's reign, Prague became  447 00:22:50,235 --> 00:22:53,271 a Renaissance hub                  of arts and sciences,          448 00:22:53,271 --> 00:22:56,274    where curiosity and           fear intertwined.                449 00:22:56,274 --> 00:22:58,810    His collection brimmed with   exotic artifacts                 450 00:22:58,810 --> 00:23:02,447  and esoteric texts, pushing the  boundaries of knowledge         451 00:23:02,447 --> 00:23:04,383 while walking a fine line        452 00:23:04,383 --> 00:23:06,885 between discovery                 and the looming threat          453 00:23:06,885 --> 00:23:10,655    of condemnation, in an era      of devout suspicion.           454 00:23:12,924 --> 00:23:15,360  A. Leonard: In Rudolf's court,    any page explicitly detailing  455 00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:17,796   unholy invocations or           demon-summoning rituals         456 00:23:17,796 --> 00:23:19,931    could have invited               immediate scrutiny.           457 00:23:19,931 --> 00:23:22,334 Religious authorities and         political rivals alike          458 00:23:22,334 --> 00:23:24,169  would have seized upon            this kind of material          459 00:23:24,169 --> 00:23:25,604  as evidence of heresy.          460 00:23:25,604 --> 00:23:27,672   Removing these pages may have   been a calculated move          461 00:23:27,672 --> 00:23:29,574    to shield the Codex              and its guardians,            462 00:23:29,574 --> 00:23:31,610   from the era's harsh             consequences                   463 00:23:31,610 --> 00:23:32,944   for perceived transgressions.  464 00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:36,815   Adam Bunch: There's no proof   the missing pages                465 00:23:36,815 --> 00:23:40,018    had anything to do              with satanic worship.          466 00:23:40,018 --> 00:23:41,453   And other surviving sections   467 00:23:41,453 --> 00:23:44,489   do include exorcisms              and magical spells.           468 00:23:44,489 --> 00:23:47,893   Medieval depictions of demons    were often a warning,          469 00:23:47,893 --> 00:23:51,696 they didn't glorify evil,           they cautioned against sin.   470 00:23:51,696 --> 00:23:54,299  The Devil's portrait is            unsettling,                   471 00:23:54,299 --> 00:23:56,835 it still fits in                    to that tradition.            472 00:23:57,436 --> 00:23:59,171   But whatever happened           with the Codex,                 473 00:23:59,171 --> 00:24:01,606  we know that in a world haunted 474 00:24:01,606 --> 00:24:04,676  by real fear of                   diabolical influence,          475 00:24:04,676 --> 00:24:07,879    some knowledge was thought    to be too dangerous to preserve. 476 00:24:10,816 --> 00:24:12,984    Anthea Nardi: Its survival      alone is remarkable,           477 00:24:12,984 --> 00:24:16,521   but the real mystery            is those missing pages.         478 00:24:16,521 --> 00:24:19,558   Whoever removed them              didn't just tear them out,    479 00:24:19,558 --> 00:24:23,528  they did it carefully, leaving  no clear evidence behind.        480 00:24:23,528 --> 00:24:26,064  That kind of precision suggests 481 00:24:26,064 --> 00:24:27,532    whatever was on those pages   482 00:24:27,532 --> 00:24:29,534    was incredibly significant.   483 00:24:31,336 --> 00:24:33,205   James Ellis:                   The Codex Gigas now rests        484 00:24:33,205 --> 00:24:35,173 in Stockholm's National Library. 485 00:24:35,173 --> 00:24:38,343  Advances in modern technology,    like digital imaging,          486 00:24:38,343 --> 00:24:42,614   ultraviolet analysis, or even    DNA testing of the parchment,  487 00:24:42,614 --> 00:24:45,951   might one day reveal           traces of what was lost.         488 00:24:45,951 --> 00:24:49,988    Or even, those new insights    might just deepen the mystery.  489 00:24:52,190 --> 00:24:54,559    Narrator: The missing pages    leave the Devil's Bible         490 00:24:54,559 --> 00:24:56,995   shrouded in eternal mystery,   491 00:24:56,995 --> 00:24:58,563   their absence a void           492 00:24:58,563 --> 00:25:00,465  where the sum of all knowledge  493 00:25:00,465 --> 00:25:02,400 was once meant to reside.        494 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:04,903    ♪♪                            495 00:25:06,872 --> 00:25:06,905    ♪♪                            496 00:25:06,905 --> 00:25:15,480    ♪♪                            497 00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:17,949 Narrator: June 17, 1972.         498 00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:20,719    in the early hours             of the morning,                 499 00:25:20,719 --> 00:25:22,153   five men were arrested inside  500 00:25:22,153 --> 00:25:24,689  the Democratic National          Committee headquarters,         501 00:25:24,689 --> 00:25:28,560 at the Watergate complex            in Washington, D.C.           502 00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:30,962  What first seemed like             a botched burglary,           503 00:25:30,962 --> 00:25:32,964  would ignite a                    political firestorm,           504 00:25:32,964 --> 00:25:36,134   shaking the very foundations    of American democracy,          505 00:25:36,134 --> 00:25:40,105 and leading to the first         resignation of a U.S. President. 506 00:25:42,874 --> 00:25:45,443  James Ellis: President Richard     Nixon was a complex figure,   507 00:25:45,443 --> 00:25:48,413  brilliant, yet deeply paranoid. 508 00:25:48,413 --> 00:25:50,849    His obsession with control     and his legacy,                 509 00:25:50,849 --> 00:25:53,852   drove him to                    extraordinary lengths.          510 00:25:53,852 --> 00:25:56,821  To document his administration,  he installed a secret,          511 00:25:56,821 --> 00:25:59,024 voice-activated recording system 512 00:25:59,024 --> 00:26:01,860    that automatically captured      every conversation            513 00:26:01,860 --> 00:26:03,995    in the Oval Office,           the Cabinet Room,                514 00:26:03,995 --> 00:26:06,932  and even at Camp David,         the presidential retreat.        515 00:26:09,601 --> 00:26:10,835 Alison Leonard: Among the          thousands of hours recorded,   516 00:26:10,835 --> 00:26:13,305   one tape stood out--            not for what was said,          517 00:26:13,305 --> 00:26:14,940 but for what was missing.        518 00:26:16,474 --> 00:26:19,244  This conversation, just 3 days    after the Watergate break-in,  519 00:26:19,244 --> 00:26:20,679 recorded a meeting between Nixon 520 00:26:20,679 --> 00:26:22,948  and his Chief of Staff,          H.R. Haldeman,                  521 00:26:22,948 --> 00:26:24,616   in what would become              one of the most scrutinized   522 00:26:24,616 --> 00:26:26,751   and infamous moments              of his presidency.            523 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:30,722   Adam Bunch: The conversation   probably included                524 00:26:30,722 --> 00:26:33,792    critical details about the     administration's plans          525 00:26:33,792 --> 00:26:35,527  to handle the fallout,          526 00:26:35,527 --> 00:26:37,929    maybe even evidence             of an early cover-up.          527 00:26:37,929 --> 00:26:40,532  But when investigators            listened to the tape,          528 00:26:40,532 --> 00:26:43,368 they didn't find answers,           instead they found            529 00:26:43,368 --> 00:26:46,805  that it had an 18.5-minute gap. 530 00:26:46,805 --> 00:26:48,707    It had been erased.           531 00:26:53,311 --> 00:26:54,846   Who erased the tape?           532 00:26:54,846 --> 00:26:58,083    And what exactly were they      so desperate to hide?          533 00:27:06,324 --> 00:27:09,928  Narrator: The roots of            Watergate trace back to 1971,  534 00:27:09,928 --> 00:27:13,465   when a Nixon official leaked     the Pentagon Papers,           535 00:27:13,465 --> 00:27:15,834  a 7,000-page classified report  536 00:27:15,834 --> 00:27:19,571  that exposed government         deception about the Vietnam War. 537 00:27:19,571 --> 00:27:21,106 (exploding bombs)                538 00:27:21,106 --> 00:27:23,408  It came at a time when           public anger and doubt          539 00:27:23,408 --> 00:27:27,679   over the U.S. role in Vietnam   was already at a boiling point. 540 00:27:29,147 --> 00:27:31,349    Anthea Nardi: Nixon was so       enraged by the leak           541 00:27:31,349 --> 00:27:34,052   that he created a covert unit   called the "Plumbers",          542 00:27:34,052 --> 00:27:37,689    aptly named in reference to     their job of plugging leaks.   543 00:27:37,689 --> 00:27:40,759   But things escalated quickly,    the Plumbers resorted          544 00:27:40,759 --> 00:27:42,961 to break-ins and illegal           surveillance,                  545 00:27:42,961 --> 00:27:45,697   all in the name of protecting     the administration.           546 00:27:48,066 --> 00:27:51,703 James Ellis: On June 17,           1972, five men broke           547 00:27:51,703 --> 00:27:54,973    into the Watergate complex       in Washington, D.C.           548 00:27:54,973 --> 00:27:56,841  The burglars, dressed in suits, 549 00:27:56,841 --> 00:27:59,477   carried sophisticated            recording equipment,           550 00:27:59,477 --> 00:28:00,845    lock-picking tools,           551 00:28:00,845 --> 00:28:04,783 and wads of sequentially           numbered $100 bills.           552 00:28:06,818 --> 00:28:08,353  Alison Leonard: It was obvious     these weren't petty crooks.   553 00:28:08,353 --> 00:28:10,922   One was James McCord,           a security coordinator          554 00:28:10,922 --> 00:28:12,891 for Nixon's reelection campaign, 555 00:28:12,891 --> 00:28:14,959    ironically nicknamed CREEP.   556 00:28:14,959 --> 00:28:17,429 The operation was                 led by G. Gordon Liddy,         557 00:28:17,429 --> 00:28:21,132    a former FBI agent, and E.       Howard Hunt, a CIA veteran.   558 00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,003 Adam Bunch: It would prove to be  one of the most infamous cases  559 00:28:25,003 --> 00:28:27,706   of political                     espionage in history.          560 00:28:27,706 --> 00:28:29,874    And as the                     investigation deepened,         561 00:28:29,874 --> 00:28:32,844 it became clear that the motives    behind the break-in           562 00:28:32,844 --> 00:28:34,746   went all the way to the top.   563 00:28:37,148 --> 00:28:40,085 Anthea Nardi: By February        of 1973, the U.S. Senate         564 00:28:40,085 --> 00:28:43,321 had formed a committee to         investigate the Nixon campaign. 565 00:28:43,321 --> 00:28:47,158  Meanwhile, Nixon and his aides   were amid a desperate cover-up  566 00:28:47,158 --> 00:28:50,195 involving discussions of           million-dollar hush payments,  567 00:28:50,195 --> 00:28:53,298 using federal agencies to        block the investigation,         568 00:28:53,298 --> 00:28:55,133    and coaching aides to lie.    569 00:28:56,801 --> 00:29:00,171   James Ellis: The real turning  point came in July 1973,         570 00:29:00,171 --> 00:29:02,807  during the live Senate             Watergate hearings,           571 00:29:02,807 --> 00:29:06,177    when Alexander Butterfield,   Nixon's Deputy Assistant,        572 00:29:06,177 --> 00:29:07,979   dropped a bombshell.           573 00:29:07,979 --> 00:29:10,915    Nixon had a secret            recording system.                574 00:29:10,915 --> 00:29:13,251  This was a major breakthrough.  575 00:29:13,251 --> 00:29:17,388  Those tapes held the potential     to prove, without a doubt,    576 00:29:17,388 --> 00:29:20,925  what the President knew         about Watergate and when.        577 00:29:26,264 --> 00:29:28,767 Narrator: In 1974, under         mounting pressure                578 00:29:28,767 --> 00:29:30,368    from federal investigators,   579 00:29:30,368 --> 00:29:33,171  Nixon released                     dozens of White House tapes   580 00:29:33,171 --> 00:29:36,307  and thousands of pages           of transcripts.                 581 00:29:37,375 --> 00:29:38,943    Alison Leonard: One of the     key revelations in the          582 00:29:38,943 --> 00:29:41,546  'smoking gun' evidence            was tape 342,                  583 00:29:41,546 --> 00:29:43,114 a recording of a                   meeting between Nixon          584 00:29:43,114 --> 00:29:45,250  and his Chief of Staff           H.R. Haldeman.                  585 00:29:45,250 --> 00:29:48,119   This was the first time Nixon   was recorded discussing         586 00:29:48,119 --> 00:29:50,522   the Watergate break-in, just     three days after it happened.  587 00:29:53,424 --> 00:29:55,527 Adam Bunch: Thanks to Haldeman's handwritten notes                588 00:29:55,527 --> 00:29:59,464   from that meeting, we know he  and Nixon talked about Watergate 589 00:29:59,464 --> 00:30:01,232 and probably about using the CIA 590 00:30:01,232 --> 00:30:03,968    to thwart the FBI's            investigation.                  591 00:30:03,968 --> 00:30:06,771   But there's no audio            to back it up.                  592 00:30:06,771 --> 00:30:09,574    18.5 minutes had vanished,    593 00:30:09,574 --> 00:30:13,478 replaced with an ominous            patch of clicks and buzzes.   594 00:30:13,478 --> 00:30:18,449  (tape buzzing)                  595 00:30:19,951 --> 00:30:21,553   Narrator: Nixon went              to extreme lengths            596 00:30:21,553 --> 00:30:23,054 to keep the tapes hidden,        597 00:30:23,054 --> 00:30:25,156  and after two years of           public scrutiny                 598 00:30:25,156 --> 00:30:27,091 and growing calls                  for his impeachment,           599 00:30:27,091 --> 00:30:29,794  President Nixon                   resigned in disgrace.          600 00:30:31,663 --> 00:30:33,198 President Nixon:                  By taking this action,          601 00:30:34,833 --> 00:30:37,969    I hope that I will            hasten the start                 602 00:30:38,970 --> 00:30:40,572    of that process of healing,   603 00:30:41,906 --> 00:30:43,975  which is so desperately            needed in America.            604 00:30:46,010 --> 00:30:48,847    Narrator: In a White House     gripped by chaos and paranoia,  605 00:30:48,847 --> 00:30:51,015  some believe the answer          to the missing minutes          606 00:30:51,015 --> 00:30:53,318 lies not in deliberate sabotage, 607 00:30:53,318 --> 00:30:56,521  but in an unintentional          act of loyalty.                 608 00:30:58,656 --> 00:30:59,724  Anthea Nardi: Rose Mary Woods,  609 00:30:59,724 --> 00:31:02,193  Nixon's fiercely loyal             personal secretary,           610 00:31:02,193 --> 00:31:06,164 claimed she accidentally         erased the 18.5 minutes.         611 00:31:06,164 --> 00:31:09,000    According to Woods, she was    transcribing the tapes          612 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,302  for prosecutors                   when the phone rang.           613 00:31:11,302 --> 00:31:12,670  (phone ringing)                 614 00:31:12,670 --> 00:31:15,740  In her rush to answer, she said   she pressed the wrong button,  615 00:31:15,740 --> 00:31:18,977  which caused her to delete part   of the original conversation.  616 00:31:20,879 --> 00:31:22,313    James Ellis: In her             grand jury testimony,          617 00:31:22,313 --> 00:31:25,516   Woods explained that when she  went to answer the phone,        618 00:31:25,516 --> 00:31:27,318  she reached for the stop button 619 00:31:27,318 --> 00:31:31,022  on the Oval Office's Uher 5000   reel-to-reel recorder,          620 00:31:31,022 --> 00:31:33,725   but instead, she accidentally  pressed her foot                 621 00:31:33,725 --> 00:31:35,460  into the pedal of the machine,  622 00:31:35,460 --> 00:31:38,296  which would cause it to record   over the conversation.          623 00:31:40,031 --> 00:31:41,332 Alison Leonard: To defend         her version of events,          624 00:31:41,332 --> 00:31:44,002   Woods reenacted the incident    in front of reporters;          625 00:31:44,002 --> 00:31:47,772 in her now-infamous pose,         dubbed the "Rose Mary Stretch", 626 00:31:47,772 --> 00:31:49,307 you can see her awkwardly           stretching her leg            627 00:31:49,307 --> 00:31:51,042    to press the pedal             while leaning far back          628 00:31:51,042 --> 00:31:52,377   to grab the phone behind her.  629 00:31:55,380 --> 00:31:58,549  Narrator: The mechanics of the   Uher 5000 recorder in question  630 00:31:58,549 --> 00:32:02,921    cemented the initial doubt      many had over Woods's story.   631 00:32:04,155 --> 00:32:06,024  Adam Bunch: The machine         didn't even work the way         632 00:32:06,024 --> 00:32:07,659    Woods said it did.            633 00:32:07,659 --> 00:32:10,228    To erase the audio, someone   would have to press both         634 00:32:10,228 --> 00:32:13,798  the "play" and "record"         buttons at the same time,        635 00:32:13,798 --> 00:32:15,900  You couldn't do                   that with the pedal.           636 00:32:17,669 --> 00:32:19,938   Anthea Nardi: And the erasure    wasn't a single act,           637 00:32:19,938 --> 00:32:23,041  it was done in at least          five separate segments.         638 00:32:23,041 --> 00:32:26,044 The idea that Woods could          hold such an awkward physical  639 00:32:26,044 --> 00:32:28,346   position for over 18 minutes   640 00:32:28,346 --> 00:32:31,916 made her story virtually          impossible to believe.          641 00:32:33,484 --> 00:32:36,654  James Ellis: Woods' explanation  was riddled with flaws.         642 00:32:36,654 --> 00:32:38,423 Despite thorough                  investigations,                 643 00:32:38,423 --> 00:32:42,560  there's no evidence she erased   the entire 18 and half minutes. 644 00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:46,130    The forensic findings prove      this was a deliberate act,    645 00:32:46,130 --> 00:32:49,667   but one that was most likely     carried out by someone else.   646 00:32:53,371 --> 00:32:55,139  Alison Leonard: One of the most    prominent theories is that    647 00:32:55,139 --> 00:32:57,308   President Nixon or someone in  his inner circle                 648 00:32:57,308 --> 00:32:59,711 intentionally erased the           tape to hide evidence          649 00:32:59,711 --> 00:33:01,179 of a Watergate cover-up.         650 00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,016    The timing is key, this was     Nixon's first meeting          651 00:33:05,016 --> 00:33:06,651    with H.R. Haldeman               after the break-in,           652 00:33:06,651 --> 00:33:09,287 and it likely focused on            how to manage the fallout.    653 00:33:09,287 --> 00:33:11,823    If the tape revealed early     steps in the cover-up,          654 00:33:11,823 --> 00:33:13,324  it would have been devastating. 655 00:33:18,296 --> 00:33:20,665   James Ellis: Nixon's Chief of    Staff, H.R. Haldeman           656 00:33:20,665 --> 00:33:23,501  was in a prime position          to erase the evidence.          657 00:33:23,501 --> 00:33:26,070   Only three days after          the conversation                 658 00:33:26,070 --> 00:33:27,338 with the missing minutes,        659 00:33:27,338 --> 00:33:30,308    Nixon was recorded ordering   Haldeman to tell the FBI         660 00:33:30,308 --> 00:33:34,245    "not to go further             into the case--period."         661 00:33:34,979 --> 00:33:37,315   Haldeman was deeply involved    in the cover-up                 662 00:33:37,315 --> 00:33:40,752  and had every reason to protect  both Nixon and himself.         663 00:33:41,953 --> 00:33:42,920  Alison Leonard:                    Or it could've been others    664 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:44,288 in the President's inner circle, 665 00:33:44,288 --> 00:33:46,224   like John Ehrlichman,           who was instrumental in         666 00:33:46,224 --> 00:33:48,192  creating the "Plumbers"         and orchestrated                 667 00:33:48,192 --> 00:33:50,495   many of the administration's      covert operations.            668 00:33:50,495 --> 00:33:52,864   Or campaign director           John N. Mitchell,                669 00:33:52,864 --> 00:33:54,465   who approved                    the plan for Watergate.         670 00:33:54,465 --> 00:33:56,501 They had similar                    access and motives.           671 00:33:58,102 --> 00:34:00,571  Adam Bunch: Since Nixon           wasn't good with technology,   672 00:34:00,571 --> 00:34:04,142  it does seem unlikely he would   have done the erasing himself.  673 00:34:04,142 --> 00:34:08,246   And since there are more than     3,700 hours of recordings,    674 00:34:08,246 --> 00:34:10,748    you have to wonder              why his team targeted          675 00:34:10,748 --> 00:34:13,684 just those 18.5 minutes?         676 00:34:16,454 --> 00:34:18,056   James Ellis: One name             that often comes up           677 00:34:18,056 --> 00:34:20,058    is General Alexander Haig,    678 00:34:20,058 --> 00:34:22,226 who took over as Nixon's          Chief of Staff                  679 00:34:22,226 --> 00:34:24,295 after Haldeman resigned.         680 00:34:24,295 --> 00:34:28,633 Haig famously called the erasure  the work of a "sinister force"; 681 00:34:28,633 --> 00:34:31,803    a cryptic remark that some    interpreted as an attempt        682 00:34:31,803 --> 00:34:37,275   to deflect blame or perhaps a  subtle nod to internal sabotage. 683 00:34:39,377 --> 00:34:40,778  Alison Leonard: Another            possibility points            684 00:34:40,778 --> 00:34:43,448   to an unknown Secret Service     agent or a technical staffer,  685 00:34:43,448 --> 00:34:46,084    someone with the access and      technical know-how            686 00:34:46,084 --> 00:34:47,418 to manipulate the tapes.         687 00:34:47,418 --> 00:34:49,220   If they believed the             June 20 conversation           688 00:34:49,220 --> 00:34:50,721    posed a significant threat,   689 00:34:50,721 --> 00:34:53,424    whether to national            security or Nixon's Presidency, 690 00:34:53,424 --> 00:34:55,593   they might have taken matters    into their own hands.          691 00:34:59,230 --> 00:35:01,365  Adam Bunch: There have             been years of speculation,    692 00:35:01,365 --> 00:35:03,668  but no one's ever been             identified                    693 00:35:03,668 --> 00:35:05,436 as the "sinister force".         694 00:35:05,436 --> 00:35:07,672  There have been                 extensive investigations         695 00:35:07,672 --> 00:35:09,407    by the FBI and by Congress,   696 00:35:09,407 --> 00:35:12,743 but no concrete evidence            of a "rogue agent".           697 00:35:12,743 --> 00:35:16,481    So it's just one more piece    of the enduring mystery         698 00:35:16,481 --> 00:35:18,483 surrounding those                missing minutes.                 699 00:35:22,653 --> 00:35:24,021   Anthea Nardi:                     The fallout from Watergate    700 00:35:24,021 --> 00:35:26,457    was unlike anything             in American history.           701 00:35:26,457 --> 00:35:30,495    Nixon became the first and     only President to ever resign.  702 00:35:30,495 --> 00:35:33,931   The Watergate burglars served    time for conspiracy,           703 00:35:33,931 --> 00:35:35,867    burglary, and wiretapping,    704 00:35:35,867 --> 00:35:38,302 while 48 others,                    including Haldeman,           705 00:35:38,302 --> 00:35:40,938   were convicted of crimes like   obstruction of justice,         706 00:35:40,938 --> 00:35:42,640 conspiracy, and perjury.         707 00:35:44,075 --> 00:35:47,145   James Ellis: Watergate set a    new tone for American politics; 708 00:35:47,145 --> 00:35:49,280    it led to sweeping reforms    709 00:35:49,280 --> 00:35:51,782 aimed at restoring trust            in the government.            710 00:35:52,416 --> 00:35:54,585    The Supreme Court's              unanimous decision            711 00:35:54,585 --> 00:35:56,754  to order Nixon                    to release the tapes,          712 00:35:56,754 --> 00:36:00,191    reshaped the presidency by     affirming that no one,          713 00:36:00,191 --> 00:36:02,660  not even the President,         is above the law.                714 00:36:02,660 --> 00:36:06,664  That limit on power is           just as relevant today.         715 00:36:08,900 --> 00:36:11,235   Narrator: The missing minutes   remain one of the most profound 716 00:36:11,235 --> 00:36:14,038    puzzles in American              political history.            717 00:36:14,038 --> 00:36:16,641   Despite advancements            in technology,                  718 00:36:16,641 --> 00:36:20,244    experts have been unable to      recover the missing audio.    719 00:36:20,244 --> 00:36:24,182    It's a mystery that remains    locked away...for now.          720 00:36:25,183 --> 00:36:27,985  Maybe one day, the right tools     will finally bring            721 00:36:27,985 --> 00:36:30,454   those lost moments to light.   722 00:36:30,454 --> 00:36:31,489    ♪♪                            723 00:36:33,658 --> 00:36:33,691    ♪♪                            724 00:36:33,691 --> 00:36:44,735    ♪♪                            725 00:36:44,735 --> 00:36:48,306  Narrator: He was the leader of     Jesus Christ's 12 disciples   726 00:36:48,306 --> 00:36:51,275   and the first Pope of            the Catholic Church.           727 00:36:51,275 --> 00:36:53,744  As such, Saint Peter's           sacred remains                  728 00:36:53,744 --> 00:36:55,880   have been a precious              and revered relic,            729 00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:59,250 kept in the watchful care         of the Catholic Church,         730 00:36:59,250 --> 00:37:02,353   and venerated for the            better part of two millennia,  731 00:37:02,353 --> 00:37:05,523 less than a thousand feet           from where he was martyred.   732 00:37:07,792 --> 00:37:10,361  Amma Agbedor: The first           Basilica of St. Peter          733 00:37:10,361 --> 00:37:12,396   was built in the 4th century,  734 00:37:12,396 --> 00:37:14,232   right over the resting place   735 00:37:14,232 --> 00:37:16,133  of the Apostle Peter's remains, 736 00:37:16,133 --> 00:37:18,736  on Rome's Vatican Hill.         737 00:37:18,736 --> 00:37:21,038 The spot for the basilica        738 00:37:21,038 --> 00:37:23,541   wasn't chosen                    for any other reason,          739 00:37:23,541 --> 00:37:27,278 than that's where                   Peter's bones were.           740 00:37:29,213 --> 00:37:30,715   James Ellis: The site             has been venerated            741 00:37:30,715 --> 00:37:32,617  for about 1,800 years.          742 00:37:32,617 --> 00:37:34,485   For the long                     succession of Popes,           743 00:37:34,485 --> 00:37:36,120 and any other worshippers        fortunate enough                 744 00:37:36,120 --> 00:37:37,755 to have the opportunity,         745 00:37:37,755 --> 00:37:39,557    venerating Peter's remains    746 00:37:39,557 --> 00:37:42,593 has been a deeply                  meaningful practice.           747 00:37:43,561 --> 00:37:46,030   Alison Leonard: But in 1950,    Pope Pius XII's                 748 00:37:46,030 --> 00:37:48,099  Christmas radio address           contained an                   749 00:37:48,099 --> 00:37:50,067    "I've got good news             and bad news"                  750 00:37:50,067 --> 00:37:51,602   kind of announcement.          751 00:37:51,602 --> 00:37:52,970  What the Pontiff said was that, 752 00:37:52,970 --> 00:37:54,305  during the excavations             carried out                   753 00:37:54,305 --> 00:37:57,041   beneath St. Peter's Basilica   some years prior,                754 00:37:57,041 --> 00:37:59,577   "human hones had been found,"  755 00:37:59,577 --> 00:38:02,079  but he said it wasn't possible   to say with certainty,          756 00:38:02,079 --> 00:38:03,614    that the bones were            Saint Peter's.                  757 00:38:05,316 --> 00:38:07,518  Adam Bunch: Catholics had been    paying their respects          758 00:38:07,518 --> 00:38:09,887  in the basilica for centuries,  759 00:38:09,887 --> 00:38:13,391   confident the Apostle Peter's    remains were nearby.           760 00:38:13,391 --> 00:38:15,559   But if those discovered bones  761 00:38:15,559 --> 00:38:18,029    might have belonged           to someone else,                 762 00:38:18,029 --> 00:38:19,964  then where were                    St. Peter's bones?            763 00:38:23,134 --> 00:38:24,468 Narrator:                           It's believed that sometime   764 00:38:24,468 --> 00:38:27,305   between 54 and 68 CE,          765 00:38:27,305 --> 00:38:29,607  the Apostle Peter came to Rome, 766 00:38:29,607 --> 00:38:31,876  where in the absence of          any Christian churches,         767 00:38:31,876 --> 00:38:35,246  he preached in private           homes around the city.          768 00:38:36,380 --> 00:38:39,850  This was in the time of            Rome's fifth Emperor, Nero,   769 00:38:39,850 --> 00:38:43,421  infamous for his public            persecution of Christians.    770 00:38:45,356 --> 00:38:46,424   Amma Agbedor:                  According to the accounts        771 00:38:46,424 --> 00:38:48,592  of the Roman historian Tacitus, 772 00:38:48,592 --> 00:38:52,396  Christians were killed             by burning, or crucifixion,   773 00:38:52,396 --> 00:38:55,566 or being devoured                by wild animals,                 774 00:38:55,566 --> 00:38:58,869  in front of crowds of a          chariot-racing circuit          775 00:38:58,869 --> 00:39:02,039   known as the Circus of Nero,   776 00:39:02,039 --> 00:39:04,308    outside Rome's city walls.    777 00:39:04,308 --> 00:39:07,645   It's believed                     that around 67 CE,            778 00:39:07,645 --> 00:39:11,048 Peter became one of these        martyred victims.                779 00:39:13,184 --> 00:39:14,885  James Ellis: Peter was          reportedly buried                780 00:39:14,885 --> 00:39:17,655  in a Roman necropolis,           or "city of the dead",          781 00:39:17,655 --> 00:39:19,924 known as the Vatican necropolis. 782 00:39:19,924 --> 00:39:22,593 This site didn't have any         Christian significance          783 00:39:22,593 --> 00:39:25,629   at the time;                    it was merely an area adjacent  784 00:39:25,629 --> 00:39:28,766  to the Circus of Nero,           where many Romans were buried.  785 00:39:31,202 --> 00:39:34,071  Alison Leonard: About a century   and a half later, in 313 CE,   786 00:39:34,071 --> 00:39:36,941  Rome's then-Emperor Constantine    converted to Christianity,    787 00:39:36,941 --> 00:39:38,809   and ordered a                     great basilica to be built    788 00:39:38,809 --> 00:39:41,612   over the place where Peter's   tomb was believed to lie.        789 00:39:42,613 --> 00:39:44,648 Within the basilica, a monument, eventually called                790 00:39:44,648 --> 00:39:47,551  the Trophy of Gaius, was built   directly over the tomb.         791 00:39:47,551 --> 00:39:49,286 There was a latticed door           that supposedly led           792 00:39:49,286 --> 00:39:50,621    to Peter's remains.           793 00:39:52,323 --> 00:39:55,025   Adam Bunch: The basilica was     rebuilt and expanded           794 00:39:55,025 --> 00:39:56,961 about 1,200 years later,         795 00:39:56,961 --> 00:39:59,397  in the 1500s and 1600s,         796 00:39:59,397 --> 00:40:02,366  including the addition             of the iconic dome            797 00:40:02,366 --> 00:40:04,335 designed by Michelangelo.        798 00:40:04,335 --> 00:40:07,371 Vatican Hill was                  completely transformed.         799 00:40:07,371 --> 00:40:10,674 The high altar was built         above the Trophy of Gaius        800 00:40:10,674 --> 00:40:14,512   and St. Peter's tomb, and it      has stood there ever since,   801 00:40:14,512 --> 00:40:17,047  as a symbol of                     Christian devotion.           802 00:40:18,115 --> 00:40:20,951    So, according to tradition,    there was no reason to question 803 00:40:20,951 --> 00:40:23,587  that the faithful were             venerating Peter's            804 00:40:23,587 --> 00:40:27,658    actual remains, until that     Papal address in 1950.          805 00:40:32,329 --> 00:40:33,898    Narrator: If Saint Peter's    remains are gone                 806 00:40:33,898 --> 00:40:35,900    from their original            resting place,                  807 00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:38,602  some historians believe          they may have been lost         808 00:40:38,602 --> 00:40:41,372 about five centuries ago,           during a senseless            809 00:40:41,372 --> 00:40:43,140   and traumatic event.           810 00:40:44,275 --> 00:40:46,544    Amma Agbedor: Saint Peter's      bones could have been lost    811 00:40:46,544 --> 00:40:49,513   or destroyed in May of 1527,   812 00:40:49,513 --> 00:40:51,482 during the Sack of Rome.         813 00:40:51,482 --> 00:40:53,984 The forces of Charles V,         814 00:40:53,984 --> 00:40:55,920 the "Holy Roman Emperor",        815 00:40:55,920 --> 00:40:57,688    and King of Spain,            816 00:40:57,688 --> 00:41:00,124  hadn't been paid in some time,  817 00:41:00,124 --> 00:41:01,692    so they were angry.           818 00:41:03,227 --> 00:41:05,930   About 20,000 of them              stormed into Rome,            819 00:41:05,930 --> 00:41:09,633    looting and pillaging, and       indiscriminately murdering    820 00:41:09,633 --> 00:41:12,570    military defenders              and civilians alike.           821 00:41:13,938 --> 00:41:16,106    James Ellis: Merchants were      ransomed, tortured,           822 00:41:16,106 --> 00:41:17,575   or murdered for their money.   823 00:41:17,575 --> 00:41:19,443 This went on for a month!        824 00:41:19,443 --> 00:41:22,379 But the thing is,                the violence also took on        825 00:41:22,379 --> 00:41:24,014   religious overtones.           826 00:41:24,014 --> 00:41:27,785  Many of the attacking soldiers  felt a particular hatred         827 00:41:27,785 --> 00:41:30,454   of Catholic Rome and            expressed their disdain         828 00:41:30,454 --> 00:41:32,089    with great cruelty.           829 00:41:33,324 --> 00:41:35,593   Alison Leonard: Accounts also  say that churches were ransacked 830 00:41:35,593 --> 00:41:37,161 and that relics of Peter         and other saints                 831 00:41:37,161 --> 00:41:38,562   were trampled and destroyed.   832 00:41:41,599 --> 00:41:43,033    Narrator: But it's              the very possibility           833 00:41:43,033 --> 00:41:45,836  that St. Peter's bones           were removed long ago,          834 00:41:45,836 --> 00:41:47,771  that gives some                 modern believers                 835 00:41:47,771 --> 00:41:50,641  and researchers                    hope for the bones' safety.   836 00:41:52,176 --> 00:41:54,512   Amma Agbedor: In the              4th century, at a time when   837 00:41:54,512 --> 00:41:57,481 Christians faced                   intense persecution,           838 00:41:57,481 --> 00:42:00,317  some followers may have            moved Peter's bones           839 00:42:00,317 --> 00:42:02,453    to protect them from theft    840 00:42:02,453 --> 00:42:04,822    or intentional destruction.   841 00:42:04,822 --> 00:42:08,058    And one theory as to where       they'd have moved them to,    842 00:42:08,058 --> 00:42:09,860  is the Roman catacombs.         843 00:42:13,097 --> 00:42:16,267   James Ellis: Catacumba comes     from two ancient Greek words   844 00:42:16,267 --> 00:42:17,935 meaning "at the quarry."         845 00:42:17,935 --> 00:42:20,271  Rome's first catacombs          were just tunnels                846 00:42:20,271 --> 00:42:22,640   dug to quarry volcanic stone.  847 00:42:22,640 --> 00:42:25,009  Once those tunnels were         no longer being quarried,        848 00:42:25,009 --> 00:42:28,345   the Christians started using    them as underground cemeteries, 849 00:42:28,345 --> 00:42:31,115  and expanded and extended them. 850 00:42:31,115 --> 00:42:34,251  Later, tunnels were dug           expressly to be used           851 00:42:34,251 --> 00:42:35,886    as underground cemeteries.    852 00:42:38,122 --> 00:42:39,957   Alison Leonard: It was common    for Christians to move relics  853 00:42:39,957 --> 00:42:41,859    to secure locations             for their protection,          854 00:42:41,859 --> 00:42:43,394  and the idea that this             may have been done            855 00:42:43,394 --> 00:42:44,695    with Saint Peter's bones is   856 00:42:44,695 --> 00:42:46,931  one of the more                 accepted theories today.         857 00:42:46,931 --> 00:42:50,801 The Chronograph,                   the Roman calendar, of 354 CE  858 00:42:50,801 --> 00:42:53,771  actually supports this,         saying that from 258 CE,         859 00:42:53,771 --> 00:42:58,242  Peter's remains were ad           catacumbas "at the catacombs"  860 00:42:58,242 --> 00:42:59,643 and not at Vatican Hill.         861 00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:04,615   Adam Bunch: Rome's catacombs    are some of the oldest,         862 00:43:04,615 --> 00:43:07,551 and longest in the world.        863 00:43:07,551 --> 00:43:10,454   There are hundreds of           miles of burial tunnels         864 00:43:10,454 --> 00:43:12,856   beneath the city and             the surrounding area.          865 00:43:12,856 --> 00:43:14,658  Some have been                     open to the public,           866 00:43:14,658 --> 00:43:17,595  but many of them still haven't   been properly explored,         867 00:43:17,595 --> 00:43:21,131   and there could be even more   waiting to be discovered.        868 00:43:21,131 --> 00:43:24,335  So, if Peter's remains          are down there somewhere,        869 00:43:24,335 --> 00:43:26,537 they would be very hard to find. 870 00:43:28,272 --> 00:43:30,874    Narrator: But some experts    believe St. Peter's bones        871 00:43:30,874 --> 00:43:33,143   may be hiding in plain sight.  872 00:43:35,079 --> 00:43:37,514    Amma Agbedor: It's possible      that Saint Peter's remains    873 00:43:37,514 --> 00:43:39,116 have already been found,         874 00:43:39,116 --> 00:43:42,286   and that they've been          in the Vatican all along.        875 00:43:44,521 --> 00:43:46,156   James Ellis:                    In 1939, it was decided         876 00:43:46,156 --> 00:43:47,591    that the Vatican Grottoes,    877 00:43:47,591 --> 00:43:50,127   an ancient complex of            chambers and chapels           878 00:43:50,127 --> 00:43:52,763   that lie beneath the            floor of the Basilica,          879 00:43:52,763 --> 00:43:54,865  should be opened to the public. 880 00:43:54,865 --> 00:43:57,801 Creating access required           some excavation work,          881 00:43:57,801 --> 00:43:58,869    and in the course of that,    882 00:43:58,869 --> 00:44:00,938  workers came across Roman tombs 883 00:44:00,938 --> 00:44:03,841  the ancient Vatican necropolis. 884 00:44:03,841 --> 00:44:07,444    Materials were removed and      put into a Vatican warehouse   885 00:44:07,444 --> 00:44:08,879   and forgotten about.           886 00:44:10,748 --> 00:44:12,049 Alison Leonard: As these          excavations continued,          887 00:44:12,049 --> 00:44:14,385   a Catholic mystic claimed to   have had several visions         888 00:44:14,385 --> 00:44:17,421  in which Jesus told her Peter's remains weren't on Vatican Hill, 889 00:44:17,421 --> 00:44:19,189   but had been interred          miles from there,                890 00:44:19,189 --> 00:44:21,625    in the catacombs of            Marcillinus and Peter.          891 00:44:23,794 --> 00:44:25,996  Adam Bunch: Years after          the excavations began,          892 00:44:25,996 --> 00:44:28,999 a worker who was involved         told one of the archaeologists  893 00:44:28,999 --> 00:44:31,702    that some of the materials       discovered early on           894 00:44:31,702 --> 00:44:34,705  had been bones,                   and that they'd been removed   895 00:44:34,705 --> 00:44:36,907  and were now in                   a Vatican warehouse.           896 00:44:39,977 --> 00:44:42,780  Narrator: The bones were pulled   from the Vatican storehouse,   897 00:44:42,780 --> 00:44:44,848  and sent for forensic testing.  898 00:44:46,450 --> 00:44:49,987  Amma Agbedor: The analysis said  the bones belonged to one man,  899 00:44:49,987 --> 00:44:53,624   heavy set, who'd been          about 60 or 70 years old         900 00:44:53,624 --> 00:44:55,225 at the time of his death,        901 00:44:55,225 --> 00:44:58,162   which matched                   Peter's approximate age         902 00:44:58,162 --> 00:45:00,297   when he was martyred.          903 00:45:00,297 --> 00:45:02,099  And there were traces of wool,  904 00:45:02,099 --> 00:45:05,602    dyed purple and interwoven    with gold thread,                905 00:45:05,602 --> 00:45:08,005  suggesting the                   bones had been wrapped          906 00:45:08,005 --> 00:45:10,841 with great care,                  before being interred.          907 00:45:14,712 --> 00:45:16,580   James Ellis: This was enough   for the Catholic Church.         908 00:45:16,580 --> 00:45:20,117   By 1968, Pope Paul VI            announced officially           909 00:45:20,117 --> 00:45:22,553    that Peter's bones             had been found.                 910 00:45:22,553 --> 00:45:25,656   So they ended their temporary   stay in the Vatican warehouse,  911 00:45:25,656 --> 00:45:27,257 and at the forensic labs,        912 00:45:27,257 --> 00:45:30,761   and were venerated privately,     until 2013,                   913 00:45:30,761 --> 00:45:33,230    when Pope Francis displayed     them publicly                  914 00:45:33,230 --> 00:45:34,798  in St. Peter's Square.          915 00:45:36,734 --> 00:45:38,435  Alison Leonard: So it's           a neat, happy ending.          916 00:45:38,435 --> 00:45:40,804  As long as you believe that the  results of the forensic testing 917 00:45:40,804 --> 00:45:42,106 on the bones were                   sufficient to prove           918 00:45:42,106 --> 00:45:44,041   the bones really were            St. Peter's.                   919 00:45:44,041 --> 00:45:45,809    Many experts still               have their doubts.            920 00:45:47,511 --> 00:45:50,314    Amma Agbedor: Peter's bones    may have been lost to history,  921 00:45:50,314 --> 00:45:53,851  or they may be safe and          secure in the Vatican.          922 00:45:53,851 --> 00:45:56,053 But if neither of those is true, 923 00:45:56,053 --> 00:45:58,822 there are still many miles         of unexplored,                 924 00:45:58,822 --> 00:46:00,724 unexcavated catacombs            925 00:46:00,724 --> 00:46:03,627 that may still hold               Peter's remains.                926 00:46:03,627 --> 00:46:05,796    ♪♪                            927 00:46:05,796 --> 00:46:08,966   Narrator: Until Peter's bones  are verified or located,         928 00:46:08,966 --> 00:46:11,535 believers may have their           faith tested,                  929 00:46:11,535 --> 00:46:13,137   while scientists and skeptics  930 00:46:13,137 --> 00:46:15,372    may keep searching             for the truth.                  931 00:46:15,372 --> 00:46:17,407  And it's possible both          932 00:46:17,407 --> 00:46:18,809 will one day find                933 00:46:18,809 --> 00:46:20,277 what they're looking for.        934 00:46:20,277 --> 00:46:24,214    ♪♪                            935 00:46:27,351 --> 00:46:30,120    ♪♪                            109831

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