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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,434 --> 00:00:01,468 Na                               2 00:00:01,468 --> 00:00:01,501 Narr                             3 00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:01,534 Narrat                           4 00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:01,568 Narrator                         5 00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:01,601 Narrator:                        6 00:00:01,601 --> 00:00:01,634 Narrator: Po                     7 00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:01,668 Narrator: Powe                   8 00:00:01,668 --> 00:00:01,701 Narrator: Power                  9 00:00:01,701 --> 00:00:01,735 Narrator: Power an               10 00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:01,768 Narrator: Power and              11 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:01,801 Narrator: Power and gr           12 00:00:01,801 --> 00:00:01,835 Narrator: Power and gree         13 00:00:01,835 --> 00:00:01,901 Narrator: Power and greed        14 00:00:01,901 --> 00:00:01,935 Narrator: Power and greed        le                               15 00:00:01,935 --> 00:00:01,968 Narrator: Power and greed        lead                             16 00:00:01,968 --> 00:00:02,002 Narrator: Power and greed        lead t                           17 00:00:02,002 --> 00:00:02,035 Narrator: Power and greed        lead to                          18 00:00:02,035 --> 00:00:02,068 Narrator: Power and greed        lead to th                       19 00:00:02,068 --> 00:00:02,102 Narrator: Power and greed        lead to the                      20 00:00:02,102 --> 00:00:02,135 Narrator: Power and greed        lead to the th                   21 00:00:02,135 --> 00:00:02,168 Narrator: Power and greed        lead to the thef                 22 00:00:02,168 --> 00:00:03,236 Narrator: Power and greed        lead to the theft                23 00:00:03,236 --> 00:00:05,572    and eventual disappearance    of Aztec gold...                 24 00:00:06,606 --> 00:00:08,074    James Ellis: They called it      "La Noche Triste" -           25 00:00:08,074 --> 00:00:09,642   The Night of Sorrows.          26 00:00:09,642 --> 00:00:13,380  Montezuma was mortally wounded,   some say by his own subjects,  27 00:00:13,380 --> 00:00:16,082  and the Spaniards fled          with stolen gold                 28 00:00:16,082 --> 00:00:19,252    worth an estimated            $4 billion today.                29 00:00:20,420 --> 00:00:22,789   Narrator: A mystery unravels     after a piece of work          30 00:00:22,789 --> 00:00:26,226  from one of the world's          literary greats goes missing... 31 00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:30,196  Anthea Nardi: No manuscript or   publication has ever surfaced.  32 00:00:30,196 --> 00:00:33,867  How could such an extraordinary    work created by one           33 00:00:33,867 --> 00:00:36,403   of history's greatest           literary minds,                 34 00:00:36,403 --> 00:00:37,737 simply disappear?                35 00:00:39,139 --> 00:00:41,074  Narrator: The location             of a sacred chest,            36 00:00:41,074 --> 00:00:44,144  said to hold the stone tablets  of the Ten Commandments,         37 00:00:44,144 --> 00:00:46,713  has puzzled historians           for centuries.                  38 00:00:46,713 --> 00:00:49,182 James Ellis: To this day,         the arc's fate remains          39 00:00:49,182 --> 00:00:51,818 one of humanity's                   greatest mysteries.           40 00:00:51,818 --> 00:00:54,521    If it survived the               fires of conquest,            41 00:00:54,521 --> 00:00:55,588  where could it be now?          42 00:00:56,956 --> 00:00:58,258  ♪ (show theme music) ♪          43 00:00:58,258 --> 00:01:01,261  Narrator: The chain of history   has many missing links.         44 00:01:01,995 --> 00:01:03,496 Prominent people.                45 00:01:03,496 --> 00:01:04,898   Priceless treasures.           46 00:01:04,898 --> 00:01:06,766 Extraordinary artifacts.         47 00:01:07,367 --> 00:01:10,203  Their locations still unknown.  48 00:01:10,203 --> 00:01:12,439 Lost to the fog of time.         49 00:01:13,540 --> 00:01:16,443 What happens when                 stories of the past...          50 00:01:16,443 --> 00:01:17,744 become...                        51 00:01:17,744 --> 00:01:19,446 Vanished History?                52 00:01:19,446 --> 00:01:24,551    ♪♪                            53 00:01:25,819 --> 00:01:32,892    ♪♪                            54 00:01:32,892 --> 00:01:35,895 Narrator:                        In 1520 CE, Tenochtitlan,        55 00:01:35,895 --> 00:01:38,364    the capital of the              mighty Aztec Empire,           56 00:01:38,364 --> 00:01:41,367   erupted in violence,             as the city's people launched  57 00:01:41,367 --> 00:01:45,405   an all-out rebellion against      unwelcome Spanish soldiers.   58 00:01:45,405 --> 00:01:49,676   Gold and blood mingled in the   waters of Lake Texcoco          59 00:01:49,676 --> 00:01:53,880  as the Spaniards fled, leaving   behind a scene of devastation,  60 00:01:53,880 --> 00:01:57,617   and an enduring mystery that     would echo through centuries.  61 00:01:58,751 --> 00:02:00,386   Alison Leonard: When              conquistador Hernán Cortés    62 00:02:00,386 --> 00:02:02,956   entered Tenochtitlán in 1519,  63 00:02:02,956 --> 00:02:04,791    he was impressed by              the grandeur of it.           64 00:02:05,258 --> 00:02:07,160   Emperor Montezuma II,           greeted Cortés                  65 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:09,529    with reverence and caution,   believing perhaps                66 00:02:09,529 --> 00:02:12,398  he was the long-awaited         God Quetzalcoatl,                67 00:02:12,398 --> 00:02:14,234   returning to fulfill            Aztec destiny.                  68 00:02:15,168 --> 00:02:18,338    Adam Bunch: But of course,      Cortés wasn't a god.           69 00:02:18,338 --> 00:02:20,940  He was a conquistador,          driven by Spain's                70 00:02:20,940 --> 00:02:23,109    colonial desire for wealth    71 00:02:23,109 --> 00:02:25,445 and his own hunger for conquest. 72 00:02:25,445 --> 00:02:28,815   When Montezuma welcomed them    with gifts as a gesture         73 00:02:28,815 --> 00:02:32,452 of goodwill, including a disk of    gold and another of silver,   74 00:02:32,452 --> 00:02:35,722   it seems to have just          added fuel to his greed.         75 00:02:35,722 --> 00:02:39,225 Cortez wanted the riches            of the Aztec Empire           76 00:02:39,225 --> 00:02:41,394    for himself and for Spain.    77 00:02:42,629 --> 00:02:45,031    Amma Agbedor: The Spaniards   soon imposed their will,         78 00:02:45,031 --> 00:02:47,800    straining relations           with the Aztecs.                 79 00:02:47,800 --> 00:02:49,969  As tensions escalated,          80 00:02:49,969 --> 00:02:52,939    Cortés took                   Emperor Montezuma hostage        81 00:02:52,939 --> 00:02:55,141    in his own palace.            82 00:02:55,141 --> 00:02:58,344 Then, during the                 Toxcatl festival,                83 00:02:58,344 --> 00:03:00,580   a sacred time for the Aztecs,  84 00:03:00,580 --> 00:03:05,151    Spanish soldiers massacred       thousands of Aztec nobles,    85 00:03:05,151 --> 00:03:07,253   sparking an uprising.          86 00:03:08,555 --> 00:03:10,190    James Ellis: They called it      "La Noche Triste",            87 00:03:10,190 --> 00:03:11,824   The Night of Sorrows.          88 00:03:11,824 --> 00:03:13,760  Montezuma was mortally wounded, 89 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:15,528   some say by his own subjects,  90 00:03:15,528 --> 00:03:18,131  and the Spaniards fled          with stolen gold                 91 00:03:18,131 --> 00:03:21,434    worth an estimated            $4 billion today.                92 00:03:21,434 --> 00:03:23,736    Attacked by Aztec warriors,   93 00:03:23,736 --> 00:03:25,305   many were killed or drowned,   94 00:03:25,305 --> 00:03:27,974  leaving only scattered          fragments of gold                95 00:03:27,974 --> 00:03:29,709    along the city's causeways.   96 00:03:29,709 --> 00:03:34,147   In the chaos, the vast wealth    of the Aztec empire vanished.  97 00:03:34,147 --> 00:03:36,382   So where did                     Montezuma's gold go?           98 00:03:40,119 --> 00:03:43,356  Narrator: Montezuma's treasure   was more than gold and jewels.  99 00:03:43,356 --> 00:03:45,792   It symbolized                   the heart of an empire.         100 00:03:45,792 --> 00:03:49,529 The story began with the Spanish arrival in Tenochtitlan,         101 00:03:49,529 --> 00:03:52,532  a shimmering metropolis         on Lake Texcoco,                 102 00:03:52,532 --> 00:03:55,868  but would unravel into             a tale of ambition,           103 00:03:55,868 --> 00:03:57,203    cultural collision,           104 00:03:57,203 --> 00:04:00,406  and the enduring enigma            of a lost treasure.           105 00:04:01,474 --> 00:04:02,675  Alison Leonard: By the             early 16th century,           106 00:04:02,675 --> 00:04:05,912  the Aztecs commanded an empire  spanning 500 city-states         107 00:04:05,912 --> 00:04:07,714    and 5 to 6 million people.    108 00:04:07,714 --> 00:04:09,849  At its height,                  Tenochtitlán was home to         109 00:04:09,849 --> 00:04:11,351 at least 200,000 people,         110 00:04:11,351 --> 00:04:13,319    making it the most densely     populated city                  111 00:04:13,319 --> 00:04:15,221    Mesoamerica had ever seen.    112 00:04:16,356 --> 00:04:19,425    Amma Agbedor: Tenochtitlan      was a marvel of engineering,   113 00:04:19,425 --> 00:04:23,296    an island city set             in the middle of Lake Texcoco,  114 00:04:23,296 --> 00:04:27,133   connected to the mainland by    massive stone causeways         115 00:04:27,133 --> 00:04:29,602    that rose from the               water like bridges.           116 00:04:29,602 --> 00:04:31,738    Its canals                     criss-crossed the city,         117 00:04:31,738 --> 00:04:34,274    serving as roads for canoes      carrying everything           118 00:04:34,274 --> 00:04:36,843 from rare foods to luxury goods. 119 00:04:39,078 --> 00:04:42,048  Narrator: At the heart of this     vast, sophisticated empire    120 00:04:42,048 --> 00:04:44,284    stood Montezuma II,           121 00:04:44,284 --> 00:04:48,054   a ruler as formidable as the    city he presided over.          122 00:04:48,054 --> 00:04:49,722 But when Cortés arrived,         123 00:04:49,722 --> 00:04:53,993 the Aztec Empire faced a           challenge unlike any before.   124 00:04:55,828 --> 00:04:58,398   Amma Agbedor: Cortés           knew he was outnumbered,         125 00:04:58,398 --> 00:05:01,801    so he forged alliances with   indigenous groups                126 00:05:01,801 --> 00:05:06,572  like the Tlaxcalans who         resented Aztec dominance.        127 00:05:06,572 --> 00:05:09,642   The Spanish exploited          these existing rivalries,        128 00:05:09,642 --> 00:05:12,645 turning local grievances           into a force                   129 00:05:12,645 --> 00:05:14,947 that would bring down an empire. 130 00:05:16,316 --> 00:05:18,251 James Ellis: The massacre           during the Toxcatl festival   131 00:05:18,251 --> 00:05:19,585  was the breaking point.         132 00:05:19,585 --> 00:05:21,321  It wasn't just                     an act of violence,           133 00:05:21,321 --> 00:05:24,457  it was a brutal desecration of  Aztec tradition.                 134 00:05:24,457 --> 00:05:27,393   With Montezuma dead,           the city erupted,                135 00:05:27,393 --> 00:05:30,963    and the anger of a betrayed      people turned Tenochtitlan    136 00:05:30,963 --> 00:05:32,498    into a fierce battleground.   137 00:05:33,933 --> 00:05:35,335  Alison Leonard: La Noche Triste  marked a turning point          138 00:05:35,335 --> 00:05:36,602    for the Spaniards.            139 00:05:36,602 --> 00:05:39,305    The losses were staggering,    and not just in lives,          140 00:05:39,305 --> 00:05:40,707    but in the treasure           they were after.                 141 00:05:41,874 --> 00:05:43,710    Narrator: Some believe the      secrets of that night          142 00:05:43,710 --> 00:05:46,579  still linger in                  Tenochtitlan's waters.          143 00:05:48,648 --> 00:05:50,883 Adam Bunch: Some of those        who believe in the legend        144 00:05:50,883 --> 00:05:54,253   of Montezuma's lost treasure   think it could be buried         145 00:05:54,253 --> 00:05:57,390  beneath Tenochtitlan's          ancient lakebed.                 146 00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:00,493 Some say the Spanish cast        their gold into the water        147 00:06:00,493 --> 00:06:03,229   around the causeways             as they fled,                  148 00:06:03,229 --> 00:06:05,298  and that it may still be hidden 149 00:06:05,298 --> 00:06:07,667  under what was                     once lake Texcoco.            150 00:06:08,835 --> 00:06:11,003  Amma Agbedor: It's also         possible that the Aztecs         151 00:06:11,003 --> 00:06:13,606   may have hidden their          wealth in 'water traps'.         152 00:06:13,606 --> 00:06:15,942  These are deep                     underwater tunnels            153 00:06:15,942 --> 00:06:17,944   leading to submerged chambers  154 00:06:17,944 --> 00:06:19,812 where valuables could be stored. 155 00:06:20,680 --> 00:06:23,783   The entrances were concealed,    and only those with knowledge  156 00:06:23,783 --> 00:06:26,386 of their location                   could access them.            157 00:06:27,220 --> 00:06:29,622 James Ellis: Over the centuries, Lake Texcoco was drained,        158 00:06:29,622 --> 00:06:31,891    and Mexico City was              built on top of it.           159 00:06:31,891 --> 00:06:34,627   The original lakebed            now lies beneath layers         160 00:06:34,627 --> 00:06:36,696  of sediment and                    urban development,            161 00:06:36,696 --> 00:06:38,798  complicating any search         for the treasure.                162 00:06:39,832 --> 00:06:43,469   Narrator: In 1981, a           significant clue emerged         163 00:06:43,469 --> 00:06:46,572    when a construction worker       discovered a large gold bar   164 00:06:46,572 --> 00:06:48,641 at a park in Mexico City.        165 00:06:49,709 --> 00:06:51,177  Alison Leonard: The bar weighed    around 4 and a half pounds,   166 00:06:51,177 --> 00:06:54,080    and was found along Cortes'    escape route on La Noche Triste 167 00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:57,049  It was later confirmed to date  back to Montezuma's era.         168 00:06:57,049 --> 00:06:59,852 Some believe it fell into         a canal on that night,          169 00:06:59,852 --> 00:07:02,054   suggesting that treasures may     still lie beneath the city.   170 00:07:04,557 --> 00:07:06,125    Adam Bunch:                   The city's infrastructure        171 00:07:06,125 --> 00:07:08,494 layered over the ancient lakebed 172 00:07:08,494 --> 00:07:10,797    makes it hard to excavate.    173 00:07:10,797 --> 00:07:12,698   But even with                    advanced technology,           174 00:07:12,698 --> 00:07:15,568  the extensive searches haven't     found anything significant.   175 00:07:15,568 --> 00:07:18,404  After decades of investigation, 176 00:07:18,404 --> 00:07:20,106  it seems less likely than ever  177 00:07:20,106 --> 00:07:23,376  that Montezuma's lost treasure   lies beneath the city.          178 00:07:26,546 --> 00:07:28,247 Narrator: As new                 worlds opened up,                179 00:07:28,247 --> 00:07:29,949  the promise of wealth and power 180 00:07:29,949 --> 00:07:33,686   may have carried Montezuma's     treasure far from the empire,  181 00:07:33,686 --> 00:07:36,556   where it would vanish            just as mysteriously.          182 00:07:38,124 --> 00:07:41,127  Amma Agbedor: Maybe the         treasure was lost at sea,        183 00:07:41,127 --> 00:07:43,463   far from the Mexican shores.   184 00:07:43,463 --> 00:07:47,600    When the Spanish reclaimed      Tenochtitlán in 1521,          185 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:50,236 they decimated the Aztec Empire, 186 00:07:50,236 --> 00:07:53,806    taking over 240,000 lives,    187 00:07:53,806 --> 00:07:58,878   and, some say, recovering the  lost riches of Montezuma.        188 00:07:58,878 --> 00:08:01,581   According to legend,             parts of the treasure          189 00:08:01,581 --> 00:08:03,716    were then packed onto ships   190 00:08:03,716 --> 00:08:06,252    setting sail from Veracruz,   191 00:08:06,252 --> 00:08:07,920 bound for Spain.                 192 00:08:09,121 --> 00:08:11,791 James Ellis: Much of this wealth    was designated as a tribute   193 00:08:11,791 --> 00:08:14,660   to King Charles V to           fulfill the royal quinto,        194 00:08:14,660 --> 00:08:16,896  the Crown's 20% share.          195 00:08:16,896 --> 00:08:19,599 But one ship, reportedly          weighed down with gold          196 00:08:19,599 --> 00:08:21,033    from Montezuma's treasure,    197 00:08:21,033 --> 00:08:23,336  is said to have                   encountered a violent storm,   198 00:08:23,336 --> 00:08:26,272 sinking somewhere                 in the Gulf of Mexico,          199 00:08:26,272 --> 00:08:28,541    or possibly further              into the Atlantic.            200 00:08:29,408 --> 00:08:31,010    Narrator: Some believe the    treasure escaped                 201 00:08:31,010 --> 00:08:32,178    the coast entirely,           202 00:08:32,178 --> 00:08:35,515  hidden in lands beyond             the Spanish empire's grasp.   203 00:08:36,782 --> 00:08:40,253   James Ellis: Legends speak of     Aztec priests and warriors    204 00:08:40,253 --> 00:08:42,288 who set out to safeguard         their treasures,                 205 00:08:42,288 --> 00:08:44,690   by moving them out of            Tenochtitlan.                  206 00:08:44,690 --> 00:08:48,394 According to this story,            around 8,000 Aztec soldiers   207 00:08:48,394 --> 00:08:51,330  traveled nearly                  2,000 miles northward,          208 00:08:51,330 --> 00:08:53,666    possibly into what             is now Arizona,                 209 00:08:53,666 --> 00:08:55,701   New Mexico, and Utah.          210 00:08:57,036 --> 00:08:58,571  Alison Leonard: In the             early 16th century,           211 00:08:58,571 --> 00:09:01,307  Spanish control barely extended   beyond central Mexico          212 00:09:01,307 --> 00:09:02,808 and key coastal regions,         213 00:09:02,808 --> 00:09:04,944    so the remote lands of the       American Southwest,           214 00:09:04,944 --> 00:09:07,113   would have been ideal hiding   places for the treasure.         215 00:09:07,113 --> 00:09:09,715   The Aztecs may have retraced    ancient migration paths         216 00:09:09,715 --> 00:09:12,552  toward Aztlán,                    a lost homeland that,          217 00:09:12,552 --> 00:09:14,854 according to Aztec lore,            was somewhere in the north.   218 00:09:16,556 --> 00:09:18,391   Adam Bunch: According            to the popular myth,           219 00:09:18,391 --> 00:09:21,394 they carried tons                 of gold, silver                 220 00:09:21,394 --> 00:09:24,263   and sacred religious              objects with them,            221 00:09:24,263 --> 00:09:27,867 everything they needed to         reestablish their civilization. 222 00:09:27,867 --> 00:09:30,803    Some people like to say the    Aztecs hid the treasure         223 00:09:30,803 --> 00:09:32,838   somewhere along that journey,  224 00:09:32,838 --> 00:09:35,675 on a mountain on                   the edge of a desert,          225 00:09:35,675 --> 00:09:36,976    and then killed each other,   226 00:09:36,976 --> 00:09:39,245  so their spirits could             protect it forever.           227 00:09:41,781 --> 00:09:43,816 Narrator: The treasure's          rumored path northward,         228 00:09:43,816 --> 00:09:46,886 has led to tales of hidden maps, ancient symbols,                 229 00:09:46,886 --> 00:09:48,854  and fortune seekers determined  230 00:09:48,854 --> 00:09:51,190  to uncover its secret location. 231 00:09:53,159 --> 00:09:55,161   Amma Agbedor: One of the most     intriguing stories            232 00:09:55,161 --> 00:09:58,297   involves a prospector            named Freddy Crystal,          233 00:09:58,297 --> 00:10:02,401  who in the early 20th century,   arrived in Kanab, Utah,         234 00:10:02,401 --> 00:10:05,671   with what he claimed              was an ancient map            235 00:10:05,671 --> 00:10:09,141    pointing to                     Montezuma's treasure.          236 00:10:09,141 --> 00:10:13,245 He was convinced that the         symbols carved into the cliffs  237 00:10:13,245 --> 00:10:17,717   around Johnson Canyon          matched those on his map,        238 00:10:17,717 --> 00:10:22,321   so he enlisted locals          to help with his search.         239 00:10:24,423 --> 00:10:27,193 James Ellis: Crystal spent years    searching for the treasure    240 00:10:27,193 --> 00:10:28,327    in the Utah desert,           241 00:10:28,327 --> 00:10:31,831 and while his excavations         uncovered tunnels and caverns,  242 00:10:31,831 --> 00:10:34,133    some with artifacts              and human remains,            243 00:10:34,133 --> 00:10:36,636    he never found what              he was looking for.           244 00:10:37,737 --> 00:10:39,672   Narrator: Across the              American Southwest,           245 00:10:39,672 --> 00:10:42,508    other treasure hunters have    followed these legends,         246 00:10:42,508 --> 00:10:46,245  convinced the gold lies hidden   in the vast, untamed landscape, 247 00:10:46,245 --> 00:10:49,682    with each story adding new     layers to the mystery.          248 00:10:50,916 --> 00:10:52,418  Alison Leonard:                   In Three Lakes, Utah,          249 00:10:52,418 --> 00:10:53,853  about six miles north of Kanab, 250 00:10:53,853 --> 00:10:56,322   treasure hunter Brandt Child   discovered a rock carving        251 00:10:56,322 --> 00:10:58,257  he claimed was an Aztec symbol. 252 00:10:58,257 --> 00:11:00,760 He believed an underwater           tunnel in one of the lakes    253 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:03,362  led to a hidden chamber filled     with Montezuma's lost gold.   254 00:11:04,997 --> 00:11:07,900   Adam Bunch: There are stories   of divers exploring the tunnel, 255 00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:10,202    who came back talking about      equipment failures,           256 00:11:10,202 --> 00:11:13,739   getting disoriented,             even ghostly visions,          257 00:11:13,739 --> 00:11:17,109  or the feeling of being choked, which helped fuel rumors         258 00:11:17,109 --> 00:11:19,912   the site was cursed,            or guarded by spirits.          259 00:11:20,846 --> 00:11:23,416 Amma Agbedor: In Arizona,          local legends suggest          260 00:11:23,416 --> 00:11:25,751 that Montezuma's                    treasure is hidden            261 00:11:25,751 --> 00:11:28,220  in the Superstition Mountains,  262 00:11:28,220 --> 00:11:29,855    a mysterious region           263 00:11:29,855 --> 00:11:32,825    with ancient cliff              dwellings and caves.           264 00:11:32,825 --> 00:11:35,394 But decades of searching           by treasure hunters,           265 00:11:35,394 --> 00:11:37,763 hasn't turned up                 any trace of it.                 266 00:11:37,763 --> 00:11:41,767    So wherever it may be, the      treasure is still out there,   267 00:11:41,767 --> 00:11:43,269   waiting to be found.           268 00:11:45,404 --> 00:11:46,772 Narrator:                        Montezuma's lost treasure        269 00:11:46,772 --> 00:11:48,974   is more than gold and jewels;  270 00:11:48,974 --> 00:11:52,011    it's a story woven               into the fabric of history,   271 00:11:52,011 --> 00:11:55,781  captivating those drawn         to a world nearly erased,        272 00:11:55,781 --> 00:11:57,583 an empire whose splendor         273 00:11:57,583 --> 00:12:00,653 was matched only                    by its tragic fall.           274 00:12:01,554 --> 00:12:04,523 James Ellis: Over centuries, the  legend of Montezuma's treasure  275 00:12:04,523 --> 00:12:06,692   has grown beyond its origins.  276 00:12:06,692 --> 00:12:08,561   It's become a symbol            of resistance,                  277 00:12:08,561 --> 00:12:10,162   a cultural touchstone          278 00:12:10,162 --> 00:12:13,165    that speaks to the strength     of the Aztec spirit,           279 00:12:13,165 --> 00:12:17,336   even as their empire crumbled   under Spanish conquest.         280 00:12:20,973 --> 00:12:22,541    Alison Leonard: Perhaps the     treasure's true value is not   281 00:12:22,541 --> 00:12:25,945  in the gold and jewels,           but in the lessons it offers,  282 00:12:25,945 --> 00:12:28,681   a story of colonial greed and     standing up to oppression,    283 00:12:28,681 --> 00:12:30,750 and of a highly advanced society 284 00:12:30,750 --> 00:12:33,452 that ultimately vanished          at the hands of the Europeans.  285 00:12:37,123 --> 00:12:39,492    Narrator: As long as there     are those who seek it,          286 00:12:39,492 --> 00:12:41,694   Montezuma's treasure endures,  287 00:12:41,694 --> 00:12:43,729 a symbol of lost worlds,         288 00:12:43,729 --> 00:12:45,631 a testament to defiance,         289 00:12:45,631 --> 00:12:48,701    and a mystery that             refuses to die.                 290 00:12:50,970 --> 00:12:58,344    ♪♪                            291 00:12:58,344 --> 00:13:00,479   Narrator: Throughout history,    few artifacts                  292 00:13:00,479 --> 00:13:02,548 have captured the                human imagination                293 00:13:02,548 --> 00:13:04,216   like the Ark of the Covenant,  294 00:13:04,216 --> 00:13:07,353  a sacred chest said to           hold the stone tablets          295 00:13:07,353 --> 00:13:11,490  of the Ten Commandments          given to Moses on Mount Sinai.  296 00:13:11,490 --> 00:13:13,793   Crafted under                     divine instruction,           297 00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:17,163    the Ark was revered           as the most sacred object        298 00:13:17,163 --> 00:13:18,631    in ancient Israel,            299 00:13:18,631 --> 00:13:21,734 symbolizing God's                covenant with His people.        300 00:13:23,869 --> 00:13:25,805   James Ellis: Jewish tradition   says that the Ark held          301 00:13:25,805 --> 00:13:27,640  more than just                     the stone tablets.            302 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:30,009  It also contained Aaron's Rod,  303 00:13:30,009 --> 00:13:31,911   a symbol of divine authority   304 00:13:31,911 --> 00:13:33,813 that played a key                   role in God's plan            305 00:13:33,813 --> 00:13:35,781  to lead the Israelites            out of Egypt                   306 00:13:35,781 --> 00:13:37,483    and into the Promised Land,   307 00:13:37,483 --> 00:13:39,218    and a golden jar of manna,    308 00:13:39,218 --> 00:13:41,987 the mysterious food that           sustained them in the desert.  309 00:13:43,088 --> 00:13:44,857  Amma Agbedor: According           to the Hebrew Bible,           310 00:13:44,857 --> 00:13:47,793   the Ark was initially housed    within a movable shrine         311 00:13:47,793 --> 00:13:49,995  called the Tabernacle.          312 00:13:49,995 --> 00:13:52,832   But when Solomon's Temple was   completed in Jerusalem          313 00:13:52,832 --> 00:13:55,334 in the 10th century BCE,         314 00:13:55,334 --> 00:13:58,504    an inner sanctuary,              the Holy of Holies,           315 00:13:58,504 --> 00:14:01,574 was created to enshrine the Ark. 316 00:14:01,574 --> 00:14:03,409   Only the High Priest            could enter it,                 317 00:14:03,409 --> 00:14:04,844   and only once a year,          318 00:14:04,844 --> 00:14:06,178  on Yom Kippur.                  319 00:14:07,446 --> 00:14:09,849  James Ellis: For centuries, the  Ark was the sacred centerpiece  320 00:14:09,849 --> 00:14:11,417   of Israelite worship.          321 00:14:11,417 --> 00:14:15,321 But after the Babylonian           invasion in 587 BCE,           322 00:14:15,321 --> 00:14:18,991  and the destruction of           Solomon's Temple, it vanished.  323 00:14:20,426 --> 00:14:23,462    To this day, the Ark's fate   remains one of humanity's        324 00:14:23,462 --> 00:14:25,197    greatest mysteries.           325 00:14:25,197 --> 00:14:27,800    If it survived the               fires of conquest,            326 00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:29,034  where could it be now?          327 00:14:33,439 --> 00:14:35,608    Narrator: The Ark's            journey from the Exodus         328 00:14:35,608 --> 00:14:39,378 to its enshrinement in Solomon's    Temple is well-documented.    329 00:14:39,378 --> 00:14:42,314  But during centuries of           invasions and exiles,          330 00:14:42,314 --> 00:14:44,717    it disappeared from              historical records,           331 00:14:44,717 --> 00:14:47,419  leaving only scattered             clues to its fate.            332 00:14:50,923 --> 00:14:52,424   Anthea Nardi:                     After the fall of Jerusalem   333 00:14:52,424 --> 00:14:54,526    and the destruction             of Solomon's Temple,           334 00:14:54,526 --> 00:14:56,295 many people were exiled,         335 00:14:56,295 --> 00:14:58,464  and countless treasures            were taken,                   336 00:14:58,464 --> 00:15:01,600  but interestingly, the            Babylonians' detailed records  337 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:03,168    make no mention of the Ark.   338 00:15:03,736 --> 00:15:07,006  Also, the Hebrew scriptures go    silent about it at this time,  339 00:15:07,006 --> 00:15:09,141    which is odd given              the Ark's importance.          340 00:15:10,376 --> 00:15:12,144  James Ellis: However, it's been  suggested that the Ark          341 00:15:12,144 --> 00:15:13,746   may have been taken earlier,   342 00:15:13,746 --> 00:15:17,483  perhaps during Egyptian Pharaoh    Shishak's military campaign   343 00:15:17,483 --> 00:15:21,453    against the Kingdom             of Judah in 926 BCE,           344 00:15:21,453 --> 00:15:25,791   one of the earliest recorded     raids on Jerusalem's temple.   345 00:15:25,791 --> 00:15:28,394  The Pharaoh reportedly           seized many treasures,          346 00:15:28,394 --> 00:15:30,829    including Solomon's             gold shields.                  347 00:15:31,330 --> 00:15:33,198   Amma Agbedor:                   But in apocryphal texts         348 00:15:33,198 --> 00:15:35,067   like the Second Book             of Maccabees,                  349 00:15:35,067 --> 00:15:38,103 there's a story that the         prophet Jeremiah,                350 00:15:38,103 --> 00:15:40,973   hid the Ark in a cave           on Mount Nebo,                  351 00:15:40,973 --> 00:15:43,142 on the Jordan River's East Bank, 352 00:15:43,142 --> 00:15:45,778 intending for it to stay hidden, 353 00:15:45,778 --> 00:15:49,048   until God brings His             people back together.          354 00:15:51,383 --> 00:15:54,153  Anthea Nardi: These historical    gaps and enigmatic references  355 00:15:54,153 --> 00:15:57,389   have fueled various theories     about the Ark's fate,          356 00:15:57,389 --> 00:16:00,526 and with every new clue,         there are new questions,         357 00:16:00,526 --> 00:16:03,529   keeping the quest for          the Ark very much alive.         358 00:16:05,998 --> 00:16:07,399  Narrator: Hidden in the            depths of a cavern            359 00:16:07,399 --> 00:16:09,768    near the Dead Sea's            ancient waters,                 360 00:16:09,768 --> 00:16:12,071   a singular artifact surfaces,  361 00:16:12,071 --> 00:16:14,807    breathing new life            into the enduring search         362 00:16:14,807 --> 00:16:16,375   for the Ark of the Covenant.   363 00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:19,511    Anthea Nardi: Some believe     that the Copper Scroll,         364 00:16:19,511 --> 00:16:22,648  discovered in 1952 in a          cave on the West Bank,          365 00:16:22,648 --> 00:16:25,684    is an ancient treasure map    that could lead directly         366 00:16:25,684 --> 00:16:27,186    to the Ark of the Covenant.   367 00:16:27,186 --> 00:16:30,222  This remarkable scroll          lists 64 hidden locations        368 00:16:30,222 --> 00:16:32,791  where immense treasures           from the First Temple          369 00:16:32,791 --> 00:16:34,259  are allegedly located.          370 00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:36,762   James Ellis:                    The scroll mentions places like 371 00:16:36,762 --> 00:16:39,031   'the cave of                   the old washer's chamber'        372 00:16:39,031 --> 00:16:41,867   and 'in the salt pit           under the steps.'                373 00:16:41,867 --> 00:16:44,737  These descriptions are            precise yet cryptic,           374 00:16:44,737 --> 00:16:46,905    likely making sense             only to those                  375 00:16:46,905 --> 00:16:48,907  with intimate knowledge         of the locations.                376 00:16:49,641 --> 00:16:51,343  Amma Agbedor: While the scroll     is straightforward            377 00:16:51,343 --> 00:16:52,378 in its listings,                 378 00:16:52,378 --> 00:16:54,813   the use of religious              terms like "tithes"           379 00:16:54,813 --> 00:16:56,882 and "priestly vestments" implies 380 00:16:56,882 --> 00:16:59,885    that the treasures              had a sacred origin.           381 00:16:59,885 --> 00:17:02,988    It's a clue that priests or   temple officials                 382 00:17:02,988 --> 00:17:04,923    could've put this together,   383 00:17:04,923 --> 00:17:07,259    to keep their most               valuable items safe           384 00:17:07,259 --> 00:17:09,128  during times of crisis.         385 00:17:10,763 --> 00:17:12,164   James Ellis:                    But here's the problem.         386 00:17:12,164 --> 00:17:16,402    The Copper Scroll is dated    between 25 AD and 100 AD,        387 00:17:16,402 --> 00:17:19,538 making a true connection           to the Ark unlikely.           388 00:17:19,538 --> 00:17:22,341 Despite numerous searches        over the decades,                389 00:17:22,341 --> 00:17:25,344   none of the treasures           listed have been found,         390 00:17:25,344 --> 00:17:28,747  and the scroll makes no            direct mention of the Ark.    391 00:17:30,482 --> 00:17:32,317    Narrator: While the secrets     of the Copper Scroll           392 00:17:32,317 --> 00:17:35,020  remain elusive,                   another path emerges           393 00:17:35,020 --> 00:17:37,523    from the annals of            medieval history,                394 00:17:37,523 --> 00:17:40,793  leading to a mysterious          order of warrior monks          395 00:17:40,793 --> 00:17:42,561   and their clandestine             activities                    396 00:17:42,561 --> 00:17:45,264    beneath Jerusalem's            sacred grounds.                 397 00:17:47,399 --> 00:17:49,168    Anthea Nardi: Some believe      the Knights Templar,           398 00:17:49,168 --> 00:17:51,303   a medieval Christian            military order                  399 00:17:51,303 --> 00:17:52,971   founded in the 12th century,   400 00:17:52,971 --> 00:17:55,174    may have uncovered the Ark.   401 00:17:55,174 --> 00:17:57,609 The Templars were deeply            connected to the Holy Land    402 00:17:57,609 --> 00:18:00,279   during the Crusades,           and for nearly 70 years,         403 00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:02,714  they were stationed on             the Temple Mount, the site    404 00:18:02,714 --> 00:18:05,150   traditionally associated with  Solomon's Temple.                405 00:18:06,452 --> 00:18:08,353 James Ellis: The Templars         weren't just warriors,          406 00:18:08,353 --> 00:18:10,589   they were on a quest             for divine knowledge.          407 00:18:10,589 --> 00:18:12,925 During their time                   at the Temple Mount           408 00:18:12,925 --> 00:18:15,394  they had unprecedented          access to explore                409 00:18:15,394 --> 00:18:17,262 the ancient tunnels and chambers 410 00:18:17,262 --> 00:18:19,231    beneath the Al-Aqsa Mosque,   411 00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:21,667    which they believed              held sacred relics.           412 00:18:24,636 --> 00:18:27,206   Narrator: Located in             Jerusalem's Old City,          413 00:18:27,206 --> 00:18:30,242   the site known as the          Temple Mount in Judaism,         414 00:18:30,242 --> 00:18:32,778  and Al-Haram al-Sharif in Islam 415 00:18:32,778 --> 00:18:36,415    is home to sacred landmarks   like the Al-Aqsa Mosque.         416 00:18:36,415 --> 00:18:38,884 It holds profound                 religious significance          417 00:18:38,884 --> 00:18:40,385   for multiple faiths.           418 00:18:42,588 --> 00:18:44,189 Anthea Nardi: Historical         accounts suggest                 419 00:18:44,189 --> 00:18:46,558  the Templars discovered          treasures like the Holy Grail,  420 00:18:46,558 --> 00:18:49,862 sacred texts, and perhaps         the Ark itself,                 421 00:18:49,862 --> 00:18:53,265  which might have contributed to    their rapid rise in wealth    422 00:18:53,265 --> 00:18:55,134   and immense influence           across Europe.                  423 00:18:56,502 --> 00:18:58,403 Narrator: As the                  Templars rose to power,         424 00:18:58,403 --> 00:19:01,173    a formidable force              emerged in the East:           425 00:19:01,173 --> 00:19:04,576    Saladin, the Muslim Sultan       of Egypt and Syria,           426 00:19:04,576 --> 00:19:08,147 who stunned the western world by   crushing the crusader armies   427 00:19:08,147 --> 00:19:10,983   at Hattin and seizing             a decisive victory            428 00:19:10,983 --> 00:19:13,519 that would change                 the course of history.          429 00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:17,789 James Ellis: When Saladin          recaptured Jerusalem in 1187,  430 00:19:17,789 --> 00:19:19,458  the Templars had to retreat and 431 00:19:19,458 --> 00:19:22,427  they likely took any treasures   they'd found with them.         432 00:19:22,427 --> 00:19:24,096   There's a good chance          they transported                 433 00:19:24,096 --> 00:19:26,565  these sacred artifacts           back to Europe,                 434 00:19:26,565 --> 00:19:29,401    hiding them in places like    their Paris headquarters         435 00:19:29,401 --> 00:19:31,703  or even Rosslyn Chapel            in Scotland,                   436 00:19:31,703 --> 00:19:34,806  which is rumored to be modeled   after Solomon's Temple.         437 00:19:38,377 --> 00:19:40,345    Amma Agbedor: The Templars'    connection to the Temple Mount  438 00:19:40,345 --> 00:19:42,014    is well-documented,           439 00:19:42,014 --> 00:19:46,251   but any link between them and   the Ark is mostly speculation.  440 00:19:46,251 --> 00:19:48,487 A lot of what we                   hear comes from myths          441 00:19:48,487 --> 00:19:52,224 and romanticized stories         that emerged much later.         442 00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:57,362  Narrator: Though the Templars'    secrets may be lost to time,   443 00:19:57,362 --> 00:20:01,333 another tale leads to the           misty Ethiopian highlands,    444 00:20:01,333 --> 00:20:05,404    where a sacred sanctuary is   said to guard a profound secret. 445 00:20:06,505 --> 00:20:09,308   James Ellis: According to the    Ethiopian epic 'Kebra Negast,  446 00:20:09,308 --> 00:20:12,811  the Ark was brought to           Ethiopia by Menelik I,          447 00:20:12,811 --> 00:20:15,647  the son of King Solomon          and the Queen of Sheba.         448 00:20:15,647 --> 00:20:19,718    It is said to reside in the    Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion 449 00:20:19,718 --> 00:20:23,121   in Axum, guarded by a           lineage of virgin monks         450 00:20:23,121 --> 00:20:25,424    who dedicate their            lives to its protection.         451 00:20:27,226 --> 00:20:29,661  Amma Agbedor: The Kebra           Negast is more than an epic;   452 00:20:29,661 --> 00:20:33,198   it's a foundational text that    solidified Ethiopia's          453 00:20:33,198 --> 00:20:35,968 claim to the Ark                   and its royal lineage          454 00:20:35,968 --> 00:20:38,637  tracing back to                    Solomon and Sheba.            455 00:20:38,637 --> 00:20:41,873  This connection was so central    to Ethiopian identity          456 00:20:41,873 --> 00:20:45,143    that Emperor Haile Selassie      even referenced it            457 00:20:45,143 --> 00:20:47,412  in the country's modern          constitutions.                  458 00:20:48,614 --> 00:20:51,149  James Ellis: For the faithful,    the Ark's presence in Aksum,   459 00:20:51,149 --> 00:20:52,684  or present-day Eritrea,         460 00:20:52,684 --> 00:20:55,821 is at the heart of their           heritage and national pride.   461 00:20:56,455 --> 00:21:00,259    Every church in the country     has its own symbolic replica   462 00:21:00,259 --> 00:21:03,061    of the Ark, called a tabot,    and every year,                 463 00:21:03,061 --> 00:21:04,796    during the Timkat festival,   464 00:21:04,796 --> 00:21:07,933  the tabots are paraded through     the streets in celebration.   465 00:21:11,370 --> 00:21:13,238    Narrator: According             to Ethiopian legend,           466 00:21:13,238 --> 00:21:15,507 their country has                  been home to the Ark           467 00:21:15,507 --> 00:21:17,809  for nearly 3,000 years.         468 00:21:18,510 --> 00:21:19,645   Anthea Nardi: It was said to   have been hidden                 469 00:21:19,645 --> 00:21:21,980   on Tana Kirkos Island            in Lake Tana,                  470 00:21:21,980 --> 00:21:25,150  a place still home to a           secluded community of monks,   471 00:21:25,150 --> 00:21:27,753 before King Ezana                brought it back to Aksum         472 00:21:27,753 --> 00:21:30,722    in the 4th century,              as he spread Christianity.    473 00:21:30,722 --> 00:21:34,059    Today, the Ark is believed       to reside in Axum,            474 00:21:34,059 --> 00:21:35,761  in the Church of Mary of Zion.  475 00:21:35,761 --> 00:21:39,231  It's located within the Mekdes,    or Holy of Holies,            476 00:21:39,231 --> 00:21:41,600    which is a chamber               shrouded in secrecy           477 00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:43,935    and accessible only by the      guardian of the Ark.           478 00:21:44,836 --> 00:21:46,571    James Ellis: During             World War II, British scholar  479 00:21:46,571 --> 00:21:49,675   and officer Edward Ullendorff    claimed to have seen the Ark   480 00:21:49,675 --> 00:21:53,011 inside the Church                of Our Lady Mary of Zion.        481 00:21:53,011 --> 00:21:56,381    However, he later admitted     it was just a replica,          482 00:21:56,381 --> 00:21:59,818 similar to those found in        other Ethiopian churches.        483 00:22:02,020 --> 00:22:04,890    Amma Agbedor: To this day,    no outsider has verified         484 00:22:04,890 --> 00:22:06,725    the Ark's presence in Axum,   485 00:22:06,725 --> 00:22:08,860    and there's                    no evidence to confirm          486 00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,863   the original Ark ever            made it to Ethiopia.           487 00:22:13,365 --> 00:22:15,600 Narrator: The Ark of the          Covenant epitomizes humanity's  488 00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,203    eternal fascination           with the unknown,                489 00:22:18,203 --> 00:22:22,040  serving as a powerful reminder    that the most profound quests  490 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:25,777  are as much about the journey,     as the destination.           491 00:22:26,878 --> 00:22:29,514   James Ellis: The Ark is much   more than just an object.        492 00:22:29,514 --> 00:22:32,184 It represents humanity's          search for the divine,          493 00:22:32,184 --> 00:22:33,985    a powerful symbol of faith,   494 00:22:33,985 --> 00:22:37,656  that still inspires and         fascinates people today.         495 00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:42,194  Narrator: Whether the Ark still   exists may be less important   496 00:22:42,194 --> 00:22:44,429  than the legacy                 it leaves behind.                497 00:22:44,429 --> 00:22:46,064 It represents a covenant,        498 00:22:46,064 --> 00:22:49,634  a profound relationship         between God and humanity,        499 00:22:49,634 --> 00:22:52,838 that endures in religious          thought and practice.          500 00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:54,873    ♪♪                            501 00:22:54,873 --> 00:23:01,546    ♪♪                            502 00:23:01,546 --> 00:23:04,349  Narrator: In the vibrant heart   of Elizabethan London,          503 00:23:04,349 --> 00:23:07,252 two titans of the                  stage came together.           504 00:23:07,252 --> 00:23:09,654   William Shakespeare,             a playwright                   505 00:23:09,654 --> 00:23:11,623   at the height of his            creative power,                 506 00:23:11,623 --> 00:23:14,559    and John Fletcher,             his destined successor,         507 00:23:14,559 --> 00:23:18,196   crafted a play that reflected     the ambition of their era:    508 00:23:18,196 --> 00:23:20,065 The History of Cardenio.         509 00:23:21,566 --> 00:23:23,835  Alison Leonard: Written           around 1612 or 1613,           510 00:23:23,835 --> 00:23:27,072  The History of Cardenio weaves  turbulent tales of love,         511 00:23:27,072 --> 00:23:30,075   betrayal, and reconciliation     into a story inspired          512 00:23:30,075 --> 00:23:32,210    by Cervantes' Don Quixote.    513 00:23:32,210 --> 00:23:34,546    The play reflects a moment      when Spanish art and culture   514 00:23:34,546 --> 00:23:36,815    poured into England            after peace with Spain.         515 00:23:37,649 --> 00:23:39,418    Anthea Nardi: Shakespeare's     ability to illuminate          516 00:23:39,418 --> 00:23:41,953   the human condition,           combined with Fletcher's         517 00:23:41,953 --> 00:23:43,555  sharp, lively dialogue,         518 00:23:43,555 --> 00:23:45,857 created a dynamic interplay that 519 00:23:45,857 --> 00:23:49,594   softened the play's intensity   while adding depth and nuance.  520 00:23:49,594 --> 00:23:51,363  Together, their styles          521 00:23:51,363 --> 00:23:53,565  transformed the                    Tale of Cervantes'            522 00:23:53,565 --> 00:23:56,535    into a powerful drama that      resonated with the audience.   523 00:23:57,436 --> 00:23:59,438 Adam Bunch: It looks like         the play was performed          524 00:23:59,438 --> 00:24:04,476 at least twice during the           1612, 1613 season.            525 00:24:04,476 --> 00:24:06,144  A researcher found a document,  526 00:24:06,144 --> 00:24:09,548   the accounts of the Treasurer   of the King's Chamber,          527 00:24:09,548 --> 00:24:11,650  that lists payments for a play  528 00:24:11,650 --> 00:24:14,352    called Cardano or Cardano,    529 00:24:14,352 --> 00:24:18,190  which is probably just a short  form for the history of Cardenio 530 00:24:18,190 --> 00:24:21,026 It was put on by The King's Men, 531 00:24:21,026 --> 00:24:24,629  the same acting company that we   know Shakespeare worked with   532 00:24:24,629 --> 00:24:26,998   for nearly his entire career.  533 00:24:28,767 --> 00:24:30,335  Anthea Nardi: But after            these performances,           534 00:24:30,335 --> 00:24:32,637 the trail of Cardenio goes cold. 535 00:24:32,637 --> 00:24:34,873 Over four centuries have passed, 536 00:24:34,873 --> 00:24:38,677   and no manuscript or            publication has ever surfaced.  537 00:24:38,677 --> 00:24:41,012 How could such an                   extraordinary work,           538 00:24:41,012 --> 00:24:44,382    created by one of history's   greatest literary minds,         539 00:24:44,382 --> 00:24:45,951 simply disappear?                540 00:24:47,819 --> 00:24:50,355 Narrator: The survival of          Shakespeare's works owes much  541 00:24:50,355 --> 00:24:52,991 to the 1623 First Folio,         542 00:24:52,991 --> 00:24:56,628    a monumental effort             to preserve 36 plays.          543 00:24:56,628 --> 00:24:59,998   But The History of Cardenio,    along with other works,         544 00:24:59,998 --> 00:25:02,434 was conspicuously absent.        545 00:25:04,035 --> 00:25:05,337  Alison Leonard:                   The First Folio was compiled   546 00:25:05,337 --> 00:25:06,938 by John Heminges                    and Henry Condell.            547 00:25:06,938 --> 00:25:08,940   These were two actors             who worked closely            548 00:25:08,940 --> 00:25:11,243    with Shakespeare as members      of the King's Men.            549 00:25:11,243 --> 00:25:12,978   Published seven years          after his death,                 550 00:25:12,978 --> 00:25:15,947  the First Folio preserved plays   like Macbeth and The Tempest,  551 00:25:15,947 --> 00:25:17,682  which had never                   been printed before.           552 00:25:19,184 --> 00:25:21,219    Anthea Nardi: Heminges and      Condell relied on a patchwork  553 00:25:21,219 --> 00:25:24,823   of prompt books, manuscripts,  and actor recollections.         554 00:25:24,823 --> 00:25:28,760   These materials were usually    incomplete or poorly preserved, 555 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:30,629    and many plays had            already been lost                556 00:25:30,629 --> 00:25:32,797 by the time they                 began their work.                557 00:25:32,797 --> 00:25:36,568  By 1623, the manuscript            for the History of Cardenio   558 00:25:36,568 --> 00:25:39,004    may have already been lost    or inaccessible.                 559 00:25:40,939 --> 00:25:42,941 Adam Bunch: We do have an           exciting piece of evidence    560 00:25:42,941 --> 00:25:44,843    from 1653.                    561 00:25:44,843 --> 00:25:47,679  That's when a publisher           named Humphrey Mosley          562 00:25:47,679 --> 00:25:50,315  registered the                     History of Cardenio           563 00:25:50,315 --> 00:25:52,183    in the Stationers Register,   564 00:25:52,183 --> 00:25:55,754   which was an English           record of artistic works.        565 00:25:55,754 --> 00:25:58,590 In it, he claims                   the play was written           566 00:25:58,590 --> 00:26:00,392   by Shakespeare and Fletcher,   567 00:26:00,392 --> 00:26:02,894   but he did also have              a habit of claiming           568 00:26:02,894 --> 00:26:06,131    Shakespeare wrote plays he     didn't actually write.          569 00:26:06,131 --> 00:26:08,600    So he could drum up            more interest in them.          570 00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:10,502 So there's still                 plenty of doubt.                 571 00:26:10,502 --> 00:26:12,137  And he never printed the play,  572 00:26:12,137 --> 00:26:14,940  so it's not even clear          if he had a complete manuscript. 573 00:26:16,975 --> 00:26:19,144    Alison Leonard: Around 750    copies of the First Folio        574 00:26:19,144 --> 00:26:22,013   were printed, and without it,     18 of Shakespeare's plays,    575 00:26:22,013 --> 00:26:24,349 including As You Like It            and Julius Caesar,            576 00:26:24,349 --> 00:26:25,617   might have vanished forever.   577 00:26:25,617 --> 00:26:28,153    It's important to remember    that before 1623,                578 00:26:28,153 --> 00:26:31,256 nearly half of his works         existed only as quartos.         579 00:26:31,256 --> 00:26:32,924  These were single-play booklets 580 00:26:32,924 --> 00:26:34,626   made by folding large           sheets of paper                 581 00:26:34,626 --> 00:26:36,027  into smaller sections,          582 00:26:36,027 --> 00:26:38,463    and this was a fragile and       impermanent format            583 00:26:38,463 --> 00:26:40,699   that left many texts              vulnerable to loss.           584 00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:43,969  Narrator: Some believe           the play's fate                 585 00:26:43,969 --> 00:26:46,905 was sealed by the fragile         nature of the materials         586 00:26:46,905 --> 00:26:48,740   that once brought it to life.  587 00:26:50,175 --> 00:26:51,910   Alison Leonard: It's possible    that The History of Cardenio   588 00:26:51,910 --> 00:26:55,080  was lost because early printed   plays were seen as disposable.  589 00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:58,116    In the 17th century, acting     companies like the King's Men  590 00:26:58,116 --> 00:26:59,551 treated scripts as tools,        591 00:26:59,551 --> 00:27:01,419  they were valuable for            performances,                  592 00:27:01,419 --> 00:27:04,255   but once a play's run ended,     scripts were often discarded.  593 00:27:05,123 --> 00:27:07,659    Adam Bunch: Sometimes, even   collectors didn't manage         594 00:27:07,659 --> 00:27:10,195   to preserve the works           they collected.                 595 00:27:10,195 --> 00:27:13,999    There was a bibliophile in       the 1700s, John Warburton,    596 00:27:13,999 --> 00:27:17,002    who managed to get              60 rare manuscripts,           597 00:27:17,002 --> 00:27:20,705    including some performed by     Shakespeare's acting company.  598 00:27:20,705 --> 00:27:23,441    But he stored them             in his kitchen,                 599 00:27:23,441 --> 00:27:25,610  where his cook                     ended up using them           600 00:27:25,610 --> 00:27:28,913 as pie liners and fire starters. 601 00:27:28,913 --> 00:27:32,617    So most of them were burned    and we know one of them         602 00:27:32,617 --> 00:27:35,887  was an unnamed play by          Will Shakespeare.                603 00:27:37,722 --> 00:27:39,658  Anthea Nardi: The English Civil  War brought widespread          604 00:27:39,658 --> 00:27:41,059    economic hardship.            605 00:27:41,059 --> 00:27:44,062   It was a time when even paper  was a precious commodity.        606 00:27:44,062 --> 00:27:46,598  It was labor-intensive,            expensive,                    607 00:27:46,598 --> 00:27:48,566    and made from scarce rags.    608 00:27:48,566 --> 00:27:53,238   It was so valuable that laws    like the 1680 Act of Parliament 609 00:27:53,238 --> 00:27:55,040    even banned linen burials,    610 00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:57,275 to save materials                  for paper production.          611 00:27:58,443 --> 00:28:01,246 Alison Leonard: Damp, pests, and    fire were constant threats    612 00:28:01,246 --> 00:28:04,215    to fragile manuscripts and      early printed texts.           613 00:28:04,215 --> 00:28:06,818    By the time the First Folio    was published in 1623,          614 00:28:06,818 --> 00:28:09,587    The History of Cardenio may      have already fallen victim    615 00:28:09,587 --> 00:28:10,855 to these forces.                 616 00:28:10,855 --> 00:28:13,258  But given Shakespeare's         rising reputation                617 00:28:13,258 --> 00:28:14,492 by the mid-17th century,         618 00:28:14,492 --> 00:28:17,262    its complete disappearance       certainly raises questions.   619 00:28:17,262 --> 00:28:19,898    Could neglect alone           account for such a loss?         620 00:28:21,666 --> 00:28:24,069  Narrator: Some stories           never truly disappear.          621 00:28:24,069 --> 00:28:26,671   They linger,                    hidden in plain sight,          622 00:28:26,671 --> 00:28:28,907    waiting to be rediscovered.   623 00:28:30,041 --> 00:28:31,443  Alison Leonard: Lost works like  The History of Cardenio         624 00:28:31,443 --> 00:28:34,479 might still be out there, hidden in uncatalogued archives         625 00:28:34,479 --> 00:28:35,847  or private collections.         626 00:28:35,847 --> 00:28:38,016   We've seen remarkable             discoveries before,           627 00:28:38,016 --> 00:28:40,952   like the 1594 Quarto             of Titus Andronicus,           628 00:28:40,952 --> 00:28:42,787    Shakespeare's first            published play.                 629 00:28:42,787 --> 00:28:46,357   It resurfaced in 1904 when a    postal clerk in Sweden          630 00:28:46,357 --> 00:28:49,027    found it bound with           18th-century lottery ads.        631 00:28:49,994 --> 00:28:53,331 Anthea Nardi: In 2016, a          previously unknown First Folio  632 00:28:53,331 --> 00:28:56,000 was discovered at                 Mount Stuart House in Scotland, 633 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,269    hidden away in the            estate's library.                634 00:28:58,269 --> 00:29:02,807  Remarkably, it had been in the  home since at least 1896,        635 00:29:02,807 --> 00:29:04,876 and once belonged                   to the influential            636 00:29:04,876 --> 00:29:07,846    18th-century Shakespearean       editor Isaac Reed.            637 00:29:07,846 --> 00:29:10,482 The discovery was a shock         to the literary world,          638 00:29:10,482 --> 00:29:14,085  as only 230 copies were           thought to exist at the time.  639 00:29:15,587 --> 00:29:17,188    Adam Bunch:                   There are major libraries        640 00:29:17,188 --> 00:29:19,390   like the Bibliotheque             Nationale in Madrid           641 00:29:19,390 --> 00:29:20,759  or the Vatican Library,         642 00:29:20,759 --> 00:29:24,095  which has 53 miles of shelves,  643 00:29:24,095 --> 00:29:26,131 that still have vast collections 644 00:29:26,131 --> 00:29:28,700   that haven't                     been fully explored.           645 00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,636   So there is a chance           someone will find                646 00:29:31,636 --> 00:29:33,471 the History of Cardenio someday. 647 00:29:35,507 --> 00:29:39,677 A. Nardi: In 2014, a First Folio   surfaced in a French library.  648 00:29:39,677 --> 00:29:42,280  It was only identified          when a librarian                 649 00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:44,048 recognized its watermark.        650 00:29:44,048 --> 00:29:45,984   But there's a key difference.  651 00:29:45,984 --> 00:29:49,788   The First Folio had multiple      copies distributed widely,    652 00:29:49,788 --> 00:29:51,856  increasing the                     chance of survival.           653 00:29:52,724 --> 00:29:54,058   Cardenio, on the other hand,   654 00:29:54,058 --> 00:29:56,194 might never have                   been printed at all.           655 00:29:56,194 --> 00:29:59,063 Without the distribution          and recognition                 656 00:29:59,063 --> 00:30:01,466 afforded to works                 like the Folio,                 657 00:30:01,466 --> 00:30:05,103  the chances of finding             even a fragment of Cardenio   658 00:30:05,103 --> 00:30:08,339  buried in some archive,          grow increasingly slim.         659 00:30:11,676 --> 00:30:13,178    Narrator: There are           those who believe                660 00:30:13,178 --> 00:30:15,847   Cardenio never truly             disappeared.                   661 00:30:16,948 --> 00:30:18,316   Alison Leonard: It's possible    that The History of Cardenio   662 00:30:18,316 --> 00:30:21,853    lives on under a new name:    Double Falsehood.                663 00:30:21,853 --> 00:30:24,789  In 1727, playwright and           editor Lewis Theobald          664 00:30:24,789 --> 00:30:26,124   claimed his play was adapted   665 00:30:26,124 --> 00:30:29,127    from three original           manuscripts of Cardenio.         666 00:30:29,127 --> 00:30:31,329  As the first recognized           Shakespeare scholar,           667 00:30:31,329 --> 00:30:34,432  Theobald's reputation certainly  adds credibility to his claim,  668 00:30:34,432 --> 00:30:36,935   especially since he presented   his work during a time          669 00:30:36,935 --> 00:30:39,103  of growing fascination             with Shakespeare's legacy.    670 00:30:40,138 --> 00:30:42,340   A. Nardi: Linguistic studies      offer some support            671 00:30:42,340 --> 00:30:43,408 for this theory.                 672 00:30:43,408 --> 00:30:46,110   Patterns in Double Falsehood    align with Shakespeare          673 00:30:46,110 --> 00:30:48,880   and Fletcher's known             collaboration styles.          674 00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:52,250    Acts 1 to 3 feature           Shakespeare's hallmarks,         675 00:30:52,250 --> 00:30:54,786  rich metaphors                    and emotional depth,           676 00:30:54,786 --> 00:30:57,455    while Acts 4 and 5               reflect Fletcher's            677 00:30:57,455 --> 00:30:59,257   lighter, conversational tone.  678 00:31:00,859 --> 00:31:03,895 Narrator: But, as Double            Falsehood gained attention,   679 00:31:03,895 --> 00:31:07,465  skepticism surrounding           Theobald's claims intensified.  680 00:31:09,267 --> 00:31:10,435    Alison Leonard: How much of      Shakespeare and Fletcher's    681 00:31:10,435 --> 00:31:13,137 original work remains in           Double Falsehood is unclear.   682 00:31:13,137 --> 00:31:15,840   But parts of the play             feel too intricate            683 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:18,009  to be entirely                    Theobald's creation.           684 00:31:18,009 --> 00:31:20,745    The play's overall theme of    morality and vivid use          685 00:31:20,745 --> 00:31:23,081  of metaphor and trope,            renowned soliloquies,          686 00:31:23,081 --> 00:31:24,716  and the equally complex         portrayal                        687 00:31:24,716 --> 00:31:26,951  of both male and female            characters,                   688 00:31:26,951 --> 00:31:30,121  suggest a foundation far richer   than his imagination.          689 00:31:30,788 --> 00:31:32,857   Adam Bunch: Theobald           probably revised the play        690 00:31:32,857 --> 00:31:35,059  to suit the tastes of his time, 691 00:31:35,059 --> 00:31:37,595 and those changes make it          harder to figure out           692 00:31:37,595 --> 00:31:39,764  what's original and what's not. 693 00:31:39,764 --> 00:31:41,900    And since the edits             blur the line between          694 00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:44,736  adaptation and                     full-on invention,            695 00:31:44,736 --> 00:31:46,271  they really raise a lot            of questions about            696 00:31:46,271 --> 00:31:48,806 the authenticity                    of the manuscripts            697 00:31:48,806 --> 00:31:50,942    he claimed to have               used as a sources.            698 00:31:53,311 --> 00:31:54,646 Alison Leonard: If Double        Falsehood is truly based         699 00:31:54,646 --> 00:31:57,515 on Cardenio, the original         manuscripts may have been lost  700 00:31:57,515 --> 00:32:00,952    in the devastating            Drury Lane Theatre fire of 1809, 701 00:32:00,952 --> 00:32:02,887 which destroyed countless          irreplaceable                  702 00:32:02,887 --> 00:32:04,289    theatrical records.           703 00:32:04,289 --> 00:32:06,824    Though there's no concrete    evidence the manuscripts         704 00:32:06,824 --> 00:32:08,593   even survived until the fire,  705 00:32:08,593 --> 00:32:10,929   the idea that they influenced   Theobald's work                 706 00:32:10,929 --> 00:32:12,363  keeps Double Falsehood            at the heart                   707 00:32:12,363 --> 00:32:14,132  of the mystery                    surrounding Cardenio.          708 00:32:15,166 --> 00:32:17,368 Narrator: The mystery of         The History of Cardenio,         709 00:32:17,368 --> 00:32:20,605    reflects both the fragility     of literary heritage           710 00:32:20,605 --> 00:32:22,974 and humanity's unrelenting drive 711 00:32:22,974 --> 00:32:24,876   to uncover the past.           712 00:32:27,512 --> 00:32:29,113  Alison Leonard:                    The rediscovery of Cardenio   713 00:32:29,113 --> 00:32:32,317 would be priceless, both            culturally and financially.   714 00:32:32,317 --> 00:32:36,621  In 2020, a First Folio fetched   nearly $10 million at auction.  715 00:32:36,621 --> 00:32:38,022    Beyond the monetary value,    716 00:32:38,022 --> 00:32:40,058  Cardenio would give us          profound insights                717 00:32:40,058 --> 00:32:42,961    into Shakespeare's creative     evolution and brilliant mind.  718 00:32:44,996 --> 00:32:46,831    Anthea Nardi: Shakespeare's    missing works remind us         719 00:32:46,831 --> 00:32:49,500    how easily cultural           treasures can disappear.         720 00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:51,803   Without the foresight           of Hemings and Condell,         721 00:32:51,803 --> 00:32:53,871    plays like Macbeth            and The Tempest,                 722 00:32:53,871 --> 00:32:56,007  which had never                   been printed before,           723 00:32:56,007 --> 00:32:58,176   might have been lost as well.  724 00:32:58,176 --> 00:33:01,112 So whether The History of         Cardenio survives as fragments, 725 00:33:01,112 --> 00:33:04,215   a hidden manuscript,            or as Double Falsehood,         726 00:33:04,215 --> 00:33:07,285    it symbolizes Shakespeare's   enduring genius,                 727 00:33:07,285 --> 00:33:09,487 and the timeless                  allure of the unknown.          728 00:33:10,822 --> 00:33:14,425    Narrator: Shakespeare once     wrote, "The past is prologue."  729 00:33:14,425 --> 00:33:17,495    The fate of The History of       Cardenio reminds us           730 00:33:17,495 --> 00:33:20,999    that even in loss,            the past holds the power         731 00:33:20,999 --> 00:33:22,967   to inspire discovery.          732 00:33:24,736 --> 00:33:24,869    ♪♪                            733 00:33:24,869 --> 00:33:33,011    ♪♪                            734 00:33:33,011 --> 00:33:34,579 Narrator:                        In the late 13th century,        735 00:33:34,579 --> 00:33:37,448    the great Mongolian Emperor      Kublai Khan                   736 00:33:37,448 --> 00:33:40,018   wished to expand his              already vast empire           737 00:33:40,018 --> 00:33:41,953   by conquering Japan.           738 00:33:41,953 --> 00:33:43,354    He sent hundreds of ships,    739 00:33:43,354 --> 00:33:46,090    loaded with tens of            thousands of warriors,          740 00:33:46,090 --> 00:33:49,327    along with warhorses and a       powerful new weapon           741 00:33:49,327 --> 00:33:51,429   to ensure a decisive victory.  742 00:33:53,264 --> 00:33:55,767  James Ellis: Mongolian warriors  were renowned fighters.         743 00:33:55,767 --> 00:33:59,170    Their longbows at the time      could fire 100 yards farther   744 00:33:59,170 --> 00:34:01,172  than any European bow,          745 00:34:01,172 --> 00:34:04,842   and Mongolian warhorses were      unmatched in their stamina.   746 00:34:04,842 --> 00:34:07,278 Their armies were                   fierce, and feared.           747 00:34:08,513 --> 00:34:10,081  Alison Leonard: The Mongolians    had a policy of showing mercy  748 00:34:10,081 --> 00:34:11,549   to those who                    surrendered willingly,          749 00:34:11,549 --> 00:34:14,752    while ruthlessly murdering      those who offered resistance.  750 00:34:14,752 --> 00:34:15,720    It was a 'double incentive'   751 00:34:15,720 --> 00:34:18,189   that often made their           conquests go smoothly.          752 00:34:18,189 --> 00:34:20,858    So the Khan sent envoys to     Japan, to request they submit,  753 00:34:20,858 --> 00:34:22,660 but the Japanese refused.        754 00:34:23,261 --> 00:34:26,431  Anthea Nardi: That decided it;     Kublai would show no mercy.   755 00:34:26,431 --> 00:34:30,134  He sent an overwhelming force,     hundreds of ships,            756 00:34:30,134 --> 00:34:32,270   with over a hundred thousand    armed fighters,                 757 00:34:32,270 --> 00:34:35,373 to decisively conquer and           dominate Japan's defenses.    758 00:34:35,373 --> 00:34:37,842  But the conquest didn't happen. 759 00:34:37,842 --> 00:34:39,677   Japan is still Japan           760 00:34:39,677 --> 00:34:42,413 and very few of Kublai's         ships made it back home.         761 00:34:42,980 --> 00:34:44,682  The rest of the ships,          762 00:34:44,682 --> 00:34:47,118   and their men, had vanished.   763 00:34:47,118 --> 00:34:49,720  The mystery has endured          for hundreds of years,          764 00:34:49,720 --> 00:34:51,222   and spawned legends.           765 00:34:51,222 --> 00:34:54,725  So, what could have happened to Kublai Khan's lost ships?        766 00:34:59,163 --> 00:35:01,966  Narrator: Kublai Khan,            the grandson of Genghis Khan,  767 00:35:01,966 --> 00:35:05,203    was a skilled commander who    planned his military campaigns  768 00:35:05,203 --> 00:35:07,271   in masterful detail.           769 00:35:08,639 --> 00:35:12,410  By 1271, he established         the Yuan Dynasty,                770 00:35:12,410 --> 00:35:15,680   comprising Mongolia,              most of present-day China,    771 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:17,782   the Koreas, and other areas.   772 00:35:20,318 --> 00:35:22,286 James Ellis: Many Mongols        criticized Kublai                773 00:35:22,286 --> 00:35:24,288 for his adoption                    of Chinese customs,           774 00:35:24,288 --> 00:35:28,459  and cast doubt on his validity     as a true Mongolian leader.   775 00:35:28,459 --> 00:35:30,828   To them and maybe to himself,  776 00:35:30,828 --> 00:35:33,164 Kublai had yet to prove himself. 777 00:35:33,164 --> 00:35:36,267    Taking Japan would             remedy that situation.          778 00:35:38,169 --> 00:35:40,171 Alison Leonard: In 1274,         Kublai formulated a plan         779 00:35:40,171 --> 00:35:42,406 to smash Japan's                   defenses in one blow.          780 00:35:42,406 --> 00:35:44,575    He sent about 900 warships,   781 00:35:44,575 --> 00:35:47,678 with roughly 30,000 men,          to land at Hakata Bay.          782 00:35:47,678 --> 00:35:49,580    Though the Japanese              resisted fiercely,            783 00:35:49,580 --> 00:35:51,582  by the first nightfall,            a third of them were dead,    784 00:35:51,582 --> 00:35:53,718   and the rest of them couldn't     expect to last another day.   785 00:35:53,718 --> 00:35:56,721 But when dawn broke, the            Mongol ships had vanished!    786 00:35:57,788 --> 00:36:00,124  James Ellis: The story          is that a massive typhoon        787 00:36:00,124 --> 00:36:01,492  had come through in the night,  788 00:36:01,492 --> 00:36:03,828  threatening the                  weakened Mongol ships,          789 00:36:03,828 --> 00:36:05,396  so they returned home.          790 00:36:05,396 --> 00:36:07,665   But there have been questions     about how powerful            791 00:36:07,665 --> 00:36:11,002 that storm may have been,        or if it happened at all.        792 00:36:11,002 --> 00:36:13,237   Japan gets a lot of typhoons,  793 00:36:13,237 --> 00:36:14,906   but not at that time of year.  794 00:36:17,742 --> 00:36:19,911  Alison Leonard:                    About 300 of the 900 ships    795 00:36:19,911 --> 00:36:21,245  were never seen again.          796 00:36:21,245 --> 00:36:23,548    Had they sunk or deserted?    797 00:36:23,548 --> 00:36:25,583  Something had happened to them. 798 00:36:25,583 --> 00:36:28,753 It was an inexplicable loss that   Kublai had to come back from.  799 00:36:30,922 --> 00:36:33,524   Narrator: The Khan sent more   representatives to Japan,        800 00:36:33,524 --> 00:36:37,061 to see if they'd changed           their minds about giving in.   801 00:36:37,061 --> 00:36:39,363   The Japanese                    decapitated the envoys,         802 00:36:39,363 --> 00:36:41,666 and mounted their                heads on sticks,                 803 00:36:41,666 --> 00:36:45,903    a grievous insult, forcing     Kublai Khan to respond in kind. 804 00:36:47,805 --> 00:36:50,308    James Ellis: He planned to       send a fleet of 900 ships,    805 00:36:50,308 --> 00:36:52,276   with 40,000 men, from Koryo,   806 00:36:52,276 --> 00:36:53,911 present-day South Korea.         807 00:36:53,911 --> 00:36:57,648    He would send another fleet     from the Yangtze River delta,  808 00:36:57,648 --> 00:37:02,687    consisting of 3,500 ships,    and 140,000 men.                 809 00:37:02,687 --> 00:37:05,256  The two divisions would          converge at Iki Island,         810 00:37:05,256 --> 00:37:07,858 and then sail to                   Hakata Bay together,           811 00:37:07,858 --> 00:37:09,293   to make their attack.          812 00:37:10,461 --> 00:37:11,996    Alison Leonard: But Kublai     wanted more ships than he had.  813 00:37:11,996 --> 00:37:15,233 He ordered 600 built in a hurry,    at the lower Yangtze River;   814 00:37:15,233 --> 00:37:17,101    And the tree-lined            hillsides along the coast        815 00:37:17,101 --> 00:37:18,970    were stripped bare,           to supply timber.                816 00:37:18,970 --> 00:37:20,771 Even that didn't                    make enough ships.            817 00:37:20,771 --> 00:37:23,474    And so hundreds of civilian    vessels and crews from China's  818 00:37:23,474 --> 00:37:26,711  vast inland canal network were   conscripted into military duty. 819 00:37:26,711 --> 00:37:28,546   This time, the Mongol          forces were going                820 00:37:28,546 --> 00:37:31,115   to obliterate Japan's             resistance.                   821 00:37:31,115 --> 00:37:32,450   James Ellis:                    But that didn't happen.         822 00:37:32,450 --> 00:37:35,253    The second attack on Japan      also failed.                   823 00:37:35,253 --> 00:37:36,787  So what could have gone wrong?  824 00:37:38,155 --> 00:37:39,690 Narrator:                        It's even been suggested         825 00:37:39,690 --> 00:37:42,493  that the grand scale of          Kublai Khan's invasion,         826 00:37:42,493 --> 00:37:45,630  could have had something to do   with the missing ships.         827 00:37:46,631 --> 00:37:48,833  A. Leonard: The Khan wanted to   send more warships than he had, 828 00:37:48,833 --> 00:37:51,569    and more than he could have    properly made in time.          829 00:37:51,569 --> 00:37:53,337   The fleet he hastily           cobbled together,                830 00:37:53,337 --> 00:37:56,407   may not have been seaworthy,   let alone fit for battle.        831 00:37:56,941 --> 00:37:59,844   A. Nardi: In 1981, underwater   remains of Mongol ships         832 00:37:59,844 --> 00:38:02,580  were discovered not far         from Iki Island.                 833 00:38:02,580 --> 00:38:04,782  Some of the fragmented            shipwrecks had nails           834 00:38:04,782 --> 00:38:07,785  clustered five                    or six in one place,           835 00:38:07,785 --> 00:38:10,521 suggesting it was                 made of reused timber,          836 00:38:10,521 --> 00:38:12,690 and sloppily constructed;        837 00:38:12,690 --> 00:38:15,126   possibly by less-experienced     shipwrights.                   838 00:38:15,126 --> 00:38:16,727    Too many nails in one spot    839 00:38:16,727 --> 00:38:19,630   doesn't make a joint           stronger; it weakens it.         840 00:38:20,364 --> 00:38:22,266    James Ellis: Of the wrecks     found, none of them had         841 00:38:22,266 --> 00:38:25,336  V-shaped hulls,                 they were flat-bottomed.         842 00:38:25,336 --> 00:38:27,538 That makes sense when you           consider that many of them    843 00:38:27,538 --> 00:38:29,173   were merchant vessels          844 00:38:29,173 --> 00:38:32,009 conscripted from                    China's network of canals;    845 00:38:32,009 --> 00:38:34,278 flat bottoms are                 perfect for that.                846 00:38:34,278 --> 00:38:36,380  But they're not                  suited to ocean travel          847 00:38:36,380 --> 00:38:39,016  and can break up in high waves. 848 00:38:39,016 --> 00:38:41,152    Anthea Nardi: But all that    evidence comes from ships        849 00:38:41,152 --> 00:38:43,587  that sank in and around            Hakata Bay.                   850 00:38:43,587 --> 00:38:45,656   Which means,                    they'd already survived         851 00:38:45,656 --> 00:38:47,692  the most difficult part          of the journey.                 852 00:38:47,692 --> 00:38:49,960 If they'd been that unseaworthy, 853 00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:53,531  they wouldn't even have         made it to Japan, but, they had. 854 00:38:53,531 --> 00:38:55,733 So, unseaworthiness alone        855 00:38:55,733 --> 00:38:58,135   is not a satisfactory            answer to why                  856 00:38:58,135 --> 00:39:00,504 Kublai's immaculate plan failed, 857 00:39:00,504 --> 00:39:02,673   not once, but twice.           858 00:39:03,674 --> 00:39:06,177    Narrator: Out of necessity,      Kublai Khan worked            859 00:39:06,177 --> 00:39:08,946 this campaign out                  in meticulous detail,          860 00:39:08,946 --> 00:39:10,548    because once set in motion,   861 00:39:10,548 --> 00:39:14,285   the conflict would take place     far away from where he was.   862 00:39:15,152 --> 00:39:16,854    Alison Leonard: The Khan's    plan was nearly flawless.        863 00:39:16,854 --> 00:39:19,557 But the one flaw                 it may have had, was that        864 00:39:19,557 --> 00:39:21,759   it depended on his commanders  understanding it,                865 00:39:21,759 --> 00:39:23,394  and carrying it                    out to the letter.            866 00:39:23,394 --> 00:39:25,363    Poor communication               and poor execution            867 00:39:25,363 --> 00:39:26,997    may have caused everything     to go sideways.                 868 00:39:28,232 --> 00:39:30,534   James Ellis: Think about it:      Kublai Khan would have been   869 00:39:30,534 --> 00:39:34,105    in his palace in Khanbalik,      modern-day Beijing.           870 00:39:34,105 --> 00:39:35,673 The two divisions                he wanted to send                871 00:39:35,673 --> 00:39:37,375 were supposed to                 leave from ports                 872 00:39:37,375 --> 00:39:40,778   that were each about             650 miles from where he was,   873 00:39:40,778 --> 00:39:43,514   and a good 600 miles           from one another.                874 00:39:43,514 --> 00:39:46,384   The plan was for them             to depart at the same time    875 00:39:46,384 --> 00:39:47,918   and then rendezvous,           876 00:39:47,918 --> 00:39:49,754    but it just                    didn't happen that way.         877 00:39:53,124 --> 00:39:54,692    Anthea Nardi: The commander    of one of the divisions         878 00:39:54,692 --> 00:39:56,827  left early, and took up           fighting the Japanese          879 00:39:56,827 --> 00:39:59,263   on the small islands           near Hakata Bay.                 880 00:39:59,263 --> 00:40:02,800   Meanwhile, the other division   was delayed by several months.  881 00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,536 So the two fleets                 didn't arrive at Hakata         882 00:40:05,536 --> 00:40:06,971   anywhere near the same time.   883 00:40:09,173 --> 00:40:11,008   Narrator: Sending information    over great distances           884 00:40:11,008 --> 00:40:14,445   was slow in the 13th century,   but there may have been         885 00:40:14,445 --> 00:40:16,647    other communication              challenges as well.           886 00:40:19,617 --> 00:40:21,552 James Ellis: One of those        two divisions was made up        887 00:40:21,552 --> 00:40:23,654    of mostly Chinese fighters;   888 00:40:23,654 --> 00:40:27,224   the other comprised a mix of    Mongolian and Korean soldiers.  889 00:40:27,224 --> 00:40:30,227   So now you've got people with     different first languages,    890 00:40:30,227 --> 00:40:32,596  relaying complex instructions.  891 00:40:32,596 --> 00:40:34,231    It would have been             easy for things                 892 00:40:34,231 --> 00:40:35,866    to get lost in translation.   893 00:40:37,501 --> 00:40:39,136 Alison Leonard: But even           given the slip-ups in timing,  894 00:40:39,136 --> 00:40:40,538 the Mongol forces                 had the numbers                 895 00:40:40,538 --> 00:40:42,573  and firepower to defeat Japan,  896 00:40:42,573 --> 00:40:44,842 so it's still hard to comprehend    how they could have failed.   897 00:40:45,709 --> 00:40:48,012  Narrator: The fearsome          reputation of Kublai's military, 898 00:40:48,012 --> 00:40:51,115   sometimes helped them forego      battle altogether.            899 00:40:51,115 --> 00:40:55,019  Opponents might surrender under    the mere threat of attack.    900 00:40:55,019 --> 00:40:58,989    But here, their reputation      may have worked against them.  901 00:41:00,057 --> 00:41:01,358   Alison Leonard: The Japanese    may have been prepared          902 00:41:01,358 --> 00:41:03,327    and fought better than the    Mongols expected.                903 00:41:03,327 --> 00:41:04,462   And, seeing as they'd             decapitated                   904 00:41:04,462 --> 00:41:06,063   the Khan's diplomatic envoys,  905 00:41:06,063 --> 00:41:08,699   they knew there'd be no mercy   if they were defeated.          906 00:41:08,699 --> 00:41:10,734   That alone would have             been a powerful motivator.    907 00:41:13,838 --> 00:41:15,773    Anthea Nardi: Remains of a       stone wall were discovered    908 00:41:15,773 --> 00:41:19,844   at Hakata Bay, about              165 feet in from the beach.   909 00:41:19,844 --> 00:41:22,346    Five to eight feet             tall and wide,                  910 00:41:22,346 --> 00:41:24,648    and about 12.5 miles long.    911 00:41:24,648 --> 00:41:27,218    Likely a defensive wall the   Japanese started building        912 00:41:27,218 --> 00:41:30,788  soon after the Mongols'         first attempted invasion.        913 00:41:30,788 --> 00:41:33,657  It would've provided a             crucial defensive advantage   914 00:41:33,657 --> 00:41:35,493 when the Mongol warriors landed. 915 00:41:37,695 --> 00:41:39,964    Narrator: Beneath the bay,     archaeologists have discovered  916 00:41:39,964 --> 00:41:42,566  proof of the intensity           of the battle.                  917 00:41:42,566 --> 00:41:45,503 Spherical ceramic shells          filled with gunpowder,          918 00:41:45,503 --> 00:41:48,105  some with iron shrapnel inside. 919 00:41:48,105 --> 00:41:52,543  They're the oldest examples of  exploding projectiles ever found 920 00:41:52,543 --> 00:41:55,479    and were known to have been   employed by the Mongols.         921 00:41:57,815 --> 00:41:59,350 James Ellis: Contemporary           accounts claim that           922 00:41:59,350 --> 00:42:03,120    the Mongols were unable to     breach Japan's defensive wall,  923 00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:04,788 so they fell back to their ships 924 00:42:04,788 --> 00:42:07,658   and tried catapulting            ceramic bombs at it.           925 00:42:07,658 --> 00:42:09,593  The effect was                    devastating to those           926 00:42:09,593 --> 00:42:11,462    within range of the blasts,   927 00:42:11,462 --> 00:42:14,298   but it wasn't enough            to breach the defenses.         928 00:42:15,199 --> 00:42:17,668   A. Nardi: The battle devolved     into a temporary stalemate,   929 00:42:17,668 --> 00:42:20,571 and the Mongols fell back        to camp on Shika Island,         930 00:42:20,571 --> 00:42:23,140    about five miles offshore,     perhaps waiting                 931 00:42:23,140 --> 00:42:25,109  for the arrival                  of the second division.         932 00:42:25,109 --> 00:42:28,312 Knowing that, as fiercely        as the Japanese had been         933 00:42:28,312 --> 00:42:31,682  defending themselves, when that second division arrived,         934 00:42:31,682 --> 00:42:33,884    Japan would have no chance.   935 00:42:35,319 --> 00:42:37,755  Alison Leonard: They managed a  stalemate against 40,000 troops, 936 00:42:37,755 --> 00:42:40,891    but what would happen when    another 100,000 arrived?         937 00:42:41,959 --> 00:42:45,129   Narrator: In 2014, scientists    studying 2,000 years           938 00:42:45,129 --> 00:42:48,632  of sedimentary deposits          at a small coastal lake         939 00:42:48,632 --> 00:42:51,268 less than a hundred miles          south of Hakata Bay,           940 00:42:51,268 --> 00:42:53,137  made a remarkable find.         941 00:42:55,205 --> 00:42:56,874 Anthea Nardi: The lake is         right on the coastline.         942 00:42:56,874 --> 00:42:59,643    So in a big storm,            like a typhoon, sediments        943 00:42:59,643 --> 00:43:02,580   from the ocean can get blown      into it and trapped there.    944 00:43:02,580 --> 00:43:04,348    The sediments show              that the two biggest,          945 00:43:04,348 --> 00:43:08,285   most distinct marine-sourced    deposits in 2,000 years         946 00:43:08,285 --> 00:43:12,356  correspond to 1274 and 1281 CE, 947 00:43:12,356 --> 00:43:14,792    precisely the years           of Kublai Khan's                 948 00:43:14,792 --> 00:43:16,727    failed invasions of Japan.    949 00:43:17,828 --> 00:43:19,730  James Ellis: The Mongol fleets    that attacked the second time  950 00:43:19,730 --> 00:43:23,067    were wiped out by a sudden,      devastating typhoon           951 00:43:23,067 --> 00:43:25,936  in the middle of the ferocious  battle with the Japanese.        952 00:43:25,936 --> 00:43:28,973  The storm was one of the worst  in the region's history.         953 00:43:30,908 --> 00:43:32,509 Alison Leonard: Computer          modeling suggests waves         954 00:43:32,509 --> 00:43:34,378  generated by a typhoon            that powerful                  955 00:43:34,378 --> 00:43:37,047 would be between                   13 and 20 feet high,           956 00:43:37,047 --> 00:43:39,617   perfectly capable of wrecking    Kublai Khan's ships.           957 00:43:40,818 --> 00:43:42,653  James Ellis: It's said that of     the soldiers that survived    958 00:43:42,653 --> 00:43:44,488  the typhoon and the shipwrecks, 959 00:43:44,488 --> 00:43:46,624    the Japanese forces           beheaded between                 960 00:43:46,624 --> 00:43:49,326    20 and 30 thousand of them,   961 00:43:49,326 --> 00:43:51,695    and enslaved about 12,000.    962 00:43:52,663 --> 00:43:56,066 Narrator: The typhoons of        1274 and 1281 CE                 963 00:43:56,066 --> 00:43:59,269   are rare, documented            cases of weather events         964 00:43:59,269 --> 00:44:01,605  altering geopolitical outcomes. 965 00:44:02,673 --> 00:44:03,974   Anthea Nardi:                     One might think that after    966 00:44:03,974 --> 00:44:07,344   two failed attempts,             two miraculous interventions,  967 00:44:07,344 --> 00:44:11,215   Kublai Khan might have given      up trying to conquer Japan.   968 00:44:11,215 --> 00:44:14,618  But he didn't,                    he planned a third invasion!   969 00:44:14,618 --> 00:44:17,054 However,                         other factors intervened,        970 00:44:17,054 --> 00:44:18,956   and he never got the             opportunity.                   971 00:44:18,956 --> 00:44:21,392 Japan did stay at                   the ready, though,            972 00:44:21,392 --> 00:44:23,427   for a good 20 years.           973 00:44:23,427 --> 00:44:24,895   Alison Leonard: The Japanese    people started to refer         974 00:44:24,895 --> 00:44:28,732    to the typhoons of 1274 and      1281 as "kamikaze",           975 00:44:28,732 --> 00:44:30,467    which means, "divine wind"    976 00:44:30,467 --> 00:44:32,703 and the legend took root,          that the gods                  977 00:44:32,703 --> 00:44:34,271   had intervened to save Japan.  978 00:44:35,205 --> 00:44:36,974  James Ellis: Six and a            half centuries later,          979 00:44:36,974 --> 00:44:40,210 the legend and the term,            "kamikaze" were repurposed,   980 00:44:40,210 --> 00:44:42,813    and used to compel              young Japanese pilots          981 00:44:42,813 --> 00:44:44,982   to fly their explosive-laden    planes                          982 00:44:44,982 --> 00:44:47,451  into the decks of Allied ships. 983 00:44:47,985 --> 00:44:49,586 Narrator: The area around           Takashima,                    984 00:44:49,586 --> 00:44:51,855    where Kublai Khan's            fleets vanished                 985 00:44:51,855 --> 00:44:53,891 and spawned an enduring mystery, 986 00:44:53,891 --> 00:44:57,194   is now a renowned underwater     archaeological site,           987 00:44:57,194 --> 00:45:00,531   and less than one percent of     it has been explored.          988 00:45:00,531 --> 00:45:03,801  There's more we may learn about   what exactly happened          989 00:45:03,801 --> 00:45:05,669 all those centuries ago,         990 00:45:05,669 --> 00:45:08,972    and the human costs            on either side.                 991 00:45:08,972 --> 00:45:11,041    ♪♪                            992 00:45:15,512 --> 00:45:18,382    ♪♪                            117599

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