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Na
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Narr
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Narrat
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Narrator
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Narrator:
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Narrator: Po
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Narrator: Powe
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Narrator: Power
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Narrator: Power an
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Narrator: Power and
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Narrator: Power and gr
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Narrator: Power and gree
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Narrator: Power and greed
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Narrator: Power and greed
le
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead t
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead to
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead to th
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead to the
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead to the th
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead to the thef
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Narrator: Power and greed
lead to the theft
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and eventual disappearance
of Aztec gold...
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James Ellis: They called it
"La Noche Triste" -
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The Night of Sorrows.
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Montezuma was mortally wounded,
some say by his own subjects,
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and the Spaniards fled
with stolen gold
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worth an estimated
$4 billion today.
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Narrator: A mystery unravels
after a piece of work
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from one of the world's
literary greats goes missing...
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Anthea Nardi: No manuscript or
publication has ever surfaced.
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How could such an extraordinary
work created by one
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of history's greatest
literary minds,
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simply disappear?
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Narrator: The location
of a sacred chest,
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said to hold the stone tablets
of the Ten Commandments,
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has puzzled historians
for centuries.
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James Ellis: To this day,
the arc's fate remains
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one of humanity's
greatest mysteries.
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If it survived the
fires of conquest,
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where could it be now?
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♪ (show theme music) ♪
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Narrator: The chain of history
has many missing links.
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Prominent people.
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Priceless treasures.
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Extraordinary artifacts.
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Their locations still unknown.
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Lost to the fog of time.
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What happens when
stories of the past...
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become...
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Vanished History?
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Narrator:
In 1520 CE, Tenochtitlan,
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the capital of the
mighty Aztec Empire,
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erupted in violence,
as the city's people launched
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an all-out rebellion against
unwelcome Spanish soldiers.
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Gold and blood mingled in the
waters of Lake Texcoco
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00:01:49,676 --> 00:01:53,880
as the Spaniards fled, leaving
behind a scene of devastation,
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and an enduring mystery that
would echo through centuries.
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Alison Leonard: When
conquistador Hernán Cortés
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entered Tenochtitlán in 1519,
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he was impressed by
the grandeur of it.
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Emperor Montezuma II,
greeted Cortés
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with reverence and caution,
believing perhaps
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he was the long-awaited
God Quetzalcoatl,
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returning to fulfill
Aztec destiny.
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Adam Bunch: But of course,
Cortés wasn't a god.
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He was a conquistador,
driven by Spain's
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colonial desire for wealth
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and his own hunger for conquest.
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When Montezuma welcomed them
with gifts as a gesture
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of goodwill, including a disk of
gold and another of silver,
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it seems to have just
added fuel to his greed.
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Cortez wanted the riches
of the Aztec Empire
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for himself and for Spain.
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Amma Agbedor: The Spaniards
soon imposed their will,
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straining relations
with the Aztecs.
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As tensions escalated,
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Cortés took
Emperor Montezuma hostage
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in his own palace.
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Then, during the
Toxcatl festival,
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a sacred time for the Aztecs,
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Spanish soldiers massacred
thousands of Aztec nobles,
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sparking an uprising.
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James Ellis: They called it
"La Noche Triste",
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The Night of Sorrows.
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00:03:11,824 --> 00:03:13,760
Montezuma was mortally wounded,
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00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:15,528
some say by his own subjects,
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00:03:15,528 --> 00:03:18,131
and the Spaniards fled
with stolen gold
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00:03:18,131 --> 00:03:21,434
worth an estimated
$4 billion today.
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00:03:21,434 --> 00:03:23,736
Attacked by Aztec warriors,
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00:03:23,736 --> 00:03:25,305
many were killed or drowned,
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leaving only scattered
fragments of gold
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along the city's causeways.
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In the chaos, the vast wealth
of the Aztec empire vanished.
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So where did
Montezuma's gold go?
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Narrator: Montezuma's treasure
was more than gold and jewels.
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It symbolized
the heart of an empire.
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The story began with the Spanish
arrival in Tenochtitlan,
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a shimmering metropolis
on Lake Texcoco,
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but would unravel into
a tale of ambition,
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cultural collision,
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and the enduring enigma
of a lost treasure.
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Alison Leonard: By the
early 16th century,
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the Aztecs commanded an empire
spanning 500 city-states
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and 5 to 6 million people.
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At its height,
Tenochtitlán was home to
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00:04:09,849 --> 00:04:11,351
at least 200,000 people,
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00:04:11,351 --> 00:04:13,319
making it the most densely
populated city
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00:04:13,319 --> 00:04:15,221
Mesoamerica had ever seen.
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00:04:16,356 --> 00:04:19,425
Amma Agbedor: Tenochtitlan
was a marvel of engineering,
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an island city set
in the middle of Lake Texcoco,
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connected to the mainland by
massive stone causeways
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00:04:27,133 --> 00:04:29,602
that rose from the
water like bridges.
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Its canals
criss-crossed the city,
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serving as roads for canoes
carrying everything
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from rare foods to luxury goods.
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Narrator: At the heart of this
vast, sophisticated empire
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stood Montezuma II,
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00:04:44,284 --> 00:04:48,054
a ruler as formidable as the
city he presided over.
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00:04:48,054 --> 00:04:49,722
But when Cortés arrived,
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00:04:49,722 --> 00:04:53,993
the Aztec Empire faced a
challenge unlike any before.
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Amma Agbedor: Cortés
knew he was outnumbered,
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00:04:58,398 --> 00:05:01,801
so he forged alliances with
indigenous groups
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00:05:01,801 --> 00:05:06,572
like the Tlaxcalans who
resented Aztec dominance.
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00:05:06,572 --> 00:05:09,642
The Spanish exploited
these existing rivalries,
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00:05:09,642 --> 00:05:12,645
turning local grievances
into a force
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00:05:12,645 --> 00:05:14,947
that would bring down an empire.
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00:05:16,316 --> 00:05:18,251
James Ellis: The massacre
during the Toxcatl festival
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was the breaking point.
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It wasn't just
an act of violence,
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00:05:21,321 --> 00:05:24,457
it was a brutal desecration of
Aztec tradition.
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00:05:24,457 --> 00:05:27,393
With Montezuma dead,
the city erupted,
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00:05:27,393 --> 00:05:30,963
and the anger of a betrayed
people turned Tenochtitlan
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00:05:30,963 --> 00:05:32,498
into a fierce battleground.
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00:05:33,933 --> 00:05:35,335
Alison Leonard: La Noche Triste
marked a turning point
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for the Spaniards.
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00:05:36,602 --> 00:05:39,305
The losses were staggering,
and not just in lives,
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00:05:39,305 --> 00:05:40,707
but in the treasure
they were after.
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00:05:41,874 --> 00:05:43,710
Narrator: Some believe the
secrets of that night
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00:05:43,710 --> 00:05:46,579
still linger in
Tenochtitlan's waters.
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00:05:48,648 --> 00:05:50,883
Adam Bunch: Some of those
who believe in the legend
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00:05:50,883 --> 00:05:54,253
of Montezuma's lost treasure
think it could be buried
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00:05:54,253 --> 00:05:57,390
beneath Tenochtitlan's
ancient lakebed.
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00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:00,493
Some say the Spanish cast
their gold into the water
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00:06:00,493 --> 00:06:03,229
around the causeways
as they fled,
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00:06:03,229 --> 00:06:05,298
and that it may still be hidden
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00:06:05,298 --> 00:06:07,667
under what was
once lake Texcoco.
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00:06:08,835 --> 00:06:11,003
Amma Agbedor: It's also
possible that the Aztecs
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00:06:11,003 --> 00:06:13,606
may have hidden their
wealth in 'water traps'.
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00:06:13,606 --> 00:06:15,942
These are deep
underwater tunnels
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00:06:15,942 --> 00:06:17,944
leading to submerged chambers
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00:06:17,944 --> 00:06:19,812
where valuables could be stored.
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The entrances were concealed,
and only those with knowledge
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00:06:23,783 --> 00:06:26,386
of their location
could access them.
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00:06:27,220 --> 00:06:29,622
James Ellis: Over the centuries,
Lake Texcoco was drained,
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00:06:29,622 --> 00:06:31,891
and Mexico City was
built on top of it.
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00:06:31,891 --> 00:06:34,627
The original lakebed
now lies beneath layers
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00:06:34,627 --> 00:06:36,696
of sediment and
urban development,
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complicating any search
for the treasure.
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Narrator: In 1981, a
significant clue emerged
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00:06:43,469 --> 00:06:46,572
when a construction worker
discovered a large gold bar
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00:06:46,572 --> 00:06:48,641
at a park in Mexico City.
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Alison Leonard: The bar weighed
around 4 and a half pounds,
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00:06:51,177 --> 00:06:54,080
and was found along Cortes'
escape route on La Noche Triste
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It was later confirmed to date
back to Montezuma's era.
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Some believe it fell into
a canal on that night,
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00:06:59,852 --> 00:07:02,054
suggesting that treasures may
still lie beneath the city.
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Adam Bunch:
The city's infrastructure
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00:07:06,125 --> 00:07:08,494
layered over the ancient lakebed
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makes it hard to excavate.
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00:07:10,797 --> 00:07:12,698
But even with
advanced technology,
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00:07:12,698 --> 00:07:15,568
the extensive searches haven't
found anything significant.
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00:07:15,568 --> 00:07:18,404
After decades of investigation,
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it seems less likely than ever
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00:07:20,106 --> 00:07:23,376
that Montezuma's lost treasure
lies beneath the city.
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Narrator: As new
worlds opened up,
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the promise of wealth and power
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00:07:29,949 --> 00:07:33,686
may have carried Montezuma's
treasure far from the empire,
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00:07:33,686 --> 00:07:36,556
where it would vanish
just as mysteriously.
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Amma Agbedor: Maybe the
treasure was lost at sea,
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far from the Mexican shores.
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When the Spanish reclaimed
Tenochtitlán in 1521,
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they decimated the Aztec Empire,
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taking over 240,000 lives,
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and, some say, recovering the
lost riches of Montezuma.
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According to legend,
parts of the treasure
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00:08:01,581 --> 00:08:03,716
were then packed onto ships
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00:08:03,716 --> 00:08:06,252
setting sail from Veracruz,
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00:08:06,252 --> 00:08:07,920
bound for Spain.
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00:08:09,121 --> 00:08:11,791
James Ellis: Much of this wealth
was designated as a tribute
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00:08:11,791 --> 00:08:14,660
to King Charles V to
fulfill the royal quinto,
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00:08:14,660 --> 00:08:16,896
the Crown's 20% share.
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00:08:16,896 --> 00:08:19,599
But one ship, reportedly
weighed down with gold
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00:08:19,599 --> 00:08:21,033
from Montezuma's treasure,
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00:08:21,033 --> 00:08:23,336
is said to have
encountered a violent storm,
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00:08:23,336 --> 00:08:26,272
sinking somewhere
in the Gulf of Mexico,
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00:08:26,272 --> 00:08:28,541
or possibly further
into the Atlantic.
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00:08:29,408 --> 00:08:31,010
Narrator: Some believe the
treasure escaped
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00:08:31,010 --> 00:08:32,178
the coast entirely,
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00:08:32,178 --> 00:08:35,515
hidden in lands beyond
the Spanish empire's grasp.
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00:08:36,782 --> 00:08:40,253
James Ellis: Legends speak of
Aztec priests and warriors
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00:08:40,253 --> 00:08:42,288
who set out to safeguard
their treasures,
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00:08:42,288 --> 00:08:44,690
by moving them out of
Tenochtitlan.
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00:08:44,690 --> 00:08:48,394
According to this story,
around 8,000 Aztec soldiers
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00:08:48,394 --> 00:08:51,330
traveled nearly
2,000 miles northward,
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00:08:51,330 --> 00:08:53,666
possibly into what
is now Arizona,
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00:08:53,666 --> 00:08:55,701
New Mexico, and Utah.
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00:08:57,036 --> 00:08:58,571
Alison Leonard: In the
early 16th century,
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00:08:58,571 --> 00:09:01,307
Spanish control barely extended
beyond central Mexico
212
00:09:01,307 --> 00:09:02,808
and key coastal regions,
213
00:09:02,808 --> 00:09:04,944
so the remote lands of the
American Southwest,
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00:09:04,944 --> 00:09:07,113
would have been ideal hiding
places for the treasure.
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00:09:07,113 --> 00:09:09,715
The Aztecs may have retraced
ancient migration paths
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00:09:09,715 --> 00:09:12,552
toward Aztlán,
a lost homeland that,
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00:09:12,552 --> 00:09:14,854
according to Aztec lore,
was somewhere in the north.
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00:09:16,556 --> 00:09:18,391
Adam Bunch: According
to the popular myth,
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00:09:18,391 --> 00:09:21,394
they carried tons
of gold, silver
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00:09:21,394 --> 00:09:24,263
and sacred religious
objects with them,
221
00:09:24,263 --> 00:09:27,867
everything they needed to
reestablish their civilization.
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00:09:27,867 --> 00:09:30,803
Some people like to say the
Aztecs hid the treasure
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00:09:30,803 --> 00:09:32,838
somewhere along that journey,
224
00:09:32,838 --> 00:09:35,675
on a mountain on
the edge of a desert,
225
00:09:35,675 --> 00:09:36,976
and then killed each other,
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00:09:36,976 --> 00:09:39,245
so their spirits could
protect it forever.
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00:09:41,781 --> 00:09:43,816
Narrator: The treasure's
rumored path northward,
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00:09:43,816 --> 00:09:46,886
has led to tales of hidden maps,
ancient symbols,
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00:09:46,886 --> 00:09:48,854
and fortune seekers determined
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00:09:48,854 --> 00:09:51,190
to uncover its secret location.
231
00:09:53,159 --> 00:09:55,161
Amma Agbedor: One of the most
intriguing stories
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00:09:55,161 --> 00:09:58,297
involves a prospector
named Freddy Crystal,
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00:09:58,297 --> 00:10:02,401
who in the early 20th century,
arrived in Kanab, Utah,
234
00:10:02,401 --> 00:10:05,671
with what he claimed
was an ancient map
235
00:10:05,671 --> 00:10:09,141
pointing to
Montezuma's treasure.
236
00:10:09,141 --> 00:10:13,245
He was convinced that the
symbols carved into the cliffs
237
00:10:13,245 --> 00:10:17,717
around Johnson Canyon
matched those on his map,
238
00:10:17,717 --> 00:10:22,321
so he enlisted locals
to help with his search.
239
00:10:24,423 --> 00:10:27,193
James Ellis: Crystal spent years
searching for the treasure
240
00:10:27,193 --> 00:10:28,327
in the Utah desert,
241
00:10:28,327 --> 00:10:31,831
and while his excavations
uncovered tunnels and caverns,
242
00:10:31,831 --> 00:10:34,133
some with artifacts
and human remains,
243
00:10:34,133 --> 00:10:36,636
he never found what
he was looking for.
244
00:10:37,737 --> 00:10:39,672
Narrator: Across the
American Southwest,
245
00:10:39,672 --> 00:10:42,508
other treasure hunters have
followed these legends,
246
00:10:42,508 --> 00:10:46,245
convinced the gold lies hidden
in the vast, untamed landscape,
247
00:10:46,245 --> 00:10:49,682
with each story adding new
layers to the mystery.
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00:10:50,916 --> 00:10:52,418
Alison Leonard:
In Three Lakes, Utah,
249
00:10:52,418 --> 00:10:53,853
about six miles north of Kanab,
250
00:10:53,853 --> 00:10:56,322
treasure hunter Brandt Child
discovered a rock carving
251
00:10:56,322 --> 00:10:58,257
he claimed was an Aztec symbol.
252
00:10:58,257 --> 00:11:00,760
He believed an underwater
tunnel in one of the lakes
253
00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:03,362
led to a hidden chamber filled
with Montezuma's lost gold.
254
00:11:04,997 --> 00:11:07,900
Adam Bunch: There are stories
of divers exploring the tunnel,
255
00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:10,202
who came back talking about
equipment failures,
256
00:11:10,202 --> 00:11:13,739
getting disoriented,
even ghostly visions,
257
00:11:13,739 --> 00:11:17,109
or the feeling of being choked,
which helped fuel rumors
258
00:11:17,109 --> 00:11:19,912
the site was cursed,
or guarded by spirits.
259
00:11:20,846 --> 00:11:23,416
Amma Agbedor: In Arizona,
local legends suggest
260
00:11:23,416 --> 00:11:25,751
that Montezuma's
treasure is hidden
261
00:11:25,751 --> 00:11:28,220
in the Superstition Mountains,
262
00:11:28,220 --> 00:11:29,855
a mysterious region
263
00:11:29,855 --> 00:11:32,825
with ancient cliff
dwellings and caves.
264
00:11:32,825 --> 00:11:35,394
But decades of searching
by treasure hunters,
265
00:11:35,394 --> 00:11:37,763
hasn't turned up
any trace of it.
266
00:11:37,763 --> 00:11:41,767
So wherever it may be, the
treasure is still out there,
267
00:11:41,767 --> 00:11:43,269
waiting to be found.
268
00:11:45,404 --> 00:11:46,772
Narrator:
Montezuma's lost treasure
269
00:11:46,772 --> 00:11:48,974
is more than gold and jewels;
270
00:11:48,974 --> 00:11:52,011
it's a story woven
into the fabric of history,
271
00:11:52,011 --> 00:11:55,781
captivating those drawn
to a world nearly erased,
272
00:11:55,781 --> 00:11:57,583
an empire whose splendor
273
00:11:57,583 --> 00:12:00,653
was matched only
by its tragic fall.
274
00:12:01,554 --> 00:12:04,523
James Ellis: Over centuries, the
legend of Montezuma's treasure
275
00:12:04,523 --> 00:12:06,692
has grown beyond its origins.
276
00:12:06,692 --> 00:12:08,561
It's become a symbol
of resistance,
277
00:12:08,561 --> 00:12:10,162
a cultural touchstone
278
00:12:10,162 --> 00:12:13,165
that speaks to the strength
of the Aztec spirit,
279
00:12:13,165 --> 00:12:17,336
even as their empire crumbled
under Spanish conquest.
280
00:12:20,973 --> 00:12:22,541
Alison Leonard: Perhaps the
treasure's true value is not
281
00:12:22,541 --> 00:12:25,945
in the gold and jewels,
but in the lessons it offers,
282
00:12:25,945 --> 00:12:28,681
a story of colonial greed and
standing up to oppression,
283
00:12:28,681 --> 00:12:30,750
and of a highly advanced society
284
00:12:30,750 --> 00:12:33,452
that ultimately vanished
at the hands of the Europeans.
285
00:12:37,123 --> 00:12:39,492
Narrator: As long as there
are those who seek it,
286
00:12:39,492 --> 00:12:41,694
Montezuma's treasure endures,
287
00:12:41,694 --> 00:12:43,729
a symbol of lost worlds,
288
00:12:43,729 --> 00:12:45,631
a testament to defiance,
289
00:12:45,631 --> 00:12:48,701
and a mystery that
refuses to die.
290
00:12:50,970 --> 00:12:58,344
♪♪
291
00:12:58,344 --> 00:13:00,479
Narrator: Throughout history,
few artifacts
292
00:13:00,479 --> 00:13:02,548
have captured the
human imagination
293
00:13:02,548 --> 00:13:04,216
like the Ark of the Covenant,
294
00:13:04,216 --> 00:13:07,353
a sacred chest said to
hold the stone tablets
295
00:13:07,353 --> 00:13:11,490
of the Ten Commandments
given to Moses on Mount Sinai.
296
00:13:11,490 --> 00:13:13,793
Crafted under
divine instruction,
297
00:13:13,793 --> 00:13:17,163
the Ark was revered
as the most sacred object
298
00:13:17,163 --> 00:13:18,631
in ancient Israel,
299
00:13:18,631 --> 00:13:21,734
symbolizing God's
covenant with His people.
300
00:13:23,869 --> 00:13:25,805
James Ellis: Jewish tradition
says that the Ark held
301
00:13:25,805 --> 00:13:27,640
more than just
the stone tablets.
302
00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:30,009
It also contained Aaron's Rod,
303
00:13:30,009 --> 00:13:31,911
a symbol of divine authority
304
00:13:31,911 --> 00:13:33,813
that played a key
role in God's plan
305
00:13:33,813 --> 00:13:35,781
to lead the Israelites
out of Egypt
306
00:13:35,781 --> 00:13:37,483
and into the Promised Land,
307
00:13:37,483 --> 00:13:39,218
and a golden jar of manna,
308
00:13:39,218 --> 00:13:41,987
the mysterious food that
sustained them in the desert.
309
00:13:43,088 --> 00:13:44,857
Amma Agbedor: According
to the Hebrew Bible,
310
00:13:44,857 --> 00:13:47,793
the Ark was initially housed
within a movable shrine
311
00:13:47,793 --> 00:13:49,995
called the Tabernacle.
312
00:13:49,995 --> 00:13:52,832
But when Solomon's Temple was
completed in Jerusalem
313
00:13:52,832 --> 00:13:55,334
in the 10th century BCE,
314
00:13:55,334 --> 00:13:58,504
an inner sanctuary,
the Holy of Holies,
315
00:13:58,504 --> 00:14:01,574
was created to enshrine the Ark.
316
00:14:01,574 --> 00:14:03,409
Only the High Priest
could enter it,
317
00:14:03,409 --> 00:14:04,844
and only once a year,
318
00:14:04,844 --> 00:14:06,178
on Yom Kippur.
319
00:14:07,446 --> 00:14:09,849
James Ellis: For centuries, the
Ark was the sacred centerpiece
320
00:14:09,849 --> 00:14:11,417
of Israelite worship.
321
00:14:11,417 --> 00:14:15,321
But after the Babylonian
invasion in 587 BCE,
322
00:14:15,321 --> 00:14:18,991
and the destruction of
Solomon's Temple, it vanished.
323
00:14:20,426 --> 00:14:23,462
To this day, the Ark's fate
remains one of humanity's
324
00:14:23,462 --> 00:14:25,197
greatest mysteries.
325
00:14:25,197 --> 00:14:27,800
If it survived the
fires of conquest,
326
00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:29,034
where could it be now?
327
00:14:33,439 --> 00:14:35,608
Narrator: The Ark's
journey from the Exodus
328
00:14:35,608 --> 00:14:39,378
to its enshrinement in Solomon's
Temple is well-documented.
329
00:14:39,378 --> 00:14:42,314
But during centuries of
invasions and exiles,
330
00:14:42,314 --> 00:14:44,717
it disappeared from
historical records,
331
00:14:44,717 --> 00:14:47,419
leaving only scattered
clues to its fate.
332
00:14:50,923 --> 00:14:52,424
Anthea Nardi:
After the fall of Jerusalem
333
00:14:52,424 --> 00:14:54,526
and the destruction
of Solomon's Temple,
334
00:14:54,526 --> 00:14:56,295
many people were exiled,
335
00:14:56,295 --> 00:14:58,464
and countless treasures
were taken,
336
00:14:58,464 --> 00:15:01,600
but interestingly, the
Babylonians' detailed records
337
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:03,168
make no mention of the Ark.
338
00:15:03,736 --> 00:15:07,006
Also, the Hebrew scriptures go
silent about it at this time,
339
00:15:07,006 --> 00:15:09,141
which is odd given
the Ark's importance.
340
00:15:10,376 --> 00:15:12,144
James Ellis: However, it's been
suggested that the Ark
341
00:15:12,144 --> 00:15:13,746
may have been taken earlier,
342
00:15:13,746 --> 00:15:17,483
perhaps during Egyptian Pharaoh
Shishak's military campaign
343
00:15:17,483 --> 00:15:21,453
against the Kingdom
of Judah in 926 BCE,
344
00:15:21,453 --> 00:15:25,791
one of the earliest recorded
raids on Jerusalem's temple.
345
00:15:25,791 --> 00:15:28,394
The Pharaoh reportedly
seized many treasures,
346
00:15:28,394 --> 00:15:30,829
including Solomon's
gold shields.
347
00:15:31,330 --> 00:15:33,198
Amma Agbedor:
But in apocryphal texts
348
00:15:33,198 --> 00:15:35,067
like the Second Book
of Maccabees,
349
00:15:35,067 --> 00:15:38,103
there's a story that the
prophet Jeremiah,
350
00:15:38,103 --> 00:15:40,973
hid the Ark in a cave
on Mount Nebo,
351
00:15:40,973 --> 00:15:43,142
on the Jordan River's East Bank,
352
00:15:43,142 --> 00:15:45,778
intending for it to stay hidden,
353
00:15:45,778 --> 00:15:49,048
until God brings His
people back together.
354
00:15:51,383 --> 00:15:54,153
Anthea Nardi: These historical
gaps and enigmatic references
355
00:15:54,153 --> 00:15:57,389
have fueled various theories
about the Ark's fate,
356
00:15:57,389 --> 00:16:00,526
and with every new clue,
there are new questions,
357
00:16:00,526 --> 00:16:03,529
keeping the quest for
the Ark very much alive.
358
00:16:05,998 --> 00:16:07,399
Narrator: Hidden in the
depths of a cavern
359
00:16:07,399 --> 00:16:09,768
near the Dead Sea's
ancient waters,
360
00:16:09,768 --> 00:16:12,071
a singular artifact surfaces,
361
00:16:12,071 --> 00:16:14,807
breathing new life
into the enduring search
362
00:16:14,807 --> 00:16:16,375
for the Ark of the Covenant.
363
00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:19,511
Anthea Nardi: Some believe
that the Copper Scroll,
364
00:16:19,511 --> 00:16:22,648
discovered in 1952 in a
cave on the West Bank,
365
00:16:22,648 --> 00:16:25,684
is an ancient treasure map
that could lead directly
366
00:16:25,684 --> 00:16:27,186
to the Ark of the Covenant.
367
00:16:27,186 --> 00:16:30,222
This remarkable scroll
lists 64 hidden locations
368
00:16:30,222 --> 00:16:32,791
where immense treasures
from the First Temple
369
00:16:32,791 --> 00:16:34,259
are allegedly located.
370
00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:36,762
James Ellis:
The scroll mentions places like
371
00:16:36,762 --> 00:16:39,031
'the cave of
the old washer's chamber'
372
00:16:39,031 --> 00:16:41,867
and 'in the salt pit
under the steps.'
373
00:16:41,867 --> 00:16:44,737
These descriptions are
precise yet cryptic,
374
00:16:44,737 --> 00:16:46,905
likely making sense
only to those
375
00:16:46,905 --> 00:16:48,907
with intimate knowledge
of the locations.
376
00:16:49,641 --> 00:16:51,343
Amma Agbedor: While the scroll
is straightforward
377
00:16:51,343 --> 00:16:52,378
in its listings,
378
00:16:52,378 --> 00:16:54,813
the use of religious
terms like "tithes"
379
00:16:54,813 --> 00:16:56,882
and "priestly vestments" implies
380
00:16:56,882 --> 00:16:59,885
that the treasures
had a sacred origin.
381
00:16:59,885 --> 00:17:02,988
It's a clue that priests or
temple officials
382
00:17:02,988 --> 00:17:04,923
could've put this together,
383
00:17:04,923 --> 00:17:07,259
to keep their most
valuable items safe
384
00:17:07,259 --> 00:17:09,128
during times of crisis.
385
00:17:10,763 --> 00:17:12,164
James Ellis:
But here's the problem.
386
00:17:12,164 --> 00:17:16,402
The Copper Scroll is dated
between 25 AD and 100 AD,
387
00:17:16,402 --> 00:17:19,538
making a true connection
to the Ark unlikely.
388
00:17:19,538 --> 00:17:22,341
Despite numerous searches
over the decades,
389
00:17:22,341 --> 00:17:25,344
none of the treasures
listed have been found,
390
00:17:25,344 --> 00:17:28,747
and the scroll makes no
direct mention of the Ark.
391
00:17:30,482 --> 00:17:32,317
Narrator: While the secrets
of the Copper Scroll
392
00:17:32,317 --> 00:17:35,020
remain elusive,
another path emerges
393
00:17:35,020 --> 00:17:37,523
from the annals of
medieval history,
394
00:17:37,523 --> 00:17:40,793
leading to a mysterious
order of warrior monks
395
00:17:40,793 --> 00:17:42,561
and their clandestine
activities
396
00:17:42,561 --> 00:17:45,264
beneath Jerusalem's
sacred grounds.
397
00:17:47,399 --> 00:17:49,168
Anthea Nardi: Some believe
the Knights Templar,
398
00:17:49,168 --> 00:17:51,303
a medieval Christian
military order
399
00:17:51,303 --> 00:17:52,971
founded in the 12th century,
400
00:17:52,971 --> 00:17:55,174
may have uncovered the Ark.
401
00:17:55,174 --> 00:17:57,609
The Templars were deeply
connected to the Holy Land
402
00:17:57,609 --> 00:18:00,279
during the Crusades,
and for nearly 70 years,
403
00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:02,714
they were stationed on
the Temple Mount, the site
404
00:18:02,714 --> 00:18:05,150
traditionally associated with
Solomon's Temple.
405
00:18:06,452 --> 00:18:08,353
James Ellis: The Templars
weren't just warriors,
406
00:18:08,353 --> 00:18:10,589
they were on a quest
for divine knowledge.
407
00:18:10,589 --> 00:18:12,925
During their time
at the Temple Mount
408
00:18:12,925 --> 00:18:15,394
they had unprecedented
access to explore
409
00:18:15,394 --> 00:18:17,262
the ancient tunnels and chambers
410
00:18:17,262 --> 00:18:19,231
beneath the Al-Aqsa Mosque,
411
00:18:19,231 --> 00:18:21,667
which they believed
held sacred relics.
412
00:18:24,636 --> 00:18:27,206
Narrator: Located in
Jerusalem's Old City,
413
00:18:27,206 --> 00:18:30,242
the site known as the
Temple Mount in Judaism,
414
00:18:30,242 --> 00:18:32,778
and Al-Haram al-Sharif in Islam
415
00:18:32,778 --> 00:18:36,415
is home to sacred landmarks
like the Al-Aqsa Mosque.
416
00:18:36,415 --> 00:18:38,884
It holds profound
religious significance
417
00:18:38,884 --> 00:18:40,385
for multiple faiths.
418
00:18:42,588 --> 00:18:44,189
Anthea Nardi: Historical
accounts suggest
419
00:18:44,189 --> 00:18:46,558
the Templars discovered
treasures like the Holy Grail,
420
00:18:46,558 --> 00:18:49,862
sacred texts, and perhaps
the Ark itself,
421
00:18:49,862 --> 00:18:53,265
which might have contributed to
their rapid rise in wealth
422
00:18:53,265 --> 00:18:55,134
and immense influence
across Europe.
423
00:18:56,502 --> 00:18:58,403
Narrator: As the
Templars rose to power,
424
00:18:58,403 --> 00:19:01,173
a formidable force
emerged in the East:
425
00:19:01,173 --> 00:19:04,576
Saladin, the Muslim Sultan
of Egypt and Syria,
426
00:19:04,576 --> 00:19:08,147
who stunned the western world by
crushing the crusader armies
427
00:19:08,147 --> 00:19:10,983
at Hattin and seizing
a decisive victory
428
00:19:10,983 --> 00:19:13,519
that would change
the course of history.
429
00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:17,789
James Ellis: When Saladin
recaptured Jerusalem in 1187,
430
00:19:17,789 --> 00:19:19,458
the Templars had to retreat and
431
00:19:19,458 --> 00:19:22,427
they likely took any treasures
they'd found with them.
432
00:19:22,427 --> 00:19:24,096
There's a good chance
they transported
433
00:19:24,096 --> 00:19:26,565
these sacred artifacts
back to Europe,
434
00:19:26,565 --> 00:19:29,401
hiding them in places like
their Paris headquarters
435
00:19:29,401 --> 00:19:31,703
or even Rosslyn Chapel
in Scotland,
436
00:19:31,703 --> 00:19:34,806
which is rumored to be modeled
after Solomon's Temple.
437
00:19:38,377 --> 00:19:40,345
Amma Agbedor: The Templars'
connection to the Temple Mount
438
00:19:40,345 --> 00:19:42,014
is well-documented,
439
00:19:42,014 --> 00:19:46,251
but any link between them and
the Ark is mostly speculation.
440
00:19:46,251 --> 00:19:48,487
A lot of what we
hear comes from myths
441
00:19:48,487 --> 00:19:52,224
and romanticized stories
that emerged much later.
442
00:19:54,660 --> 00:19:57,362
Narrator: Though the Templars'
secrets may be lost to time,
443
00:19:57,362 --> 00:20:01,333
another tale leads to the
misty Ethiopian highlands,
444
00:20:01,333 --> 00:20:05,404
where a sacred sanctuary is
said to guard a profound secret.
445
00:20:06,505 --> 00:20:09,308
James Ellis: According to the
Ethiopian epic 'Kebra Negast,
446
00:20:09,308 --> 00:20:12,811
the Ark was brought to
Ethiopia by Menelik I,
447
00:20:12,811 --> 00:20:15,647
the son of King Solomon
and the Queen of Sheba.
448
00:20:15,647 --> 00:20:19,718
It is said to reside in the
Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
449
00:20:19,718 --> 00:20:23,121
in Axum, guarded by a
lineage of virgin monks
450
00:20:23,121 --> 00:20:25,424
who dedicate their
lives to its protection.
451
00:20:27,226 --> 00:20:29,661
Amma Agbedor: The Kebra
Negast is more than an epic;
452
00:20:29,661 --> 00:20:33,198
it's a foundational text that
solidified Ethiopia's
453
00:20:33,198 --> 00:20:35,968
claim to the Ark
and its royal lineage
454
00:20:35,968 --> 00:20:38,637
tracing back to
Solomon and Sheba.
455
00:20:38,637 --> 00:20:41,873
This connection was so central
to Ethiopian identity
456
00:20:41,873 --> 00:20:45,143
that Emperor Haile Selassie
even referenced it
457
00:20:45,143 --> 00:20:47,412
in the country's modern
constitutions.
458
00:20:48,614 --> 00:20:51,149
James Ellis: For the faithful,
the Ark's presence in Aksum,
459
00:20:51,149 --> 00:20:52,684
or present-day Eritrea,
460
00:20:52,684 --> 00:20:55,821
is at the heart of their
heritage and national pride.
461
00:20:56,455 --> 00:21:00,259
Every church in the country
has its own symbolic replica
462
00:21:00,259 --> 00:21:03,061
of the Ark, called a tabot,
and every year,
463
00:21:03,061 --> 00:21:04,796
during the Timkat festival,
464
00:21:04,796 --> 00:21:07,933
the tabots are paraded through
the streets in celebration.
465
00:21:11,370 --> 00:21:13,238
Narrator: According
to Ethiopian legend,
466
00:21:13,238 --> 00:21:15,507
their country has
been home to the Ark
467
00:21:15,507 --> 00:21:17,809
for nearly 3,000 years.
468
00:21:18,510 --> 00:21:19,645
Anthea Nardi: It was said to
have been hidden
469
00:21:19,645 --> 00:21:21,980
on Tana Kirkos Island
in Lake Tana,
470
00:21:21,980 --> 00:21:25,150
a place still home to a
secluded community of monks,
471
00:21:25,150 --> 00:21:27,753
before King Ezana
brought it back to Aksum
472
00:21:27,753 --> 00:21:30,722
in the 4th century,
as he spread Christianity.
473
00:21:30,722 --> 00:21:34,059
Today, the Ark is believed
to reside in Axum,
474
00:21:34,059 --> 00:21:35,761
in the Church of Mary of Zion.
475
00:21:35,761 --> 00:21:39,231
It's located within the Mekdes,
or Holy of Holies,
476
00:21:39,231 --> 00:21:41,600
which is a chamber
shrouded in secrecy
477
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:43,935
and accessible only by the
guardian of the Ark.
478
00:21:44,836 --> 00:21:46,571
James Ellis: During
World War II, British scholar
479
00:21:46,571 --> 00:21:49,675
and officer Edward Ullendorff
claimed to have seen the Ark
480
00:21:49,675 --> 00:21:53,011
inside the Church
of Our Lady Mary of Zion.
481
00:21:53,011 --> 00:21:56,381
However, he later admitted
it was just a replica,
482
00:21:56,381 --> 00:21:59,818
similar to those found in
other Ethiopian churches.
483
00:22:02,020 --> 00:22:04,890
Amma Agbedor: To this day,
no outsider has verified
484
00:22:04,890 --> 00:22:06,725
the Ark's presence in Axum,
485
00:22:06,725 --> 00:22:08,860
and there's
no evidence to confirm
486
00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,863
the original Ark ever
made it to Ethiopia.
487
00:22:13,365 --> 00:22:15,600
Narrator: The Ark of the
Covenant epitomizes humanity's
488
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,203
eternal fascination
with the unknown,
489
00:22:18,203 --> 00:22:22,040
serving as a powerful reminder
that the most profound quests
490
00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:25,777
are as much about the journey,
as the destination.
491
00:22:26,878 --> 00:22:29,514
James Ellis: The Ark is much
more than just an object.
492
00:22:29,514 --> 00:22:32,184
It represents humanity's
search for the divine,
493
00:22:32,184 --> 00:22:33,985
a powerful symbol of faith,
494
00:22:33,985 --> 00:22:37,656
that still inspires and
fascinates people today.
495
00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:42,194
Narrator: Whether the Ark still
exists may be less important
496
00:22:42,194 --> 00:22:44,429
than the legacy
it leaves behind.
497
00:22:44,429 --> 00:22:46,064
It represents a covenant,
498
00:22:46,064 --> 00:22:49,634
a profound relationship
between God and humanity,
499
00:22:49,634 --> 00:22:52,838
that endures in religious
thought and practice.
500
00:22:54,840 --> 00:22:54,873
♪♪
501
00:22:54,873 --> 00:23:01,546
♪♪
502
00:23:01,546 --> 00:23:04,349
Narrator: In the vibrant heart
of Elizabethan London,
503
00:23:04,349 --> 00:23:07,252
two titans of the
stage came together.
504
00:23:07,252 --> 00:23:09,654
William Shakespeare,
a playwright
505
00:23:09,654 --> 00:23:11,623
at the height of his
creative power,
506
00:23:11,623 --> 00:23:14,559
and John Fletcher,
his destined successor,
507
00:23:14,559 --> 00:23:18,196
crafted a play that reflected
the ambition of their era:
508
00:23:18,196 --> 00:23:20,065
The History of Cardenio.
509
00:23:21,566 --> 00:23:23,835
Alison Leonard: Written
around 1612 or 1613,
510
00:23:23,835 --> 00:23:27,072
The History of Cardenio weaves
turbulent tales of love,
511
00:23:27,072 --> 00:23:30,075
betrayal, and reconciliation
into a story inspired
512
00:23:30,075 --> 00:23:32,210
by Cervantes' Don Quixote.
513
00:23:32,210 --> 00:23:34,546
The play reflects a moment
when Spanish art and culture
514
00:23:34,546 --> 00:23:36,815
poured into England
after peace with Spain.
515
00:23:37,649 --> 00:23:39,418
Anthea Nardi: Shakespeare's
ability to illuminate
516
00:23:39,418 --> 00:23:41,953
the human condition,
combined with Fletcher's
517
00:23:41,953 --> 00:23:43,555
sharp, lively dialogue,
518
00:23:43,555 --> 00:23:45,857
created a dynamic interplay that
519
00:23:45,857 --> 00:23:49,594
softened the play's intensity
while adding depth and nuance.
520
00:23:49,594 --> 00:23:51,363
Together, their styles
521
00:23:51,363 --> 00:23:53,565
transformed the
Tale of Cervantes'
522
00:23:53,565 --> 00:23:56,535
into a powerful drama that
resonated with the audience.
523
00:23:57,436 --> 00:23:59,438
Adam Bunch: It looks like
the play was performed
524
00:23:59,438 --> 00:24:04,476
at least twice during the
1612, 1613 season.
525
00:24:04,476 --> 00:24:06,144
A researcher found a document,
526
00:24:06,144 --> 00:24:09,548
the accounts of the Treasurer
of the King's Chamber,
527
00:24:09,548 --> 00:24:11,650
that lists payments for a play
528
00:24:11,650 --> 00:24:14,352
called Cardano or Cardano,
529
00:24:14,352 --> 00:24:18,190
which is probably just a short
form for the history of Cardenio
530
00:24:18,190 --> 00:24:21,026
It was put on by The King's Men,
531
00:24:21,026 --> 00:24:24,629
the same acting company that we
know Shakespeare worked with
532
00:24:24,629 --> 00:24:26,998
for nearly his entire career.
533
00:24:28,767 --> 00:24:30,335
Anthea Nardi: But after
these performances,
534
00:24:30,335 --> 00:24:32,637
the trail of Cardenio goes cold.
535
00:24:32,637 --> 00:24:34,873
Over four centuries have passed,
536
00:24:34,873 --> 00:24:38,677
and no manuscript or
publication has ever surfaced.
537
00:24:38,677 --> 00:24:41,012
How could such an
extraordinary work,
538
00:24:41,012 --> 00:24:44,382
created by one of history's
greatest literary minds,
539
00:24:44,382 --> 00:24:45,951
simply disappear?
540
00:24:47,819 --> 00:24:50,355
Narrator: The survival of
Shakespeare's works owes much
541
00:24:50,355 --> 00:24:52,991
to the 1623 First Folio,
542
00:24:52,991 --> 00:24:56,628
a monumental effort
to preserve 36 plays.
543
00:24:56,628 --> 00:24:59,998
But The History of Cardenio,
along with other works,
544
00:24:59,998 --> 00:25:02,434
was conspicuously absent.
545
00:25:04,035 --> 00:25:05,337
Alison Leonard:
The First Folio was compiled
546
00:25:05,337 --> 00:25:06,938
by John Heminges
and Henry Condell.
547
00:25:06,938 --> 00:25:08,940
These were two actors
who worked closely
548
00:25:08,940 --> 00:25:11,243
with Shakespeare as members
of the King's Men.
549
00:25:11,243 --> 00:25:12,978
Published seven years
after his death,
550
00:25:12,978 --> 00:25:15,947
the First Folio preserved plays
like Macbeth and The Tempest,
551
00:25:15,947 --> 00:25:17,682
which had never
been printed before.
552
00:25:19,184 --> 00:25:21,219
Anthea Nardi: Heminges and
Condell relied on a patchwork
553
00:25:21,219 --> 00:25:24,823
of prompt books, manuscripts,
and actor recollections.
554
00:25:24,823 --> 00:25:28,760
These materials were usually
incomplete or poorly preserved,
555
00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:30,629
and many plays had
already been lost
556
00:25:30,629 --> 00:25:32,797
by the time they
began their work.
557
00:25:32,797 --> 00:25:36,568
By 1623, the manuscript
for the History of Cardenio
558
00:25:36,568 --> 00:25:39,004
may have already been lost
or inaccessible.
559
00:25:40,939 --> 00:25:42,941
Adam Bunch: We do have an
exciting piece of evidence
560
00:25:42,941 --> 00:25:44,843
from 1653.
561
00:25:44,843 --> 00:25:47,679
That's when a publisher
named Humphrey Mosley
562
00:25:47,679 --> 00:25:50,315
registered the
History of Cardenio
563
00:25:50,315 --> 00:25:52,183
in the Stationers Register,
564
00:25:52,183 --> 00:25:55,754
which was an English
record of artistic works.
565
00:25:55,754 --> 00:25:58,590
In it, he claims
the play was written
566
00:25:58,590 --> 00:26:00,392
by Shakespeare and Fletcher,
567
00:26:00,392 --> 00:26:02,894
but he did also have
a habit of claiming
568
00:26:02,894 --> 00:26:06,131
Shakespeare wrote plays he
didn't actually write.
569
00:26:06,131 --> 00:26:08,600
So he could drum up
more interest in them.
570
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:10,502
So there's still
plenty of doubt.
571
00:26:10,502 --> 00:26:12,137
And he never printed the play,
572
00:26:12,137 --> 00:26:14,940
so it's not even clear
if he had a complete manuscript.
573
00:26:16,975 --> 00:26:19,144
Alison Leonard: Around 750
copies of the First Folio
574
00:26:19,144 --> 00:26:22,013
were printed, and without it,
18 of Shakespeare's plays,
575
00:26:22,013 --> 00:26:24,349
including As You Like It
and Julius Caesar,
576
00:26:24,349 --> 00:26:25,617
might have vanished forever.
577
00:26:25,617 --> 00:26:28,153
It's important to remember
that before 1623,
578
00:26:28,153 --> 00:26:31,256
nearly half of his works
existed only as quartos.
579
00:26:31,256 --> 00:26:32,924
These were single-play booklets
580
00:26:32,924 --> 00:26:34,626
made by folding large
sheets of paper
581
00:26:34,626 --> 00:26:36,027
into smaller sections,
582
00:26:36,027 --> 00:26:38,463
and this was a fragile and
impermanent format
583
00:26:38,463 --> 00:26:40,699
that left many texts
vulnerable to loss.
584
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:43,969
Narrator: Some believe
the play's fate
585
00:26:43,969 --> 00:26:46,905
was sealed by the fragile
nature of the materials
586
00:26:46,905 --> 00:26:48,740
that once brought it to life.
587
00:26:50,175 --> 00:26:51,910
Alison Leonard: It's possible
that The History of Cardenio
588
00:26:51,910 --> 00:26:55,080
was lost because early printed
plays were seen as disposable.
589
00:26:55,080 --> 00:26:58,116
In the 17th century, acting
companies like the King's Men
590
00:26:58,116 --> 00:26:59,551
treated scripts as tools,
591
00:26:59,551 --> 00:27:01,419
they were valuable for
performances,
592
00:27:01,419 --> 00:27:04,255
but once a play's run ended,
scripts were often discarded.
593
00:27:05,123 --> 00:27:07,659
Adam Bunch: Sometimes, even
collectors didn't manage
594
00:27:07,659 --> 00:27:10,195
to preserve the works
they collected.
595
00:27:10,195 --> 00:27:13,999
There was a bibliophile in
the 1700s, John Warburton,
596
00:27:13,999 --> 00:27:17,002
who managed to get
60 rare manuscripts,
597
00:27:17,002 --> 00:27:20,705
including some performed by
Shakespeare's acting company.
598
00:27:20,705 --> 00:27:23,441
But he stored them
in his kitchen,
599
00:27:23,441 --> 00:27:25,610
where his cook
ended up using them
600
00:27:25,610 --> 00:27:28,913
as pie liners and fire starters.
601
00:27:28,913 --> 00:27:32,617
So most of them were burned
and we know one of them
602
00:27:32,617 --> 00:27:35,887
was an unnamed play by
Will Shakespeare.
603
00:27:37,722 --> 00:27:39,658
Anthea Nardi: The English Civil
War brought widespread
604
00:27:39,658 --> 00:27:41,059
economic hardship.
605
00:27:41,059 --> 00:27:44,062
It was a time when even paper
was a precious commodity.
606
00:27:44,062 --> 00:27:46,598
It was labor-intensive,
expensive,
607
00:27:46,598 --> 00:27:48,566
and made from scarce rags.
608
00:27:48,566 --> 00:27:53,238
It was so valuable that laws
like the 1680 Act of Parliament
609
00:27:53,238 --> 00:27:55,040
even banned linen burials,
610
00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:57,275
to save materials
for paper production.
611
00:27:58,443 --> 00:28:01,246
Alison Leonard: Damp, pests, and
fire were constant threats
612
00:28:01,246 --> 00:28:04,215
to fragile manuscripts and
early printed texts.
613
00:28:04,215 --> 00:28:06,818
By the time the First Folio
was published in 1623,
614
00:28:06,818 --> 00:28:09,587
The History of Cardenio may
have already fallen victim
615
00:28:09,587 --> 00:28:10,855
to these forces.
616
00:28:10,855 --> 00:28:13,258
But given Shakespeare's
rising reputation
617
00:28:13,258 --> 00:28:14,492
by the mid-17th century,
618
00:28:14,492 --> 00:28:17,262
its complete disappearance
certainly raises questions.
619
00:28:17,262 --> 00:28:19,898
Could neglect alone
account for such a loss?
620
00:28:21,666 --> 00:28:24,069
Narrator: Some stories
never truly disappear.
621
00:28:24,069 --> 00:28:26,671
They linger,
hidden in plain sight,
622
00:28:26,671 --> 00:28:28,907
waiting to be rediscovered.
623
00:28:30,041 --> 00:28:31,443
Alison Leonard: Lost works like
The History of Cardenio
624
00:28:31,443 --> 00:28:34,479
might still be out there, hidden
in uncatalogued archives
625
00:28:34,479 --> 00:28:35,847
or private collections.
626
00:28:35,847 --> 00:28:38,016
We've seen remarkable
discoveries before,
627
00:28:38,016 --> 00:28:40,952
like the 1594 Quarto
of Titus Andronicus,
628
00:28:40,952 --> 00:28:42,787
Shakespeare's first
published play.
629
00:28:42,787 --> 00:28:46,357
It resurfaced in 1904 when a
postal clerk in Sweden
630
00:28:46,357 --> 00:28:49,027
found it bound with
18th-century lottery ads.
631
00:28:49,994 --> 00:28:53,331
Anthea Nardi: In 2016, a
previously unknown First Folio
632
00:28:53,331 --> 00:28:56,000
was discovered at
Mount Stuart House in Scotland,
633
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,269
hidden away in the
estate's library.
634
00:28:58,269 --> 00:29:02,807
Remarkably, it had been in the
home since at least 1896,
635
00:29:02,807 --> 00:29:04,876
and once belonged
to the influential
636
00:29:04,876 --> 00:29:07,846
18th-century Shakespearean
editor Isaac Reed.
637
00:29:07,846 --> 00:29:10,482
The discovery was a shock
to the literary world,
638
00:29:10,482 --> 00:29:14,085
as only 230 copies were
thought to exist at the time.
639
00:29:15,587 --> 00:29:17,188
Adam Bunch:
There are major libraries
640
00:29:17,188 --> 00:29:19,390
like the Bibliotheque
Nationale in Madrid
641
00:29:19,390 --> 00:29:20,759
or the Vatican Library,
642
00:29:20,759 --> 00:29:24,095
which has 53 miles of shelves,
643
00:29:24,095 --> 00:29:26,131
that still have vast collections
644
00:29:26,131 --> 00:29:28,700
that haven't
been fully explored.
645
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:31,636
So there is a chance
someone will find
646
00:29:31,636 --> 00:29:33,471
the History of Cardenio someday.
647
00:29:35,507 --> 00:29:39,677
A. Nardi: In 2014, a First Folio
surfaced in a French library.
648
00:29:39,677 --> 00:29:42,280
It was only identified
when a librarian
649
00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:44,048
recognized its watermark.
650
00:29:44,048 --> 00:29:45,984
But there's a key difference.
651
00:29:45,984 --> 00:29:49,788
The First Folio had multiple
copies distributed widely,
652
00:29:49,788 --> 00:29:51,856
increasing the
chance of survival.
653
00:29:52,724 --> 00:29:54,058
Cardenio, on the other hand,
654
00:29:54,058 --> 00:29:56,194
might never have
been printed at all.
655
00:29:56,194 --> 00:29:59,063
Without the distribution
and recognition
656
00:29:59,063 --> 00:30:01,466
afforded to works
like the Folio,
657
00:30:01,466 --> 00:30:05,103
the chances of finding
even a fragment of Cardenio
658
00:30:05,103 --> 00:30:08,339
buried in some archive,
grow increasingly slim.
659
00:30:11,676 --> 00:30:13,178
Narrator: There are
those who believe
660
00:30:13,178 --> 00:30:15,847
Cardenio never truly
disappeared.
661
00:30:16,948 --> 00:30:18,316
Alison Leonard: It's possible
that The History of Cardenio
662
00:30:18,316 --> 00:30:21,853
lives on under a new name:
Double Falsehood.
663
00:30:21,853 --> 00:30:24,789
In 1727, playwright and
editor Lewis Theobald
664
00:30:24,789 --> 00:30:26,124
claimed his play was adapted
665
00:30:26,124 --> 00:30:29,127
from three original
manuscripts of Cardenio.
666
00:30:29,127 --> 00:30:31,329
As the first recognized
Shakespeare scholar,
667
00:30:31,329 --> 00:30:34,432
Theobald's reputation certainly
adds credibility to his claim,
668
00:30:34,432 --> 00:30:36,935
especially since he presented
his work during a time
669
00:30:36,935 --> 00:30:39,103
of growing fascination
with Shakespeare's legacy.
670
00:30:40,138 --> 00:30:42,340
A. Nardi: Linguistic studies
offer some support
671
00:30:42,340 --> 00:30:43,408
for this theory.
672
00:30:43,408 --> 00:30:46,110
Patterns in Double Falsehood
align with Shakespeare
673
00:30:46,110 --> 00:30:48,880
and Fletcher's known
collaboration styles.
674
00:30:48,880 --> 00:30:52,250
Acts 1 to 3 feature
Shakespeare's hallmarks,
675
00:30:52,250 --> 00:30:54,786
rich metaphors
and emotional depth,
676
00:30:54,786 --> 00:30:57,455
while Acts 4 and 5
reflect Fletcher's
677
00:30:57,455 --> 00:30:59,257
lighter, conversational tone.
678
00:31:00,859 --> 00:31:03,895
Narrator: But, as Double
Falsehood gained attention,
679
00:31:03,895 --> 00:31:07,465
skepticism surrounding
Theobald's claims intensified.
680
00:31:09,267 --> 00:31:10,435
Alison Leonard: How much of
Shakespeare and Fletcher's
681
00:31:10,435 --> 00:31:13,137
original work remains in
Double Falsehood is unclear.
682
00:31:13,137 --> 00:31:15,840
But parts of the play
feel too intricate
683
00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:18,009
to be entirely
Theobald's creation.
684
00:31:18,009 --> 00:31:20,745
The play's overall theme of
morality and vivid use
685
00:31:20,745 --> 00:31:23,081
of metaphor and trope,
renowned soliloquies,
686
00:31:23,081 --> 00:31:24,716
and the equally complex
portrayal
687
00:31:24,716 --> 00:31:26,951
of both male and female
characters,
688
00:31:26,951 --> 00:31:30,121
suggest a foundation far richer
than his imagination.
689
00:31:30,788 --> 00:31:32,857
Adam Bunch: Theobald
probably revised the play
690
00:31:32,857 --> 00:31:35,059
to suit the tastes of his time,
691
00:31:35,059 --> 00:31:37,595
and those changes make it
harder to figure out
692
00:31:37,595 --> 00:31:39,764
what's original and what's not.
693
00:31:39,764 --> 00:31:41,900
And since the edits
blur the line between
694
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:44,736
adaptation and
full-on invention,
695
00:31:44,736 --> 00:31:46,271
they really raise a lot
of questions about
696
00:31:46,271 --> 00:31:48,806
the authenticity
of the manuscripts
697
00:31:48,806 --> 00:31:50,942
he claimed to have
used as a sources.
698
00:31:53,311 --> 00:31:54,646
Alison Leonard: If Double
Falsehood is truly based
699
00:31:54,646 --> 00:31:57,515
on Cardenio, the original
manuscripts may have been lost
700
00:31:57,515 --> 00:32:00,952
in the devastating
Drury Lane Theatre fire of 1809,
701
00:32:00,952 --> 00:32:02,887
which destroyed countless
irreplaceable
702
00:32:02,887 --> 00:32:04,289
theatrical records.
703
00:32:04,289 --> 00:32:06,824
Though there's no concrete
evidence the manuscripts
704
00:32:06,824 --> 00:32:08,593
even survived until the fire,
705
00:32:08,593 --> 00:32:10,929
the idea that they influenced
Theobald's work
706
00:32:10,929 --> 00:32:12,363
keeps Double Falsehood
at the heart
707
00:32:12,363 --> 00:32:14,132
of the mystery
surrounding Cardenio.
708
00:32:15,166 --> 00:32:17,368
Narrator: The mystery of
The History of Cardenio,
709
00:32:17,368 --> 00:32:20,605
reflects both the fragility
of literary heritage
710
00:32:20,605 --> 00:32:22,974
and humanity's unrelenting drive
711
00:32:22,974 --> 00:32:24,876
to uncover the past.
712
00:32:27,512 --> 00:32:29,113
Alison Leonard:
The rediscovery of Cardenio
713
00:32:29,113 --> 00:32:32,317
would be priceless, both
culturally and financially.
714
00:32:32,317 --> 00:32:36,621
In 2020, a First Folio fetched
nearly $10 million at auction.
715
00:32:36,621 --> 00:32:38,022
Beyond the monetary value,
716
00:32:38,022 --> 00:32:40,058
Cardenio would give us
profound insights
717
00:32:40,058 --> 00:32:42,961
into Shakespeare's creative
evolution and brilliant mind.
718
00:32:44,996 --> 00:32:46,831
Anthea Nardi: Shakespeare's
missing works remind us
719
00:32:46,831 --> 00:32:49,500
how easily cultural
treasures can disappear.
720
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:51,803
Without the foresight
of Hemings and Condell,
721
00:32:51,803 --> 00:32:53,871
plays like Macbeth
and The Tempest,
722
00:32:53,871 --> 00:32:56,007
which had never
been printed before,
723
00:32:56,007 --> 00:32:58,176
might have been lost as well.
724
00:32:58,176 --> 00:33:01,112
So whether The History of
Cardenio survives as fragments,
725
00:33:01,112 --> 00:33:04,215
a hidden manuscript,
or as Double Falsehood,
726
00:33:04,215 --> 00:33:07,285
it symbolizes Shakespeare's
enduring genius,
727
00:33:07,285 --> 00:33:09,487
and the timeless
allure of the unknown.
728
00:33:10,822 --> 00:33:14,425
Narrator: Shakespeare once
wrote, "The past is prologue."
729
00:33:14,425 --> 00:33:17,495
The fate of The History of
Cardenio reminds us
730
00:33:17,495 --> 00:33:20,999
that even in loss,
the past holds the power
731
00:33:20,999 --> 00:33:22,967
to inspire discovery.
732
00:33:24,736 --> 00:33:24,869
♪♪
733
00:33:24,869 --> 00:33:33,011
♪♪
734
00:33:33,011 --> 00:33:34,579
Narrator:
In the late 13th century,
735
00:33:34,579 --> 00:33:37,448
the great Mongolian Emperor
Kublai Khan
736
00:33:37,448 --> 00:33:40,018
wished to expand his
already vast empire
737
00:33:40,018 --> 00:33:41,953
by conquering Japan.
738
00:33:41,953 --> 00:33:43,354
He sent hundreds of ships,
739
00:33:43,354 --> 00:33:46,090
loaded with tens of
thousands of warriors,
740
00:33:46,090 --> 00:33:49,327
along with warhorses and a
powerful new weapon
741
00:33:49,327 --> 00:33:51,429
to ensure a decisive victory.
742
00:33:53,264 --> 00:33:55,767
James Ellis: Mongolian warriors
were renowned fighters.
743
00:33:55,767 --> 00:33:59,170
Their longbows at the time
could fire 100 yards farther
744
00:33:59,170 --> 00:34:01,172
than any European bow,
745
00:34:01,172 --> 00:34:04,842
and Mongolian warhorses were
unmatched in their stamina.
746
00:34:04,842 --> 00:34:07,278
Their armies were
fierce, and feared.
747
00:34:08,513 --> 00:34:10,081
Alison Leonard: The Mongolians
had a policy of showing mercy
748
00:34:10,081 --> 00:34:11,549
to those who
surrendered willingly,
749
00:34:11,549 --> 00:34:14,752
while ruthlessly murdering
those who offered resistance.
750
00:34:14,752 --> 00:34:15,720
It was a 'double incentive'
751
00:34:15,720 --> 00:34:18,189
that often made their
conquests go smoothly.
752
00:34:18,189 --> 00:34:20,858
So the Khan sent envoys to
Japan, to request they submit,
753
00:34:20,858 --> 00:34:22,660
but the Japanese refused.
754
00:34:23,261 --> 00:34:26,431
Anthea Nardi: That decided it;
Kublai would show no mercy.
755
00:34:26,431 --> 00:34:30,134
He sent an overwhelming force,
hundreds of ships,
756
00:34:30,134 --> 00:34:32,270
with over a hundred thousand
armed fighters,
757
00:34:32,270 --> 00:34:35,373
to decisively conquer and
dominate Japan's defenses.
758
00:34:35,373 --> 00:34:37,842
But the conquest didn't happen.
759
00:34:37,842 --> 00:34:39,677
Japan is still Japan
760
00:34:39,677 --> 00:34:42,413
and very few of Kublai's
ships made it back home.
761
00:34:42,980 --> 00:34:44,682
The rest of the ships,
762
00:34:44,682 --> 00:34:47,118
and their men, had vanished.
763
00:34:47,118 --> 00:34:49,720
The mystery has endured
for hundreds of years,
764
00:34:49,720 --> 00:34:51,222
and spawned legends.
765
00:34:51,222 --> 00:34:54,725
So, what could have happened to
Kublai Khan's lost ships?
766
00:34:59,163 --> 00:35:01,966
Narrator: Kublai Khan,
the grandson of Genghis Khan,
767
00:35:01,966 --> 00:35:05,203
was a skilled commander who
planned his military campaigns
768
00:35:05,203 --> 00:35:07,271
in masterful detail.
769
00:35:08,639 --> 00:35:12,410
By 1271, he established
the Yuan Dynasty,
770
00:35:12,410 --> 00:35:15,680
comprising Mongolia,
most of present-day China,
771
00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:17,782
the Koreas, and other areas.
772
00:35:20,318 --> 00:35:22,286
James Ellis: Many Mongols
criticized Kublai
773
00:35:22,286 --> 00:35:24,288
for his adoption
of Chinese customs,
774
00:35:24,288 --> 00:35:28,459
and cast doubt on his validity
as a true Mongolian leader.
775
00:35:28,459 --> 00:35:30,828
To them and maybe to himself,
776
00:35:30,828 --> 00:35:33,164
Kublai had yet to prove himself.
777
00:35:33,164 --> 00:35:36,267
Taking Japan would
remedy that situation.
778
00:35:38,169 --> 00:35:40,171
Alison Leonard: In 1274,
Kublai formulated a plan
779
00:35:40,171 --> 00:35:42,406
to smash Japan's
defenses in one blow.
780
00:35:42,406 --> 00:35:44,575
He sent about 900 warships,
781
00:35:44,575 --> 00:35:47,678
with roughly 30,000 men,
to land at Hakata Bay.
782
00:35:47,678 --> 00:35:49,580
Though the Japanese
resisted fiercely,
783
00:35:49,580 --> 00:35:51,582
by the first nightfall,
a third of them were dead,
784
00:35:51,582 --> 00:35:53,718
and the rest of them couldn't
expect to last another day.
785
00:35:53,718 --> 00:35:56,721
But when dawn broke, the
Mongol ships had vanished!
786
00:35:57,788 --> 00:36:00,124
James Ellis: The story
is that a massive typhoon
787
00:36:00,124 --> 00:36:01,492
had come through in the night,
788
00:36:01,492 --> 00:36:03,828
threatening the
weakened Mongol ships,
789
00:36:03,828 --> 00:36:05,396
so they returned home.
790
00:36:05,396 --> 00:36:07,665
But there have been questions
about how powerful
791
00:36:07,665 --> 00:36:11,002
that storm may have been,
or if it happened at all.
792
00:36:11,002 --> 00:36:13,237
Japan gets a lot of typhoons,
793
00:36:13,237 --> 00:36:14,906
but not at that time of year.
794
00:36:17,742 --> 00:36:19,911
Alison Leonard:
About 300 of the 900 ships
795
00:36:19,911 --> 00:36:21,245
were never seen again.
796
00:36:21,245 --> 00:36:23,548
Had they sunk or deserted?
797
00:36:23,548 --> 00:36:25,583
Something had happened to them.
798
00:36:25,583 --> 00:36:28,753
It was an inexplicable loss that
Kublai had to come back from.
799
00:36:30,922 --> 00:36:33,524
Narrator: The Khan sent more
representatives to Japan,
800
00:36:33,524 --> 00:36:37,061
to see if they'd changed
their minds about giving in.
801
00:36:37,061 --> 00:36:39,363
The Japanese
decapitated the envoys,
802
00:36:39,363 --> 00:36:41,666
and mounted their
heads on sticks,
803
00:36:41,666 --> 00:36:45,903
a grievous insult, forcing
Kublai Khan to respond in kind.
804
00:36:47,805 --> 00:36:50,308
James Ellis: He planned to
send a fleet of 900 ships,
805
00:36:50,308 --> 00:36:52,276
with 40,000 men, from Koryo,
806
00:36:52,276 --> 00:36:53,911
present-day South Korea.
807
00:36:53,911 --> 00:36:57,648
He would send another fleet
from the Yangtze River delta,
808
00:36:57,648 --> 00:37:02,687
consisting of 3,500 ships,
and 140,000 men.
809
00:37:02,687 --> 00:37:05,256
The two divisions would
converge at Iki Island,
810
00:37:05,256 --> 00:37:07,858
and then sail to
Hakata Bay together,
811
00:37:07,858 --> 00:37:09,293
to make their attack.
812
00:37:10,461 --> 00:37:11,996
Alison Leonard: But Kublai
wanted more ships than he had.
813
00:37:11,996 --> 00:37:15,233
He ordered 600 built in a hurry,
at the lower Yangtze River;
814
00:37:15,233 --> 00:37:17,101
And the tree-lined
hillsides along the coast
815
00:37:17,101 --> 00:37:18,970
were stripped bare,
to supply timber.
816
00:37:18,970 --> 00:37:20,771
Even that didn't
make enough ships.
817
00:37:20,771 --> 00:37:23,474
And so hundreds of civilian
vessels and crews from China's
818
00:37:23,474 --> 00:37:26,711
vast inland canal network were
conscripted into military duty.
819
00:37:26,711 --> 00:37:28,546
This time, the Mongol
forces were going
820
00:37:28,546 --> 00:37:31,115
to obliterate Japan's
resistance.
821
00:37:31,115 --> 00:37:32,450
James Ellis:
But that didn't happen.
822
00:37:32,450 --> 00:37:35,253
The second attack on Japan
also failed.
823
00:37:35,253 --> 00:37:36,787
So what could have gone wrong?
824
00:37:38,155 --> 00:37:39,690
Narrator:
It's even been suggested
825
00:37:39,690 --> 00:37:42,493
that the grand scale of
Kublai Khan's invasion,
826
00:37:42,493 --> 00:37:45,630
could have had something to do
with the missing ships.
827
00:37:46,631 --> 00:37:48,833
A. Leonard: The Khan wanted to
send more warships than he had,
828
00:37:48,833 --> 00:37:51,569
and more than he could have
properly made in time.
829
00:37:51,569 --> 00:37:53,337
The fleet he hastily
cobbled together,
830
00:37:53,337 --> 00:37:56,407
may not have been seaworthy,
let alone fit for battle.
831
00:37:56,941 --> 00:37:59,844
A. Nardi: In 1981, underwater
remains of Mongol ships
832
00:37:59,844 --> 00:38:02,580
were discovered not far
from Iki Island.
833
00:38:02,580 --> 00:38:04,782
Some of the fragmented
shipwrecks had nails
834
00:38:04,782 --> 00:38:07,785
clustered five
or six in one place,
835
00:38:07,785 --> 00:38:10,521
suggesting it was
made of reused timber,
836
00:38:10,521 --> 00:38:12,690
and sloppily constructed;
837
00:38:12,690 --> 00:38:15,126
possibly by less-experienced
shipwrights.
838
00:38:15,126 --> 00:38:16,727
Too many nails in one spot
839
00:38:16,727 --> 00:38:19,630
doesn't make a joint
stronger; it weakens it.
840
00:38:20,364 --> 00:38:22,266
James Ellis: Of the wrecks
found, none of them had
841
00:38:22,266 --> 00:38:25,336
V-shaped hulls,
they were flat-bottomed.
842
00:38:25,336 --> 00:38:27,538
That makes sense when you
consider that many of them
843
00:38:27,538 --> 00:38:29,173
were merchant vessels
844
00:38:29,173 --> 00:38:32,009
conscripted from
China's network of canals;
845
00:38:32,009 --> 00:38:34,278
flat bottoms are
perfect for that.
846
00:38:34,278 --> 00:38:36,380
But they're not
suited to ocean travel
847
00:38:36,380 --> 00:38:39,016
and can break up in high waves.
848
00:38:39,016 --> 00:38:41,152
Anthea Nardi: But all that
evidence comes from ships
849
00:38:41,152 --> 00:38:43,587
that sank in and around
Hakata Bay.
850
00:38:43,587 --> 00:38:45,656
Which means,
they'd already survived
851
00:38:45,656 --> 00:38:47,692
the most difficult part
of the journey.
852
00:38:47,692 --> 00:38:49,960
If they'd been that unseaworthy,
853
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:53,531
they wouldn't even have
made it to Japan, but, they had.
854
00:38:53,531 --> 00:38:55,733
So, unseaworthiness alone
855
00:38:55,733 --> 00:38:58,135
is not a satisfactory
answer to why
856
00:38:58,135 --> 00:39:00,504
Kublai's immaculate plan failed,
857
00:39:00,504 --> 00:39:02,673
not once, but twice.
858
00:39:03,674 --> 00:39:06,177
Narrator: Out of necessity,
Kublai Khan worked
859
00:39:06,177 --> 00:39:08,946
this campaign out
in meticulous detail,
860
00:39:08,946 --> 00:39:10,548
because once set in motion,
861
00:39:10,548 --> 00:39:14,285
the conflict would take place
far away from where he was.
862
00:39:15,152 --> 00:39:16,854
Alison Leonard: The Khan's
plan was nearly flawless.
863
00:39:16,854 --> 00:39:19,557
But the one flaw
it may have had, was that
864
00:39:19,557 --> 00:39:21,759
it depended on his commanders
understanding it,
865
00:39:21,759 --> 00:39:23,394
and carrying it
out to the letter.
866
00:39:23,394 --> 00:39:25,363
Poor communication
and poor execution
867
00:39:25,363 --> 00:39:26,997
may have caused everything
to go sideways.
868
00:39:28,232 --> 00:39:30,534
James Ellis: Think about it:
Kublai Khan would have been
869
00:39:30,534 --> 00:39:34,105
in his palace in Khanbalik,
modern-day Beijing.
870
00:39:34,105 --> 00:39:35,673
The two divisions
he wanted to send
871
00:39:35,673 --> 00:39:37,375
were supposed to
leave from ports
872
00:39:37,375 --> 00:39:40,778
that were each about
650 miles from where he was,
873
00:39:40,778 --> 00:39:43,514
and a good 600 miles
from one another.
874
00:39:43,514 --> 00:39:46,384
The plan was for them
to depart at the same time
875
00:39:46,384 --> 00:39:47,918
and then rendezvous,
876
00:39:47,918 --> 00:39:49,754
but it just
didn't happen that way.
877
00:39:53,124 --> 00:39:54,692
Anthea Nardi: The commander
of one of the divisions
878
00:39:54,692 --> 00:39:56,827
left early, and took up
fighting the Japanese
879
00:39:56,827 --> 00:39:59,263
on the small islands
near Hakata Bay.
880
00:39:59,263 --> 00:40:02,800
Meanwhile, the other division
was delayed by several months.
881
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,536
So the two fleets
didn't arrive at Hakata
882
00:40:05,536 --> 00:40:06,971
anywhere near the same time.
883
00:40:09,173 --> 00:40:11,008
Narrator: Sending information
over great distances
884
00:40:11,008 --> 00:40:14,445
was slow in the 13th century,
but there may have been
885
00:40:14,445 --> 00:40:16,647
other communication
challenges as well.
886
00:40:19,617 --> 00:40:21,552
James Ellis: One of those
two divisions was made up
887
00:40:21,552 --> 00:40:23,654
of mostly Chinese fighters;
888
00:40:23,654 --> 00:40:27,224
the other comprised a mix of
Mongolian and Korean soldiers.
889
00:40:27,224 --> 00:40:30,227
So now you've got people with
different first languages,
890
00:40:30,227 --> 00:40:32,596
relaying complex instructions.
891
00:40:32,596 --> 00:40:34,231
It would have been
easy for things
892
00:40:34,231 --> 00:40:35,866
to get lost in translation.
893
00:40:37,501 --> 00:40:39,136
Alison Leonard: But even
given the slip-ups in timing,
894
00:40:39,136 --> 00:40:40,538
the Mongol forces
had the numbers
895
00:40:40,538 --> 00:40:42,573
and firepower to defeat Japan,
896
00:40:42,573 --> 00:40:44,842
so it's still hard to comprehend
how they could have failed.
897
00:40:45,709 --> 00:40:48,012
Narrator: The fearsome
reputation of Kublai's military,
898
00:40:48,012 --> 00:40:51,115
sometimes helped them forego
battle altogether.
899
00:40:51,115 --> 00:40:55,019
Opponents might surrender under
the mere threat of attack.
900
00:40:55,019 --> 00:40:58,989
But here, their reputation
may have worked against them.
901
00:41:00,057 --> 00:41:01,358
Alison Leonard: The Japanese
may have been prepared
902
00:41:01,358 --> 00:41:03,327
and fought better than the
Mongols expected.
903
00:41:03,327 --> 00:41:04,462
And, seeing as they'd
decapitated
904
00:41:04,462 --> 00:41:06,063
the Khan's diplomatic envoys,
905
00:41:06,063 --> 00:41:08,699
they knew there'd be no mercy
if they were defeated.
906
00:41:08,699 --> 00:41:10,734
That alone would have
been a powerful motivator.
907
00:41:13,838 --> 00:41:15,773
Anthea Nardi: Remains of a
stone wall were discovered
908
00:41:15,773 --> 00:41:19,844
at Hakata Bay, about
165 feet in from the beach.
909
00:41:19,844 --> 00:41:22,346
Five to eight feet
tall and wide,
910
00:41:22,346 --> 00:41:24,648
and about 12.5 miles long.
911
00:41:24,648 --> 00:41:27,218
Likely a defensive wall the
Japanese started building
912
00:41:27,218 --> 00:41:30,788
soon after the Mongols'
first attempted invasion.
913
00:41:30,788 --> 00:41:33,657
It would've provided a
crucial defensive advantage
914
00:41:33,657 --> 00:41:35,493
when the Mongol warriors landed.
915
00:41:37,695 --> 00:41:39,964
Narrator: Beneath the bay,
archaeologists have discovered
916
00:41:39,964 --> 00:41:42,566
proof of the intensity
of the battle.
917
00:41:42,566 --> 00:41:45,503
Spherical ceramic shells
filled with gunpowder,
918
00:41:45,503 --> 00:41:48,105
some with iron shrapnel inside.
919
00:41:48,105 --> 00:41:52,543
They're the oldest examples of
exploding projectiles ever found
920
00:41:52,543 --> 00:41:55,479
and were known to have been
employed by the Mongols.
921
00:41:57,815 --> 00:41:59,350
James Ellis: Contemporary
accounts claim that
922
00:41:59,350 --> 00:42:03,120
the Mongols were unable to
breach Japan's defensive wall,
923
00:42:03,120 --> 00:42:04,788
so they fell back to their ships
924
00:42:04,788 --> 00:42:07,658
and tried catapulting
ceramic bombs at it.
925
00:42:07,658 --> 00:42:09,593
The effect was
devastating to those
926
00:42:09,593 --> 00:42:11,462
within range of the blasts,
927
00:42:11,462 --> 00:42:14,298
but it wasn't enough
to breach the defenses.
928
00:42:15,199 --> 00:42:17,668
A. Nardi: The battle devolved
into a temporary stalemate,
929
00:42:17,668 --> 00:42:20,571
and the Mongols fell back
to camp on Shika Island,
930
00:42:20,571 --> 00:42:23,140
about five miles offshore,
perhaps waiting
931
00:42:23,140 --> 00:42:25,109
for the arrival
of the second division.
932
00:42:25,109 --> 00:42:28,312
Knowing that, as fiercely
as the Japanese had been
933
00:42:28,312 --> 00:42:31,682
defending themselves, when that
second division arrived,
934
00:42:31,682 --> 00:42:33,884
Japan would have no chance.
935
00:42:35,319 --> 00:42:37,755
Alison Leonard: They managed a
stalemate against 40,000 troops,
936
00:42:37,755 --> 00:42:40,891
but what would happen when
another 100,000 arrived?
937
00:42:41,959 --> 00:42:45,129
Narrator: In 2014, scientists
studying 2,000 years
938
00:42:45,129 --> 00:42:48,632
of sedimentary deposits
at a small coastal lake
939
00:42:48,632 --> 00:42:51,268
less than a hundred miles
south of Hakata Bay,
940
00:42:51,268 --> 00:42:53,137
made a remarkable find.
941
00:42:55,205 --> 00:42:56,874
Anthea Nardi: The lake is
right on the coastline.
942
00:42:56,874 --> 00:42:59,643
So in a big storm,
like a typhoon, sediments
943
00:42:59,643 --> 00:43:02,580
from the ocean can get blown
into it and trapped there.
944
00:43:02,580 --> 00:43:04,348
The sediments show
that the two biggest,
945
00:43:04,348 --> 00:43:08,285
most distinct marine-sourced
deposits in 2,000 years
946
00:43:08,285 --> 00:43:12,356
correspond to 1274 and 1281 CE,
947
00:43:12,356 --> 00:43:14,792
precisely the years
of Kublai Khan's
948
00:43:14,792 --> 00:43:16,727
failed invasions of Japan.
949
00:43:17,828 --> 00:43:19,730
James Ellis: The Mongol fleets
that attacked the second time
950
00:43:19,730 --> 00:43:23,067
were wiped out by a sudden,
devastating typhoon
951
00:43:23,067 --> 00:43:25,936
in the middle of the ferocious
battle with the Japanese.
952
00:43:25,936 --> 00:43:28,973
The storm was one of the worst
in the region's history.
953
00:43:30,908 --> 00:43:32,509
Alison Leonard: Computer
modeling suggests waves
954
00:43:32,509 --> 00:43:34,378
generated by a typhoon
that powerful
955
00:43:34,378 --> 00:43:37,047
would be between
13 and 20 feet high,
956
00:43:37,047 --> 00:43:39,617
perfectly capable of wrecking
Kublai Khan's ships.
957
00:43:40,818 --> 00:43:42,653
James Ellis: It's said that of
the soldiers that survived
958
00:43:42,653 --> 00:43:44,488
the typhoon and the shipwrecks,
959
00:43:44,488 --> 00:43:46,624
the Japanese forces
beheaded between
960
00:43:46,624 --> 00:43:49,326
20 and 30 thousand of them,
961
00:43:49,326 --> 00:43:51,695
and enslaved about 12,000.
962
00:43:52,663 --> 00:43:56,066
Narrator: The typhoons of
1274 and 1281 CE
963
00:43:56,066 --> 00:43:59,269
are rare, documented
cases of weather events
964
00:43:59,269 --> 00:44:01,605
altering geopolitical outcomes.
965
00:44:02,673 --> 00:44:03,974
Anthea Nardi:
One might think that after
966
00:44:03,974 --> 00:44:07,344
two failed attempts,
two miraculous interventions,
967
00:44:07,344 --> 00:44:11,215
Kublai Khan might have given
up trying to conquer Japan.
968
00:44:11,215 --> 00:44:14,618
But he didn't,
he planned a third invasion!
969
00:44:14,618 --> 00:44:17,054
However,
other factors intervened,
970
00:44:17,054 --> 00:44:18,956
and he never got the
opportunity.
971
00:44:18,956 --> 00:44:21,392
Japan did stay at
the ready, though,
972
00:44:21,392 --> 00:44:23,427
for a good 20 years.
973
00:44:23,427 --> 00:44:24,895
Alison Leonard: The Japanese
people started to refer
974
00:44:24,895 --> 00:44:28,732
to the typhoons of 1274 and
1281 as "kamikaze",
975
00:44:28,732 --> 00:44:30,467
which means, "divine wind"
976
00:44:30,467 --> 00:44:32,703
and the legend took root,
that the gods
977
00:44:32,703 --> 00:44:34,271
had intervened to save Japan.
978
00:44:35,205 --> 00:44:36,974
James Ellis: Six and a
half centuries later,
979
00:44:36,974 --> 00:44:40,210
the legend and the term,
"kamikaze" were repurposed,
980
00:44:40,210 --> 00:44:42,813
and used to compel
young Japanese pilots
981
00:44:42,813 --> 00:44:44,982
to fly their explosive-laden
planes
982
00:44:44,982 --> 00:44:47,451
into the decks of Allied ships.
983
00:44:47,985 --> 00:44:49,586
Narrator: The area around
Takashima,
984
00:44:49,586 --> 00:44:51,855
where Kublai Khan's
fleets vanished
985
00:44:51,855 --> 00:44:53,891
and spawned an enduring mystery,
986
00:44:53,891 --> 00:44:57,194
is now a renowned underwater
archaeological site,
987
00:44:57,194 --> 00:45:00,531
and less than one percent of
it has been explored.
988
00:45:00,531 --> 00:45:03,801
There's more we may learn about
what exactly happened
989
00:45:03,801 --> 00:45:05,669
all those centuries ago,
990
00:45:05,669 --> 00:45:08,972
and the human costs
on either side.
991
00:45:08,972 --> 00:45:11,041
♪♪
992
00:45:15,512 --> 00:45:18,382
♪♪
117599
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