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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,468 --> 00:00:01,501   Na                             2 00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:01,534   Narr                           3 00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:01,568   Narrat                         4 00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:01,601   Narrator                       5 00:00:01,601 --> 00:00:01,634   Narrator:                      6 00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:01,668   Narrator: A                    7 00:00:01,668 --> 00:00:01,701   Narrator: A le                 8 00:00:01,701 --> 00:00:01,735   Narrator: A lege               9 00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:01,768   Narrator: A legend             10 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:01,801   Narrator: A legendar           11 00:00:01,801 --> 00:00:01,901   Narrator: A legendary          12 00:00:01,901 --> 00:00:01,935   Narrator: A legendary           Ja                              13 00:00:01,935 --> 00:00:01,968   Narrator: A legendary           Japa                            14 00:00:01,968 --> 00:00:02,002   Narrator: A legendary           Japane                          15 00:00:02,002 --> 00:00:02,035   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese                        16 00:00:02,035 --> 00:00:02,068   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese s                      17 00:00:02,068 --> 00:00:02,102   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese sam                    18 00:00:02,102 --> 00:00:02,135   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese samur                  19 00:00:02,135 --> 00:00:02,168   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese samurai                20 00:00:02,168 --> 00:00:02,202   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese samurai s              21 00:00:02,202 --> 00:00:02,235   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese samurai swo            22 00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:03,269   Narrator: A legendary           Japanese samurai sword          23 00:00:03,269 --> 00:00:05,538    disappears amidst the chaos   of World War II.                 24 00:00:05,538 --> 00:00:09,275 Anthea Nardi: The Honjo Masamune   embodied Japan's feudal past   25 00:00:09,275 --> 00:00:11,311 and the enduring                  legacy of the samurai.          26 00:00:12,512 --> 00:00:15,215    James Ellis: Police handed       the Honjo Masamune            27 00:00:15,215 --> 00:00:19,419   to a soldier from the Foreign  Liquidations Commission in 1946. 28 00:00:19,419 --> 00:00:22,422  Could this soldier have         unknowingly taken                29 00:00:22,422 --> 00:00:24,524  one of Japan's                     greatest treasures?           30 00:00:25,191 --> 00:00:27,293 Narrator: The sarcophagus         of an Egyptian pharaoh          31 00:00:27,293 --> 00:00:30,296   goes missing en route            to London from Egypt.          32 00:00:31,197 --> 00:00:33,266   Alison Leonard: The 18th and      19th centuries saw a surge    33 00:00:33,266 --> 00:00:34,968  in plunder as countless          artifacts were shipped          34 00:00:34,968 --> 00:00:37,003 to Europe on vulnerable vessels. 35 00:00:37,737 --> 00:00:40,340  Amma Agbedor: So what happened    to the Menkaure sarcophagus?   36 00:00:41,508 --> 00:00:43,343  Narrator: The exquisite          collection of infamous          37 00:00:43,343 --> 00:00:46,446   Faberge eggs                    mysteriously disappear.         38 00:00:46,446 --> 00:00:48,715  James Ellis: These eggs            reflected the vast wealth,    39 00:00:48,715 --> 00:00:52,052  power, and ultimately,          the corruption and excess        40 00:00:52,052 --> 00:00:54,254    that fueled the discontent     leading to the                  41 00:00:54,254 --> 00:00:57,223    1917 Bolshevik Revolution.    42 00:00:57,223 --> 00:01:00,226   Adam Bunch: So what happened      to those lost Faberge eggs?   43 00:01:00,226 --> 00:01:01,528  ♪ (show theme music) ♪          44 00:01:01,528 --> 00:01:04,564  Narrator: The chain of history   has many missing links.         45 00:01:05,131 --> 00:01:06,699 Prominent people.                46 00:01:06,699 --> 00:01:08,168   Priceless treasures.           47 00:01:08,168 --> 00:01:10,170 Extraordinary artifacts.         48 00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:13,907 Their locations still unknown... 49 00:01:13,907 --> 00:01:16,142 Lost to the fog of time.         50 00:01:17,077 --> 00:01:19,913 What happens when                   stories of the past           51 00:01:19,913 --> 00:01:21,414  become                          52 00:01:21,414 --> 00:01:22,916 Vanished History.                53 00:01:22,916 --> 00:01:37,797    ♪♪                            54 00:01:37,797 --> 00:01:41,768    Narrator: In 1837,             the quiet sands of Giza, Egypt  55 00:01:41,768 --> 00:01:44,404   witness an excavation           that would leave a mark         56 00:01:44,404 --> 00:01:46,539   on the annals of archaeology.  57 00:01:47,006 --> 00:01:49,109   Colonel Richard Howard Vyse,   58 00:01:49,109 --> 00:01:51,744  a British army officer          turned explorer,                 59 00:01:51,744 --> 00:01:55,115 embarked on an expedition        across the Giza Plateau,         60 00:01:55,115 --> 00:01:58,017 aiming to unlock                   the secrets of the pyramids,   61 00:01:58,017 --> 00:02:00,220  including the smallest            of them all -                  62 00:02:00,220 --> 00:02:02,622 the Pyramid of Menkaure.         63 00:02:04,591 --> 00:02:06,326  James Ellis: In the             19th century, a wave             64 00:02:06,326 --> 00:02:08,328    of archaeological obsession   65 00:02:08,328 --> 00:02:11,564 drew wealthy explorers to           Egypt's ancient monuments.    66 00:02:11,564 --> 00:02:14,467 Vyse, in particular, was            convinced that the pyramids   67 00:02:14,467 --> 00:02:18,171   held far more hidden chambers   than anyone had yet discovered, 68 00:02:18,171 --> 00:02:21,474   especially within the           enigmatic Pyramid of Menkaure.  69 00:02:22,775 --> 00:02:24,511 Alison Leonard: Menkaure,          the grandson of Khufu          70 00:02:24,511 --> 00:02:26,779    and son of Khafre,               had built the Third Pyramid   71 00:02:26,779 --> 00:02:28,515 to complete his family's legacy. 72 00:02:29,883 --> 00:02:31,251 Though smaller than                his ancestors'                 73 00:02:31,251 --> 00:02:34,254 monumental structures,             it did stand apart.            74 00:02:34,254 --> 00:02:36,623    Its base encased in              dark, rich granite,           75 00:02:36,623 --> 00:02:39,692  it was a stark contrast          to the gleaming white limestone 76 00:02:39,692 --> 00:02:40,860    of his forefathers' tombs.    77 00:02:42,462 --> 00:02:44,797    Adam Bunch:                      Vyse noticed a big channel    78 00:02:44,797 --> 00:02:46,366 carved into the pyramid.         79 00:02:46,366 --> 00:02:49,068 Deep, but not deep enough         to get inside.                  80 00:02:49,068 --> 00:02:50,737    So, to reach what he called   81 00:02:50,737 --> 00:02:52,372  the sepulchral chamber,         82 00:02:52,372 --> 00:02:55,008 his team made the wildly         83 00:02:55,008 --> 00:02:57,143    contentious decision to use   84 00:02:57,143 --> 00:02:59,279  gunpowder and dynamite          85 00:02:59,279 --> 00:03:01,481   to blow their way in.          86 00:03:01,481 --> 00:03:03,816  Even back then,                    some of his colleagues were   87 00:03:03,816 --> 00:03:05,752   absolutely outraged.           88 00:03:08,121 --> 00:03:10,223    Amma Agbedor: After months    of blasting and digging,         89 00:03:10,223 --> 00:03:12,692 Vyse reached the burial chamber, 90 00:03:12,692 --> 00:03:15,562  and what he found there           would become                   91 00:03:15,562 --> 00:03:18,498   one of archaeology's              greatest mysteries.           92 00:03:19,866 --> 00:03:22,101    A large, basalt sarcophagus   93 00:03:22,101 --> 00:03:24,704  that would eventually disappear 94 00:03:24,704 --> 00:03:28,775  when the ship it was supposedly  on, named the Beatrice,         95 00:03:28,775 --> 00:03:32,278 vanished into the depths         of the Mediterranean Sea.        96 00:03:32,946 --> 00:03:36,783 So what happened to the Beatrice   and the Menkaure sarcophagus?  97 00:03:38,785 --> 00:03:40,987   Narrator: Colonel Vyse later   described the sarcophagus        98 00:03:40,987 --> 00:03:42,522   in meticulous detail.          99 00:03:42,522 --> 00:03:45,825   It was about eight feet long,  made of polished basalt,         100 00:03:45,825 --> 00:03:48,595 and covered in intricate          carvings in the classic         101 00:03:48,595 --> 00:03:52,265 'palace-façade motif' of         Old Kingdom architecture.        102 00:03:53,466 --> 00:03:56,202   James Ellis: But despite its     grandeur, when Vyse found it,  103 00:03:56,202 --> 00:03:58,671    the sarcophagus was           completely empty;                104 00:03:58,671 --> 00:04:01,441  the lid was shattered,            with pieces scattered          105 00:04:01,441 --> 00:04:03,376    all over the chamber floor.   106 00:04:03,376 --> 00:04:05,645  Arabic graffiti                    covered the walls,            107 00:04:05,645 --> 00:04:08,648   suggesting others had            entered long before.           108 00:04:10,717 --> 00:04:12,752   Alison Leonard: The discovery   was groundbreaking nonetheless. 109 00:04:12,752 --> 00:04:14,954    Vyse noted the sarcophagus    seemed to be sawn                110 00:04:14,954 --> 00:04:18,558   with 'some sharp substance,'    possibly emery powder,          111 00:04:18,558 --> 00:04:21,294    a technique he thought the      Romans discovered much later.  112 00:04:23,696 --> 00:04:25,798  And although it wasn't             inscribed with hieroglyphs,   113 00:04:25,798 --> 00:04:27,700    Vyse did feel hopeful that    114 00:04:27,700 --> 00:04:30,403    the sarcophagus belonged to     the Pharaoh Menkaure himself.  115 00:04:32,672 --> 00:04:34,774  Narrator: Vyse made the          controversial decision          116 00:04:34,774 --> 00:04:36,276 to remove the sarcophagus        117 00:04:36,276 --> 00:04:38,645    and send it to the            British Museum in London,        118 00:04:38,645 --> 00:04:40,613  claiming it would have           been destroyed                  119 00:04:40,613 --> 00:04:42,482  had it remained in the pyramid. 120 00:04:44,250 --> 00:04:46,586 Adam Bunch: The export of          Egyptian antiquities           121 00:04:46,586 --> 00:04:49,622  to Western institutions         like the British Museum,         122 00:04:49,622 --> 00:04:51,991   had surged since the           French surrender                 123 00:04:51,991 --> 00:04:54,761    at Alexandria back in 1802.   124 00:04:54,761 --> 00:04:58,698    And Vyse was very much part      of that colonial approach,    125 00:04:58,698 --> 00:05:02,669    focused on taking precious      artifacts out of the country,  126 00:05:02,669 --> 00:05:04,504   instead of preserving          them in the place                127 00:05:04,504 --> 00:05:06,572 where all that history happened. 128 00:05:06,572 --> 00:05:09,309   And that seems to have led to    complex negotiations           129 00:05:09,309 --> 00:05:12,045 with the museum's                 keeper of antiquities,          130 00:05:12,045 --> 00:05:14,580   who was eager to keep             adding to their collection.   131 00:05:16,649 --> 00:05:18,985  Amma Agbedor: Following         weeks of grueling effort         132 00:05:18,985 --> 00:05:22,088  using a combination of           levers, wheeled trucks,         133 00:05:22,088 --> 00:05:23,723  and sheer muscle power,         134 00:05:23,723 --> 00:05:27,126    the sarcophagus was finally     brought into daylight          135 00:05:27,126 --> 00:05:31,631    for the first time              in over 4,300 years.           136 00:05:33,166 --> 00:05:36,302  It was then transported          over 140 miles                  137 00:05:36,302 --> 00:05:39,272 across the desert                to the port of Alexandria        138 00:05:39,272 --> 00:05:41,674   and loaded onto the Beatrice,  139 00:05:41,674 --> 00:05:46,279  which set sail                   in the autumn of 1838,          140 00:05:46,279 --> 00:05:47,947   bound for Liverpool.           141 00:05:48,715 --> 00:05:50,316  James Ellis: According            to the Lloyd's List,           142 00:05:50,316 --> 00:05:52,485   one of the oldest and            most detailed sources          143 00:05:52,485 --> 00:05:55,321    on British merchant vessels    from the 19th century,          144 00:05:55,321 --> 00:05:58,858   the Beatrice left Alexandria      on September 20th,            145 00:05:58,858 --> 00:06:02,929  with around 200 boxes of other    precious Egyptian artifacts,   146 00:06:02,929 --> 00:06:06,332  including pink granite          sphinxes and gold pieces.        147 00:06:07,633 --> 00:06:09,435   Alison Leonard: Her Captain,    Richard Mayle Wichelo,          148 00:06:09,435 --> 00:06:11,637  had exclusively sailed           the Beatrice for years.         149 00:06:11,637 --> 00:06:13,740   By her final voyage,             she was rated                  150 00:06:13,740 --> 00:06:15,908    'second description             of the first class',           151 00:06:15,908 --> 00:06:18,344   well-equipped and reinforced     with copper sheathing          152 00:06:18,344 --> 00:06:20,646   and iron supports to             strengthen her deck,           153 00:06:20,646 --> 00:06:23,649   which makes her disappearance  all the more confounding.        154 00:06:25,451 --> 00:06:27,353    Narrator: The Beatrice was     last recorded in Malta          155 00:06:27,353 --> 00:06:29,422 on October 13th or 14th,         156 00:06:29,422 --> 00:06:32,325    before disappearing off the   coast of southern Spain.         157 00:06:33,593 --> 00:06:36,396    What happened next               remains a mystery,            158 00:06:36,396 --> 00:06:38,598 raising questions                 about her cargo                 159 00:06:38,598 --> 00:06:40,933  and the dangers                   it might have posed.           160 00:06:41,434 --> 00:06:42,702    Adam Bunch:                     The evidence suggests          161 00:06:42,702 --> 00:06:44,804    the Beatrice was seaworthy,   162 00:06:44,804 --> 00:06:47,173   but it might not have           been designed to carry          163 00:06:47,173 --> 00:06:49,976   such a heavy, irregular load.  164 00:06:49,976 --> 00:06:51,277   If it wasn't loaded properly,  165 00:06:51,277 --> 00:06:54,347  something the sarcophagus could    have seriously compromised    166 00:06:54,347 --> 00:06:55,882   the ship's stability.          167 00:06:55,882 --> 00:06:58,284 And if it shifted                   during the voyage,            168 00:06:58,284 --> 00:06:59,986   maybe that would have          spelled disaster.                169 00:07:01,954 --> 00:07:04,390  Amma Agbedor: The last             official record of the ship   170 00:07:04,390 --> 00:07:07,627   is from Malta, but according      to Vyse's accounts,           171 00:07:07,627 --> 00:07:13,099 the Beatrice was last heard from    in Livorno, northern Italy.   172 00:07:13,099 --> 00:07:16,636 And if that's true, then           historical shipping patterns   173 00:07:16,636 --> 00:07:19,005 would indicate that the Beatrice 174 00:07:19,005 --> 00:07:22,275   would have followed a             southwesterly route           175 00:07:22,275 --> 00:07:25,144  from Livorno toward Gibraltar.  176 00:07:26,546 --> 00:07:28,548   James Ellis: If the Beatrice      encountered a storm           177 00:07:28,548 --> 00:07:30,483  near the coast,                   the Captain may have ordered   178 00:07:30,483 --> 00:07:33,986    a sharp turn south            to steer clear of danger,        179 00:07:33,986 --> 00:07:37,356    a maneuver that might have     worked under normal conditions. 180 00:07:37,356 --> 00:07:40,326   But the abrupt shift           of the heavy sarcophagus,        181 00:07:40,326 --> 00:07:42,962 could have easily caused           the ship to capsize.           182 00:07:44,530 --> 00:07:47,333 Narrator: While capsizing           is certainly a possibility,   183 00:07:47,333 --> 00:07:49,602   a closer look at the            bureaucratic maneuvers          184 00:07:49,602 --> 00:07:52,605   of the time, reveals            a more mundane theory.          185 00:07:54,006 --> 00:07:55,641   Alison Leonard: It's possible    that the sarcophagus           186 00:07:55,641 --> 00:07:57,443 was never on the                  Beatrice to begin with,         187 00:07:57,443 --> 00:07:59,445    or that it was simply lost.   188 00:07:59,445 --> 00:08:01,881  Research shows inconsistencies   in the records,                 189 00:08:01,881 --> 00:08:04,016 suggesting a bureaucratic           blunder may have occurred.    190 00:08:04,016 --> 00:08:07,487   Shoddily kept manifests could     mean it was listed as cargo   191 00:08:07,487 --> 00:08:09,255    but never actually              loaded onto the ship.          192 00:08:09,255 --> 00:08:12,625    ♪♪                            193 00:08:12,625 --> 00:08:14,994   Adam Bunch: Taking a           sarcophagus out of Egypt         194 00:08:14,994 --> 00:08:17,530  could be a very                   complicated process,           195 00:08:17,530 --> 00:08:19,532    with officials from              the British Museum            196 00:08:19,532 --> 00:08:22,635   and Egypt's consular           network getting involved.        197 00:08:22,635 --> 00:08:25,605    And the collectors who are       rushing to get their hands    198 00:08:25,605 --> 00:08:27,874 on the treasure,                 didn't always worry about        199 00:08:27,874 --> 00:08:30,643  leaving behind                    a proper paper trail.          200 00:08:30,643 --> 00:08:33,446  So it's not too hard to          believe the sarcophagus         201 00:08:33,446 --> 00:08:35,081  could have been                   misplaced somewhere,           202 00:08:35,081 --> 00:08:38,484    or even left behind             in a web of red tape.          203 00:08:39,785 --> 00:08:42,522 Amma Agbedor: With such a          complicated chain of custody,  204 00:08:42,522 --> 00:08:45,992   errors and miscommunications     were common,                   205 00:08:45,992 --> 00:08:49,095 which may have led to the        sarcophagus disappearing         206 00:08:49,095 --> 00:08:51,130 into the fog of history.         207 00:08:51,130 --> 00:08:52,865    If that's the case,           208 00:08:52,865 --> 00:08:56,135 it could still be hidden away in a forgotten storage room         209 00:08:56,135 --> 00:08:59,972   or even resting in an          undocumented private collection. 210 00:09:01,974 --> 00:09:03,876    Narrator: But some               historians suggest            211 00:09:03,876 --> 00:09:07,146   the disorganization may have      concealed a darker motive.    212 00:09:08,948 --> 00:09:11,617    James Ellis: The mysterious    circumstances of the shipwreck  213 00:09:11,617 --> 00:09:14,987  that supposedly claimed          Menkaure's sarcophagus,         214 00:09:14,987 --> 00:09:17,523  have fueled speculation           that it may have been          215 00:09:17,523 --> 00:09:19,959   a cover for an illegal sale.   216 00:09:19,959 --> 00:09:23,062  It's possible that the            disappearance might have been  217 00:09:23,062 --> 00:09:26,265   orchestrated to mask             a secret transaction,          218 00:09:26,265 --> 00:09:30,136   given the demand for rare and   valuable artifacts at the time. 219 00:09:31,971 --> 00:09:33,906   Alison Leonard: The 18th and     19th centuries marked an era   220 00:09:33,906 --> 00:09:36,576 of relentless smuggling,            and saw a surge in plunder    221 00:09:36,576 --> 00:09:38,277  as countless artifacts           were shipped to Europe          222 00:09:38,277 --> 00:09:40,046  on vulnerable vessels.          223 00:09:40,846 --> 00:09:43,082 One such ship, the HMS Colossus, 224 00:09:43,082 --> 00:09:45,051  wrecked in 1798                 225 00:09:45,051 --> 00:09:47,954  carrying Sir William Hamilton's  priceless Greek vases.          226 00:09:47,954 --> 00:09:50,222  They now sit shattered           in the British Museum.          227 00:09:52,058 --> 00:09:54,093 Adam Bunch: Records show            the Beatrice stayed in port   228 00:09:54,093 --> 00:09:57,029  much longer than usual,           which could be a hint          229 00:09:57,029 --> 00:09:59,465    that there's a possibility     of some backroom deals,         230 00:09:59,465 --> 00:10:02,401    and Captain Whitlow           didn't sail with the ship        231 00:10:02,401 --> 00:10:03,936   on its final voyage.           232 00:10:04,604 --> 00:10:06,839 Instead, his son                    John took command,            233 00:10:06,839 --> 00:10:09,308    while Whitlow stayed behind     in Alexandria                  234 00:10:09,308 --> 00:10:11,043 for some unknown reason,         235 00:10:11,043 --> 00:10:13,746   which has also raised           a few eyebrows.                 236 00:10:14,747 --> 00:10:16,549   Narrator: Most archaeologists  believe the wreck                237 00:10:16,549 --> 00:10:18,317   of the Beatrice can be found,  238 00:10:18,317 --> 00:10:21,621 but a coordinated search           remains mired in bureaucracy,  239 00:10:21,621 --> 00:10:23,789   requiring cooperation            and approval                   240 00:10:23,789 --> 00:10:25,424   from the Spanish government.   241 00:10:26,392 --> 00:10:28,995 Amma Agbedor: If the sarcophagus  is indeed at the bottom         242 00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:33,265   of the sea, it could still be     remarkably well-preserved,    243 00:10:33,265 --> 00:10:36,802 since basalt is far less          vulnerable to seawater,         244 00:10:36,802 --> 00:10:39,639   than other materials            like limestone.                 245 00:10:41,707 --> 00:10:43,943 James Ellis: Luckily, the          Beatrice wasn't the only ship  246 00:10:43,943 --> 00:10:46,879    carrying artifacts;             the lid from the sarcophagus   247 00:10:46,879 --> 00:10:49,915 and other items were sent           on a separate ship            248 00:10:49,915 --> 00:10:52,351    that safely arrived              at its destination.           249 00:10:53,519 --> 00:10:55,254    Alison Leonard: If we could     find Menkaure's sarcophagus,   250 00:10:55,254 --> 00:10:58,057  it would be like opening a time   capsule from the Old Kingdom,  251 00:10:58,057 --> 00:10:59,825    offering invaluable             insights into                  252 00:10:59,825 --> 00:11:02,662  ancient Egyptian craftsmanship    and burial practices.          253 00:11:03,829 --> 00:11:05,931   Narrator: Pharaoh Menkaure's      sarcophagus endured           254 00:11:05,931 --> 00:11:09,001 millennia in the desert,           the threats of tomb robbers,   255 00:11:09,001 --> 00:11:12,605    and the dynamite blasts of     19th-century explorers,         256 00:11:12,605 --> 00:11:15,641 only to disappear                without a trace.                 257 00:11:15,641 --> 00:11:18,811    Yet, the search continues,       driven by the hope            258 00:11:18,811 --> 00:11:22,148    that this ancient treasure       may still be found.           259 00:11:23,582 --> 00:11:23,749    ♪♪                            260 00:11:23,749 --> 00:11:32,224    ♪♪                            261 00:11:32,224 --> 00:11:34,927  Narrator: Emerging in the 10th    century as regional soldiers   262 00:11:34,927 --> 00:11:36,929   who served local chieftains,   263 00:11:36,929 --> 00:11:40,466  Japan's Samurai evolved         into a class of nobility         264 00:11:40,466 --> 00:11:43,903 that shaped the country's         history for hundreds of years.  265 00:11:43,903 --> 00:11:45,805   Synonymous with these          storied warriors                 266 00:11:45,805 --> 00:11:48,874    was their weapon of choice      - the Samurai sword.           267 00:11:51,744 --> 00:11:53,345    The Honjo Masamune,           268 00:11:53,345 --> 00:11:56,716 the most legendary Samurai sword   in Japanese history,           269 00:11:56,716 --> 00:11:58,884 was far more than just a weapon, 270 00:11:58,884 --> 00:12:01,954    it was the ultimate symbol     of power and authority.         271 00:12:03,255 --> 00:12:06,459 Created by the masterful            Goro Nyudo Masamune           272 00:12:06,459 --> 00:12:07,960   in the 13th century,           273 00:12:07,960 --> 00:12:10,062    this iconic weapon            came to represent                274 00:12:10,062 --> 00:12:13,332 the unstoppable might of          the Tokugawa shogunate.         275 00:12:13,332 --> 00:12:16,469    ♪♪                            276 00:12:16,469 --> 00:12:20,039    James Ellis: The blade had     30,000 layers of steel,         277 00:12:20,039 --> 00:12:23,209 balanced between strength           and razor-sharp precision.    278 00:12:23,209 --> 00:12:26,746  The spine was durable,             while the edge was so thin    279 00:12:26,746 --> 00:12:29,515  it's said to have been            atoms thick.                   280 00:12:29,515 --> 00:12:32,084 This masterpiece                 remains unmatched                281 00:12:32,084 --> 00:12:34,420    in craftsmanship and power.   282 00:12:35,921 --> 00:12:37,490   Alison Leonard:                For over 700 years,              283 00:12:37,490 --> 00:12:40,693 the Honjo Masamune was passed     down through Japan's elite,     284 00:12:40,693 --> 00:12:43,229 becoming a symbol of             dominance and might.             285 00:12:43,229 --> 00:12:46,132  It was wielded by high-ranking    nobles as a mark of prestige,  286 00:12:46,132 --> 00:12:49,235   and ultimately found its way   to the legendary warlord         287 00:12:49,235 --> 00:12:52,138    Tokugawa Ieyasu, who would    go on to shape the course        288 00:12:52,138 --> 00:12:54,473 of Japan's history as the         founder of the last shogunate.  289 00:12:56,509 --> 00:12:59,612 Anthea Nardi: The Honjo Masamune  wasn't merely a weapon;         290 00:12:59,612 --> 00:13:01,847  it embodied Japan's feudal past 291 00:13:01,847 --> 00:13:04,083 and the enduring legacy          of the samurai.                  292 00:13:04,083 --> 00:13:07,319    By 1939, it was designated      a National Treasure,           293 00:13:07,319 --> 00:13:11,023    and revered as an emblem of     honor, loyalty and strength.   294 00:13:12,458 --> 00:13:14,760   Adam Bunch: By the end of the  Second World War,                295 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:18,330 nearly 2 million Japanese         soldiers carried swords         296 00:13:18,330 --> 00:13:21,734   as a powerful symbol            of a warrior tradition          297 00:13:21,734 --> 00:13:23,569  that spanned centuries.         298 00:13:23,569 --> 00:13:27,306    But with Japan's surrender       and the allied occupation,    299 00:13:27,306 --> 00:13:29,975 Supreme Allied Commander         General MacArthur                300 00:13:29,975 --> 00:13:33,846    ordered every single sword    from mass produced blades        301 00:13:33,846 --> 00:13:36,982  to priceless heirlooms             to be handed over.            302 00:13:36,982 --> 00:13:40,419    In the process, the              Honjo Masamune disappeared.   303 00:13:40,419 --> 00:13:43,255    And ever since, people have   been trying to figure out        304 00:13:43,255 --> 00:13:44,223   what happened to it.           305 00:13:46,125 --> 00:13:48,627   Narrator: Japan's defeat was    followed by a cultural          306 00:13:48,627 --> 00:13:50,329 and military disarmament.        307 00:13:50,329 --> 00:13:52,698   The Allied occupation           under MacArthur                 308 00:13:52,698 --> 00:13:55,000  aimed to reshape Japan,         309 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,103  dismantling symbols of             its feudal warrior culture.   310 00:13:59,371 --> 00:14:00,973  Alison Leonard:                  By confiscating swords,         311 00:14:00,973 --> 00:14:02,608 they weren't just                removing weapons;                312 00:14:02,608 --> 00:14:05,678 they were stripping away          centuries of samurai tradition, 313 00:14:05,678 --> 00:14:07,513 symbolically reinforcing           Japan's shift                  314 00:14:07,513 --> 00:14:08,981    from a militaristic empire    315 00:14:08,981 --> 00:14:11,350  to a peaceful,                     democratic society.           316 00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:14,320   It was a powerful statement,     signaling the end of an era.   317 00:14:16,288 --> 00:14:18,524 Anthea Nardi: Over three million  swords were confiscated         318 00:14:18,524 --> 00:14:22,862   in the process, many destined    to be buried or melted down.   319 00:14:22,862 --> 00:14:25,364  Japanese families tried         to protect their swords,         320 00:14:25,364 --> 00:14:28,033    but thousands of priceless      treasures were lost.           321 00:14:29,134 --> 00:14:30,502    Adam Bunch:                   For many people in Japan,        322 00:14:30,502 --> 00:14:33,405 the sword hat wasn't just        about a loss of weapons,         323 00:14:33,405 --> 00:14:36,575   but the erasure of a           centuries old tradition.         324 00:14:36,575 --> 00:14:39,612 It was a devastating loss        for the Japanese people,         325 00:14:39,612 --> 00:14:41,647   whose swords weren't             just weapons,                  326 00:14:41,647 --> 00:14:45,451  but treasured family heirlooms   passed down through generations 327 00:14:45,451 --> 00:14:48,888   and deeply rooted in            history and tradition.          328 00:14:50,322 --> 00:14:52,791  James Ellis: In December 1945,    the Honjo Masamune's           329 00:14:52,791 --> 00:14:55,294 last known owner,                Tokugawa Iemasa,                 330 00:14:55,294 --> 00:14:57,930   a descendant of the shoguns,    obeyed the law                  331 00:14:57,930 --> 00:15:00,633   and handed over the family's   treasured swords                 332 00:15:00,633 --> 00:15:02,601   to the Mejiro police station.  333 00:15:02,601 --> 00:15:04,970    And then, without a trace,    334 00:15:04,970 --> 00:15:07,139  the Honjo Masamune disappeared. 335 00:15:09,942 --> 00:15:12,077 Narrator: In the turmoil            of post-war Japan,            336 00:15:12,077 --> 00:15:15,481   countless swords met violent   ends, stoking the belief         337 00:15:15,481 --> 00:15:18,517  that the Honjo Masamune            may have been one of them.    338 00:15:20,586 --> 00:15:23,188 James Ellis: The Allies'         post-war demilitarization        339 00:15:23,188 --> 00:15:27,326    of Japan was swift,             decisive and indiscriminate.   340 00:15:27,326 --> 00:15:31,030   Across the Pacific, surrender     ceremonies were organized,    341 00:15:31,030 --> 00:15:33,999  where Japanese soldiers         handed over their swords         342 00:15:33,999 --> 00:15:36,235  to the Foreign                   Liquidation Commission.         343 00:15:36,235 --> 00:15:39,371  It's entirely possible           that the Honjo Masamune         344 00:15:39,371 --> 00:15:42,074 was tragically destroyed           during this process.           345 00:15:43,242 --> 00:15:44,810    Alison Leonard: Swords were     seized and piled high          346 00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:46,879    in warehouses, many            destined to be buried,          347 00:15:46,879 --> 00:15:49,281 dumped at sea or                  melted down for scrap.          348 00:15:49,281 --> 00:15:52,651   Thousands of them ended up at   the U.S. 8th Army Weapons Depot 349 00:15:52,651 --> 00:15:54,520    in Akabane, Tokyo.            350 00:15:55,421 --> 00:15:58,724    As word of the destruction     spread, influential collectors, 351 00:15:58,724 --> 00:16:00,960 museum curators,                   and cultural figures           352 00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:02,995 urgently raised concerns           to MacArthur,                  353 00:16:02,995 --> 00:16:05,464   explaining this was more than  just disarmament,                354 00:16:05,464 --> 00:16:08,100 it was an assault                  on Japan's cultural identity.  355 00:16:09,702 --> 00:16:12,171  Adam Bunch: There was a meeting between Dr. G. Hong Lim,         356 00:16:12,171 --> 00:16:13,605   an expert in swords,           357 00:16:13,605 --> 00:16:17,543    and Colonel Victor Cadwell     of the US Eighth Army,          358 00:16:17,543 --> 00:16:20,312   the person in charge            of weapons collection.          359 00:16:20,312 --> 00:16:23,115 Dr. Honma explained that           many of these swords,          360 00:16:23,115 --> 00:16:26,218 like the Honjo Masamune,           weren't just weapons,          361 00:16:26,218 --> 00:16:28,754 but ancient works of art.        362 00:16:28,754 --> 00:16:32,691  That they were cultural          treasures significant to Japan  363 00:16:32,691 --> 00:16:33,892 in many of the same ways         364 00:16:33,892 --> 00:16:36,228    cathedrals are significant      to the West.                   365 00:16:37,563 --> 00:16:39,198 Anthea Nardi: Cadwell was          ultimately convinced           366 00:16:39,198 --> 00:16:40,632  that they should be preserved,  367 00:16:40,632 --> 00:16:43,535   and he began efforts to save    Japan's cultural swords         368 00:16:43,535 --> 00:16:46,271  by differentiating them           from wartime weapons.          369 00:16:47,373 --> 00:16:50,009   Narrator: Although MacArthur    eventually rescinded the edict, 370 00:16:50,009 --> 00:16:51,410   the damage was done.           371 00:16:51,410 --> 00:16:54,179   Countless swords had            been lost or destroyed,         372 00:16:54,179 --> 00:16:56,482  and five irreplaceable blades,  373 00:16:56,482 --> 00:16:59,251   officially registered           as national treasures,          374 00:16:59,251 --> 00:17:01,253   had already vanished.          375 00:17:01,954 --> 00:17:03,589   Anthea Nardi:                    The Honjo Masamune's absence   376 00:17:03,589 --> 00:17:06,191  from the records raises           the grim possibility           377 00:17:06,191 --> 00:17:09,395   that this priceless treasure    was lost or destroyed,          378 00:17:09,395 --> 00:17:12,231  before its significance           was fully understood.          379 00:17:12,231 --> 00:17:14,266  But given the dedicated            efforts to preserve           380 00:17:14,266 --> 00:17:16,101    Japan's National Treasures,   381 00:17:16,101 --> 00:17:18,737   it's hard to believe             such an iconic sword           382 00:17:18,737 --> 00:17:20,072    could have been overlooked.   383 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:23,709   Narrator: Despite the           widespread destruction,         384 00:17:23,709 --> 00:17:26,445 no evidence has confirmed         that the Honjo Masamune         385 00:17:26,445 --> 00:17:29,915  was destroyed, or that          it ever reached Akabane,         386 00:17:29,915 --> 00:17:31,784   leaving open the possibility   387 00:17:31,784 --> 00:17:33,218  that it slipped                    through the cracks            388 00:17:33,218 --> 00:17:35,754  or into more mysterious hands.  389 00:17:37,556 --> 00:17:41,126   James Ellis: In 1966,            a mysterious figure surfaced,  390 00:17:41,126 --> 00:17:43,796   Sergeant C.I. Bimore.          391 00:17:43,796 --> 00:17:45,931  According to an                 article in SAGA,                 392 00:17:45,931 --> 00:17:47,566   an British mystery magazine,   393 00:17:47,566 --> 00:17:50,769 Mejiro police handed the          Honjo Masamune                  394 00:17:50,769 --> 00:17:53,372  to a soldier named Coldy Bimore 395 00:17:53,372 --> 00:17:56,508   from the Foreign Liquidations     Commission in 1946.           396 00:17:57,409 --> 00:17:59,578    Could this soldier             have unknowingly taken          397 00:17:59,578 --> 00:18:01,713  one of Japan's                     greatest treasures?           398 00:18:02,948 --> 00:18:05,050   Alison Leonard: Some elements    of the SAGA story align with   399 00:18:05,050 --> 00:18:07,152   what we know:                    the 7th U.S. Cavalry           400 00:18:07,152 --> 00:18:09,188   was stationed                   in Tokyo at that time,          401 00:18:09,188 --> 00:18:11,657  conducting patrols to inventory  and dispose of weapons,         402 00:18:11,657 --> 00:18:13,125 including swords.                403 00:18:13,125 --> 00:18:15,260  But if Bimore acquired             the Honjo Masamune,           404 00:18:15,260 --> 00:18:17,696    why has no trace of             it been found since?           405 00:18:19,765 --> 00:18:22,367    Anthea Nardi: It's possible    Bimore took the Honjo Masamune  406 00:18:22,367 --> 00:18:24,503 without realizing                its significance.                407 00:18:24,503 --> 00:18:27,005 But the real mystery lies        in the fact that                 408 00:18:27,005 --> 00:18:29,842    there is no official record   of a C.I. Bimore                 409 00:18:29,842 --> 00:18:31,543    in U.S. Military Archives.    410 00:18:32,744 --> 00:18:35,314   Adam Bunch: Frustratingly, it     seems the American military   411 00:18:35,314 --> 00:18:38,484  records that would have           listed him weren't retained.   412 00:18:38,484 --> 00:18:40,452  So it's hard to                 trace the story.                 413 00:18:40,452 --> 00:18:44,256    Japanese records do              suggest that a Coldy Bimore   414 00:18:44,256 --> 00:18:45,757  did collect the sword,          415 00:18:45,757 --> 00:18:49,161   but all police documentation      from that period was lost.    416 00:18:49,161 --> 00:18:53,398  And the name itself is          likely a mistranslation.         417 00:18:53,398 --> 00:18:55,834  Theoretically, it could         even be an alias.                418 00:18:55,834 --> 00:18:59,004    So the trail of C.I. Bimore   419 00:18:59,004 --> 00:19:01,406    quickly goes cold entirely,   420 00:19:01,406 --> 00:19:03,242   leaving us with nothing more   421 00:19:03,242 --> 00:19:05,177 than hopeful speculation.        422 00:19:06,678 --> 00:19:08,647 Narrator: Although it may        just be wishful thinking,        423 00:19:08,647 --> 00:19:12,417 the belief that the Honjo         Masamune still exists endures,  424 00:19:12,417 --> 00:19:15,053  along with the                   tantalizing possibility         425 00:19:15,053 --> 00:19:17,523 that this legendary sword           is still out there,           426 00:19:17,523 --> 00:19:21,760 its true worth yet to be          realized by its current owner.  427 00:19:23,395 --> 00:19:25,898   Anthea Nardi: After the war,    countless priceless artifacts,  428 00:19:25,898 --> 00:19:27,366 including swords,                 were taken home                 429 00:19:27,366 --> 00:19:29,601  by U.S. soldiers as souvenirs.  430 00:19:29,601 --> 00:19:32,704 Those assigned to weapons           depots like Akabane           431 00:19:32,704 --> 00:19:35,274   likely recognized the             quality of certain swords,    432 00:19:35,274 --> 00:19:37,309 if not the significance.         433 00:19:37,309 --> 00:19:39,778   So it's possible that             the Honjo Masamune            434 00:19:39,778 --> 00:19:43,482 ended up tucked away in an attic or garage somewhere in the U.S., 435 00:19:43,482 --> 00:19:46,185   a priceless treasure             left to collect dust.          436 00:19:49,087 --> 00:19:50,889  Adam Bunch: The allied             occupation of Japan           437 00:19:50,889 --> 00:19:53,425    lasted until 1952.            438 00:19:53,425 --> 00:19:55,561    Millions of Japanese swords   439 00:19:55,561 --> 00:19:58,197 were confiscated                 during that time.                440 00:19:58,197 --> 00:20:00,165   More than seven tons of them   441 00:20:00,165 --> 00:20:02,000    taken to the United States,   442 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:03,936  many as trophies of war         443 00:20:03,936 --> 00:20:05,604   to be kept in                    private collections.           444 00:20:06,705 --> 00:20:09,141    James Ellis: The influx of       swords into America           445 00:20:09,141 --> 00:20:10,576  was like a tidal wave.          446 00:20:10,576 --> 00:20:13,579   For the few who truly            understood the craftsmanship   447 00:20:13,579 --> 00:20:17,382   behind these blades,             it was a golden opportunity.   448 00:20:17,382 --> 00:20:20,319  Dealers uncovered historically     significant swords            449 00:20:20,319 --> 00:20:22,487 hidden among the                   confiscated weapons,           450 00:20:22,487 --> 00:20:24,556  now scattered across the U.S.,  451 00:20:24,556 --> 00:20:28,260    and it's possible the Honjo   Masamune was one of them.        452 00:20:30,262 --> 00:20:32,231   Adam Bunch: Some historically     significant swords            453 00:20:32,231 --> 00:20:36,335    have resurfaced in            unlikely places.                 454 00:20:36,335 --> 00:20:40,172   An American collector             stumbled across another one   455 00:20:40,172 --> 00:20:41,773  of the national treasure swords 456 00:20:41,773 --> 00:20:43,842  that disappeared at the          end of the war.                 457 00:20:43,842 --> 00:20:47,012  This one was by another            famous swordsman: Kunimune.   458 00:20:47,012 --> 00:20:52,017   It had been bought at            a military junk sale for $10!  459 00:20:52,017 --> 00:20:54,086   And after he realized            what it was,                   460 00:20:54,086 --> 00:20:57,322 he returned it to Japan in 1963. 461 00:20:57,322 --> 00:21:01,260    So, if it could go             unnoticed for so long,          462 00:21:01,260 --> 00:21:03,362    it's possible that               someone in the U.S.           463 00:21:03,362 --> 00:21:05,530  has the Honjo Masamune          464 00:21:05,530 --> 00:21:07,599   and just doesn't realize it.   465 00:21:08,567 --> 00:21:09,801   Narrator: Since World War II,  466 00:21:09,801 --> 00:21:12,638   thousands of Japanese swords      have been returned,           467 00:21:12,638 --> 00:21:15,240  including the Shimazu Masamune, 468 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:18,310    a treasure missing               for over 150 years            469 00:21:18,310 --> 00:21:21,346  that was rediscovered in 2014.  470 00:21:21,346 --> 00:21:24,549    Although no credible trace      of the Honjo Masamune          471 00:21:24,549 --> 00:21:28,754    has surfaced, the return of   other artifacts keeps hope alive 472 00:21:28,754 --> 00:21:32,524 that this legendary sword          may one day reappear.          473 00:21:33,125 --> 00:21:34,760   James Ellis:                      Most Japanese sword smiths    474 00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:38,163   etched their signatures into   the hilt of their blades,        475 00:21:38,163 --> 00:21:40,399  making them easier to identify. 476 00:21:40,399 --> 00:21:43,568    But Masamune rarely           signed his work,                 477 00:21:43,568 --> 00:21:45,637    which makes                   authenticating his swords        478 00:21:45,637 --> 00:21:48,573   incredibly difficult,             but not impossible.           479 00:21:50,909 --> 00:21:52,611  Alison Leonard:                   The Honjo Masamune is unlike   480 00:21:52,611 --> 00:21:56,181  any other sword, it has          distinct, irrefutable features, 481 00:21:56,181 --> 00:21:58,216    like its signature            wave-like hamon.                 482 00:21:58,216 --> 00:22:01,420   If it ever surfaces, we could    verify it almost immediately   483 00:22:01,420 --> 00:22:03,021  using detailed drawings created 484 00:22:03,021 --> 00:22:05,590  when it was declared a             National Treasure in 1939.    485 00:22:07,693 --> 00:22:10,562  James Ellis: The Honjo Masamune  isn't just a missing artifact,  486 00:22:10,562 --> 00:22:13,065  it's a piece of                 Japan's identity.                487 00:22:13,065 --> 00:22:16,568 Finding it would mean reclaiming  a lost piece of history         488 00:22:16,568 --> 00:22:19,805 and restoring a symbol of         the nation's heritage.          489 00:22:21,606 --> 00:22:24,042  Narrator: Whether lost          to the vagaries of time,         490 00:22:24,042 --> 00:22:26,044  hidden in a private collection, 491 00:22:26,044 --> 00:22:28,647  or destroyed in                 the chaos of war,                492 00:22:28,647 --> 00:22:32,150    the Honjo Masamune remains    one of Japanese history's        493 00:22:32,150 --> 00:22:33,852 greatest puzzles.                494 00:22:33,852 --> 00:22:35,287   Its fate is unknown,           495 00:22:35,287 --> 00:22:37,255  but its legend endures.         496 00:22:37,255 --> 00:22:39,858    ♪♪                            497 00:22:41,159 --> 00:22:41,360    ♪♪                            498 00:22:41,360 --> 00:22:50,035    ♪♪                            499 00:22:50,035 --> 00:22:51,503 Narrator:                        For over three centuries,        500 00:22:51,503 --> 00:22:54,539 the Romanovs ruled Russia           with an iron grip,            501 00:22:54,539 --> 00:22:56,675  a dynasty steeped in grandeur,  502 00:22:56,675 --> 00:22:59,244   opulence, and deadly secrets.  503 00:22:59,244 --> 00:23:00,979  At the heart of                 their vast wealth                504 00:23:00,979 --> 00:23:04,549    were the legendary              Fabergé Imperial Easter eggs,  505 00:23:04,549 --> 00:23:07,386   commissioned from the           world-renowned jeweler          506 00:23:07,386 --> 00:23:09,421    Peter Carl Fabergé.           507 00:23:10,822 --> 00:23:12,124   Alison Leonard: The Romanovs'    tradition of gifting           508 00:23:12,124 --> 00:23:16,328  imperial Easter eggs began with    Czar Alexander III in 1885,   509 00:23:16,328 --> 00:23:18,563  just four years into his reign. 510 00:23:18,563 --> 00:23:21,733   Seeking an extraordinary gift   for his wife Maria Feodorovna,  511 00:23:21,733 --> 00:23:25,036   he turned to master goldsmith     Peter Carl Fabergé.           512 00:23:25,871 --> 00:23:28,640 What he received was far         beyond an ordinary jewel,        513 00:23:28,640 --> 00:23:30,642  it was the now-famous Hen Egg,  514 00:23:30,642 --> 00:23:32,377  a deceptively simple white egg  515 00:23:32,377 --> 00:23:34,546  that opened to reveal a           golden yolk,                   516 00:23:34,546 --> 00:23:37,015 a miniature hen,                   and hidden treasures within.   517 00:23:38,116 --> 00:23:40,051 Anthea Nardi: What began as a       carefully planned gift        518 00:23:40,051 --> 00:23:43,688 from Alexander III, soon became    an annual showcase             519 00:23:43,688 --> 00:23:46,725   of Fabergé's                   imagination and artistry.        520 00:23:46,725 --> 00:23:49,828   While the first eggs followed     the Tsar's specifications,    521 00:23:49,828 --> 00:23:52,464  Fabergé was eventually           given free rein                 522 00:23:52,464 --> 00:23:54,299  to create masterpieces.         523 00:23:54,299 --> 00:23:56,568  Each egg became                 more than a gift,                524 00:23:56,568 --> 00:23:58,136  it was a hidden                 world of wonders,                525 00:23:58,136 --> 00:23:59,871  reflecting the                     extravagant tastes            526 00:23:59,871 --> 00:24:02,107   and personal lives of           Russia's Royal family.          527 00:24:03,675 --> 00:24:05,310 James Ellis: Over time,             these eggs became             528 00:24:05,310 --> 00:24:07,579 more than symbols of              personal devotion,              529 00:24:07,579 --> 00:24:10,315 they reflected the               vast wealth, power,              530 00:24:10,315 --> 00:24:12,517    and ultimately, the             corruption and excess          531 00:24:12,517 --> 00:24:14,686    that fueled the discontent       leading to                    532 00:24:14,686 --> 00:24:17,589  the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.  533 00:24:17,589 --> 00:24:20,025    And one year later,           the assassination                534 00:24:20,025 --> 00:24:21,593  of the Romanov family.          535 00:24:22,594 --> 00:24:24,563 Adam Bunch: 50 eggs were crafted 536 00:24:24,563 --> 00:24:26,097  for the Imperial Family between 537 00:24:26,097 --> 00:24:28,867  1885 and 1917,                  538 00:24:28,867 --> 00:24:31,770   each more extravagant           than the last.                  539 00:24:31,770 --> 00:24:34,906 Seven of the masterpieces        vanished after the chaos         540 00:24:34,906 --> 00:24:39,311   of the revolution, and their    whereabouts are still unknown.  541 00:24:39,311 --> 00:24:42,647    So what happened to           those lost Fabergé eggs?         542 00:24:45,150 --> 00:24:46,551  Narrator: The story of Fabergé  543 00:24:46,551 --> 00:24:48,620    and his exquisite,             bejeweled eggs                  544 00:24:48,620 --> 00:24:51,756  is one of beauty caught            in the path of revolution.    545 00:24:51,756 --> 00:24:54,793  As Russia transformed in 1917,  546 00:24:54,793 --> 00:24:57,896 toppling the monarchy and        descending into turmoil,         547 00:24:57,896 --> 00:25:02,033   Carl Fabergé's creations were     scattered across the world.   548 00:25:02,033 --> 00:25:04,903 In a nation on the brink          of irrevocable change,          549 00:25:04,903 --> 00:25:09,207    even its greatest artistry       was overshadowed by chaos.    550 00:25:10,375 --> 00:25:13,712  A. Nardi: By 1917, a revolution  was nearly unavoidable.         551 00:25:13,712 --> 00:25:15,647   The Romanovs' weakening grip,  552 00:25:15,647 --> 00:25:17,782   the endless bloodshed             on the frontlines,            553 00:25:17,782 --> 00:25:21,386 and Nicholas II's refusal           to embrace liberal reforms    554 00:25:21,386 --> 00:25:23,154 created a perfect storm.         555 00:25:24,656 --> 00:25:27,058    Even before the Bolsheviks       seized full power,            556 00:25:27,058 --> 00:25:30,061 Fabergé himself had come         under close surveillance,        557 00:25:30,061 --> 00:25:32,964   his international clients and  high-profile connections         558 00:25:32,964 --> 00:25:35,600 marked him as a potential        threat to the new regime.        559 00:25:37,135 --> 00:25:40,939  James Ellis: In February 1917,  revolution erupted in Petrograd, 560 00:25:40,939 --> 00:25:43,041 as St Petersburg                   was named back then,           561 00:25:43,041 --> 00:25:46,011   where Fabergé's jewel          house was headquartered.         562 00:25:46,011 --> 00:25:49,214   Military regiments mutinied,     policemen were shot,           563 00:25:49,214 --> 00:25:51,316 and prisons were overrun.        564 00:25:52,183 --> 00:25:55,120 As a fragile provisional            government emerged,           565 00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:58,356  the old Russian empire,            along with Fabergé's world,   566 00:25:58,356 --> 00:25:59,724    was slipping away.            567 00:26:00,992 --> 00:26:02,994  Anthea Nardi: During the brief     period of provisional rule,   568 00:26:02,994 --> 00:26:05,163    Fabergé's business               managed to survive,           569 00:26:05,163 --> 00:26:07,999    adapting to make munitions      instead of luxuries,           570 00:26:07,999 --> 00:26:11,002   and wealthy Russians continue   to cling to his pieces          571 00:26:11,002 --> 00:26:13,905  as portable wealth, since they    were easy to smuggle or hide.  572 00:26:15,807 --> 00:26:17,309   Adam Bunch: The rise of Lenin  573 00:26:17,309 --> 00:26:19,711    marked a dangerous             turning point.                  574 00:26:19,711 --> 00:26:21,813    When Lenin and the               Bolsheviks seized control,    575 00:26:21,813 --> 00:26:24,482    Faberge was placed               under close watch.            576 00:26:24,482 --> 00:26:27,252   His family harassed,              his sons arrested.            577 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:31,656   In 1918, the company           was nationalized,                578 00:26:31,656 --> 00:26:34,426    and within months,             closed forever.                 579 00:26:34,426 --> 00:26:36,828    Fabergé was forced              to flee for his life,          580 00:26:36,828 --> 00:26:38,663   escaping Russia in disguise,   581 00:26:38,663 --> 00:26:40,966   eventually ending up            in Switzerland,                 582 00:26:40,966 --> 00:26:44,135   where he died                  not long after, in 1920.         583 00:26:47,339 --> 00:26:48,940  Narrator: In the 1920s and 30s, 584 00:26:48,940 --> 00:26:52,811   economic survival outweighed    cultural preservation.          585 00:26:52,811 --> 00:26:56,114  The Soviet regime began          liquidating Romanov treasures,  586 00:26:56,114 --> 00:26:58,550    selling them off to              foreign collectors,           587 00:26:58,550 --> 00:27:01,252  with little regard for           their historical value,         588 00:27:01,252 --> 00:27:03,021  desperate for foreign currency  589 00:27:03,021 --> 00:27:05,156 to stabilize the                 struggling state.                590 00:27:06,558 --> 00:27:08,226  Adam Bunch: Some of the          missing eggs might have         591 00:27:08,226 --> 00:27:10,195   quietly changed hands          592 00:27:10,195 --> 00:27:12,230  during this tumultuous period.  593 00:27:12,230 --> 00:27:15,900 Lenin initially tried to         preserve that cultural heritage. 594 00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:19,004    But Stalin's rise to power     marked a shift.                 595 00:27:20,605 --> 00:27:24,476   Between 1930 and '33,          the Soviets sold                 596 00:27:24,476 --> 00:27:27,312 14 Fabergé imperial eggs         597 00:27:27,312 --> 00:27:29,314  to Western collectors,          598 00:27:29,314 --> 00:27:31,149   And the eggs that left Russia  599 00:27:31,149 --> 00:27:34,653  included the legendary           Nécessaire egg,                 600 00:27:34,653 --> 00:27:36,855  which had been crafted in 1889. 601 00:27:39,557 --> 00:27:42,127   James Ellis:                      In 1949, the Nécessaire Egg   602 00:27:42,127 --> 00:27:44,596   appeared anonymously           at an exhibition,                603 00:27:44,596 --> 00:27:46,765   only to vanish again              three years later,            604 00:27:46,765 --> 00:27:49,668 when it was sold                  for just $1,600                 605 00:27:49,668 --> 00:27:52,570 to a buyer known                   only as 'A Stranger.'          606 00:27:53,271 --> 00:27:55,974   At the time,                      the Cold War's iron curtain   607 00:27:55,974 --> 00:27:58,076  meant little was known           about these treasures,          608 00:27:58,076 --> 00:28:00,211    and it wasn't until            decades later,                  609 00:28:00,211 --> 00:28:03,181  with the openness of Glasnost,    that it became clear           610 00:28:03,181 --> 00:28:05,884    that the Nécessaire              Egg had been lost.            611 00:28:07,886 --> 00:28:09,487  Alison Leonard:                  For decades, the Nécessaire Egg 612 00:28:09,487 --> 00:28:11,690   remained missing, until 2017,  613 00:28:11,690 --> 00:28:13,725 when a long-lost                   photograph surfaced,           614 00:28:13,725 --> 00:28:16,161 showing the egg alongside        another Russian treasure,        615 00:28:16,161 --> 00:28:19,264 the Golden Chalice, commissioned  by Catherine the Great.         616 00:28:20,699 --> 00:28:22,934  Until recently, we only          had a basic description         617 00:28:22,934 --> 00:28:25,003    and a grainy image             of the Nécessaire Egg,          618 00:28:25,003 --> 00:28:27,572   and while the new photograph    has sparked excitement,         619 00:28:27,572 --> 00:28:29,207  there's been no                    trace of it since.            620 00:28:31,042 --> 00:28:33,578    Adam Bunch: During Stalin's     sell off in the early 1930s,   621 00:28:33,578 --> 00:28:35,914    many of the buyers               were from Britain,            622 00:28:35,914 --> 00:28:39,050   and that's where the           Nécessaire Egg was last spotted. 623 00:28:39,050 --> 00:28:42,620  So it's entirely possible that   it's still out there somewhere, 624 00:28:42,620 --> 00:28:45,657  sitting in some                    unsuspecting person's home.   625 00:28:47,692 --> 00:28:49,461   Narrator: The Nécessaire Egg      may still be hidden           626 00:28:49,461 --> 00:28:52,931    in a forgotten collection,       waiting to be rediscovered,   627 00:28:52,931 --> 00:28:54,966 but in the tumult                 of revolution,                  628 00:28:54,966 --> 00:28:58,236  other Fabergé treasures         weren't so lucky.                629 00:28:58,236 --> 00:29:01,673  And some may have never          made it out of Russia.          630 00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:03,908  Anthea Nardi: Amid the             Romanovs' desperate flight,   631 00:29:03,908 --> 00:29:05,944   their most treasured            possessions were moved          632 00:29:05,944 --> 00:29:08,880 from place to place in a         frantic attempt to protect them, 633 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:11,583   so it's possible that          some of the Faberge Eggs         634 00:29:11,583 --> 00:29:13,785    were lost or hidden           during this time.                635 00:29:14,519 --> 00:29:17,021  In April 1919, the British Navy 636 00:29:17,021 --> 00:29:20,191  orchestrated a dramatic           evacuation of Dowager Empress  637 00:29:20,191 --> 00:29:23,461 Maria Feodorovna                  from Crimea to England.         638 00:29:24,395 --> 00:29:26,931   She fled with all her            personal belongings,           639 00:29:26,931 --> 00:29:30,001   including jewels and possibly    the Royal Danish Egg,          640 00:29:30,001 --> 00:29:33,071 a deeply personal                   Fabergé creation from 1903.   641 00:29:35,273 --> 00:29:37,041 Alison Leonard: The Royal        Danish Egg was a tribute         642 00:29:37,041 --> 00:29:38,743  to the Empress's Danish roots,  643 00:29:38,743 --> 00:29:41,112   adorned with delicate          portraits of her parents         644 00:29:41,112 --> 00:29:43,882    and standing at an              impressive nine inches tall.   645 00:29:43,882 --> 00:29:45,617  But during the frantic             evacuation                    646 00:29:45,617 --> 00:29:46,918  of the Imperial family,         647 00:29:46,918 --> 00:29:49,621 HMS Marlborough, prepared           for around ten passengers,    648 00:29:49,621 --> 00:29:52,023 was suddenly overwhelmed            with over 80 people           649 00:29:52,023 --> 00:29:54,325  and 200 tons of                 unmarked luggage.                650 00:29:54,325 --> 00:29:57,262    In the rush, many valuables    were lost or forgotten,         651 00:29:57,262 --> 00:29:59,731    and it's entirely possible    that the Royal Danish Egg        652 00:29:59,731 --> 00:30:01,366   never made it out of Crimea.   653 00:30:02,700 --> 00:30:04,202   James Ellis:                    In the upheaval of war,         654 00:30:04,202 --> 00:30:06,738   it's easy to see how             a priceless treasure,          655 00:30:06,738 --> 00:30:09,073 like the Royal Danish Egg        could disappear.                 656 00:30:09,073 --> 00:30:11,943  Perhaps it returned to Russia,     or was stored away            657 00:30:11,943 --> 00:30:13,845 with the Empress,                hidden in England                658 00:30:13,845 --> 00:30:17,215   or Copenhagen, where              she spent her final years.    659 00:30:17,215 --> 00:30:20,985 It could still be tucked in some    forgotten corner of Europe,   660 00:30:20,985 --> 00:30:23,221    uncatalogued and unnoticed,   661 00:30:23,221 --> 00:30:26,391 or deliberately concealed         as a safeguard.                 662 00:30:26,391 --> 00:30:28,326    ♪♪                            663 00:30:28,326 --> 00:30:31,029    Narrator: In times of war,      items of great value           664 00:30:31,029 --> 00:30:32,964  often slip through the cracks.  665 00:30:32,964 --> 00:30:36,734    While some Fabergé eggs may    have been lost in the turmoil,  666 00:30:36,734 --> 00:30:39,737 others could have                 suffered a darker fate,         667 00:30:39,737 --> 00:30:42,974  one sealed by the harsh            economic realities            668 00:30:42,974 --> 00:30:44,809   of the Soviet state.           669 00:30:44,809 --> 00:30:47,245    James Ellis: By the 1920s,      the Soviet government          670 00:30:47,245 --> 00:30:50,381 had shifted from selling          treasures to dismantling them,  671 00:30:50,381 --> 00:30:53,852   reducing the Romanov           wealth to raw materials.         672 00:30:53,852 --> 00:30:56,120  Gold and jewels                 were melted down                 673 00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:59,390   to fuel the regime's             industrial ambitions,          674 00:30:59,390 --> 00:31:02,627   so it's possible that some of  the missing Fabergé eggs,        675 00:31:02,627 --> 00:31:05,163 including the Mauve Egg,          were destroyed.                 676 00:31:06,998 --> 00:31:08,967  Alison Leonard: The Mauve Egg,    an 1897 masterpiece,           677 00:31:08,967 --> 00:31:10,668    gifted to Maria Feodorovna,   678 00:31:10,668 --> 00:31:12,570   was last seen                   in the Gatchina Palace          679 00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:14,172  before vanishing from records.  680 00:31:14,172 --> 00:31:16,841  It's completely absent             from both the 1917            681 00:31:16,841 --> 00:31:19,377   and 1922 inventories             of seized treasures.           682 00:31:20,111 --> 00:31:22,480  Narrator: The surprise,         a diamond-encrusted heart        683 00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:26,584 that opens into a clover,        resurfaced decades later;        684 00:31:26,584 --> 00:31:27,952   it was passed between             collectors                    685 00:31:27,952 --> 00:31:30,121  in the 1970s and 2000s          686 00:31:30,121 --> 00:31:31,923  and now sits on display         687 00:31:31,923 --> 00:31:34,459    at St. Petersburg's            Fabergé Museum.                 688 00:31:34,459 --> 00:31:37,629   But the fate of the gold and    mauve-enamel egg itself         689 00:31:37,629 --> 00:31:38,630    remains a mystery.            690 00:31:39,564 --> 00:31:40,965   Alison Leonard: It's              possible it was dismantled,   691 00:31:40,965 --> 00:31:43,968  its gold and jewels repurposed     to finance the new regime.    692 00:31:43,968 --> 00:31:45,270   Anthea Nardi:                   But it's also possible          693 00:31:45,270 --> 00:31:47,705    that the Mauve Egg              survived liquidation.          694 00:31:47,705 --> 00:31:49,974    Even under the most           ruthless regimes,                695 00:31:49,974 --> 00:31:51,776   some people risked everything  696 00:31:51,776 --> 00:31:53,912    to protect Russia's              cultural heritage.            697 00:31:53,912 --> 00:31:55,914  Curators and officials             often hid treasures           698 00:31:55,914 --> 00:31:57,882 or smuggled them                    out of the country,           699 00:31:57,882 --> 00:31:59,717 though there's no                   proof the Mauve Egg           700 00:31:59,717 --> 00:32:01,119  was among those saved.          701 00:32:02,020 --> 00:32:04,322  The logistics of moving            such valuable items           702 00:32:04,322 --> 00:32:06,324  would have been                   meticulously planned           703 00:32:06,324 --> 00:32:08,559    and it's unlikely that they     would simply vanish.           704 00:32:10,328 --> 00:32:13,264   Narrator: Seven Fabergé eggs     remain missing today.          705 00:32:13,264 --> 00:32:16,935   Each one a priceless artifact    of a vanished world.           706 00:32:16,935 --> 00:32:19,971 Their stories continue to          captivate historians           707 00:32:19,971 --> 00:32:21,873    and treasure hunters alike.   708 00:32:22,573 --> 00:32:24,075   Anthea Nardi: Of the             missing Fabergé eggs,          709 00:32:24,075 --> 00:32:26,778    only two are known to have    survived the revolution.         710 00:32:26,778 --> 00:32:30,481  But every so often, a new clue  raises the thrilling possibility 711 00:32:30,481 --> 00:32:33,418  that more of these lost            treasures may yet be found.   712 00:32:34,953 --> 00:32:38,189  Adam Bunch: In 2012, the third   imperial egg turned up          713 00:32:38,189 --> 00:32:40,658 at a flea market                   in the United States,          714 00:32:40,658 --> 00:32:44,662  bought by a scrap metal dealer   for less than $14,000.          715 00:32:44,662 --> 00:32:48,599  He planned to sell it off to be melted down for its gold,        716 00:32:49,167 --> 00:32:54,339 until an expert valued it         at nearly $33 million.          717 00:32:54,339 --> 00:32:56,774   So if the third imperial egg    could resurface                 718 00:32:56,774 --> 00:33:00,678   in a flea market, then who's     to say the other missing eggs  719 00:33:00,678 --> 00:33:04,349 aren't still out there somewhere waiting to be discovered?        720 00:33:05,550 --> 00:33:08,753   Narrator: The mystery of the    Fabergé eggs is far from over.  721 00:33:08,753 --> 00:33:12,757   Somewhere out there, the next     clue waits to be uncovered.   722 00:33:12,757 --> 00:33:14,559    And, as history has shown,    723 00:33:14,559 --> 00:33:17,295    sometimes, the most             priceless treasures,           724 00:33:17,295 --> 00:33:20,498 are hidden in unexpected places. 725 00:33:23,768 --> 00:33:24,102    ♪♪                            726 00:33:24,102 --> 00:33:34,112    ♪♪                            727 00:33:34,112 --> 00:33:37,048  Narrator: In 1952, near          the northwestern shores         728 00:33:37,048 --> 00:33:39,484  of the Dead Sea                  in the Judaean desert,          729 00:33:39,484 --> 00:33:42,253    and deep in a cave               at Khirbat Qumran,            730 00:33:42,253 --> 00:33:44,155    the site where the            Dead Sea Scrolls                 731 00:33:44,155 --> 00:33:46,524 had first been discovered        five years prior,                732 00:33:46,524 --> 00:33:50,328    a startling new revelation     came to light.                  733 00:33:51,062 --> 00:33:54,032 Amma Agbedor: Tucked in a niche   behind a large stone            734 00:33:54,032 --> 00:33:57,568 and embedded in the dirt were    the two broken halves            735 00:33:57,568 --> 00:33:59,637    of a metal scroll.            736 00:34:00,204 --> 00:34:03,007  All the scrolls                   found at the Dead Sea          737 00:34:03,007 --> 00:34:06,144 up to that point,                   literally hundreds of them,   738 00:34:06,144 --> 00:34:08,479  in 11 different caves,          739 00:34:08,479 --> 00:34:12,884    had all been either             parchment or papyrus.          740 00:34:12,884 --> 00:34:16,387  But this scroll                 was solid copper!                741 00:34:18,389 --> 00:34:20,391  James Ellis: The scroll was so    ancient and corroded           742 00:34:20,391 --> 00:34:22,160  that it couldn't be unscrolled. 743 00:34:22,160 --> 00:34:24,262   It had to be cut into strips,  744 00:34:24,262 --> 00:34:26,230 which were placed                 edge-to-edge...                 745 00:34:26,230 --> 00:34:28,766   revealing a document            about eight feet long,          746 00:34:28,766 --> 00:34:30,668  dense with Hebrew text,         747 00:34:30,668 --> 00:34:33,337 composed by an anonymous author. 748 00:34:33,337 --> 00:34:36,874 It was a list, detailing          the contents of dozens          749 00:34:36,874 --> 00:34:38,976  of stashes of gold and silver,  750 00:34:38,976 --> 00:34:41,145   over a billion dollars' worth  751 00:34:41,145 --> 00:34:44,615   and giving clues as to where      each stash could be found.    752 00:34:46,150 --> 00:34:48,853 Adam Bunch: The first few           locations were deciphered,    753 00:34:48,853 --> 00:34:50,655    but the initial excavations   754 00:34:50,655 --> 00:34:53,391 didn't find any treasure at all. 755 00:34:53,391 --> 00:34:56,661  Still, people knew it would be     an immensely important find   756 00:34:56,661 --> 00:34:58,830   historically and culturally,   757 00:34:58,830 --> 00:35:01,165  not to mention                     the monetary value.           758 00:35:01,165 --> 00:35:03,034   So the search was on.          759 00:35:03,034 --> 00:35:06,170    Where was all this            gold and silver?                 760 00:35:06,170 --> 00:35:10,141 Who originally owned the          treasures of the Copper Scroll? 761 00:35:12,376 --> 00:35:14,278  Narrator: The original             "Dead Sea Scrolls"            762 00:35:14,278 --> 00:35:17,615   discovered by chance            in 1946 or '47,                 763 00:35:17,615 --> 00:35:20,651 are often said to contain        "biblical texts".                764 00:35:20,651 --> 00:35:22,687 But even that description        765 00:35:22,687 --> 00:35:24,355  isn't quite so simple.          766 00:35:25,490 --> 00:35:26,991 Anthea Nardi: The Dead Sea          Scrolls are believed          767 00:35:26,991 --> 00:35:30,695 to have been written between      200 BCE and 68 CE.              768 00:35:30,695 --> 00:35:33,931  That was about a thousand years before the earliest known Bible. 769 00:35:33,931 --> 00:35:35,900 Much of what was                  written in the Scrolls          770 00:35:35,900 --> 00:35:37,635  would then also                   show up in the Bible,          771 00:35:37,635 --> 00:35:39,137 about a millennium later.        772 00:35:39,137 --> 00:35:40,571  This was pre-biblical!          773 00:35:41,105 --> 00:35:43,908    A big find! Probably one of      the most important            774 00:35:43,908 --> 00:35:45,476  in modern archaeology.          775 00:35:46,377 --> 00:35:48,679 Amma Agbedor: The task of         deciphering the scrolls         776 00:35:48,679 --> 00:35:52,216   started immediately,              and continues to this day.    777 00:35:52,216 --> 00:35:54,118    It's been an uphill battle    778 00:35:54,118 --> 00:35:57,655 because most of the eight         to nine hundred scrolls         779 00:35:57,655 --> 00:35:59,557 were so old and brittle,         780 00:35:59,557 --> 00:36:02,093   that they've crumbled           into fragments,                 781 00:36:02,093 --> 00:36:04,662   about 15,000 of them,          782 00:36:04,662 --> 00:36:07,064    most of them tiny.            783 00:36:07,064 --> 00:36:09,400  It wasn't until the early '90s  784 00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,370  that a computer program         was finally able                 785 00:36:12,370 --> 00:36:15,139 to reconstruct one of the texts. 786 00:36:16,574 --> 00:36:18,809   James Ellis: So much has been  learned from the scrolls         787 00:36:18,809 --> 00:36:22,013  about culture, history,          and of course religion.         788 00:36:22,013 --> 00:36:26,684  The texts helped push the date    of a stabilized Hebrew Bible   789 00:36:26,684 --> 00:36:29,220  back to at least 70 CE;         790 00:36:29,220 --> 00:36:31,856  they helped reconstruct            Palestine's history           791 00:36:31,856 --> 00:36:35,927 from the 4th century BCE            to 135 CE;                    792 00:36:35,927 --> 00:36:38,863   and they've revealed a great      deal about the relationship   793 00:36:38,863 --> 00:36:41,332  between early Christian           and Jewish religions.          794 00:36:42,767 --> 00:36:44,769    Adam Bunch: How the              Dead Sea Scrolls came to be   795 00:36:44,769 --> 00:36:47,838 in those caves has been a         mystery from the start.         796 00:36:47,838 --> 00:36:50,374   Were they moved there          from a library somewhere,        797 00:36:50,374 --> 00:36:52,743   maybe to protect them          from some kind of threat?        798 00:36:52,743 --> 00:36:56,013    But even then, when           exactly were they moved?         799 00:36:56,013 --> 00:36:57,848   Who wrote them? Why?           800 00:36:57,848 --> 00:36:59,116  There's lots of debate,         801 00:36:59,116 --> 00:37:01,419    but all of those questions       remain unanswered.            802 00:37:03,754 --> 00:37:05,523  Narrator: The discovery           of the copper scroll           803 00:37:05,523 --> 00:37:08,326  introduced a whole new          set of questions.                804 00:37:09,727 --> 00:37:11,562 Anthea Nardi: For                 starters, the language.         805 00:37:11,562 --> 00:37:14,932  Most of the other scrolls, the   ones on papyrus and parchment,  806 00:37:14,932 --> 00:37:16,734   were written                      in literary Hebrew.           807 00:37:16,734 --> 00:37:19,937   The copper scroll's language      was closer to an early form   808 00:37:19,937 --> 00:37:22,039    of Mishnah,                    which was more casual.          809 00:37:22,506 --> 00:37:24,275  And, whoever inscribed the text 810 00:37:24,275 --> 00:37:26,410 got some of their                Hebrew letters mixed up.         811 00:37:27,311 --> 00:37:28,479   Amma Agbedor:                     It could be that the people   812 00:37:28,479 --> 00:37:30,314  who had the scroll made         813 00:37:30,314 --> 00:37:32,583    used an illiterate scribe,    814 00:37:32,583 --> 00:37:36,053    so they wouldn't know where      the treasures were hidden,    815 00:37:36,053 --> 00:37:38,990  and couldn't tell anyone else.  816 00:37:38,990 --> 00:37:41,325  Kind of a low-tech encryption,  817 00:37:41,325 --> 00:37:43,427    but also pretty ingenious.    818 00:37:45,663 --> 00:37:47,498   James Ellis: Stranger still,    the scroll was not even         819 00:37:47,498 --> 00:37:49,533    written entirely in Hebrew.   820 00:37:49,533 --> 00:37:52,570    There were some Greek words    used and even sequences         821 00:37:52,570 --> 00:37:56,374   of Greek letters that weren't    words, they looked like code.  822 00:37:58,276 --> 00:38:00,211    Narrator: The Copper Scroll   described riches                 823 00:38:00,211 --> 00:38:01,779 of immense value.                824 00:38:01,779 --> 00:38:05,283   Researchers tried to work out    the treasures' likely owners,  825 00:38:05,283 --> 00:38:07,985  based on proximity and history. 826 00:38:09,420 --> 00:38:11,656   Adam Bunch: One very popular    theory is that                  827 00:38:11,656 --> 00:38:14,859 the treasure belonged to         the Temple of Jerusalem,         828 00:38:14,859 --> 00:38:17,595 which wasn't even                   50 miles west of the caves.   829 00:38:17,595 --> 00:38:20,064  According to the Hebrew Bible,  830 00:38:20,064 --> 00:38:23,701   it was first built in 957 BCE  831 00:38:23,701 --> 00:38:25,736    and is said to have housed       the famous                    832 00:38:25,736 --> 00:38:27,471   Ark of the Covenant.           833 00:38:28,539 --> 00:38:31,809    So, the building certainly    had a high enough profile        834 00:38:31,809 --> 00:38:35,446  to be used to store staggering     amounts of gold and silver.   835 00:38:37,415 --> 00:38:38,949 Anthea Nardi: What seems            to be a catch here is that    836 00:38:38,949 --> 00:38:41,385  the Temple of Jerusalem         was looted and destroyed         837 00:38:41,385 --> 00:38:45,456    by the Babylonians               in 587 and 586 BCE,           838 00:38:45,456 --> 00:38:48,059  long before the                 copper scroll is believed        839 00:38:48,059 --> 00:38:51,262    to have been made,             but by 515 BCE,                 840 00:38:51,262 --> 00:38:53,497  the temple was rebuilt          on the same site,                841 00:38:53,497 --> 00:38:55,766  into the Second Temple            of Jerusalem.                  842 00:38:55,766 --> 00:38:58,703  And the Second Temple, while it no longer housed the Ark,        843 00:38:58,703 --> 00:39:01,739   was documented as having held  vast amounts of gold and silver. 844 00:39:03,407 --> 00:39:07,078  Amma Agbedor: The Second Temple stood intact until 70 CE,        845 00:39:07,078 --> 00:39:09,113   when the Romans destroyed it.  846 00:39:09,113 --> 00:39:11,882 And some believe                  that the copper scroll          847 00:39:11,882 --> 00:39:13,651 could have been inscribed        848 00:39:13,651 --> 00:39:15,820  a couple of years before that,  849 00:39:15,820 --> 00:39:17,788 in 68 CE.                        850 00:39:19,023 --> 00:39:21,325  James Ellis: There's a           troubling inconsistency         851 00:39:21,325 --> 00:39:22,760   with that suggestion, though.  852 00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:24,995    Historical records             from that time                  853 00:39:24,995 --> 00:39:27,631   claimed that when the Romans     destroyed the Second Temple,   854 00:39:27,631 --> 00:39:29,834   the treasure was still in it.  855 00:39:29,834 --> 00:39:32,870 And even if the gold and          silver had been removed         856 00:39:32,870 --> 00:39:35,005 and hidden before                   the Romans came in,           857 00:39:35,005 --> 00:39:37,308   it's hard to link the            location descriptions          858 00:39:37,308 --> 00:39:38,776    given in the Copper Scroll    859 00:39:38,776 --> 00:39:40,911   with the area                     around the Temple,            860 00:39:40,911 --> 00:39:43,080 or with Jerusalem itself.        861 00:39:43,814 --> 00:39:45,850   Narrator: If not the             Temple of Jerusalem,           862 00:39:45,850 --> 00:39:48,519   the Copper Scroll and           the riches it described         863 00:39:48,519 --> 00:39:52,156    may have had their origins    even closer to the caves.        864 00:39:52,990 --> 00:39:54,525    Adam Bunch:                    One theory suggests the owners  865 00:39:54,525 --> 00:39:56,660  of the Copper Scrolls treasures 866 00:39:56,660 --> 00:39:59,263   could have been the Essenes,    an ascetic Jewish sect          867 00:39:59,263 --> 00:40:00,664 who may have had                    a community within            868 00:40:00,664 --> 00:40:03,200  walking distance of the caves.  869 00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:06,570    Some believe they lived at    Qumran, in modern day Palestine, 870 00:40:06,570 --> 00:40:09,106  from about the 2nd century BCE, 871 00:40:09,106 --> 00:40:12,042 until the end of                    the 1st century CE.           872 00:40:12,042 --> 00:40:13,778   Those dates overlap with when  873 00:40:13,778 --> 00:40:16,180 the Copper Scroll                  might have been made,          874 00:40:16,180 --> 00:40:18,149    so some think maybe           the gold was part                875 00:40:18,149 --> 00:40:20,351  of the Essenes communal wealth. 876 00:40:21,886 --> 00:40:23,621  Anthea Nardi: Roman arrowheads   and evidence of burning         877 00:40:23,621 --> 00:40:26,357    were found at the ruins of    the Essenes' settlement,         878 00:40:26,357 --> 00:40:28,859  which rather ominously          supports the idea                879 00:40:28,859 --> 00:40:31,562  that they may have had            something the Romans wanted.   880 00:40:32,596 --> 00:40:34,498   Amma Agbedor: And the Essenes   didn't believe                  881 00:40:34,498 --> 00:40:36,300    in temple worship,            882 00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:39,069    so, while many communities     may have stored                 883 00:40:39,069 --> 00:40:40,738 their riches in a temple,        884 00:40:40,738 --> 00:40:44,108    the Essenes would have had     to find some other way          885 00:40:44,108 --> 00:40:46,544 to store whatever                wealth they had.                 886 00:40:46,544 --> 00:40:50,714    And find someplace               to hide it from the Romans.   887 00:40:50,714 --> 00:40:53,451 The Copper Scroll                   might have been describing    888 00:40:53,451 --> 00:40:55,052   their hiding places.           889 00:40:55,820 --> 00:40:57,388  James Ellis: The issue             with that theory is           890 00:40:57,388 --> 00:40:59,590   that the Essenes were          an ascetic sect.                 891 00:40:59,590 --> 00:41:02,726  They believed in manual           labor and seclusion.           892 00:41:02,726 --> 00:41:04,995   The copper alone that            went into the scroll           893 00:41:04,995 --> 00:41:07,364 would have been extremely           costly at the time.           894 00:41:07,364 --> 00:41:09,800  It can't be ruled out,          but it's hard to imagine         895 00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:12,570    that the Essenes possessed       the kind of material wealth   896 00:41:12,570 --> 00:41:14,605  described in the Copper Scroll. 897 00:41:15,439 --> 00:41:17,641 Narrator: If the Essenes            didn't hide the treasures,    898 00:41:17,641 --> 00:41:21,212 there was another group that was  more accustomed to subterfuge,  899 00:41:21,212 --> 00:41:22,980  and the necessities of hiding,  900 00:41:22,980 --> 00:41:25,182    and communicating in code.    901 00:41:25,182 --> 00:41:27,685    Adam Bunch: Another theory       claims that gold and silver   902 00:41:27,685 --> 00:41:31,655  could have belonged to and been  hidden by Jewish rebels         903 00:41:31,655 --> 00:41:35,493  who rose up against the Romans   around that same time,          904 00:41:35,493 --> 00:41:40,030   maybe during the first Jewish  revolt from 66 to 70 CE,         905 00:41:40,030 --> 00:41:41,732 or the Bar Kokhba revolt,        906 00:41:41,732 --> 00:41:45,836 the final war between the Jewish   people and the Roman Empire,   907 00:41:45,836 --> 00:41:49,840 which was fought between          132 and 136 CE.                 908 00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:53,310   Both of those date ranges are  within the realm of possibility, 909 00:41:53,310 --> 00:41:54,845    according to some scholars,   910 00:41:54,845 --> 00:41:57,882    based on what's known about     the age of the Copper Scroll.  911 00:41:58,983 --> 00:42:01,619    Anthea Nardi: Behaviorally,     this hypothesis fits;          912 00:42:01,619 --> 00:42:04,321 Jewish rebels were known            to hide themselves            913 00:42:04,321 --> 00:42:05,990    or their valuables             in safe rooms,                  914 00:42:05,990 --> 00:42:08,826  to keep the Romans from finding   them and to make sure          915 00:42:08,826 --> 00:42:11,061  they could access them           when necessary.                 916 00:42:11,061 --> 00:42:13,831   This helped fund and            sustain the resistance.         917 00:42:15,799 --> 00:42:18,636   Amma Agbedor: Interestingly,     a number of the cryptic clues  918 00:42:18,636 --> 00:42:21,438    the Copper Scroll contained      regarding the hiding places   919 00:42:21,438 --> 00:42:24,842 seemed to fit the                 area around the caves,          920 00:42:24,842 --> 00:42:29,947   and caves used by the Jewish   rebels have been located.        921 00:42:29,947 --> 00:42:33,183 And one of them,                    found in the 1960s,           922 00:42:33,183 --> 00:42:35,452  is called the "Cave of Letters" 923 00:42:35,452 --> 00:42:37,788  because several letters           were discovered in it          924 00:42:37,788 --> 00:42:40,457 from Bar Kochba,                    who was the leader            925 00:42:40,457 --> 00:42:42,226  of the last rebellion.          926 00:42:43,727 --> 00:42:45,629  James Ellis: Many of the caves    in the Judaean desert          927 00:42:45,629 --> 00:42:48,532  have been thoroughly excavated, but none of the treasures        928 00:42:48,532 --> 00:42:51,635  described by the Copper Scroll  have been found.                 929 00:42:51,635 --> 00:42:54,271   To some, the degree of wealth   described in the scroll         930 00:42:54,271 --> 00:42:56,607   seems like it might have been   beyond what the rebels          931 00:42:56,607 --> 00:42:59,810   could have gathered together,  but...who knows?                 932 00:43:01,078 --> 00:43:03,480 Narrator: The scholar and          historian of the day,          933 00:43:03,480 --> 00:43:06,317 Flavius Josephus,                wrote that after the war,        934 00:43:06,317 --> 00:43:08,886  Roman warriors                    dug up gold, silver,           935 00:43:08,886 --> 00:43:11,422 and other riches                  from the Jewish people,         936 00:43:11,422 --> 00:43:13,691    whether civilian citizens,       or rebels,                    937 00:43:13,691 --> 00:43:15,826    had tried in vain, to hide.   938 00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:19,430 Adam Bunch: What Josephus         wrote suggests at least         939 00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:21,665  two significant things.         940 00:43:21,665 --> 00:43:24,735 The gold and silver were          hidden from the Romans;         941 00:43:24,735 --> 00:43:27,638  and that some of it was found.  942 00:43:27,638 --> 00:43:31,041   But he didn't specify whether  all of it was discovered.        943 00:43:31,041 --> 00:43:34,678  So, if there's anything          the Romans didn't find,         944 00:43:34,678 --> 00:43:36,280 it could still be hidden         945 00:43:36,280 --> 00:43:37,715  wherever it was buried.         946 00:43:39,883 --> 00:43:41,485    Narrator: One person claims     to have found                  947 00:43:41,485 --> 00:43:44,021  at least two locations             near Qumran                   948 00:43:44,021 --> 00:43:47,458    that match what's described     by the Copper Scroll.          949 00:43:47,458 --> 00:43:49,026   Given the conflict and strife  950 00:43:49,026 --> 00:43:51,061   the region continues            to suffer from,                 951 00:43:51,061 --> 00:43:53,530  the local government is            not likely to grant           952 00:43:53,530 --> 00:43:56,200 excavation permits anytime soon. 953 00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:57,735   The Copper Scroll's secrets,   954 00:43:57,735 --> 00:43:59,737  and the treasures it describes, 955 00:43:59,737 --> 00:44:02,272  still await discovery.          956 00:44:02,272 --> 00:44:09,913    ♪♪                            957 00:44:11,949 --> 00:44:17,287    ♪♪                            113027

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