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Na
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Narr
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Narrat
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Narrator
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Narrator:
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Narrator: Fo
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Narrator: Four
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Narrator: Four s
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Narrator: Four sub
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Narrator: Four subma
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Narrator: Four submari
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Narrator: Four submarine
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Narrator: Four submarines
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Narrator: Four submarines
my
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Narrator: Four submarines
myst
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Narrator: Four submarines
myster
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Narrator: Four submarines
mysterio
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Narrator: Four submarines
mysterious
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Narrator: Four submarines
mysteriously
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Narrator: Four submarines
mysteriously v
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Narrator: Four submarines
mysteriously van
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Narrator: Four submarines
mysteriously vanis
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Narrator: Four submarines
mysteriously vanish
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without a trace.
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James Ellis: Four submarines,
each from a different nation,
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vanish, killing a combined
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318 sailors.
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Narrator: The location of
the tomb, of one of history's
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most feared rulers
remains a mystery.
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Amma Agbedor: His burial was
designed to be an
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act of erasure,
ensuring that no one,
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not even his closest followers,
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could reveal the location
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of his final resting place.
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So where is it?
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Narrator: The treasure
of one the world's most
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infamous pirates
is lost to time.
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Adam Bunch: Blackbeard's
fearsome image included
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his infamous Jolly Roger flag.
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A chilling symbol
of inevitable death.
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Anthea Nardi: With this
heavily armed ship,
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he unleashed terror
on the high seas,
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amassing a fortune that,
legend has it,
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remains hidden to this day.
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But if that's true, where
did he hide the treasure?
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♪ (show theme music) ♪
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Narrator: The chain of history
has many missing links.
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Prominent people.
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Priceless treasures.
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Extraordinary artifacts.
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Their locations still unknown.
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Lost to the fog of time.
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What happens when
stories of the past
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become...
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Vanished History.
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♪♪
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♪♪
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Narrator:
The great Genghis Khan,
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who ruled over millions and
reshaped the course of history,
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left behind one of the
world's greatest mysteries:
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the location of his tomb.
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James Ellis: Genghis Khan
wasn't just a conqueror,
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he was a force of nature.
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Born as Temujin around 1162,
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he unified the Mongol tribes
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and carved out an empire that
spanned around
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12 million square miles
at its peak,
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from the Pacific Ocean
to Eastern Europe.
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Adam Bunch: Surprisingly, there
are actually still debates
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about the exact cause
of Khan's death.
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Some say he died from injuries
after falling from his horse,
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from the plague,
from an infection,
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after being shot with an arrow.
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Some have even claimed
a Tangut princess
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from northwestern China
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stabbed or even castrated him.
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Anthea Nardi: Legend has it
that his soldiers buried him
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and killed anyone
in their path.
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Then they rode a thousand
horses over the ground
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to erase any sign of his grave
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and the 2,000 slaves who
took part in the burial
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were executed to keep the tomb's
location a secret forever.
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Amma Agbedor: His burial
was designed to be
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an act of erasure,
ensuring that no one,
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not even his closest followers,
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could reveal the location
of his final resting place.
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So where is it?
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Narrator: The search for the
tomb of Genghis Khan
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has become as vast as the
empire he once commanded,
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00:03:04,817 --> 00:03:07,754
fueling speculation that
his final resting place
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lies deep within the
lands he once ruled.
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Anthea Nardi: There
are countless stories
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about Genghis Khan's death,
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but most agree
that he died in August 1227,
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in modern-day Yinchuan,
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which is in northern China's
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
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Amma Agbedor: During his
conquests in Northwestern China,
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Khan spent considerable
time on the Ordos Plateau,
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a huge, windswept
stretch of desert
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bordered by the Yellow River
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and the southern edge
of the Great Wall.
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Narrator: The theory
that the Ordos Plateau
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was Gengis Khan's resting place
gained currency
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in the early 20th century
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when European explorers
publicized photographs
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of an ancient Mausoleum
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20 miles east of Yinchuan.
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Adam Bunch: The Western Xia
Mausoleums cover
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almost 20 square miles
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00:04:02,375 --> 00:04:05,945
with nine beehive shaped
imperial mausoleums.
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More than 250 other tombs
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for Tangut royals and officials.
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So it's an obvious
place to wonder about,
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whether Genghis Khan
could be buried somewhere
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in the vast complex,
especially given the connection
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00:04:19,525 --> 00:04:22,128
between the Mongols
and Western Xia.
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But no one seems to have found
any evidence to support it.
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Amma Agbedor: While the
Ordos theory is intriguing,
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it's unlikely Mongolia's
greatest leader
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would be buried in China.
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It's more likely that Genghis
Khan's grave is closer to home,
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hidden in plain sight,
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concealed by the land,
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just as he intended.
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Narrator: Mongolia is a land
of vast, untamed wilderness,
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spanning over
600,000 square miles
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of mostly uncharted,
undeveloped terrain,
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00:04:54,794 --> 00:04:57,797
with few roads and
a sparse population.
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James Ellis: In 1990,
a Japanese Mongolian project
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00:05:02,302 --> 00:05:04,237
called the
Three Rivers Expedition
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00:05:04,237 --> 00:05:06,372
focused on Genghis
Khan's birthplace
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in the Khentii Province,
where the Onon,
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Kherlen and Tuul rivers flow.
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00:05:10,877 --> 00:05:13,146
Using ultrasound technology,
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00:05:13,146 --> 00:05:16,616
1380 ancient graves
were discovered
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spread across the landscape.
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Anthea Nardi: Most historians
believe that Genghis Khan
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was born and raised
on the Onon River,
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00:05:23,923 --> 00:05:26,859
so it makes sense that he
might have chosen this area
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as his final resting place.
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Adam Bunch: The graves
they discovered there
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likely belonged
to Mongol nobles.
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The expedition was
also very controversial.
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There were public protests
by people who believed
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Khan's wishes
should be respected.
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The people shouldn't go
looking for his tomb.
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And in the end,
they put a stop to it.
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Narrator: While excavations
were prohibited
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00:05:50,350 --> 00:05:51,784
in the Khentii Province,
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00:05:51,784 --> 00:05:54,487
further west, the
same researchers studied
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00:05:54,487 --> 00:05:57,724
a 2,000-year-old cemetery
of Xiongnu Kings,
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in the Arkhangai
Province of Mongolia.
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Amma Agbedor: Historians
believe the Xiongnu
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were the ancestors
of the Mongols.
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If that's true, they might have
had similar burial practices,
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and unearthing their graves
would give us a better picture
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of what we're searching for.
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Adam Bunch: Those excavations
tell us that at least
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some Xiongnu Kings
were buried more than
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65 feet underground
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in log chambers, often marked by
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only a small square of stones.
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So if Khan was
buried like that,
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the main chamber would be
hidden deep underground
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and incredibly hard to find
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in all of the sprawling
Mongolian wilderness.
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Narrator: In 2001,
an amateur archaeologist
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who spent 40 years
searching for Khan's tomb,
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discovered a walled
burial site in Batshireet,
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a town nestled in
northern Khentii Province,
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about 200 miles
northeast of Ulaanbaatar.
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Amma Agbedor: Perhaps his
biggest breakthrough
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came at 'Chinggis' Castle'
or 'Red Rock',
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where he uncovered at least
20 unopened rectangular tombs
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atop a hill, each marked
by standing stones.
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At the base of the hill, they
found an additional 40 graves.
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The upper area was enclosed by
an imposing stone wall
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standing 9 to 12 feet tall
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and stretching for
2 miles around.
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James Ellis: The sheer scale
of the burial grounds
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and a roadway connecting the two
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suggests a site of
tremendous importance,
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and it's only a few miles
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from Genghis Khan's
probable birthplace,
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where he was also declared
emperor of the Mongols in 1206.
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But there's no concrete proof
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that Khan might be buried there.
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Narrator: In 2004,
a Japanese-Mongolian team
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uncovered Genghis Khan's palace,
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reigniting the search for his
final resting place.
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Anthea Nardi: The palace,
a square tent-like structure
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supported by wooden columns,
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00:08:06,719 --> 00:08:09,222
was uncovered alongside
porcelain fragments
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dated to Khan's era.
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The most exciting part, though,
is that ancient Chinese texts
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describe court officials making
daily journeys from this palace
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to a nearby mausoleum, possibly
where Khan was buried.
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Amma Agbedor:
But it seems unlikely
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00:08:23,903 --> 00:08:26,739
that he would have chosen
somewhere as obvious
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00:08:26,739 --> 00:08:30,076
as his palace for his
final resting place,
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00:08:30,076 --> 00:08:34,914
especially if he was determined
to keep the location a secret.
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Maybe the better place
to look for Khan's tomb,
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is where his epic
journey first began.
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Narrator: Burkhan Khaldun,
nestled in the rugged peaks
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of Khentii Province,
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is revered as Mongolia's
most sacred mountain
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and deeply intertwined with
the legacy of Genghis Khan.
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00:08:55,635 --> 00:08:57,670
James Ellis: Burkhan Khaldun
isn't just a mountain,
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00:08:57,670 --> 00:09:01,073
it's the spiritual core of
Genghis Khan's story,
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and a turning point
in his journey to power,
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00:09:03,809 --> 00:09:06,245
and a place he went for refuge.
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According to legend,
the mountain saved his life
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00:09:09,115 --> 00:09:13,085
as he escaped from the Merkid
tribe, and in gratitude,
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00:09:13,085 --> 00:09:16,222
he declared it the most
sacred mountain in Mongolia
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and promised to offer daily
prayers and sacrifices.
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Adam Bunch: Burkhan Khaldun,
became a symbol
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00:09:23,095 --> 00:09:26,999
of Genghis Khan's
survival and strength,
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00:09:26,999 --> 00:09:30,503
and he had a deep
spiritual bond with it.
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00:09:30,503 --> 00:09:32,672
So lots of people think
he might have chosen it
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00:09:32,672 --> 00:09:34,740
for his final resting place.
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00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:37,143
It became one of the
most popular theories.
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Amma Agbedor: High-status
figures like Khan
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were buried in elevated places,
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far from the reach
of ordinary people.
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00:09:44,717 --> 00:09:48,220
In the 1200s, the first
Mongol rulers of Persia
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00:09:48,220 --> 00:09:52,825
were laid to rest on mountain
peaks, in off-limits areas.
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00:09:52,825 --> 00:09:55,861
Khan likely received
the same honor.
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Narrator:
After Genghis Khan's death,
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a "Great Taboo", known as
Ikh Khorig in Mongolian,
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was pronounced over
a 92 square mile area
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00:10:05,805 --> 00:10:07,773
around Burkhan Khaldun,
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00:10:07,773 --> 00:10:09,976
sealing the region in secrecy.
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00:10:13,145 --> 00:10:15,715
Adam Bunch: For centuries,
the Ikh Khorig was off limits
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00:10:15,715 --> 00:10:18,618
to outsiders, a sacred place.
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00:10:18,618 --> 00:10:21,787
Only the Khan's family
were allowed to enter.
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00:10:21,787 --> 00:10:23,689
It was guarded by the Darkhad,
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00:10:23,689 --> 00:10:26,626
a group of elite warriors
and their descendants,
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00:10:26,626 --> 00:10:31,163
who protected its secrecy
for more than 700 years.
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00:10:31,163 --> 00:10:33,199
So it's no surprise
that many people think
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00:10:33,199 --> 00:10:36,602
Genghis Khan's tomb is
probably hidden there.
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00:10:37,837 --> 00:10:41,073
A. Nardi: According to legend,
around 500 Darkhad families
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00:10:41,073 --> 00:10:44,310
were chosen to safeguard the
secret location of Khan's tomb.
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00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:46,746
To this day, they are
considered the custodians
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00:10:46,746 --> 00:10:48,948
not only of Burkhan Khaldun,
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00:10:48,948 --> 00:10:51,183
but of Khan's eternal legacy.
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00:10:52,685 --> 00:10:54,687
Amma Agbedor: The mystery
deepens at the summit,
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00:10:54,687 --> 00:10:58,891
where Tengeriin Ovoo, or
'Heavenly Hill,' stands.
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00:10:58,891 --> 00:11:02,261
While it may look like
a simple pile of stones,
249
00:11:02,261 --> 00:11:07,099
some think this unassuming
site could hide Khan's tomb.
250
00:11:07,099 --> 00:11:10,836
But any attempt to explore
or search the area
251
00:11:10,836 --> 00:11:13,005
is virtually impossible.
252
00:11:14,907 --> 00:11:16,876
Narrator: Some historians
believe the focus
253
00:11:16,876 --> 00:11:20,279
on Burkhan Khaldun might have
been a masterful diversion,
254
00:11:20,279 --> 00:11:24,150
a way to lead us away
from his true burial site.
255
00:11:25,384 --> 00:11:27,920
James Ellis: Perhaps this was
his final act of control,
256
00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:29,889
disappearing from history
257
00:11:29,889 --> 00:11:32,658
just as he had commanded
during his life.
258
00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,395
Adam Bunch: In the end,
all signs point to the fact
259
00:11:36,395 --> 00:11:40,066
that Khan didn't want his final
resting place to be known.
260
00:11:40,066 --> 00:11:42,435
So maybe we should
respect his wishes
261
00:11:42,435 --> 00:11:44,136
and stop looking for it.
262
00:11:44,136 --> 00:11:47,440
But of course, it's not
surprising that people do,
263
00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:49,542
since it's human
nature to be curious
264
00:11:49,542 --> 00:11:51,077
and try to solve mysteries,
265
00:11:51,077 --> 00:11:54,513
especially when it
comes to a larger than life
266
00:11:54,513 --> 00:11:57,216
historical figure
like Genghis Khan.
267
00:11:58,084 --> 00:12:00,219
Narrator: Khan's tomb
remains one of history's
268
00:12:00,219 --> 00:12:03,823
greatest enigmas,
hidden by time, tradition,
269
00:12:03,823 --> 00:12:06,425
and the vast
expanse of Mongolia.
270
00:12:06,425 --> 00:12:10,062
Whether it's ever uncovered,
his legacy lives on,
271
00:12:10,062 --> 00:12:13,399
etched into the land
he once conquered.
272
00:12:16,102 --> 00:12:23,175
♪♪
273
00:12:23,175 --> 00:12:25,144
Narrator: He was a
terror on the seas,
274
00:12:25,144 --> 00:12:28,247
a name spoken in fear
across the Atlantic.
275
00:12:28,247 --> 00:12:31,450
Edward Teach, better
known as Blackbeard,
276
00:12:31,450 --> 00:12:34,887
was one of the most notorious
pirates of his time.
277
00:12:34,887 --> 00:12:36,889
With a ship armed to the teeth
278
00:12:36,889 --> 00:12:39,258
and a crew as ruthless
as their captain,
279
00:12:39,258 --> 00:12:42,194
Blackbeard carved a
path of destruction
280
00:12:42,194 --> 00:12:45,097
from the Caribbean,
to the American coastline.
281
00:12:47,199 --> 00:12:49,001
Alison Leonard: Blackbeard was
the most infamous pirate
282
00:12:49,001 --> 00:12:50,836
in the Golden Age of Piracy.
283
00:12:50,836 --> 00:12:53,506
But his reputation wasn't
built on violence alone.
284
00:12:53,506 --> 00:12:56,041
Intimidation was
his greatest weapon.
285
00:12:56,041 --> 00:12:58,310
He rarely killed unless
absolutely necessary,
286
00:12:58,310 --> 00:13:00,012
instead relying on his
fearsome appearance
287
00:13:00,012 --> 00:13:01,747
to break his enemies' will.
288
00:13:03,883 --> 00:13:06,152
James Ellis: He wore black
ribbons in his beard,
289
00:13:06,152 --> 00:13:08,721
carried six pistols,
and lit fuses
290
00:13:08,721 --> 00:13:10,790
beneath his hat before battle,
291
00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:13,759
dangling some of them
down the sides of his face
292
00:13:13,759 --> 00:13:16,996
to surround it with a
halo of smoke and fire.
293
00:13:16,996 --> 00:13:19,565
He created
a terrifying spectacle
294
00:13:19,565 --> 00:13:21,467
that often caused his opponents
295
00:13:21,467 --> 00:13:23,502
to surrender without a fight.
296
00:13:25,471 --> 00:13:28,574
Adam Bunch: Blackbeard's
fearsome image included
297
00:13:28,574 --> 00:13:30,910
his infamous Jolly Roger flag.
298
00:13:30,910 --> 00:13:33,746
A skeleton holding an hourglass
299
00:13:33,746 --> 00:13:36,882
and a spear aimed at
a bleeding heart,
300
00:13:36,882 --> 00:13:39,885
a chilling symbol threatening
inevitable death.
301
00:13:41,187 --> 00:13:43,455
Anthea Nardi: In 1717,
Blackbeard captured
302
00:13:43,455 --> 00:13:46,292
the French slave ship
La Concorde off Martinique
303
00:13:46,292 --> 00:13:48,194
and quickly transformed
the vessel,
304
00:13:48,194 --> 00:13:51,163
adding 26 guns to
its existing 14
305
00:13:51,163 --> 00:13:53,732
and renaming it
Queen Anne's Revenge.
306
00:13:53,732 --> 00:13:55,601
With this heavily armed ship,
307
00:13:55,601 --> 00:13:57,570
he unleashed terror
on the high seas,
308
00:13:57,570 --> 00:14:00,072
amassing a fortune that,
legend has it,
309
00:14:00,072 --> 00:14:02,208
remains hidden to this day.
310
00:14:02,208 --> 00:14:05,177
But if that's true, where
did he hide the treasure?
311
00:14:06,045 --> 00:14:08,247
Narrator: Blackbeard's
journey to piracy began
312
00:14:08,247 --> 00:14:10,983
as a privateer during
Queen Anne's War,
313
00:14:10,983 --> 00:14:13,586
when Britain and other
imperial powers
314
00:14:13,586 --> 00:14:16,155
fought for control
of North America.
315
00:14:17,389 --> 00:14:19,725
James Ellis: Privateers like
Blackbeard were authorized
316
00:14:19,725 --> 00:14:23,062
to plunder enemy ships
and seize valuable cargo
317
00:14:23,062 --> 00:14:26,699
under what were called "letters
of marque" from the Crown.
318
00:14:26,699 --> 00:14:29,134
During that time,
he honed skills
319
00:14:29,134 --> 00:14:31,103
that would later propel
him to infamy,
320
00:14:31,103 --> 00:14:33,472
as the scourge
of the Atlantic Ocean.
321
00:14:35,875 --> 00:14:37,176
Alison Leonard: Queen Anne's
War gave Blackbeard his
322
00:14:37,176 --> 00:14:39,945
first taste of raiding,
but when the war ended,
323
00:14:39,945 --> 00:14:42,181
so did the opportunities
for legal privateering.
324
00:14:42,181 --> 00:14:46,185
Like many former privateers,
Blackbeard turned to piracy.
325
00:14:47,052 --> 00:14:49,221
Narrator:
As Blackbeard's legend grew,
326
00:14:49,221 --> 00:14:52,191
so did the legends surrounding
his hidden fortune.
327
00:14:52,191 --> 00:14:55,094
One of the most enduring stories
centers on the place
328
00:14:55,094 --> 00:14:58,264
where his reign of terror
came to an abrupt halt.
329
00:15:00,799 --> 00:15:02,801
Anthea Nardi: In May 1718,
Blackbeard launched
330
00:15:02,801 --> 00:15:04,303
one of his boldest moves,
331
00:15:04,303 --> 00:15:07,072
blockading the Port of
Charleston, South Carolina.
332
00:15:07,072 --> 00:15:10,276
Over the course of a week, he
captured at least eight ships,
333
00:15:10,276 --> 00:15:14,079
took hostages, and struck fear
in the heart of the colony.
334
00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:17,449
But as he later sailed towards
North Carolina, disaster struck.
335
00:15:19,351 --> 00:15:21,620
Adam Bunch: The Queen Anne's
Revenge ran aground
336
00:15:21,620 --> 00:15:23,822
on a sandbank near
Beaufort Inlet,
337
00:15:23,822 --> 00:15:27,126
and though Blackbeard escaped,
his ship was lost.
338
00:15:28,594 --> 00:15:30,029
Alison Leonard: Interestingly,
some have suggested
339
00:15:30,029 --> 00:15:31,597
the wreck was no accident.
340
00:15:31,597 --> 00:15:34,900
Blackbeard wasn't just a
pirate, he was a strategist.
341
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:36,769
Evidence suggests
that the grounding
342
00:15:36,769 --> 00:15:40,506
of the Queen Anne's Revenge was
a 'nonviolent wreck event',
343
00:15:40,506 --> 00:15:43,075
meaning it may have been a
deliberate, calculated move
344
00:15:43,075 --> 00:15:45,277
to offload his treasure
before abandoning the ship.
345
00:15:49,381 --> 00:15:51,483
Narrator: Years of exploration
have revealed
346
00:15:51,483 --> 00:15:55,054
fascinating artifacts from
Blackbeard's pirate life,
347
00:15:55,054 --> 00:15:57,823
including many of the
ship's 40 cannons.
348
00:15:57,823 --> 00:16:00,392
but there has been no sign
of the vast wealth
349
00:16:00,392 --> 00:16:02,094
the legend suggests.
350
00:16:05,364 --> 00:16:07,099
Anthea Nardi: Extensive
excavations at the site
351
00:16:07,099 --> 00:16:08,701
of Queen Anne's Revenge
have uncovered
352
00:16:08,701 --> 00:16:12,304
thousands of artifacts, but
only a sprinkling of gold dust,
353
00:16:12,304 --> 00:16:14,173
nothing close to the
immense treasure
354
00:16:14,173 --> 00:16:16,342
Blackbeard is said
to have buried.
355
00:16:17,142 --> 00:16:19,812
It's possible that the real
treasure may have been hidden
356
00:16:19,812 --> 00:16:21,780
long before the shipwreck
357
00:16:21,780 --> 00:16:23,782
or he never stored valuables
358
00:16:23,782 --> 00:16:25,617
aboard the
Queen Anne's Revenge at all.
359
00:16:27,519 --> 00:16:29,922
Narrator: While Beaufort Inlet
may have marked the end
360
00:16:29,922 --> 00:16:32,358
of Blackbeard's flagship,
some believe
361
00:16:32,358 --> 00:16:36,495
the notorious pirate's treasure
lies much closer to home.
362
00:16:37,596 --> 00:16:39,298
Alison Leonard: After the Queen
Anne's Revenge ran aground,
363
00:16:39,298 --> 00:16:41,400
Blackbeard took command
of a smaller vessel,
364
00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,336
allowing him to continue his
piracy with a more agile crew.
365
00:16:44,336 --> 00:16:46,372
He soon sailed to
North Carolina,
366
00:16:46,372 --> 00:16:48,007
where he promised
to give up piracy
367
00:16:48,007 --> 00:16:50,442
in exchange for a pardon
from Governor Charles Eden.
368
00:16:51,577 --> 00:16:53,545
Adam Bunch: He even attempted
a respectable life there,
369
00:16:53,545 --> 00:16:56,382
in the town of Bath,
marrying a local woman,
370
00:16:56,382 --> 00:16:59,518
said by some to be
his 14th wife.
371
00:16:59,518 --> 00:17:01,186
Some people
like to say that during
372
00:17:01,186 --> 00:17:03,288
that brief moment of peace,
373
00:17:03,288 --> 00:17:06,325
Blackbeard could have hidden
his greatest treasure
374
00:17:06,325 --> 00:17:10,229
along the eastern shores of
Bath Creek at Plum Point.
375
00:17:11,330 --> 00:17:13,432
Anthea Nardi: Bath wasn't
just a quiet colonial town
376
00:17:13,432 --> 00:17:16,769
for Blackbeard, it was his
chance to reinvent himself.
377
00:17:16,769 --> 00:17:18,337
Under the protection
of the Governor,
378
00:17:18,337 --> 00:17:20,472
he saw an opportunity
to go straight,
379
00:17:20,472 --> 00:17:22,674
and distance himself
from his life of crime.
380
00:17:23,742 --> 00:17:26,545
James Ellis: The royal pardon,
issued under King George I,
381
00:17:26,545 --> 00:17:29,248
was designed to grant
amnesty to pirates
382
00:17:29,248 --> 00:17:31,483
willing to give up
their lawless ways.
383
00:17:31,483 --> 00:17:34,386
For Blackbeard, this was a
chance to settle down
384
00:17:34,386 --> 00:17:37,222
and enjoy the wealth he had
amassed over the years,
385
00:17:37,222 --> 00:17:40,192
but rumors persisted
that his pirating days
386
00:17:40,192 --> 00:17:41,727
were far from over.
387
00:17:44,530 --> 00:17:47,299
Narrator: One particular site
of interest was a field
388
00:17:47,299 --> 00:17:50,803
where Blackbeard reportedly set
up a tar pit or 'kettle',
389
00:17:50,803 --> 00:17:54,173
which was used to make wood tar
in the early eighteenth century,
390
00:17:54,173 --> 00:17:56,208
to seal the hulls of ships.
391
00:17:58,777 --> 00:18:00,345
Anthea Nardi: According to
residents and researchers,
392
00:18:00,345 --> 00:18:02,448
the field once held
a brick structure,
393
00:18:02,448 --> 00:18:04,183
believed to have been
used by Blackbeard
394
00:18:04,183 --> 00:18:06,185
to render wood tar
for his ships.
395
00:18:06,185 --> 00:18:08,287
It's possible that
while building it,
396
00:18:08,287 --> 00:18:11,056
he also dug a perfect hiding
spot for his treasure.
397
00:18:12,224 --> 00:18:14,359
Adam Bunch: A frustrated
farmer who owned the land,
398
00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:16,795
eventually demolished the kettle
399
00:18:16,795 --> 00:18:18,530
to keep the treasure
hunters away.
400
00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:21,400
The site has still
continued to attract them,
401
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:24,803
one of whom claimed to have
unearthed a brick vault
402
00:18:24,803 --> 00:18:27,106
buried eight feet
beneath the sand,
403
00:18:27,106 --> 00:18:30,142
containing a chest
of Spanish gold.
404
00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:32,444
James Ellis:
But with no authentication,
405
00:18:32,444 --> 00:18:34,446
and the chest never found again,
406
00:18:34,446 --> 00:18:36,882
the mystery of
Blackbeard's fortune
407
00:18:36,882 --> 00:18:38,984
remains as elusive as ever.
408
00:18:38,984 --> 00:18:41,386
The question is,
if it's not in Bath,
409
00:18:41,386 --> 00:18:44,423
could it be hidden
somewhere far more remote,
410
00:18:44,423 --> 00:18:46,625
in a place only Blackbeard knew?
411
00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,463
Narrator: It wasn't long before
Blackbeard returned to the seas.
412
00:18:51,463 --> 00:18:55,467
His quest for power ultimately
brought him to a new refuge,
413
00:18:55,467 --> 00:18:58,570
a remote island where he
would make his last stand.
414
00:19:00,038 --> 00:19:01,940
Alison Leonard:
By the end of August 1718,
415
00:19:01,940 --> 00:19:03,408
Blackbeard had resumed piracy,
416
00:19:03,408 --> 00:19:05,377
and after stealing
several French ships,
417
00:19:05,377 --> 00:19:06,979
the Governor of the
Province of Pennsylvania
418
00:19:06,979 --> 00:19:08,480
issued a warrant for his arrest.
419
00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:10,883
He eventually made his
way to Ocracoke Island,
420
00:19:10,883 --> 00:19:12,718
a remote, windswept
stretch of land
421
00:19:12,718 --> 00:19:14,219
off the coast of North Carolina.
422
00:19:15,387 --> 00:19:17,189
Adam Bunch:
For Blackbeard and his men,
423
00:19:17,189 --> 00:19:19,858
Ocracoke was the ideal hideout.
424
00:19:19,858 --> 00:19:23,061
It was isolated, surrounded
by treacherous waters,
425
00:19:23,061 --> 00:19:25,330
and far from prying eyes.
426
00:19:25,330 --> 00:19:27,366
Blackbeard regrouped there,
427
00:19:27,366 --> 00:19:30,836
knowing the British
Royal Navy was closing in.
428
00:19:30,836 --> 00:19:32,838
So if you believe
in the treasure,
429
00:19:32,838 --> 00:19:35,807
you might think he used
this time to stash it,
430
00:19:35,807 --> 00:19:37,276
somewhere on the island
431
00:19:37,276 --> 00:19:39,411
before his final battle.
432
00:19:40,612 --> 00:19:43,115
Narrator: Ocracoke was
a famous pirate haven,
433
00:19:43,115 --> 00:19:45,751
offering easy access to
British shipping lanes
434
00:19:45,751 --> 00:19:48,654
coming to the New World,
but remote enough that
435
00:19:48,654 --> 00:19:52,391
authorities did not have control
over it during colonial times.
436
00:19:53,859 --> 00:19:56,428
James Ellis: Ocracoke
wasn't just a random hideout.
437
00:19:56,428 --> 00:19:58,997
Blackbeard
knew these waters well.
438
00:19:58,997 --> 00:20:01,233
The shallow inlets
made it impossible
439
00:20:01,233 --> 00:20:03,168
for larger ships to follow,
440
00:20:03,168 --> 00:20:05,904
giving him a strategic
advantage.
441
00:20:05,904 --> 00:20:08,173
Its isolation
allowed him to evade
442
00:20:08,173 --> 00:20:10,576
the growing threat
of the Royal Navy,
443
00:20:10,576 --> 00:20:13,779
while secretly
continuing his operations.
444
00:20:13,779 --> 00:20:15,314
During this period of calm,
445
00:20:15,314 --> 00:20:18,317
it's likely he secured
whatever treasure he had
446
00:20:18,317 --> 00:20:20,786
before the final confrontation.
447
00:20:22,287 --> 00:20:24,423
Anthea Nardi: Blackbeard's prior
unchecked presence in Bath
448
00:20:24,423 --> 00:20:27,759
had infuriated Virginia's
Governor Alexander Spotswood,
449
00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:30,529
especially after the
siege on Charleston.
450
00:20:30,529 --> 00:20:33,498
Spotswood suspected collusion
between Blackbeard
451
00:20:33,498 --> 00:20:35,534
and North Carolina's
Governor Eden,
452
00:20:35,534 --> 00:20:38,337
whose pardon of the pirate
only fueled the tension.
453
00:20:39,738 --> 00:20:41,206
Alison Leonard: Governor
Spotswood would not stand
454
00:20:41,206 --> 00:20:42,674
for piracy in his waters.
455
00:20:42,674 --> 00:20:44,910
He summoned Captains of the
British Royal Navy
456
00:20:44,910 --> 00:20:47,512
to discuss a strategy for
bringing Blackbeard to justice
457
00:20:47,512 --> 00:20:49,281
and, as an additional incentive,
458
00:20:49,281 --> 00:20:51,917
Spotswood offered a bounty
for the pirate's capture.
459
00:20:51,917 --> 00:20:54,653
100 pounds, dead or alive.
460
00:20:55,887 --> 00:20:58,624
Narrator: Ocracoke Island became
the stage for one of the most
461
00:20:58,624 --> 00:21:02,227
legendary confrontations
in pirate history.
462
00:21:02,227 --> 00:21:05,897
In November 1718,
British forces led by
463
00:21:05,897 --> 00:21:08,667
Lieutenant Robert Maynard,
ambushed Blackbeard
464
00:21:08,667 --> 00:21:11,470
in the treacherous waters
off the coast.
465
00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:14,806
Anthea Nardi: It was
a fierce, bloody battle.
466
00:21:14,806 --> 00:21:17,442
Blackbeard was shot and
slashed multiple times
467
00:21:17,442 --> 00:21:18,844
before he finally fell.
468
00:21:18,844 --> 00:21:21,446
In a brutal display,
his head was severed
469
00:21:21,446 --> 00:21:24,316
and mounted on the bowsprit
of Maynard's ship,
470
00:21:24,316 --> 00:21:26,785
a grim warning to anyone
who dared follow
471
00:21:26,785 --> 00:21:28,654
in Blackbeard's
notorious footsteps.
472
00:21:30,255 --> 00:21:32,157
Adam Bunch: After
Blackbeard's death,
473
00:21:32,157 --> 00:21:34,726
Maynard's men
scoured the island,
474
00:21:34,726 --> 00:21:36,862
searching through the
difficult terrain,
475
00:21:36,862 --> 00:21:41,566
hidden coves, for any
trace of the pirate fortune.
476
00:21:41,566 --> 00:21:45,170
But they found nothing of
any unusually great value.
477
00:21:45,170 --> 00:21:48,473
Just sugar, coca,
indigo and cotton.
478
00:21:49,541 --> 00:21:51,009
James Ellis: There's
an enduring legend
479
00:21:51,009 --> 00:21:54,212
that when Blackbeard's crew was
questioned after his death,
480
00:21:54,212 --> 00:21:55,714
they famously said,
481
00:21:55,714 --> 00:21:59,484
'Only he and the Devil know
where the treasure is.'
482
00:21:59,484 --> 00:22:03,255
This cryptic remark has driven
treasure hunters for centuries.
483
00:22:03,255 --> 00:22:06,591
The island's history and
Blackbeard's reputation
484
00:22:06,591 --> 00:22:09,795
make it one of the most
intriguing possible locations.
485
00:22:09,795 --> 00:22:12,564
But so far, nothing
has been found.
486
00:22:13,532 --> 00:22:15,701
Narrator: Another theory,
one that's most likely
487
00:22:15,701 --> 00:22:18,670
closest to the truth,
maintains that the idea of
488
00:22:18,670 --> 00:22:22,641
Blackbeard's hidden treasure,
is nothing more than legend.
489
00:22:23,475 --> 00:22:25,110
Anthea Nardi: The myth of
buried pirate treasure
490
00:22:25,110 --> 00:22:26,945
often overshadows the reality.
491
00:22:26,945 --> 00:22:29,848
In truth, pirates like
Blackbeard likely spent
492
00:22:29,848 --> 00:22:32,317
their wealth quickly
after plundering it.
493
00:22:32,317 --> 00:22:34,686
Another issue is that
even a small sea chest
494
00:22:34,686 --> 00:22:38,323
filled with gold, would
weigh nearly 5,000 pounds.
495
00:22:38,323 --> 00:22:40,025
That's a lot of
weight for pirates
496
00:22:40,025 --> 00:22:41,727
to lug around a sandy beach.
497
00:22:42,661 --> 00:22:44,096
Alison Leonard: At the
time of Blackbeard's death,
498
00:22:44,096 --> 00:22:47,866
his possessions were valued at
only 2,500 pounds sterling.
499
00:22:47,866 --> 00:22:49,968
It's hardly the grand
fortune we associate
500
00:22:49,968 --> 00:22:53,505
with legendary pirates like
Captain Kidd or Henry Every,
501
00:22:53,505 --> 00:22:55,674
whose plunder reached
tens of thousands of pounds.
502
00:22:56,708 --> 00:22:58,877
James Ellis: This raises
an intriguing question:
503
00:22:58,877 --> 00:23:02,581
Did Blackbeard use the
myth of untold riches
504
00:23:02,581 --> 00:23:04,816
to fuel his power and influence?
505
00:23:04,816 --> 00:23:07,619
Perhaps there was never
a vast treasure at all,
506
00:23:07,619 --> 00:23:10,422
just a clever illusion
that kept his crew loyal
507
00:23:10,422 --> 00:23:12,090
and his enemies at bay.
508
00:23:13,558 --> 00:23:15,727
Narrator: The legend of
Blackbeard's hidden riches
509
00:23:15,727 --> 00:23:18,864
has captivated treasure
hunters for centuries.
510
00:23:18,864 --> 00:23:22,134
Even without hard evidence,
the search continues,
511
00:23:22,134 --> 00:23:25,537
fueled by the possibility that
somewhere out there,
512
00:23:25,537 --> 00:23:28,940
the rumored fortune of the
world's most feared pirate,
513
00:23:28,940 --> 00:23:30,842
awaits discovery.
514
00:23:32,878 --> 00:23:32,911
♪♪
515
00:23:32,911 --> 00:23:41,086
♪♪
516
00:23:41,086 --> 00:23:44,990
Narrator: In the mid-first
century BCE, the Ninth Legion,
517
00:23:44,990 --> 00:23:47,926
more than 5,000 of
Rome's fiercest fighters,
518
00:23:47,926 --> 00:23:51,096
stormed into Britain,
establishing the region
519
00:23:51,096 --> 00:23:53,432
as its base for generations.
520
00:23:53,432 --> 00:23:56,435
They quashed rebellions and
left their indelible mark
521
00:23:56,435 --> 00:23:57,769
everywhere they went.
522
00:23:59,504 --> 00:24:00,772
Alison Leonard: The Ninth
was one of Rome's oldest
523
00:24:00,772 --> 00:24:03,208
and most respected
elite legions.
524
00:24:03,208 --> 00:24:05,877
Disciplined, loyal, experienced.
525
00:24:05,877 --> 00:24:08,413
They fought in just about
every major Roman conflict,
526
00:24:08,413 --> 00:24:10,382
and it's all traceable.
527
00:24:11,616 --> 00:24:15,053
Adam Bunch: Evidence of the
Ninth Legion and its exploits
528
00:24:15,053 --> 00:24:18,757
are all over the historical
and archaeological records.
529
00:24:18,757 --> 00:24:22,494
Until, suddenly, it's just not.
530
00:24:22,494 --> 00:24:26,665
The entire Legion seems to
disappear from history.
531
00:24:26,665 --> 00:24:30,869
More then 5,000
living, breathing men,
532
00:24:30,869 --> 00:24:33,905
their weapons,
their armor...gone!
533
00:24:35,707 --> 00:24:38,376
Amma Agbedor: The Ninth's fate
has been a point
534
00:24:38,376 --> 00:24:41,780
of intensive investigation
and fierce debate,
535
00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:44,616
among historians for centuries.
536
00:24:44,616 --> 00:24:47,185
But the one thing
everyone agrees on
537
00:24:47,185 --> 00:24:49,888
is that something is not right.
538
00:24:49,888 --> 00:24:54,059
So what happened to Rome's
legendary Ninth Legion?
539
00:24:55,126 --> 00:24:57,028
Narrator: The Legion began
its storied career
540
00:24:57,028 --> 00:25:00,198
close to home, establishing
itself as a force
541
00:25:00,198 --> 00:25:02,534
for putting down insurrections.
542
00:25:03,635 --> 00:25:05,203
James Ellis: The first
historical mention
543
00:25:05,203 --> 00:25:08,206
of the Ninth Legion is regarding
their participation
544
00:25:08,206 --> 00:25:10,342
in what's known as
the Social War,
545
00:25:10,342 --> 00:25:12,344
a rebellion
in the South of Italy
546
00:25:12,344 --> 00:25:14,846
that they crushed in 90 BCE.
547
00:25:16,047 --> 00:25:17,415
Alison Leonard: Within
a couple of generations,
548
00:25:17,415 --> 00:25:19,117
the Ninth Legion fought
in the Gallic Wars,
549
00:25:19,117 --> 00:25:21,920
under Julius Caesar,
and were so trusted by him,
550
00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:24,422
that they became known as
"Caesar's Legion."
551
00:25:24,422 --> 00:25:27,092
A few years later, in 55 BCE,
552
00:25:27,092 --> 00:25:29,828
Caesar used them for Rome's
first invasion of Britain.
553
00:25:30,962 --> 00:25:35,800
Adam Bunch: But then something
odd happened in 45 BCE.
554
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:38,770
After they were sent to fight
in a civil war back home,
555
00:25:38,770 --> 00:25:41,172
and then put down a
rebellion in Africa,
556
00:25:41,172 --> 00:25:44,109
Caesar retired the Legion.
557
00:25:44,109 --> 00:25:47,245
He disbanded it and pensioned
off all its veterans.
558
00:25:48,380 --> 00:25:49,948
Amma Agbedor:
The very next year,
559
00:25:49,948 --> 00:25:54,252
Caesar was assassinated
and his heir, Octavian,
560
00:25:54,252 --> 00:25:56,955
reformed the Ninth Legion.
561
00:25:56,955 --> 00:25:59,758
They proved themselves
to be so effective
562
00:25:59,758 --> 00:26:02,160
in the conquest of
part of Spain,
563
00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:03,895
that from that point forward,
564
00:26:03,895 --> 00:26:06,264
"Hispana" was added
to their name,
565
00:26:06,264 --> 00:26:09,367
becoming "Legio Nine Hispana."
566
00:26:09,367 --> 00:26:11,503
Ultimately, they
returned to Britain,
567
00:26:11,503 --> 00:26:13,772
one of four Roman legions needed
568
00:26:13,772 --> 00:26:16,775
to quell a resistance
by Celtic tribes.
569
00:26:17,842 --> 00:26:20,412
Narrator: By 71 CE,
the Ninth Legion
570
00:26:20,412 --> 00:26:22,581
was stationed in Eboracum,
571
00:26:22,581 --> 00:26:25,016
and it was their
responsibility to oversee
572
00:26:25,016 --> 00:26:27,719
and secure Britain's
northern territories,
573
00:26:27,719 --> 00:26:30,822
including Caledonia
- ancient Scotland.
574
00:26:32,190 --> 00:26:34,492
James Ellis: Caledonia
was considered dangerous,
575
00:26:34,492 --> 00:26:36,828
volatile and unpredictable.
576
00:26:36,828 --> 00:26:38,697
Most of Rome's legions
were based
577
00:26:38,697 --> 00:26:40,599
in the southern part of Britain
578
00:26:40,599 --> 00:26:44,936
and made forays into
Caledonia only when necessary.
579
00:26:44,936 --> 00:26:48,540
The Ninth was the go-to legion
for that hazardous work,
580
00:26:48,540 --> 00:26:51,109
for at least the
next two generations.
581
00:26:52,344 --> 00:26:54,179
Alison Leonard: We know that
the Ninth was still present
582
00:26:54,179 --> 00:26:56,081
in northern Britain in 108 CE
583
00:26:56,081 --> 00:26:58,883
because in the mid-19th century,
workers digging a drain
584
00:26:58,883 --> 00:27:00,952
near what's now York,
in northern England
585
00:27:00,952 --> 00:27:03,788
found a square stone slab
over three feet across,
586
00:27:03,788 --> 00:27:05,890
with an inscription. It reads:
587
00:27:05,890 --> 00:27:07,926
"The Ninth Hispana Legion
rebuilt the fort,
588
00:27:07,926 --> 00:27:11,062
for the Emperor."
It's dated to 108 CE.
589
00:27:11,062 --> 00:27:13,598
So we know the Ninth Legion
was there at that time.
590
00:27:15,066 --> 00:27:18,470
Adam Bunch: By 122 CE,
things were going poorly enough
591
00:27:18,470 --> 00:27:20,538
for the Romans in Caledonia
592
00:27:20,538 --> 00:27:22,841
that reigning Emperor Hadrian
593
00:27:22,841 --> 00:27:25,644
traveled to Britain in person,
594
00:27:25,644 --> 00:27:29,414
taking another legion,
the Sixth Beatrix with him.
595
00:27:29,414 --> 00:27:31,316
He was building a wall.
596
00:27:31,316 --> 00:27:33,718
And not just any wall.
597
00:27:33,718 --> 00:27:35,920
Hadrian's Wall
was going to divide
598
00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:40,191
the island of Britain in two,
separating the Romans
599
00:27:40,191 --> 00:27:43,261
and the so-called
barbarians to the north.
600
00:27:44,496 --> 00:27:47,966
Amma Agbedor: All military units
were needed to build the wall,
601
00:27:47,966 --> 00:27:52,303
thousands of soldiers,
working for at least six years.
602
00:27:52,303 --> 00:27:54,539
Each Legion 'signed' the wall
603
00:27:54,539 --> 00:27:58,176
with engraved plaques
and stamped bricks:
604
00:27:58,176 --> 00:27:59,611
The Second Legion,
605
00:27:59,611 --> 00:28:02,847
the Sixth Victrix, and the 20th.
606
00:28:02,847 --> 00:28:07,652
Yet no part of the wall bears
the mark of the Ninth Legion.
607
00:28:07,652 --> 00:28:11,256
So we know the Ninth
was there in 108 CE,
608
00:28:11,256 --> 00:28:14,659
but by 122 CE, they were gone.
609
00:28:14,659 --> 00:28:15,994
What happened to them?
610
00:28:18,029 --> 00:28:21,733
Narrator: Marcus Cornelius
Fronto, an historian of the day,
611
00:28:21,733 --> 00:28:24,135
wrote that during
Emperor Hadrian's reign,
612
00:28:24,135 --> 00:28:27,205
"the Britons could not be kept
under Roman control,"
613
00:28:27,205 --> 00:28:29,607
and that large numbers
of Roman soldiers
614
00:28:29,607 --> 00:28:31,109
had been killed by them.
615
00:28:32,310 --> 00:28:34,913
James Ellis: Given that Hadrian
and the Sixth Legion
616
00:28:34,913 --> 00:28:39,784
took up residence at Eboracum as
soon as they arrived in 122 CE,
617
00:28:39,784 --> 00:28:42,987
when Fronto wrote about "large
numbers" of casualties,
618
00:28:42,987 --> 00:28:45,990
could he have been talking
about the Ninth Legion?
619
00:28:45,990 --> 00:28:48,026
Had the Ninth Legion
been wiped out,
620
00:28:48,026 --> 00:28:50,228
before Hadrian and
the Sixth got there?
621
00:28:51,162 --> 00:28:52,497
Alison Leonard: If the Ninth
Legion had been attacked
622
00:28:52,497 --> 00:28:55,100
and decimated, it would've been
a pretty compelling reason
623
00:28:55,100 --> 00:28:56,801
for Hadrian to want
to build a wall,
624
00:28:56,801 --> 00:28:59,404
to prevent a devastating attack
from happening again.
625
00:28:59,404 --> 00:29:02,540
The Ninth had a reputation
for being unbeatable.
626
00:29:02,540 --> 00:29:04,509
However, there is evidence
627
00:29:04,509 --> 00:29:06,010
that they weren't
entirely invincible.
628
00:29:07,512 --> 00:29:11,449
Narrator: In 61 CE, there was
a revolt by the Iceni tribe,
629
00:29:11,449 --> 00:29:14,819
in Eastern Britain and a large
number of Roman soldiers
630
00:29:14,819 --> 00:29:17,255
died in the bloody conflict.
631
00:29:17,255 --> 00:29:20,425
Roughly half the Ninth Legion
was wiped out,
632
00:29:20,425 --> 00:29:21,993
which earned the
battle the name,
633
00:29:21,993 --> 00:29:24,062
"The Massacre of the Ninth."
634
00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:27,799
Adam Bunch: They could also
have been sent somewhere else
635
00:29:27,799 --> 00:29:29,868
and been wiped out there.
636
00:29:29,868 --> 00:29:32,937
In the Roman Parthian
war near Armenia,
637
00:29:32,937 --> 00:29:36,941
fought a bit later,
between 161 and 165 CE,
638
00:29:36,941 --> 00:29:41,012
there are records of a Roman
Legion being annihilated.
639
00:29:41,012 --> 00:29:44,182
Their commander even
chose to die by suicide,
640
00:29:44,182 --> 00:29:47,786
which they sometimes did
after a humiliating defeat.
641
00:29:47,786 --> 00:29:49,821
While the event was documented,
642
00:29:49,821 --> 00:29:52,423
the Legion itself wasn't named.
643
00:29:53,591 --> 00:29:55,960
Amma Agbedor: At that time there
was a seldom-used sanction
644
00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:58,296
called "damnatio memoriae",
645
00:29:58,296 --> 00:30:01,833
where anyone perceived
to be a traitor to Rome,
646
00:30:01,833 --> 00:30:03,935
or an "enemy of the state",
647
00:30:03,935 --> 00:30:07,405
might have their memory
officially condemned.
648
00:30:07,405 --> 00:30:10,408
Their name would be
erased from public record,
649
00:30:10,408 --> 00:30:13,812
so an event they took part in,
such as a battle,
650
00:30:13,812 --> 00:30:16,047
would still be
recorded of course,
651
00:30:16,047 --> 00:30:19,984
but they would be
unnamed in that record.
652
00:30:19,984 --> 00:30:22,854
So could the Ninth
have done something worthy
653
00:30:22,854 --> 00:30:25,056
of damnatio memoriae?
654
00:30:26,090 --> 00:30:28,159
Narrator: There is one
little-known chapter
655
00:30:28,159 --> 00:30:30,895
in the Ninth Legion's
otherwise spotless history,
656
00:30:30,895 --> 00:30:33,231
as loyal soldiers of the Empire
657
00:30:33,231 --> 00:30:36,467
that could have resulted
in damnatio memoriae.
658
00:30:38,136 --> 00:30:40,438
James Ellis: Back when Julius
Caesar was leading them,
659
00:30:40,438 --> 00:30:43,274
in northern Italy,
the Ninth threatened mutiny
660
00:30:43,274 --> 00:30:47,278
over not getting enough pay
or a cut of the 'spoils of war'.
661
00:30:48,413 --> 00:30:49,848
Alison Leonard: Caesar could
have "decimated" the Ninth
662
00:30:49,848 --> 00:30:51,716
for that, meaning,
that he executed
663
00:30:51,716 --> 00:30:54,152
every tenth soldier,
as a lesson to all.
664
00:30:54,152 --> 00:30:56,120
But he ended up allowing
a 'plea deal',
665
00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:57,722
where the Ninth
abandoned its mutiny
666
00:30:57,722 --> 00:31:00,325
and just an even dozen of the
ring leaders were executed.
667
00:31:00,325 --> 00:31:02,393
Amazingly, the Ninth
went back to being
668
00:31:02,393 --> 00:31:04,696
one of Caesar's favourite
Legions after that.
669
00:31:04,696 --> 00:31:06,431
But the incident proves
they were willing
670
00:31:06,431 --> 00:31:08,600
to defy orders... or worse.
671
00:31:09,767 --> 00:31:13,238
Adam Bunch: One possible hole in
the damnatio memoria theory,
672
00:31:13,238 --> 00:31:15,240
is that many of the
records back then
673
00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:18,643
were literally
chiseled in stone.
674
00:31:18,643 --> 00:31:20,578
And while there's
evidence of senators
675
00:31:20,578 --> 00:31:22,413
and even disgraced emperors
676
00:31:22,413 --> 00:31:25,450
having their names
chiseled away and erased,
677
00:31:25,450 --> 00:31:27,986
there doesn't seem to be any
sign of that happening
678
00:31:27,986 --> 00:31:29,954
to the Ninth Legion's name.
679
00:31:29,954 --> 00:31:31,389
So it's an interesting theory,
680
00:31:31,389 --> 00:31:33,558
but with no hard
evidence to back it up.
681
00:31:34,692 --> 00:31:37,228
Narrator: After centuries of
searching all over Britain
682
00:31:37,228 --> 00:31:40,198
for any trace of
Rome's Ninth Legion,
683
00:31:40,198 --> 00:31:43,902
a surprise discovery led some
researchers to believe
684
00:31:43,902 --> 00:31:45,837
that they would never
be found there.
685
00:31:47,405 --> 00:31:50,909
Amma Agbedor: An archaeological
dig hundreds of miles away,
686
00:31:50,909 --> 00:31:54,646
across the sea, in what
is now the Netherlands,
687
00:31:54,646 --> 00:31:57,649
turned up three building tiles,
688
00:31:57,649 --> 00:32:01,119
stamped with
the Ninth's unit number.
689
00:32:01,119 --> 00:32:05,323
And more than that; a bronze
pendant from a harness
690
00:32:05,323 --> 00:32:08,860
that would have been worn by
one of the Ninth's war horses
691
00:32:08,860 --> 00:32:10,428
was also found.
692
00:32:10,428 --> 00:32:12,964
So how could these
have ended up here?
693
00:32:14,732 --> 00:32:18,937
James Ellis: In 132 CE, the
Bar Kokhba Revolt broke out
694
00:32:18,937 --> 00:32:21,973
in Judea, part of modern
Israel and the West Bank.
695
00:32:21,973 --> 00:32:24,943
The Romans put the
rebellion down ruthlessly,
696
00:32:24,943 --> 00:32:27,445
but it took about
three years to do it.
697
00:32:27,445 --> 00:32:30,815
Some believe that the artifacts
discovered in the Netherlands
698
00:32:30,815 --> 00:32:33,151
are proof that
Rome's Ninth Legion
699
00:32:33,151 --> 00:32:35,053
was sent to fight in Judea,
700
00:32:35,053 --> 00:32:37,455
and stopped in the
Netherlands, en route.
701
00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:40,625
Alison Leonard: This would
prove that the Ninth Legion
702
00:32:40,625 --> 00:32:43,261
was still in existence in 132 CE
703
00:32:43,261 --> 00:32:46,164
much later than what previous
evidence had suggested.
704
00:32:46,164 --> 00:32:48,533
And it also opens up
a possibility.
705
00:32:48,533 --> 00:32:51,536
Is that when and where the
Ninth finally met its end,
706
00:32:51,536 --> 00:32:53,905
during the bloody three-year
battle in Judea?
707
00:32:55,306 --> 00:32:57,675
Adam Bunch: But if the entire
Ninth Legion was wiped out
708
00:32:57,675 --> 00:33:01,245
in Judea, you might expect to
find physical evidence of it,
709
00:33:01,245 --> 00:33:03,448
maybe their skeletal remains,
710
00:33:03,448 --> 00:33:06,284
damaged armor,
shields, helmets...
711
00:33:06,284 --> 00:33:09,087
none of which seems
to have been found so far.
712
00:33:09,921 --> 00:33:12,991
We do know that lots
of Roman soldiers died
713
00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:14,359
putting down the revolt,
714
00:33:14,359 --> 00:33:16,327
but we don't have any
concrete evidence
715
00:33:16,327 --> 00:33:18,730
to convince historians
that any of them
716
00:33:18,730 --> 00:33:20,298
belonged to the Ninth Legion.
717
00:33:21,332 --> 00:33:23,534
Narrator: Rome's Ninth Legion
had a long history
718
00:33:23,534 --> 00:33:25,203
and a mysterious end
719
00:33:25,203 --> 00:33:27,538
but left a lasting legacy.
720
00:33:28,306 --> 00:33:31,976
Amma Agbedor: Hadrian's Wall
stood for over 300 years,
721
00:33:31,976 --> 00:33:34,946
and during that time, the
cultures of the people
722
00:33:34,946 --> 00:33:37,048
to the north and south of it
723
00:33:37,048 --> 00:33:39,817
had time to develop
quite differently,
724
00:33:39,817 --> 00:33:42,920
into England and Scotland.
725
00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:46,090
Some say the wall never
would have been built,
726
00:33:46,090 --> 00:33:49,694
if the Ninth Legion hadn't
allowed itself to be beaten
727
00:33:49,694 --> 00:33:51,529
by the Caledonian tribes,
728
00:33:51,529 --> 00:33:53,965
and that it's responsible
729
00:33:53,965 --> 00:33:55,666
for Britain being divided.
730
00:33:57,068 --> 00:33:59,470
James Ellis: As it stands,
the last irrefutable,
731
00:33:59,470 --> 00:34:02,473
concrete evidence we have that
the Ninth Legion was still
732
00:34:02,473 --> 00:34:05,810
in existence is the fort
building inscription
733
00:34:05,810 --> 00:34:09,280
from 108 CE,
in what was then Eboracum.
734
00:34:09,847 --> 00:34:12,483
There are so many theories as
to what became of them
735
00:34:12,483 --> 00:34:15,153
after that, but what
every one of them lacks
736
00:34:15,153 --> 00:34:17,088
is evidence to back it up.
737
00:34:18,256 --> 00:34:20,858
Narrator: It's still very
possible that one day soon,
738
00:34:20,858 --> 00:34:23,694
Rome's lost Ninth Legion
will march back
739
00:34:23,694 --> 00:34:25,196
into the history books,
740
00:34:25,196 --> 00:34:27,265
and the mystery of
their disappearance
741
00:34:27,265 --> 00:34:29,634
can finally be put to rest.
742
00:34:31,669 --> 00:34:38,709
♪♪
743
00:34:38,709 --> 00:34:42,046
Narrator: 1968, a year
when the world teetered
744
00:34:42,046 --> 00:34:45,083
between peace and
nuclear catastrophe.
745
00:34:45,950 --> 00:34:48,953
As tensions rose on land,
something darker
746
00:34:48,953 --> 00:34:51,422
unfolded beneath
the ocean's surface.
747
00:34:54,358 --> 00:34:57,295
Alison Leonard: In January
of 1968, the INS Dakar,
748
00:34:57,295 --> 00:34:59,197
a newly acquired
Israeli submarine,
749
00:34:59,197 --> 00:35:01,566
disappeared without
a distress signal.
750
00:35:01,566 --> 00:35:03,835
Only two days prior,
the French Minerve
751
00:35:03,835 --> 00:35:05,503
vanished during
a routine patrol.
752
00:35:08,039 --> 00:35:11,943
In March, the Soviet K-129,
a nuclear-armed sub,
753
00:35:11,943 --> 00:35:14,212
sunk in the Pacific, and in May,
754
00:35:14,212 --> 00:35:16,180
the USS Scorpion went missing.
755
00:35:18,983 --> 00:35:21,919
James Ellis: Four submarines,
each from a different nation,
756
00:35:21,919 --> 00:35:24,021
vanished without a trace,
757
00:35:24,021 --> 00:35:27,658
killing a combined 318 sailors.
758
00:35:29,393 --> 00:35:32,363
Amma Agbedor: The odds of
four subs going missing
759
00:35:32,363 --> 00:35:34,899
within less than six
months of each other
760
00:35:34,899 --> 00:35:37,168
must be astronomical.
761
00:35:37,168 --> 00:35:39,137
In that geopolitical climate,
762
00:35:39,137 --> 00:35:41,906
any explanation seemed possible.
763
00:35:41,906 --> 00:35:44,675
Covert attacks,
technical sabotage,
764
00:35:44,675 --> 00:35:46,477
cold war cover-ups.
765
00:35:46,477 --> 00:35:48,846
So what happened to these subs?
766
00:35:49,147 --> 00:35:51,916
And why were authorities
so desperate
767
00:35:51,916 --> 00:35:53,651
to keep it under wraps?
768
00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:57,421
Narrator: In early 1968,
769
00:35:57,421 --> 00:36:00,925
the Soviet K-129
left the naval base
770
00:36:00,925 --> 00:36:02,994
at Petropavlovsk, Russia,
771
00:36:02,994 --> 00:36:05,730
for a routine patrol
in the Pacific Ocean
772
00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:07,498
northeast of Hawaii.
773
00:36:07,498 --> 00:36:10,168
For weeks, it traveled
in silent mode,
774
00:36:10,168 --> 00:36:13,104
running on battery power,
to avoid detection.
775
00:36:15,306 --> 00:36:18,342
Adam Bunch: The K-129
wasn't the most modern sub.
776
00:36:18,342 --> 00:36:20,077
A fairly old model,
777
00:36:20,077 --> 00:36:23,014
but it was 330 feet long,
778
00:36:23,014 --> 00:36:24,982
and thought to have
been armed with three
779
00:36:24,982 --> 00:36:27,652
one megaton nuclear missiles,
780
00:36:27,652 --> 00:36:31,522
each with more than 65 times
the explosive power
781
00:36:31,522 --> 00:36:34,425
of the bomb that
leveled Nagasaki.
782
00:36:37,895 --> 00:36:39,497
Alison Leonard:
On March 8, 1968,
783
00:36:39,497 --> 00:36:42,767
the K-129 failed to transmit
a scheduled radio signal.
784
00:36:42,767 --> 00:36:46,671
The sub, and its crew of 98 men,
had suddenly vanished.
785
00:36:46,671 --> 00:36:49,540
The Soviet Admiralty quickly
launched a massive search,
786
00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:52,176
covering over
800,000 square miles.
787
00:36:52,176 --> 00:36:54,378
But after two months of
unsuccessful efforts,
788
00:36:54,378 --> 00:36:56,347
they ultimately had to
abandon the operation.
789
00:36:58,616 --> 00:37:01,319
Narrator: In the 1960s,
Israel agreed to buy
790
00:37:01,319 --> 00:37:04,155
three World War II-era
T-class submarines
791
00:37:04,155 --> 00:37:05,556
from Great Britain,
792
00:37:05,556 --> 00:37:08,492
including the Dakar, which
would be refurbished
793
00:37:08,492 --> 00:37:10,761
and modernized before
joining their fleet.
794
00:37:10,761 --> 00:37:12,763
Throughout 1967,
795
00:37:12,763 --> 00:37:15,633
the Dakar underwent
extensive sea trials
796
00:37:15,633 --> 00:37:19,237
and the sub set out on its
maiden voyage from the UK,
797
00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:21,339
bound for Haifa, Israel,
798
00:37:21,339 --> 00:37:25,676
with a crew of 69
on January 9, 1968.
799
00:37:26,911 --> 00:37:29,547
Adam Bunch: The last time
anyone heard from Dakar
800
00:37:29,547 --> 00:37:34,652
was just after midnight on
January 25th, 1968,
801
00:37:34,652 --> 00:37:37,321
as it traveled through
the waters of the eastern
802
00:37:37,321 --> 00:37:40,625
Mediterranean between
Crete and Cyprus.
803
00:37:40,625 --> 00:37:44,262
Some people immediately
suspected it had been attacked.
804
00:37:44,262 --> 00:37:48,032
The Six-Day war had ended
just months earlier,
805
00:37:48,032 --> 00:37:50,434
and relations between
Israel and Egypt
806
00:37:50,434 --> 00:37:52,436
were still on a knife's edge.
807
00:37:54,772 --> 00:37:57,642
James Ellis: Search efforts by
sea and air began immediately
808
00:37:57,642 --> 00:38:00,711
after the DAKAR's
transmissions went silent,
809
00:38:00,711 --> 00:38:02,413
but nothing was found.
810
00:38:04,982 --> 00:38:07,718
Narrator: On January 27, 1968,
811
00:38:07,718 --> 00:38:11,422
just days after the
disappearance of the INS Dakar,
812
00:38:11,422 --> 00:38:14,125
France's Minerve
suffered the same fate.
813
00:38:15,092 --> 00:38:18,062
The Daphne class, diesel-
electric powered submarine,
814
00:38:18,062 --> 00:38:20,631
and its 52 crew
members disappeared
815
00:38:20,631 --> 00:38:22,800
during a routine
training mission
816
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:24,435
near the port of Toulon,
817
00:38:24,435 --> 00:38:26,337
on the south coast of France.
818
00:38:27,838 --> 00:38:29,440
Amma Agbedor:
Once the alarm was raised,
819
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:33,044
the French admiralty threw
everything into the search,
820
00:38:33,044 --> 00:38:36,480
around 20 boats,
helicopters, aircraft,
821
00:38:36,480 --> 00:38:40,418
and even a diving vessel from
Jacques Cousteau's team.
822
00:38:40,418 --> 00:38:43,988
But despite all that,
they found nothing.
823
00:38:45,623 --> 00:38:47,358
James Ellis: There was
speculation over
824
00:38:47,358 --> 00:38:49,527
what caused the disaster.
825
00:38:49,527 --> 00:38:52,396
They ranged from a problem
with the sub's rudder,
826
00:38:52,396 --> 00:38:54,265
a collision with another boat,
827
00:38:54,265 --> 00:38:56,867
the explosion of a
missile or torpedo,
828
00:38:56,867 --> 00:39:00,371
or a fault with
its oxygen supply systems.
829
00:39:00,371 --> 00:39:02,907
We know it went down in
less than four minutes,
830
00:39:02,907 --> 00:39:06,177
but there's just no evidence
to explain exactly why.
831
00:39:06,177 --> 00:39:08,913
♪♪
832
00:39:08,913 --> 00:39:10,781
Narrator: Spring, 1968,
833
00:39:10,781 --> 00:39:14,251
the USS Scorpion, a nuclear-
powered attack submarine,
834
00:39:14,251 --> 00:39:16,787
slipped quietly
into the Mediterranean
835
00:39:16,787 --> 00:39:18,189
on a classified mission.
836
00:39:18,189 --> 00:39:22,593
On May 21, during the return
voyage to Norfolk, Virginia,
837
00:39:22,593 --> 00:39:26,397
the Scorpion's radioman
reported that she was 250 miles
838
00:39:26,397 --> 00:39:28,899
southwest of the Azores Islands,
839
00:39:28,899 --> 00:39:32,970
and would arrive at her home
port on May 27 as scheduled.
840
00:39:37,641 --> 00:39:40,211
Amma Agbedor: Six days later,
families gathered
841
00:39:40,211 --> 00:39:42,046
at Pier 22 in Norfolk,
842
00:39:42,046 --> 00:39:47,518
waiting for the return of the
sub and the 99 men aboard.
843
00:39:47,518 --> 00:39:49,720
They never arrived.
844
00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:52,923
The Navy had secretly been
searching for the USS Scorpion
845
00:39:52,923 --> 00:39:57,094
since May 24, after calls
to the sub went unanswered.
846
00:39:57,862 --> 00:39:59,597
Alison Leonard: There was a
Soviet flotilla in the area
847
00:39:59,597 --> 00:40:01,732
near the Canary Islands
at the time,
848
00:40:01,732 --> 00:40:03,634
and the Scorpion
had been re-routed
849
00:40:03,634 --> 00:40:06,137
from her original mission
to keep an eye on them.
850
00:40:06,137 --> 00:40:08,739
Some people think the Soviets
discovered the Scorpion
851
00:40:08,739 --> 00:40:11,342
and sank it in
retaliation for spying,
852
00:40:11,342 --> 00:40:13,978
which is a tantalizing theory,
but the Soviets
853
00:40:13,978 --> 00:40:16,614
didn't have the capability
to hunt down the Scorpion.
854
00:40:17,782 --> 00:40:19,950
Amma Agbedor: At that time, the
Soviets were still relying
855
00:40:19,950 --> 00:40:23,788
on their slow, outdated
diesel-powered submarines,
856
00:40:23,788 --> 00:40:25,556
the Whiskey class.
857
00:40:25,556 --> 00:40:29,026
The Scorpion, with its
advanced technology,
858
00:40:29,026 --> 00:40:30,895
would've easily outpaced them.
859
00:40:32,029 --> 00:40:35,399
Adam Bunch: Plus, no Soviet
or Warsaw Pact vessels
860
00:40:35,399 --> 00:40:38,436
were known to be even
within 1,000 miles
861
00:40:38,436 --> 00:40:40,404
of the Scorpion's
last known location.
862
00:40:40,404 --> 00:40:42,540
There doesn't seem to be
any direct evidence
863
00:40:42,540 --> 00:40:43,874
of a Soviet ambush.
864
00:40:43,874 --> 00:40:46,544
And if the Soviets
had sunk the Scorpion,
865
00:40:46,544 --> 00:40:48,412
it could have escalated
into something
866
00:40:48,412 --> 00:40:51,482
neither side wanted,
a nuclear war.
867
00:40:53,384 --> 00:40:55,152
Narrator: In October 1968,
868
00:40:55,152 --> 00:40:59,123
a U.S. Navy research ship
made a shocking discovery.
869
00:40:59,123 --> 00:41:01,358
400 miles off the Azores,
870
00:41:01,358 --> 00:41:03,527
nearly 11,000 feet down,
871
00:41:03,527 --> 00:41:06,263
the shattered hull
of the USS Scorpion
872
00:41:06,263 --> 00:41:08,432
lay twisted on the ocean floor,
873
00:41:08,432 --> 00:41:10,901
almost torn in half.
874
00:41:12,369 --> 00:41:14,038
Amma Agbedor: One of the
earliest possibilities
875
00:41:14,038 --> 00:41:15,873
explored by the U.S. Navy
876
00:41:15,873 --> 00:41:18,509
was the idea that a
'hot run' torpedo
877
00:41:18,509 --> 00:41:20,778
had destroyed the Scorpion.
878
00:41:21,479 --> 00:41:24,615
A 'hot run' is when a
torpedo's engine activates
879
00:41:24,615 --> 00:41:27,151
while it's still
inside the submarine.
880
00:41:27,151 --> 00:41:28,552
And six months earlier,
881
00:41:28,552 --> 00:41:30,621
the Scorpion had a near-disaster
882
00:41:30,621 --> 00:41:32,623
with a Mark 37 torpedo
883
00:41:32,623 --> 00:41:34,859
that accidentally armed itself.
884
00:41:35,793 --> 00:41:37,294
James Ellis: In its
8 years of service,
885
00:41:37,294 --> 00:41:40,764
the Scorpion had been plagued
by so many technical issues,
886
00:41:40,764 --> 00:41:44,235
that it had earned the
nickname "The Scrapiron."
887
00:41:44,235 --> 00:41:48,772
There were a staggering
109 unfulfilled work orders
888
00:41:48,772 --> 00:41:51,141
on the sub during
its last deployment,
889
00:41:51,141 --> 00:41:54,345
and crew members reported that
the sub was already showing
890
00:41:54,345 --> 00:41:57,114
significant signs
of wear and tear.
891
00:41:57,114 --> 00:41:59,550
It's not a stretch to think that
892
00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:03,053
this could have created huge
problems, like a hot-run.
893
00:42:04,755 --> 00:42:06,490
Adam Bunch: But when
investigators examined
894
00:42:06,490 --> 00:42:08,759
the photos of the wreckage,
they couldn't find
895
00:42:08,759 --> 00:42:11,195
any torpedo damage to the hull.
896
00:42:11,195 --> 00:42:12,663
No sign of the kind of
897
00:42:12,663 --> 00:42:15,566
cataclysmic explosion
it would have sparked.
898
00:42:15,566 --> 00:42:18,736
No fragments of the torpedo
room in the debris field.
899
00:42:21,772 --> 00:42:23,307
Narrator: When the
Scorpion disappeared,
900
00:42:23,307 --> 00:42:27,111
it produced acoustic signals
detected by underwater sensors
901
00:42:27,111 --> 00:42:29,113
on both sides of the Atlantic.
902
00:42:29,113 --> 00:42:32,216
A reanalysis of this
data in recent years,
903
00:42:32,216 --> 00:42:34,118
combined with the
conclusions drawn
904
00:42:34,118 --> 00:42:36,420
in a 1970 government inquiry,
905
00:42:36,420 --> 00:42:38,956
points to an
onboard catastrophe.
906
00:42:41,525 --> 00:42:43,827
James Ellis: It's possible
the Scorpion experienced
907
00:42:43,827 --> 00:42:45,996
a hydrogen explosion
while charging
908
00:42:45,996 --> 00:42:49,633
its lead-acid batteries,
which were prone to leaks.
909
00:42:49,633 --> 00:42:51,402
At the time the sub went down,
910
00:42:51,402 --> 00:42:55,406
it was at periscope depth with
watertight hatches closed.
911
00:42:55,406 --> 00:42:58,375
This could have trapped
explosive hydrogen
912
00:42:58,375 --> 00:43:00,110
in the battery area.
913
00:43:00,711 --> 00:43:02,146
Alison Leonard: A spark could
have ignited the gas,
914
00:43:02,146 --> 00:43:05,215
causing an explosion that led
to a second battery explosion.
915
00:43:05,215 --> 00:43:08,085
This matches two small
blasts that were detected
916
00:43:08,085 --> 00:43:10,120
by hydrophones half
a second apart.
917
00:43:10,120 --> 00:43:12,990
And really, this is the only
concrete evidence that we have
918
00:43:12,990 --> 00:43:15,025
that might explain how the
Scorpion was lost.
919
00:43:15,025 --> 00:43:17,361
But we may never know
what happened to her.
920
00:43:18,462 --> 00:43:22,166
Narrator: In 2012, the U.S.
Submarine Veterans Organization
921
00:43:22,166 --> 00:43:23,834
requested a new investigation
922
00:43:23,834 --> 00:43:25,669
into the Scorpion's sinking,
923
00:43:25,669 --> 00:43:27,471
but it was denied.
924
00:43:27,471 --> 00:43:29,673
The wreckages of the
other three submarines
925
00:43:29,673 --> 00:43:33,010
were ultimately located after
varying lengths of time.
926
00:43:33,010 --> 00:43:36,413
France's Minerve lay
undiscovered on the ocean floor
927
00:43:36,413 --> 00:43:38,682
for a full 51 years.
928
00:43:38,682 --> 00:43:41,885
No connection has been made
between the disasters,
929
00:43:41,885 --> 00:43:45,022
and authorities have offered no
'official' explanation
930
00:43:45,022 --> 00:43:46,957
as to what caused the
destruction
931
00:43:46,957 --> 00:43:50,494
of any of the four subs in 1968.
932
00:43:50,494 --> 00:43:53,263
♪♪
933
00:43:55,366 --> 00:43:58,268
♪♪
109781
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