All language subtitles for V.H.S01E02.1080p.WEB.H264-CBFM_track3_[eng]

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,434 --> 00:00:01,468 Na                               2 00:00:01,468 --> 00:00:01,501 Narr                             3 00:00:01,501 --> 00:00:01,534 Narrat                           4 00:00:01,534 --> 00:00:01,568 Narrator                         5 00:00:01,568 --> 00:00:01,601 Narrator:                        6 00:00:01,601 --> 00:00:01,634 Narrator: Fo                     7 00:00:01,634 --> 00:00:01,668 Narrator: Four                   8 00:00:01,668 --> 00:00:01,701 Narrator: Four s                 9 00:00:01,701 --> 00:00:01,735 Narrator: Four sub               10 00:00:01,735 --> 00:00:01,768 Narrator: Four subma             11 00:00:01,768 --> 00:00:01,801 Narrator: Four submari           12 00:00:01,801 --> 00:00:01,835 Narrator: Four submarine         13 00:00:01,835 --> 00:00:01,935 Narrator: Four submarines        14 00:00:01,935 --> 00:00:01,968 Narrator: Four submarines           my                            15 00:00:01,968 --> 00:00:02,002 Narrator: Four submarines           myst                          16 00:00:02,002 --> 00:00:02,035 Narrator: Four submarines           myster                        17 00:00:02,035 --> 00:00:02,068 Narrator: Four submarines           mysterio                      18 00:00:02,068 --> 00:00:02,102 Narrator: Four submarines           mysterious                    19 00:00:02,102 --> 00:00:02,135 Narrator: Four submarines           mysteriously                  20 00:00:02,135 --> 00:00:02,168 Narrator: Four submarines           mysteriously v                21 00:00:02,168 --> 00:00:02,202 Narrator: Four submarines           mysteriously van              22 00:00:02,202 --> 00:00:02,235 Narrator: Four submarines           mysteriously vanis            23 00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:03,003 Narrator: Four submarines           mysteriously vanish           24 00:00:03,003 --> 00:00:04,104 without a trace.                 25 00:00:04,771 --> 00:00:07,807   James Ellis: Four submarines,    each from a different nation,  26 00:00:07,807 --> 00:00:09,909    vanish, killing a combined    27 00:00:09,909 --> 00:00:12,512   318 sailors.                   28 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:16,249 Narrator: The location of          the tomb, of one of history's  29 00:00:16,249 --> 00:00:19,252    most feared rulers               remains a mystery.            30 00:00:20,286 --> 00:00:22,422   Amma Agbedor: His burial was   designed to be an                31 00:00:22,422 --> 00:00:25,892  act of erasure,                   ensuring that no one,          32 00:00:25,892 --> 00:00:27,994  not even his closest followers, 33 00:00:27,994 --> 00:00:29,863 could reveal the location        34 00:00:29,863 --> 00:00:31,798    of his final resting place.   35 00:00:31,798 --> 00:00:33,299  So where is it?                 36 00:00:34,300 --> 00:00:36,036  Narrator: The treasure           of one the world's most         37 00:00:36,036 --> 00:00:38,938 infamous pirates                 is lost to time.                 38 00:00:38,938 --> 00:00:42,175 Adam Bunch: Blackbeard's          fearsome image included         39 00:00:42,175 --> 00:00:44,377  his infamous Jolly Roger flag.  40 00:00:44,377 --> 00:00:47,480 A chilling symbol                  of inevitable death.           41 00:00:47,480 --> 00:00:49,082  Anthea Nardi: With this            heavily armed ship,           42 00:00:49,082 --> 00:00:51,151    he unleashed terror           on the high seas,                43 00:00:51,151 --> 00:00:53,953 amassing a fortune that,          legend has it,                  44 00:00:53,953 --> 00:00:56,289    remains hidden to this day.   45 00:00:56,289 --> 00:00:58,758 But if that's true, where        did he hide the treasure?        46 00:00:58,758 --> 00:01:00,260  ♪ (show theme music) ♪          47 00:01:00,260 --> 00:01:03,096  Narrator: The chain of history   has many missing links.         48 00:01:03,563 --> 00:01:05,131 Prominent people.                49 00:01:05,131 --> 00:01:06,666   Priceless treasures.           50 00:01:06,666 --> 00:01:08,501 Extraordinary artifacts.         51 00:01:09,335 --> 00:01:12,138  Their locations still unknown.  52 00:01:12,138 --> 00:01:14,340 Lost to the fog of time.         53 00:01:15,442 --> 00:01:18,311 What happens when                   stories of the past           54 00:01:18,311 --> 00:01:19,712 become...                        55 00:01:19,712 --> 00:01:21,414 Vanished History.                56 00:01:21,414 --> 00:01:26,786    ♪♪                            57 00:01:27,687 --> 00:01:35,228    ♪♪                            58 00:01:35,228 --> 00:01:37,263 Narrator:                         The great Genghis Khan,         59 00:01:37,263 --> 00:01:40,500    who ruled over millions and    reshaped the course of history, 60 00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:43,636  left behind one of the             world's greatest mysteries:   61 00:01:43,636 --> 00:01:45,505 the location of his tomb.        62 00:01:49,075 --> 00:01:51,010 James Ellis: Genghis Khan        wasn't just a conqueror,         63 00:01:51,010 --> 00:01:52,846 he was a force of nature.        64 00:01:52,846 --> 00:01:55,081   Born as Temujin around 1162,   65 00:01:55,081 --> 00:01:57,117   he unified the Mongol tribes   66 00:01:57,117 --> 00:01:59,853   and carved out an empire that   spanned around                  67 00:01:59,853 --> 00:02:02,355  12 million square miles           at its peak,                   68 00:02:02,355 --> 00:02:04,691  from the Pacific Ocean             to Eastern Europe.            69 00:02:07,694 --> 00:02:10,263  Adam Bunch: Surprisingly, there    are actually still debates    70 00:02:10,263 --> 00:02:13,500 about the exact cause            of Khan's death.                 71 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:16,836  Some say he died from injuries    after falling from his horse,  72 00:02:16,836 --> 00:02:19,139 from the plague,                    from an infection,            73 00:02:19,139 --> 00:02:20,673  after being shot with an arrow. 74 00:02:20,673 --> 00:02:23,176  Some have even claimed          a Tangut princess                75 00:02:23,176 --> 00:02:24,944  from northwestern China         76 00:02:24,944 --> 00:02:27,680  stabbed or even castrated him.  77 00:02:29,249 --> 00:02:31,351    Anthea Nardi: Legend has it     that his soldiers buried him   78 00:02:31,351 --> 00:02:33,553 and killed anyone                 in their path.                  79 00:02:33,553 --> 00:02:36,122 Then they rode a thousand         horses over the ground          80 00:02:36,122 --> 00:02:37,724  to erase any sign of his grave  81 00:02:37,724 --> 00:02:40,593 and the 2,000 slaves who          took part in the burial         82 00:02:40,593 --> 00:02:43,763 were executed to keep the tomb's    location a secret forever.    83 00:02:44,731 --> 00:02:46,666 Amma Agbedor: His burial            was designed to be            84 00:02:46,666 --> 00:02:50,470    an act of erasure,              ensuring that no one,          85 00:02:50,470 --> 00:02:52,605  not even his closest followers, 86 00:02:52,605 --> 00:02:56,643 could reveal the location           of his final resting place.   87 00:02:56,643 --> 00:02:57,644  So where is it?                 88 00:02:59,546 --> 00:03:01,714   Narrator: The search for the     tomb of Genghis Khan           89 00:03:01,714 --> 00:03:04,817 has become as vast as the        empire he once commanded,        90 00:03:04,817 --> 00:03:07,754 fueling speculation that          his final resting place         91 00:03:07,754 --> 00:03:10,823   lies deep within the             lands he once ruled.           92 00:03:12,559 --> 00:03:13,760    Anthea Nardi: There             are countless stories          93 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:15,161    about Genghis Khan's death,   94 00:03:15,161 --> 00:03:18,231  but most agree                    that he died in August 1227,   95 00:03:18,231 --> 00:03:20,033  in modern-day Yinchuan,         96 00:03:20,033 --> 00:03:23,369   which is in northern China's    Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.  97 00:03:25,205 --> 00:03:28,374 Amma Agbedor: During his         conquests in Northwestern China, 98 00:03:28,374 --> 00:03:32,278  Khan spent considerable            time on the Ordos Plateau,    99 00:03:32,278 --> 00:03:35,315 a huge, windswept                stretch of desert                100 00:03:35,315 --> 00:03:37,116   bordered by the Yellow River   101 00:03:37,116 --> 00:03:39,485   and the southern edge             of the Great Wall.            102 00:03:41,621 --> 00:03:43,523   Narrator: The theory            that the Ordos Plateau          103 00:03:43,523 --> 00:03:46,726  was Gengis Khan's resting place  gained currency                 104 00:03:46,726 --> 00:03:48,428 in the early 20th century        105 00:03:48,428 --> 00:03:51,331  when European explorers          publicized photographs          106 00:03:51,331 --> 00:03:53,032  of an ancient Mausoleum         107 00:03:53,032 --> 00:03:55,301    20 miles east of Yinchuan.    108 00:03:57,503 --> 00:03:59,839    Adam Bunch: The Western Xia   Mausoleums cover                 109 00:03:59,839 --> 00:04:02,375  almost 20 square miles          110 00:04:02,375 --> 00:04:05,945 with nine beehive shaped           imperial mausoleums.           111 00:04:05,945 --> 00:04:08,982 More than 250 other tombs        112 00:04:08,982 --> 00:04:11,084 for Tangut royals and officials. 113 00:04:11,084 --> 00:04:13,686    So it's an obvious             place to wonder about,          114 00:04:13,686 --> 00:04:16,456   whether Genghis Khan           could be buried somewhere        115 00:04:16,456 --> 00:04:19,525   in the vast complex,            especially given the connection 116 00:04:19,525 --> 00:04:22,128    between the Mongols           and Western Xia.                 117 00:04:22,128 --> 00:04:25,398  But no one seems to have found     any evidence to support it.   118 00:04:26,733 --> 00:04:29,068  Amma Agbedor: While the            Ordos theory is intriguing,   119 00:04:29,068 --> 00:04:31,437 it's unlikely Mongolia's          greatest leader                 120 00:04:31,437 --> 00:04:33,640 would be buried in China.        121 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:38,244   It's more likely that Genghis   Khan's grave is closer to home, 122 00:04:38,244 --> 00:04:40,246  hidden in plain sight,          123 00:04:40,246 --> 00:04:42,015  concealed by the land,          124 00:04:42,015 --> 00:04:43,816   just as he intended.           125 00:04:45,618 --> 00:04:49,122   Narrator: Mongolia is a land     of vast, untamed wilderness,   126 00:04:49,122 --> 00:04:51,791   spanning over                    600,000 square miles           127 00:04:51,791 --> 00:04:54,794   of mostly uncharted,             undeveloped terrain,           128 00:04:54,794 --> 00:04:57,797    with few roads and              a sparse population.           129 00:04:59,699 --> 00:05:02,302   James Ellis: In 1990,            a Japanese Mongolian project   130 00:05:02,302 --> 00:05:04,237    called the                     Three Rivers Expedition         131 00:05:04,237 --> 00:05:06,372    focused on Genghis            Khan's birthplace                132 00:05:06,372 --> 00:05:08,474 in the Khentii Province,          where the Onon,                 133 00:05:08,474 --> 00:05:10,877   Kherlen and Tuul rivers flow.  134 00:05:10,877 --> 00:05:13,146   Using ultrasound technology,   135 00:05:13,146 --> 00:05:16,616    1380 ancient graves            were discovered                 136 00:05:16,616 --> 00:05:18,551   spread across the landscape.   137 00:05:19,752 --> 00:05:21,654   Anthea Nardi: Most historians  believe that Genghis Khan        138 00:05:21,654 --> 00:05:23,923    was born and raised              on the Onon River,            139 00:05:23,923 --> 00:05:26,859 so it makes sense that he           might have chosen this area   140 00:05:26,859 --> 00:05:28,294    as his final resting place.   141 00:05:29,495 --> 00:05:31,130  Adam Bunch: The graves            they discovered there          142 00:05:31,130 --> 00:05:33,433  likely belonged                 to Mongol nobles.                143 00:05:33,433 --> 00:05:36,569    The expedition was            also very controversial.         144 00:05:36,569 --> 00:05:39,472    There were public protests     by people who believed          145 00:05:39,472 --> 00:05:41,841   Khan's wishes                    should be respected.           146 00:05:41,841 --> 00:05:44,844  The people shouldn't go           looking for his tomb.          147 00:05:44,844 --> 00:05:46,813  And in the end,                  they put a stop to it.          148 00:05:48,514 --> 00:05:50,350    Narrator: While excavations    were prohibited                 149 00:05:50,350 --> 00:05:51,784 in the Khentii Province,         150 00:05:51,784 --> 00:05:54,487 further west, the                same researchers studied         151 00:05:54,487 --> 00:05:57,724 a 2,000-year-old cemetery        of Xiongnu Kings,                152 00:05:57,724 --> 00:06:00,393 in the Arkhangai                   Province of Mongolia.          153 00:06:02,528 --> 00:06:04,364 Amma Agbedor: Historians            believe the Xiongnu           154 00:06:04,364 --> 00:06:07,066    were the ancestors             of the Mongols.                 155 00:06:07,066 --> 00:06:11,671  If that's true, they might have   had similar burial practices,  156 00:06:11,671 --> 00:06:15,208    and unearthing their graves    would give us a better picture  157 00:06:15,208 --> 00:06:16,876   of what we're searching for.   158 00:06:18,411 --> 00:06:20,346   Adam Bunch: Those excavations    tell us that at least          159 00:06:20,346 --> 00:06:22,482    some Xiongnu Kings              were buried more than          160 00:06:22,482 --> 00:06:25,351    65 feet underground           161 00:06:25,351 --> 00:06:27,987 in log chambers, often marked by 162 00:06:27,987 --> 00:06:30,189  only a small square of stones.  163 00:06:30,189 --> 00:06:32,692  So if Khan was                  buried like that,                164 00:06:32,692 --> 00:06:35,928 the main chamber would be         hidden deep underground         165 00:06:35,928 --> 00:06:38,431    and incredibly hard to find   166 00:06:38,431 --> 00:06:41,534  in all of the sprawling           Mongolian wilderness.          167 00:06:44,504 --> 00:06:47,640    Narrator: In 2001,            an amateur archaeologist         168 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:50,510    who spent 40 years               searching for Khan's tomb,    169 00:06:50,510 --> 00:06:53,546    discovered a walled              burial site in Batshireet,    170 00:06:53,546 --> 00:06:56,516 a town nestled in                   northern Khentii Province,    171 00:06:56,516 --> 00:06:59,719  about 200 miles                 northeast of Ulaanbaatar.        172 00:07:02,688 --> 00:07:04,557 Amma Agbedor: Perhaps his          biggest breakthrough           173 00:07:04,557 --> 00:07:08,227    came at 'Chinggis' Castle'     or 'Red Rock',                  174 00:07:08,227 --> 00:07:12,265    where he uncovered at least     20 unopened rectangular tombs  175 00:07:12,265 --> 00:07:16,035 atop a hill, each marked            by standing stones.           176 00:07:16,035 --> 00:07:20,640   At the base of the hill, they   found an additional 40 graves.  177 00:07:20,640 --> 00:07:24,644  The upper area was enclosed by   an imposing stone wall          178 00:07:24,644 --> 00:07:26,846    standing 9 to 12 feet tall    179 00:07:26,846 --> 00:07:29,482    and stretching for             2 miles around.                 180 00:07:30,883 --> 00:07:33,119   James Ellis: The sheer scale     of the burial grounds          181 00:07:33,119 --> 00:07:34,821 and a roadway connecting the two 182 00:07:34,821 --> 00:07:37,523    suggests a site of             tremendous importance,          183 00:07:37,523 --> 00:07:39,292 and it's only a few miles        184 00:07:39,292 --> 00:07:41,661    from Genghis Khan's             probable birthplace,           185 00:07:41,661 --> 00:07:46,032    where he was also declared     emperor of the Mongols in 1206. 186 00:07:46,032 --> 00:07:48,201   But there's no concrete proof  187 00:07:48,201 --> 00:07:50,169 that Khan might be buried there. 188 00:07:52,004 --> 00:07:55,341    Narrator: In 2004,            a Japanese-Mongolian team        189 00:07:55,341 --> 00:07:57,743 uncovered Genghis Khan's palace, 190 00:07:57,743 --> 00:08:00,613   reigniting the search for his    final resting place.           191 00:08:02,148 --> 00:08:05,151 Anthea Nardi: The palace,          a square tent-like structure   192 00:08:05,151 --> 00:08:06,719   supported by wooden columns,   193 00:08:06,719 --> 00:08:09,222  was uncovered alongside            porcelain fragments           194 00:08:09,222 --> 00:08:10,790   dated to Khan's era.           195 00:08:10,790 --> 00:08:14,193  The most exciting part, though,   is that ancient Chinese texts  196 00:08:14,193 --> 00:08:18,064  describe court officials making  daily journeys from this palace 197 00:08:18,064 --> 00:08:21,200  to a nearby mausoleum, possibly  where Khan was buried.          198 00:08:22,668 --> 00:08:23,903   Amma Agbedor:                    But it seems unlikely          199 00:08:23,903 --> 00:08:26,739 that he would have chosen          somewhere as obvious           200 00:08:26,739 --> 00:08:30,076   as his palace for his            final resting place,           201 00:08:30,076 --> 00:08:34,914  especially if he was determined  to keep the location a secret.  202 00:08:34,914 --> 00:08:37,884  Maybe the better place          to look for Khan's tomb,         203 00:08:37,884 --> 00:08:40,953 is where his epic                  journey first began.           204 00:08:43,723 --> 00:08:46,192    Narrator: Burkhan Khaldun,       nestled in the rugged peaks   205 00:08:46,192 --> 00:08:47,660   of Khentii Province,           206 00:08:47,660 --> 00:08:50,696 is revered as Mongolia's           most sacred mountain           207 00:08:50,696 --> 00:08:54,700    and deeply intertwined with      the legacy of Genghis Khan.   208 00:08:55,635 --> 00:08:57,670   James Ellis: Burkhan Khaldun    isn't just a mountain,          209 00:08:57,670 --> 00:09:01,073    it's the spiritual core of      Genghis Khan's story,          210 00:09:01,073 --> 00:09:03,809    and a turning point           in his journey to power,         211 00:09:03,809 --> 00:09:06,245  and a place he went for refuge. 212 00:09:06,245 --> 00:09:09,115   According to legend,              the mountain saved his life   213 00:09:09,115 --> 00:09:13,085   as he escaped from the Merkid  tribe, and in gratitude,         214 00:09:13,085 --> 00:09:16,222  he declared it the most            sacred mountain in Mongolia   215 00:09:16,222 --> 00:09:19,692    and promised to offer daily    prayers and sacrifices.         216 00:09:20,993 --> 00:09:23,095   Adam Bunch: Burkhan Khaldun,    became a symbol                 217 00:09:23,095 --> 00:09:26,999 of Genghis Khan's                 survival and strength,          218 00:09:26,999 --> 00:09:30,503 and he had a deep                 spiritual bond with it.         219 00:09:30,503 --> 00:09:32,672  So lots of people think          he might have chosen it         220 00:09:32,672 --> 00:09:34,740   for his final resting place.   221 00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:37,143   It became one of the            most popular theories.          222 00:09:38,544 --> 00:09:40,212 Amma Agbedor: High-status        figures like Khan                223 00:09:40,212 --> 00:09:42,448  were buried in elevated places, 224 00:09:42,448 --> 00:09:44,717    far from the reach               of ordinary people.           225 00:09:44,717 --> 00:09:48,220  In the 1200s, the first          Mongol rulers of Persia         226 00:09:48,220 --> 00:09:52,825   were laid to rest on mountain     peaks, in off-limits areas.   227 00:09:52,825 --> 00:09:55,861   Khan likely received            the same honor.                 228 00:09:57,763 --> 00:09:59,498 Narrator:                           After Genghis Khan's death,   229 00:09:59,498 --> 00:10:02,969 a "Great Taboo", known as        Ikh Khorig in Mongolian,         230 00:10:02,969 --> 00:10:05,805    was pronounced over             a 92 square mile area          231 00:10:05,805 --> 00:10:07,773  around Burkhan Khaldun,         232 00:10:07,773 --> 00:10:09,976  sealing the region in secrecy.  233 00:10:13,145 --> 00:10:15,715    Adam Bunch: For centuries,      the Ikh Khorig was off limits  234 00:10:15,715 --> 00:10:18,618   to outsiders, a sacred place.  235 00:10:18,618 --> 00:10:21,787  Only the Khan's family           were allowed to enter.          236 00:10:21,787 --> 00:10:23,689  It was guarded by the Darkhad,  237 00:10:23,689 --> 00:10:26,626 a group of elite warriors         and their descendants,          238 00:10:26,626 --> 00:10:31,163 who protected its secrecy        for more than 700 years.         239 00:10:31,163 --> 00:10:33,199    So it's no surprise            that many people think          240 00:10:33,199 --> 00:10:36,602  Genghis Khan's tomb is           probably hidden there.          241 00:10:37,837 --> 00:10:41,073  A. Nardi: According to legend,     around 500 Darkhad families   242 00:10:41,073 --> 00:10:44,310   were chosen to safeguard the    secret location of Khan's tomb. 243 00:10:44,310 --> 00:10:46,746   To this day, they are          considered the custodians        244 00:10:46,746 --> 00:10:48,948   not only of Burkhan Khaldun,   245 00:10:48,948 --> 00:10:51,183   but of Khan's eternal legacy.  246 00:10:52,685 --> 00:10:54,687 Amma Agbedor: The mystery         deepens at the summit,          247 00:10:54,687 --> 00:10:58,891 where Tengeriin Ovoo, or         'Heavenly Hill,' stands.         248 00:10:58,891 --> 00:11:02,261  While it may look like          a simple pile of stones,         249 00:11:02,261 --> 00:11:07,099    some think this unassuming      site could hide Khan's tomb.   250 00:11:07,099 --> 00:11:10,836    But any attempt to explore       or search the area            251 00:11:10,836 --> 00:11:13,005 is virtually impossible.         252 00:11:14,907 --> 00:11:16,876 Narrator: Some historians        believe the focus                253 00:11:16,876 --> 00:11:20,279   on Burkhan Khaldun might have     been a masterful diversion,   254 00:11:20,279 --> 00:11:24,150   a way to lead us away             from his true burial site.    255 00:11:25,384 --> 00:11:27,920   James Ellis: Perhaps this was  his final act of control,        256 00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:29,889 disappearing from history        257 00:11:29,889 --> 00:11:32,658 just as he had commanded         during his life.                 258 00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:36,395  Adam Bunch: In the end,            all signs point to the fact   259 00:11:36,395 --> 00:11:40,066  that Khan didn't want his final    resting place to be known.    260 00:11:40,066 --> 00:11:42,435    So maybe we should               respect his wishes            261 00:11:42,435 --> 00:11:44,136 and stop looking for it.         262 00:11:44,136 --> 00:11:47,440  But of course, it's not            surprising that people do,    263 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:49,542 since it's human                   nature to be curious           264 00:11:49,542 --> 00:11:51,077    and try to solve mysteries,   265 00:11:51,077 --> 00:11:54,513    especially when it               comes to a larger than life   266 00:11:54,513 --> 00:11:57,216 historical figure                   like Genghis Khan.            267 00:11:58,084 --> 00:12:00,219   Narrator: Khan's tomb          remains one of history's         268 00:12:00,219 --> 00:12:03,823 greatest enigmas,                   hidden by time, tradition,    269 00:12:03,823 --> 00:12:06,425   and the vast                     expanse of Mongolia.           270 00:12:06,425 --> 00:12:10,062   Whether it's ever uncovered,     his legacy lives on,           271 00:12:10,062 --> 00:12:13,399   etched into the land              he once conquered.            272 00:12:16,102 --> 00:12:23,175    ♪♪                            273 00:12:23,175 --> 00:12:25,144    Narrator: He was a               terror on the seas,           274 00:12:25,144 --> 00:12:28,247   a name spoken in fear            across the Atlantic.           275 00:12:28,247 --> 00:12:31,450   Edward Teach, better             known as Blackbeard,           276 00:12:31,450 --> 00:12:34,887   was one of the most notorious    pirates of his time.           277 00:12:34,887 --> 00:12:36,889  With a ship armed to the teeth  278 00:12:36,889 --> 00:12:39,258  and a crew as ruthless          as their captain,                279 00:12:39,258 --> 00:12:42,194    Blackbeard carved a              path of destruction           280 00:12:42,194 --> 00:12:45,097    from the Caribbean,              to the American coastline.    281 00:12:47,199 --> 00:12:49,001  Alison Leonard: Blackbeard was  the most infamous pirate         282 00:12:49,001 --> 00:12:50,836   in the Golden Age of Piracy.   283 00:12:50,836 --> 00:12:53,506 But his reputation wasn't        built on violence alone.         284 00:12:53,506 --> 00:12:56,041 Intimidation was                   his greatest weapon.           285 00:12:56,041 --> 00:12:58,310  He rarely killed unless           absolutely necessary,          286 00:12:58,310 --> 00:13:00,012  instead relying on his             fearsome appearance           287 00:13:00,012 --> 00:13:01,747    to break his enemies' will.   288 00:13:03,883 --> 00:13:06,152    James Ellis: He wore black      ribbons in his beard,          289 00:13:06,152 --> 00:13:08,721   carried six pistols,             and lit fuses                  290 00:13:08,721 --> 00:13:10,790  beneath his hat before battle,  291 00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:13,759   dangling some of them             down the sides of his face    292 00:13:13,759 --> 00:13:16,996   to surround it with a           halo of smoke and fire.         293 00:13:16,996 --> 00:13:19,565    He created                     a terrifying spectacle          294 00:13:19,565 --> 00:13:21,467  that often caused his opponents 295 00:13:21,467 --> 00:13:23,502   to surrender without a fight.  296 00:13:25,471 --> 00:13:28,574 Adam Bunch: Blackbeard's          fearsome image included         297 00:13:28,574 --> 00:13:30,910  his infamous Jolly Roger flag.  298 00:13:30,910 --> 00:13:33,746  A skeleton holding an hourglass 299 00:13:33,746 --> 00:13:36,882 and a spear aimed at               a bleeding heart,              300 00:13:36,882 --> 00:13:39,885 a chilling symbol threatening      inevitable death.              301 00:13:41,187 --> 00:13:43,455 Anthea Nardi: In 1717,             Blackbeard captured            302 00:13:43,455 --> 00:13:46,292    the French slave ship         La Concorde off Martinique       303 00:13:46,292 --> 00:13:48,194  and quickly transformed            the vessel,                   304 00:13:48,194 --> 00:13:51,163 adding 26 guns to                 its existing 14                 305 00:13:51,163 --> 00:13:53,732  and renaming it                   Queen Anne's Revenge.          306 00:13:53,732 --> 00:13:55,601   With this heavily armed ship,  307 00:13:55,601 --> 00:13:57,570    he unleashed terror           on the high seas,                308 00:13:57,570 --> 00:14:00,072 amassing a fortune that,          legend has it,                  309 00:14:00,072 --> 00:14:02,208    remains hidden to this day.   310 00:14:02,208 --> 00:14:05,177 But if that's true, where        did he hide the treasure?        311 00:14:06,045 --> 00:14:08,247  Narrator: Blackbeard's           journey to piracy began         312 00:14:08,247 --> 00:14:10,983   as a privateer during          Queen Anne's War,                313 00:14:10,983 --> 00:14:13,586  when Britain and other           imperial powers                 314 00:14:13,586 --> 00:14:16,155    fought for control            of North America.                315 00:14:17,389 --> 00:14:19,725   James Ellis: Privateers like      Blackbeard were authorized    316 00:14:19,725 --> 00:14:23,062  to plunder enemy ships          and seize valuable cargo         317 00:14:23,062 --> 00:14:26,699  under what were called "letters    of marque" from the Crown.    318 00:14:26,699 --> 00:14:29,134 During that time,                 he honed skills                 319 00:14:29,134 --> 00:14:31,103  that would later propel          him to infamy,                  320 00:14:31,103 --> 00:14:33,472  as the scourge                   of the Atlantic Ocean.          321 00:14:35,875 --> 00:14:37,176   Alison Leonard: Queen Anne's    War gave Blackbeard his         322 00:14:37,176 --> 00:14:39,945  first taste of raiding,          but when the war ended,         323 00:14:39,945 --> 00:14:42,181 so did the opportunities          for legal privateering.         324 00:14:42,181 --> 00:14:46,185   Like many former privateers,     Blackbeard turned to piracy.   325 00:14:47,052 --> 00:14:49,221 Narrator:                          As Blackbeard's legend grew,   326 00:14:49,221 --> 00:14:52,191  so did the legends surrounding     his hidden fortune.           327 00:14:52,191 --> 00:14:55,094 One of the most enduring stories   centers on the place           328 00:14:55,094 --> 00:14:58,264 where his reign of terror         came to an abrupt halt.         329 00:15:00,799 --> 00:15:02,801    Anthea Nardi: In May 1718,       Blackbeard launched           330 00:15:02,801 --> 00:15:04,303 one of his boldest moves,        331 00:15:04,303 --> 00:15:07,072  blockading the Port of             Charleston, South Carolina.   332 00:15:07,072 --> 00:15:10,276   Over the course of a week, he   captured at least eight ships,  333 00:15:10,276 --> 00:15:14,079  took hostages, and struck fear     in the heart of the colony.   334 00:15:14,079 --> 00:15:17,449  But as he later sailed towards  North Carolina, disaster struck. 335 00:15:19,351 --> 00:15:21,620   Adam Bunch: The Queen Anne's      Revenge ran aground           336 00:15:21,620 --> 00:15:23,822    on a sandbank near             Beaufort Inlet,                 337 00:15:23,822 --> 00:15:27,126   and though Blackbeard escaped, his ship was lost.               338 00:15:28,594 --> 00:15:30,029  Alison Leonard: Interestingly,     some have suggested           339 00:15:30,029 --> 00:15:31,597    the wreck was no accident.    340 00:15:31,597 --> 00:15:34,900 Blackbeard wasn't just a           pirate, he was a strategist.   341 00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:36,769 Evidence suggests                   that the grounding            342 00:15:36,769 --> 00:15:40,506  of the Queen Anne's Revenge was    a 'nonviolent wreck event',   343 00:15:40,506 --> 00:15:43,075    meaning it may have been a       deliberate, calculated move   344 00:15:43,075 --> 00:15:45,277  to offload his treasure            before abandoning the ship.   345 00:15:49,381 --> 00:15:51,483  Narrator: Years of exploration    have revealed                  346 00:15:51,483 --> 00:15:55,054    fascinating artifacts from    Blackbeard's pirate life,        347 00:15:55,054 --> 00:15:57,823   including many of the             ship's 40 cannons.            348 00:15:57,823 --> 00:16:00,392    but there has been no sign       of the vast wealth            349 00:16:00,392 --> 00:16:02,094   the legend suggests.           350 00:16:05,364 --> 00:16:07,099  Anthea Nardi: Extensive          excavations at the site         351 00:16:07,099 --> 00:16:08,701  of Queen Anne's Revenge          have uncovered                  352 00:16:08,701 --> 00:16:12,304    thousands of artifacts, but    only a sprinkling of gold dust, 353 00:16:12,304 --> 00:16:14,173   nothing close to the           immense treasure                 354 00:16:14,173 --> 00:16:16,342    Blackbeard is said             to have buried.                 355 00:16:17,142 --> 00:16:19,812    It's possible that the real     treasure may have been hidden  356 00:16:19,812 --> 00:16:21,780 long before the shipwreck        357 00:16:21,780 --> 00:16:23,782   or he never stored valuables   358 00:16:23,782 --> 00:16:25,617    aboard the                      Queen Anne's Revenge at all.   359 00:16:27,519 --> 00:16:29,922  Narrator: While Beaufort Inlet   may have marked the end         360 00:16:29,922 --> 00:16:32,358 of Blackbeard's flagship,          some believe                   361 00:16:32,358 --> 00:16:36,495  the notorious pirate's treasure lies much closer to home.        362 00:16:37,596 --> 00:16:39,298  Alison Leonard: After the Queen    Anne's Revenge ran aground,   363 00:16:39,298 --> 00:16:41,400  Blackbeard took command           of a smaller vessel,           364 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,336   allowing him to continue his    piracy with a more agile crew.  365 00:16:44,336 --> 00:16:46,372 He soon sailed to                 North Carolina,                 366 00:16:46,372 --> 00:16:48,007 where he promised                to give up piracy                367 00:16:48,007 --> 00:16:50,442 in exchange for a pardon            from Governor Charles Eden.   368 00:16:51,577 --> 00:16:53,545   Adam Bunch: He even attempted  a respectable life there,        369 00:16:53,545 --> 00:16:56,382   in the town of Bath,            marrying a local woman,         370 00:16:56,382 --> 00:16:59,518    said by some to be             his 14th wife.                  371 00:16:59,518 --> 00:17:01,186    Some people                    like to say that during         372 00:17:01,186 --> 00:17:03,288    that brief moment of peace,   373 00:17:03,288 --> 00:17:06,325   Blackbeard could have hidden     his greatest treasure          374 00:17:06,325 --> 00:17:10,229    along the eastern shores of   Bath Creek at Plum Point.        375 00:17:11,330 --> 00:17:13,432 Anthea Nardi: Bath wasn't           just a quiet colonial town    376 00:17:13,432 --> 00:17:16,769    for Blackbeard, it was his       chance to reinvent himself.   377 00:17:16,769 --> 00:17:18,337   Under the protection           of the Governor,                 378 00:17:18,337 --> 00:17:20,472   he saw an opportunity           to go straight,                 379 00:17:20,472 --> 00:17:22,674   and distance himself            from his life of crime.         380 00:17:23,742 --> 00:17:26,545  James Ellis: The royal pardon,     issued under King George I,   381 00:17:26,545 --> 00:17:29,248   was designed to grant             amnesty to pirates            382 00:17:29,248 --> 00:17:31,483    willing to give up               their lawless ways.           383 00:17:31,483 --> 00:17:34,386    For Blackbeard, this was a      chance to settle down          384 00:17:34,386 --> 00:17:37,222    and enjoy the wealth he had    amassed over the years,         385 00:17:37,222 --> 00:17:40,192   but rumors persisted            that his pirating days          386 00:17:40,192 --> 00:17:41,727    were far from over.           387 00:17:44,530 --> 00:17:47,299   Narrator: One particular site   of interest was a field         388 00:17:47,299 --> 00:17:50,803  where Blackbeard reportedly set up a tar pit or 'kettle',        389 00:17:50,803 --> 00:17:54,173  which was used to make wood tar in the early eighteenth century, 390 00:17:54,173 --> 00:17:56,208    to seal the hulls of ships.   391 00:17:58,777 --> 00:18:00,345    Anthea Nardi: According to       residents and researchers,    392 00:18:00,345 --> 00:18:02,448    the field once held              a brick structure,            393 00:18:02,448 --> 00:18:04,183   believed to have been             used by Blackbeard            394 00:18:04,183 --> 00:18:06,185    to render wood tar             for his ships.                  395 00:18:06,185 --> 00:18:08,287    It's possible that               while building it,            396 00:18:08,287 --> 00:18:11,056   he also dug a perfect hiding    spot for his treasure.          397 00:18:12,224 --> 00:18:14,359 Adam Bunch: A frustrated            farmer who owned the land,    398 00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:16,795 eventually demolished the kettle 399 00:18:16,795 --> 00:18:18,530   to keep the treasure             hunters away.                  400 00:18:18,530 --> 00:18:21,400    The site has still               continued to attract them,    401 00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:24,803    one of whom claimed to have    unearthed a brick vault         402 00:18:24,803 --> 00:18:27,106 buried eight feet                beneath the sand,                403 00:18:27,106 --> 00:18:30,142    containing a chest            of Spanish gold.                 404 00:18:31,076 --> 00:18:32,444   James Ellis:                      But with no authentication,   405 00:18:32,444 --> 00:18:34,446 and the chest never found again, 406 00:18:34,446 --> 00:18:36,882  the mystery of                    Blackbeard's fortune           407 00:18:36,882 --> 00:18:38,984    remains as elusive as ever.   408 00:18:38,984 --> 00:18:41,386 The question is,                   if it's not in Bath,           409 00:18:41,386 --> 00:18:44,423    could it be hidden               somewhere far more remote,    410 00:18:44,423 --> 00:18:46,625 in a place only Blackbeard knew? 411 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,463  Narrator: It wasn't long before Blackbeard returned to the seas. 412 00:18:51,463 --> 00:18:55,467  His quest for power ultimately    brought him to a new refuge,   413 00:18:55,467 --> 00:18:58,570 a remote island where he            would make his last stand.    414 00:19:00,038 --> 00:19:01,940  Alison Leonard:                    By the end of August 1718,    415 00:19:01,940 --> 00:19:03,408  Blackbeard had resumed piracy,  416 00:19:03,408 --> 00:19:05,377    and after stealing              several French ships,          417 00:19:05,377 --> 00:19:06,979    the Governor of the           Province of Pennsylvania         418 00:19:06,979 --> 00:19:08,480 issued a warrant for his arrest. 419 00:19:08,480 --> 00:19:10,883  He eventually made his           way to Ocracoke Island,         420 00:19:10,883 --> 00:19:12,718    a remote, windswept            stretch of land                 421 00:19:12,718 --> 00:19:14,219 off the coast of North Carolina. 422 00:19:15,387 --> 00:19:17,189    Adam Bunch:                      For Blackbeard and his men,   423 00:19:17,189 --> 00:19:19,858  Ocracoke was the ideal hideout. 424 00:19:19,858 --> 00:19:23,061    It was isolated, surrounded    by treacherous waters,          425 00:19:23,061 --> 00:19:25,330 and far from prying eyes.        426 00:19:25,330 --> 00:19:27,366    Blackbeard regrouped there,   427 00:19:27,366 --> 00:19:30,836    knowing the British              Royal Navy was closing in.    428 00:19:30,836 --> 00:19:32,838 So if you believe                in the treasure,                 429 00:19:32,838 --> 00:19:35,807  you might think he used          this time to stash it,          430 00:19:35,807 --> 00:19:37,276  somewhere on the island         431 00:19:37,276 --> 00:19:39,411 before his final battle.         432 00:19:40,612 --> 00:19:43,115  Narrator: Ocracoke was           a famous pirate haven,          433 00:19:43,115 --> 00:19:45,751  offering easy access to          British shipping lanes          434 00:19:45,751 --> 00:19:48,654 coming to the New World,          but remote enough that          435 00:19:48,654 --> 00:19:52,391 authorities did not have control  over it during colonial times.  436 00:19:53,859 --> 00:19:56,428   James Ellis: Ocracoke            wasn't just a random hideout.  437 00:19:56,428 --> 00:19:58,997    Blackbeard                     knew these waters well.         438 00:19:58,997 --> 00:20:01,233    The shallow inlets               made it impossible            439 00:20:01,233 --> 00:20:03,168    for larger ships to follow,   440 00:20:03,168 --> 00:20:05,904  giving him a strategic             advantage.                    441 00:20:05,904 --> 00:20:08,173   Its isolation                    allowed him to evade           442 00:20:08,173 --> 00:20:10,576    the growing threat               of the Royal Navy,            443 00:20:10,576 --> 00:20:13,779  while secretly                     continuing his operations.    444 00:20:13,779 --> 00:20:15,314    During this period of calm,   445 00:20:15,314 --> 00:20:18,317  it's likely he secured          whatever treasure he had         446 00:20:18,317 --> 00:20:20,786  before the final confrontation. 447 00:20:22,287 --> 00:20:24,423 Anthea Nardi: Blackbeard's prior    unchecked presence in Bath    448 00:20:24,423 --> 00:20:27,759 had infuriated Virginia's          Governor Alexander Spotswood,  449 00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:30,529   especially after the             siege on Charleston.           450 00:20:30,529 --> 00:20:33,498   Spotswood suspected collusion     between Blackbeard            451 00:20:33,498 --> 00:20:35,534   and North Carolina's            Governor Eden,                  452 00:20:35,534 --> 00:20:38,337    whose pardon of the pirate    only fueled the tension.         453 00:20:39,738 --> 00:20:41,206 Alison Leonard: Governor         Spotswood would not stand        454 00:20:41,206 --> 00:20:42,674 for piracy in his waters.        455 00:20:42,674 --> 00:20:44,910    He summoned Captains of the      British Royal Navy            456 00:20:44,910 --> 00:20:47,512 to discuss a strategy for         bringing Blackbeard to justice  457 00:20:47,512 --> 00:20:49,281 and, as an additional incentive, 458 00:20:49,281 --> 00:20:51,917    Spotswood offered a bounty    for the pirate's capture.        459 00:20:51,917 --> 00:20:54,653    100 pounds, dead or alive.    460 00:20:55,887 --> 00:20:58,624 Narrator: Ocracoke Island became   the stage for one of the most  461 00:20:58,624 --> 00:21:02,227 legendary confrontations            in pirate history.            462 00:21:02,227 --> 00:21:05,897 In November 1718,                  British forces led by          463 00:21:05,897 --> 00:21:08,667    Lieutenant Robert Maynard,       ambushed Blackbeard           464 00:21:08,667 --> 00:21:11,470 in the treacherous waters         off the coast.                  465 00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:14,806   Anthea Nardi: It was           a fierce, bloody battle.         466 00:21:14,806 --> 00:21:17,442  Blackbeard was shot and          slashed multiple times          467 00:21:17,442 --> 00:21:18,844  before he finally fell.         468 00:21:18,844 --> 00:21:21,446   In a brutal display,             his head was severed           469 00:21:21,446 --> 00:21:24,316    and mounted on the bowsprit      of Maynard's ship,            470 00:21:24,316 --> 00:21:26,785 a grim warning to anyone         who dared follow                 471 00:21:26,785 --> 00:21:28,654  in Blackbeard's                   notorious footsteps.           472 00:21:30,255 --> 00:21:32,157 Adam Bunch: After                   Blackbeard's death,           473 00:21:32,157 --> 00:21:34,726   Maynard's men                     scoured the island,           474 00:21:34,726 --> 00:21:36,862   searching through the             difficult terrain,            475 00:21:36,862 --> 00:21:41,566   hidden coves, for any            trace of the pirate fortune.   476 00:21:41,566 --> 00:21:45,170 But they found nothing of           any unusually great value.    477 00:21:45,170 --> 00:21:48,473 Just sugar, coca,                   indigo and cotton.            478 00:21:49,541 --> 00:21:51,009   James Ellis: There's              an enduring legend            479 00:21:51,009 --> 00:21:54,212  that when Blackbeard's crew was    questioned after his death,   480 00:21:54,212 --> 00:21:55,714    they famously said,           481 00:21:55,714 --> 00:21:59,484    'Only he and the Devil know    where the treasure is.'         482 00:21:59,484 --> 00:22:03,255  This cryptic remark has driven   treasure hunters for centuries. 483 00:22:03,255 --> 00:22:06,591 The island's history and          Blackbeard's reputation         484 00:22:06,591 --> 00:22:09,795  make it one of the most          intriguing possible locations.  485 00:22:09,795 --> 00:22:12,564    But so far, nothing            has been found.                 486 00:22:13,532 --> 00:22:15,701 Narrator: Another theory,         one that's most likely          487 00:22:15,701 --> 00:22:18,670   closest to the truth,             maintains that the idea of    488 00:22:18,670 --> 00:22:22,641   Blackbeard's hidden treasure,    is nothing more than legend.   489 00:22:23,475 --> 00:22:25,110 Anthea Nardi: The myth of         buried pirate treasure          490 00:22:25,110 --> 00:22:26,945  often overshadows the reality.  491 00:22:26,945 --> 00:22:29,848  In truth, pirates like           Blackbeard likely spent         492 00:22:29,848 --> 00:22:32,317   their wealth quickly             after plundering it.           493 00:22:32,317 --> 00:22:34,686   Another issue is that           even a small sea chest          494 00:22:34,686 --> 00:22:38,323  filled with gold, would            weigh nearly 5,000 pounds.    495 00:22:38,323 --> 00:22:40,025  That's a lot of                    weight for pirates            496 00:22:40,025 --> 00:22:41,727   to lug around a sandy beach.   497 00:22:42,661 --> 00:22:44,096  Alison Leonard: At the             time of Blackbeard's death,   498 00:22:44,096 --> 00:22:47,866  his possessions were valued at     only 2,500 pounds sterling.   499 00:22:47,866 --> 00:22:49,968   It's hardly the grand            fortune we associate           500 00:22:49,968 --> 00:22:53,505    with legendary pirates like     Captain Kidd or Henry Every,   501 00:22:53,505 --> 00:22:55,674   whose plunder reached            tens of thousands of pounds.   502 00:22:56,708 --> 00:22:58,877 James Ellis: This raises          an intriguing question:         503 00:22:58,877 --> 00:23:02,581  Did Blackbeard use the            myth of untold riches          504 00:23:02,581 --> 00:23:04,816 to fuel his power and influence? 505 00:23:04,816 --> 00:23:07,619  Perhaps there was never          a vast treasure at all,         506 00:23:07,619 --> 00:23:10,422  just a clever illusion          that kept his crew loyal         507 00:23:10,422 --> 00:23:12,090  and his enemies at bay.         508 00:23:13,558 --> 00:23:15,727  Narrator: The legend of            Blackbeard's hidden riches    509 00:23:15,727 --> 00:23:18,864  has captivated treasure          hunters for centuries.          510 00:23:18,864 --> 00:23:22,134    Even without hard evidence,     the search continues,          511 00:23:22,134 --> 00:23:25,537  fueled by the possibility that    somewhere out there,           512 00:23:25,537 --> 00:23:28,940    the rumored fortune of the       world's most feared pirate,   513 00:23:28,940 --> 00:23:30,842 awaits discovery.                514 00:23:32,878 --> 00:23:32,911    ♪♪                            515 00:23:32,911 --> 00:23:41,086    ♪♪                            516 00:23:41,086 --> 00:23:44,990    Narrator: In the mid-first     century BCE, the Ninth Legion,  517 00:23:44,990 --> 00:23:47,926    more than 5,000 of            Rome's fiercest fighters,        518 00:23:47,926 --> 00:23:51,096   stormed into Britain,           establishing the region         519 00:23:51,096 --> 00:23:53,432   as its base for generations.   520 00:23:53,432 --> 00:23:56,435    They quashed rebellions and   left their indelible mark        521 00:23:56,435 --> 00:23:57,769   everywhere they went.          522 00:23:59,504 --> 00:24:00,772 Alison Leonard: The Ninth        was one of Rome's oldest         523 00:24:00,772 --> 00:24:03,208    and most respected             elite legions.                  524 00:24:03,208 --> 00:24:05,877 Disciplined, loyal, experienced. 525 00:24:05,877 --> 00:24:08,413 They fought in just about           every major Roman conflict,   526 00:24:08,413 --> 00:24:10,382  and it's all traceable.         527 00:24:11,616 --> 00:24:15,053    Adam Bunch: Evidence of the     Ninth Legion and its exploits  528 00:24:15,053 --> 00:24:18,757    are all over the historical      and archaeological records.   529 00:24:18,757 --> 00:24:22,494  Until, suddenly, it's just not. 530 00:24:22,494 --> 00:24:26,665    The entire Legion seems to     disappear from history.         531 00:24:26,665 --> 00:24:30,869  More then 5,000                  living, breathing men,          532 00:24:30,869 --> 00:24:33,905  their weapons,                     their armor...gone!           533 00:24:35,707 --> 00:24:38,376  Amma Agbedor: The Ninth's fate  has been a point                 534 00:24:38,376 --> 00:24:41,780    of intensive investigation       and fierce debate,            535 00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:44,616  among historians for centuries. 536 00:24:44,616 --> 00:24:47,185 But the one thing                   everyone agrees on            537 00:24:47,185 --> 00:24:49,888  is that something is not right. 538 00:24:49,888 --> 00:24:54,059    So what happened to Rome's     legendary Ninth Legion?         539 00:24:55,126 --> 00:24:57,028    Narrator: The Legion began       its storied career            540 00:24:57,028 --> 00:25:00,198    close to home, establishing   itself as a force                541 00:25:00,198 --> 00:25:02,534  for putting down insurrections. 542 00:25:03,635 --> 00:25:05,203  James Ellis: The first             historical mention            543 00:25:05,203 --> 00:25:08,206 of the Ninth Legion is regarding    their participation           544 00:25:08,206 --> 00:25:10,342    in what's known as             the Social War,                 545 00:25:10,342 --> 00:25:12,344    a rebellion                     in the South of Italy          546 00:25:12,344 --> 00:25:14,846   that they crushed in 90 BCE.   547 00:25:16,047 --> 00:25:17,415  Alison Leonard: Within          a couple of generations,         548 00:25:17,415 --> 00:25:19,117  the Ninth Legion fought            in the Gallic Wars,           549 00:25:19,117 --> 00:25:21,920   under Julius Caesar,              and were so trusted by him,   550 00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:24,422 that they became known as           "Caesar's Legion."            551 00:25:24,422 --> 00:25:27,092   A few years later, in 55 BCE,  552 00:25:27,092 --> 00:25:29,828    Caesar used them for Rome's      first invasion of Britain.    553 00:25:30,962 --> 00:25:35,800  Adam Bunch: But then something   odd happened in 45 BCE.         554 00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:38,770   After they were sent to fight  in a civil war back home,        555 00:25:38,770 --> 00:25:41,172    and then put down a             rebellion in Africa,           556 00:25:41,172 --> 00:25:44,109    Caesar retired the Legion.    557 00:25:44,109 --> 00:25:47,245   He disbanded it and pensioned    off all its veterans.          558 00:25:48,380 --> 00:25:49,948   Amma Agbedor:                     The very next year,           559 00:25:49,948 --> 00:25:54,252  Caesar was assassinated          and his heir, Octavian,         560 00:25:54,252 --> 00:25:56,955    reformed the Ninth Legion.    561 00:25:56,955 --> 00:25:59,758  They proved themselves             to be so effective            562 00:25:59,758 --> 00:26:02,160    in the conquest of             part of Spain,                  563 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:03,895   that from that point forward,  564 00:26:03,895 --> 00:26:06,264    "Hispana" was added            to their name,                  565 00:26:06,264 --> 00:26:09,367  becoming "Legio Nine Hispana."  566 00:26:09,367 --> 00:26:11,503 Ultimately, they                   returned to Britain,           567 00:26:11,503 --> 00:26:13,772 one of four Roman legions needed 568 00:26:13,772 --> 00:26:16,775   to quell a resistance          by Celtic tribes.                569 00:26:17,842 --> 00:26:20,412    Narrator: By 71 CE,           the Ninth Legion                 570 00:26:20,412 --> 00:26:22,581    was stationed in Eboracum,    571 00:26:22,581 --> 00:26:25,016 and it was their                 responsibility to oversee        572 00:26:25,016 --> 00:26:27,719   and secure Britain's             northern territories,          573 00:26:27,719 --> 00:26:30,822    including Caledonia              - ancient Scotland.           574 00:26:32,190 --> 00:26:34,492  James Ellis: Caledonia          was considered dangerous,        575 00:26:34,492 --> 00:26:36,828    volatile and unpredictable.   576 00:26:36,828 --> 00:26:38,697  Most of Rome's legions             were based                    577 00:26:38,697 --> 00:26:40,599  in the southern part of Britain 578 00:26:40,599 --> 00:26:44,936   and made forays into            Caledonia only when necessary.  579 00:26:44,936 --> 00:26:48,540  The Ninth was the go-to legion  for that hazardous work,         580 00:26:48,540 --> 00:26:51,109 for at least the                   next two generations.          581 00:26:52,344 --> 00:26:54,179   Alison Leonard: We know that      the Ninth was still present   582 00:26:54,179 --> 00:26:56,081   in northern Britain in 108 CE  583 00:26:56,081 --> 00:26:58,883 because in the mid-19th century,  workers digging a drain         584 00:26:58,883 --> 00:27:00,952   near what's now York,             in northern England           585 00:27:00,952 --> 00:27:03,788 found a square stone slab         over three feet across,         586 00:27:03,788 --> 00:27:05,890  with an inscription. It reads:  587 00:27:05,890 --> 00:27:07,926 "The Ninth Hispana Legion        rebuilt the fort,                588 00:27:07,926 --> 00:27:11,062 for the Emperor."                  It's dated to 108 CE.          589 00:27:11,062 --> 00:27:13,598    So we know the Ninth Legion    was there at that time.         590 00:27:15,066 --> 00:27:18,470  Adam Bunch: By 122 CE,           things were going poorly enough 591 00:27:18,470 --> 00:27:20,538    for the Romans in Caledonia   592 00:27:20,538 --> 00:27:22,841   that reigning Emperor Hadrian  593 00:27:22,841 --> 00:27:25,644  traveled to Britain in person,  594 00:27:25,644 --> 00:27:29,414  taking another legion,             the Sixth Beatrix with him.   595 00:27:29,414 --> 00:27:31,316  He was building a wall.         596 00:27:31,316 --> 00:27:33,718  And not just any wall.          597 00:27:33,718 --> 00:27:35,920  Hadrian's Wall                     was going to divide           598 00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:40,191   the island of Britain in two,    separating the Romans          599 00:27:40,191 --> 00:27:43,261 and the so-called                barbarians to the north.         600 00:27:44,496 --> 00:27:47,966 Amma Agbedor: All military units  were needed to build the wall,  601 00:27:47,966 --> 00:27:52,303  thousands of soldiers,           working for at least six years. 602 00:27:52,303 --> 00:27:54,539   Each Legion 'signed' the wall  603 00:27:54,539 --> 00:27:58,176   with engraved plaques             and stamped bricks:           604 00:27:58,176 --> 00:27:59,611    The Second Legion,            605 00:27:59,611 --> 00:28:02,847 the Sixth Victrix, and the 20th. 606 00:28:02,847 --> 00:28:07,652   Yet no part of the wall bears    the mark of the Ninth Legion.  607 00:28:07,652 --> 00:28:11,256   So we know the Ninth             was there in 108 CE,           608 00:28:11,256 --> 00:28:14,659  but by 122 CE, they were gone.  609 00:28:14,659 --> 00:28:15,994  What happened to them?          610 00:28:18,029 --> 00:28:21,733    Narrator: Marcus Cornelius    Fronto, an historian of the day, 611 00:28:21,733 --> 00:28:24,135 wrote that during                Emperor Hadrian's reign,         612 00:28:24,135 --> 00:28:27,205  "the Britons could not be kept    under Roman control,"          613 00:28:27,205 --> 00:28:29,607  and that large numbers          of Roman soldiers                614 00:28:29,607 --> 00:28:31,109 had been killed by them.         615 00:28:32,310 --> 00:28:34,913  James Ellis: Given that Hadrian   and the Sixth Legion           616 00:28:34,913 --> 00:28:39,784 took up residence at Eboracum as  soon as they arrived in 122 CE, 617 00:28:39,784 --> 00:28:42,987  when Fronto wrote about "large   numbers" of casualties,         618 00:28:42,987 --> 00:28:45,990    could he have been talking     about the Ninth Legion?         619 00:28:45,990 --> 00:28:48,026   Had the Ninth Legion            been wiped out,                 620 00:28:48,026 --> 00:28:50,228    before Hadrian and              the Sixth got there?           621 00:28:51,162 --> 00:28:52,497   Alison Leonard: If the Ninth   Legion had been attacked         622 00:28:52,497 --> 00:28:55,100  and decimated, it would've been    a pretty compelling reason    623 00:28:55,100 --> 00:28:56,801    for Hadrian to want           to build a wall,                 624 00:28:56,801 --> 00:28:59,404  to prevent a devastating attack   from happening again.          625 00:28:59,404 --> 00:29:02,540    The Ninth had a reputation      for being unbeatable.          626 00:29:02,540 --> 00:29:04,509    However, there is evidence    627 00:29:04,509 --> 00:29:06,010 that they weren't                  entirely invincible.           628 00:29:07,512 --> 00:29:11,449   Narrator: In 61 CE, there was    a revolt by the Iceni tribe,   629 00:29:11,449 --> 00:29:14,819  in Eastern Britain and a large  number of Roman soldiers         630 00:29:14,819 --> 00:29:17,255   died in the bloody conflict.   631 00:29:17,255 --> 00:29:20,425   Roughly half the Ninth Legion   was wiped out,                  632 00:29:20,425 --> 00:29:21,993 which earned the                 battle the name,                 633 00:29:21,993 --> 00:29:24,062   "The Massacre of the Ninth."   634 00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:27,799    Adam Bunch: They could also     have been sent somewhere else  635 00:29:27,799 --> 00:29:29,868 and been wiped out there.        636 00:29:29,868 --> 00:29:32,937   In the Roman Parthian          war near Armenia,                637 00:29:32,937 --> 00:29:36,941    fought a bit later,            between 161 and 165 CE,         638 00:29:36,941 --> 00:29:41,012   there are records of a Roman   Legion being annihilated.        639 00:29:41,012 --> 00:29:44,182   Their commander even           chose to die by suicide,         640 00:29:44,182 --> 00:29:47,786 which they sometimes did            after a humiliating defeat.   641 00:29:47,786 --> 00:29:49,821  While the event was documented, 642 00:29:49,821 --> 00:29:52,423  the Legion itself wasn't named. 643 00:29:53,591 --> 00:29:55,960 Amma Agbedor: At that time there    was a seldom-used sanction    644 00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:58,296    called "damnatio memoriae",   645 00:29:58,296 --> 00:30:01,833  where anyone perceived          to be a traitor to Rome,         646 00:30:01,833 --> 00:30:03,935    or an "enemy of the state",   647 00:30:03,935 --> 00:30:07,405  might have their memory           officially condemned.          648 00:30:07,405 --> 00:30:10,408    Their name would be              erased from public record,    649 00:30:10,408 --> 00:30:13,812  so an event they took part in,  such as a battle,                650 00:30:13,812 --> 00:30:16,047  would still be                     recorded of course,           651 00:30:16,047 --> 00:30:19,984 but they would be                 unnamed in that record.         652 00:30:19,984 --> 00:30:22,854    So could the Ninth               have done something worthy    653 00:30:22,854 --> 00:30:25,056   of damnatio memoriae?          654 00:30:26,090 --> 00:30:28,159  Narrator: There is one            little-known chapter           655 00:30:28,159 --> 00:30:30,895   in the Ninth Legion's             otherwise spotless history,   656 00:30:30,895 --> 00:30:33,231  as loyal soldiers of the Empire 657 00:30:33,231 --> 00:30:36,467 that could have resulted           in damnatio memoriae.          658 00:30:38,136 --> 00:30:40,438   James Ellis: Back when Julius  Caesar was leading them,         659 00:30:40,438 --> 00:30:43,274    in northern Italy,               the Ninth threatened mutiny   660 00:30:43,274 --> 00:30:47,278    over not getting enough pay   or a cut of the 'spoils of war'. 661 00:30:48,413 --> 00:30:49,848   Alison Leonard: Caesar could      have "decimated" the Ninth    662 00:30:49,848 --> 00:30:51,716    for that, meaning,            that he executed                 663 00:30:51,716 --> 00:30:54,152   every tenth soldier,              as a lesson to all.           664 00:30:54,152 --> 00:30:56,120 But he ended up allowing          a 'plea deal',                  665 00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:57,722  where the Ninth                   abandoned its mutiny           666 00:30:57,722 --> 00:31:00,325   and just an even dozen of the     ring leaders were executed.   667 00:31:00,325 --> 00:31:02,393   Amazingly, the Ninth              went back to being            668 00:31:02,393 --> 00:31:04,696 one of Caesar's favourite           Legions after that.           669 00:31:04,696 --> 00:31:06,431  But the incident proves         they were willing                670 00:31:06,431 --> 00:31:08,600    to defy orders... or worse.   671 00:31:09,767 --> 00:31:13,238 Adam Bunch: One possible hole in   the damnatio memoria theory,   672 00:31:13,238 --> 00:31:15,240    is that many of the           records back then                673 00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:18,643  were literally                     chiseled in stone.            674 00:31:18,643 --> 00:31:20,578 And while there's                  evidence of senators           675 00:31:20,578 --> 00:31:22,413    and even disgraced emperors   676 00:31:22,413 --> 00:31:25,450    having their names            chiseled away and erased,        677 00:31:25,450 --> 00:31:27,986   there doesn't seem to be any    sign of that happening          678 00:31:27,986 --> 00:31:29,954    to the Ninth Legion's name.   679 00:31:29,954 --> 00:31:31,389  So it's an interesting theory,  680 00:31:31,389 --> 00:31:33,558 but with no hard                  evidence to back it up.         681 00:31:34,692 --> 00:31:37,228   Narrator: After centuries of      searching all over Britain    682 00:31:37,228 --> 00:31:40,198 for any trace of                   Rome's Ninth Legion,           683 00:31:40,198 --> 00:31:43,902   a surprise discovery led some   researchers to believe          684 00:31:43,902 --> 00:31:45,837   that they would never           be found there.                 685 00:31:47,405 --> 00:31:50,909  Amma Agbedor: An archaeological    dig hundreds of miles away,   686 00:31:50,909 --> 00:31:54,646  across the sea, in what          is now the Netherlands,         687 00:31:54,646 --> 00:31:57,649  turned up three building tiles, 688 00:31:57,649 --> 00:32:01,119   stamped with                   the Ninth's unit number.         689 00:32:01,119 --> 00:32:05,323   And more than that; a bronze    pendant from a harness          690 00:32:05,323 --> 00:32:08,860   that would have been worn by     one of the Ninth's war horses  691 00:32:08,860 --> 00:32:10,428  was also found.                 692 00:32:10,428 --> 00:32:12,964    So how could these               have ended up here?           693 00:32:14,732 --> 00:32:18,937    James Ellis: In 132 CE, the      Bar Kokhba Revolt broke out   694 00:32:18,937 --> 00:32:21,973 in Judea, part of modern         Israel and the West Bank.        695 00:32:21,973 --> 00:32:24,943    The Romans put the               rebellion down ruthlessly,    696 00:32:24,943 --> 00:32:27,445 but it took about                  three years to do it.          697 00:32:27,445 --> 00:32:30,815  Some believe that the artifacts   discovered in the Netherlands  698 00:32:30,815 --> 00:32:33,151  are proof that                     Rome's Ninth Legion           699 00:32:33,151 --> 00:32:35,053    was sent to fight in Judea,   700 00:32:35,053 --> 00:32:37,455    and stopped in the             Netherlands, en route.          701 00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:40,625    Alison Leonard: This would       prove that the Ninth Legion   702 00:32:40,625 --> 00:32:43,261 was still in existence in 132 CE 703 00:32:43,261 --> 00:32:46,164   much later than what previous   evidence had suggested.         704 00:32:46,164 --> 00:32:48,533   And it also opens up            a possibility.                  705 00:32:48,533 --> 00:32:51,536    Is that when and where the       Ninth finally met its end,    706 00:32:51,536 --> 00:32:53,905   during the bloody three-year   battle in Judea?                 707 00:32:55,306 --> 00:32:57,675   Adam Bunch: But if the entire     Ninth Legion was wiped out    708 00:32:57,675 --> 00:33:01,245   in Judea, you might expect to    find physical evidence of it,  709 00:33:01,245 --> 00:33:03,448   maybe their skeletal remains,  710 00:33:03,448 --> 00:33:06,284  damaged armor,                     shields, helmets...           711 00:33:06,284 --> 00:33:09,087    none of which seems              to have been found so far.    712 00:33:09,921 --> 00:33:12,991   We do know that lots            of Roman soldiers died          713 00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:14,359 putting down the revolt,         714 00:33:14,359 --> 00:33:16,327   but we don't have any          concrete evidence                715 00:33:16,327 --> 00:33:18,730  to convince historians          that any of them                 716 00:33:18,730 --> 00:33:20,298   belonged to the Ninth Legion.  717 00:33:21,332 --> 00:33:23,534   Narrator: Rome's Ninth Legion     had a long history            718 00:33:23,534 --> 00:33:25,203   and a mysterious end           719 00:33:25,203 --> 00:33:27,538    but left a lasting legacy.    720 00:33:28,306 --> 00:33:31,976   Amma Agbedor: Hadrian's Wall   stood for over 300 years,        721 00:33:31,976 --> 00:33:34,946 and during that time, the         cultures of the people          722 00:33:34,946 --> 00:33:37,048   to the north and south of it   723 00:33:37,048 --> 00:33:39,817    had time to develop              quite differently,            724 00:33:39,817 --> 00:33:42,920    into England and Scotland.    725 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:46,090  Some say the wall never          would have been built,          726 00:33:46,090 --> 00:33:49,694    if the Ninth Legion hadn't       allowed itself to be beaten   727 00:33:49,694 --> 00:33:51,529 by the Caledonian tribes,        728 00:33:51,529 --> 00:33:53,965 and that it's responsible        729 00:33:53,965 --> 00:33:55,666    for Britain being divided.    730 00:33:57,068 --> 00:33:59,470    James Ellis: As it stands,      the last irrefutable,          731 00:33:59,470 --> 00:34:02,473  concrete evidence we have that     the Ninth Legion was still    732 00:34:02,473 --> 00:34:05,810 in existence is the fort           building inscription           733 00:34:05,810 --> 00:34:09,280   from 108 CE,                      in what was then Eboracum.    734 00:34:09,847 --> 00:34:12,483   There are so many theories as   to what became of them          735 00:34:12,483 --> 00:34:15,153   after that, but what            every one of them lacks         736 00:34:15,153 --> 00:34:17,088    is evidence to back it up.    737 00:34:18,256 --> 00:34:20,858 Narrator: It's still very           possible that one day soon,   738 00:34:20,858 --> 00:34:23,694 Rome's lost Ninth Legion          will march back                 739 00:34:23,694 --> 00:34:25,196  into the history books,         740 00:34:25,196 --> 00:34:27,265    and the mystery of               their disappearance           741 00:34:27,265 --> 00:34:29,634    can finally be put to rest.   742 00:34:31,669 --> 00:34:38,709    ♪♪                            743 00:34:38,709 --> 00:34:42,046  Narrator: 1968, a year           when the world teetered         744 00:34:42,046 --> 00:34:45,083 between peace and                  nuclear catastrophe.           745 00:34:45,950 --> 00:34:48,953 As tensions rose on land,        something darker                 746 00:34:48,953 --> 00:34:51,422 unfolded beneath                   the ocean's surface.           747 00:34:54,358 --> 00:34:57,295    Alison Leonard: In January     of 1968, the INS Dakar,         748 00:34:57,295 --> 00:34:59,197 a newly acquired                    Israeli submarine,            749 00:34:59,197 --> 00:35:01,566    disappeared without              a distress signal.            750 00:35:01,566 --> 00:35:03,835   Only two days prior,              the French Minerve            751 00:35:03,835 --> 00:35:05,503  vanished during                 a routine patrol.                752 00:35:08,039 --> 00:35:11,943    In March, the Soviet K-129,     a nuclear-armed sub,           753 00:35:11,943 --> 00:35:14,212 sunk in the Pacific, and in May, 754 00:35:14,212 --> 00:35:16,180  the USS Scorpion went missing.  755 00:35:18,983 --> 00:35:21,919   James Ellis: Four submarines,    each from a different nation,  756 00:35:21,919 --> 00:35:24,021 vanished without a trace,        757 00:35:24,021 --> 00:35:27,658  killing a combined 318 sailors. 758 00:35:29,393 --> 00:35:32,363 Amma Agbedor: The odds of         four subs going missing         759 00:35:32,363 --> 00:35:34,899   within less than six             months of each other           760 00:35:34,899 --> 00:35:37,168   must be astronomical.          761 00:35:37,168 --> 00:35:39,137   In that geopolitical climate,  762 00:35:39,137 --> 00:35:41,906 any explanation seemed possible. 763 00:35:41,906 --> 00:35:44,675  Covert attacks,                    technical sabotage,           764 00:35:44,675 --> 00:35:46,477    cold war cover-ups.           765 00:35:46,477 --> 00:35:48,846  So what happened to these subs? 766 00:35:49,147 --> 00:35:51,916 And why were authorities           so desperate                   767 00:35:51,916 --> 00:35:53,651  to keep it under wraps?         768 00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:57,421 Narrator: In early 1968,         769 00:35:57,421 --> 00:36:00,925 the Soviet K-129                    left the naval base           770 00:36:00,925 --> 00:36:02,994 at Petropavlovsk, Russia,        771 00:36:02,994 --> 00:36:05,730   for a routine patrol             in the Pacific Ocean           772 00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:07,498   northeast of Hawaii.           773 00:36:07,498 --> 00:36:10,168  For weeks, it traveled           in silent mode,                 774 00:36:10,168 --> 00:36:13,104 running on battery power,           to avoid detection.           775 00:36:15,306 --> 00:36:18,342   Adam Bunch: The K-129             wasn't the most modern sub.   776 00:36:18,342 --> 00:36:20,077    A fairly old model,           777 00:36:20,077 --> 00:36:23,014 but it was 330 feet long,        778 00:36:23,014 --> 00:36:24,982    and thought to have             been armed with three          779 00:36:24,982 --> 00:36:27,652   one megaton nuclear missiles,  780 00:36:27,652 --> 00:36:31,522   each with more than 65 times      the explosive power           781 00:36:31,522 --> 00:36:34,425 of the bomb that                 leveled Nagasaki.                782 00:36:37,895 --> 00:36:39,497  Alison Leonard:                 On March 8, 1968,                783 00:36:39,497 --> 00:36:42,767   the K-129 failed to transmit   a scheduled radio signal.        784 00:36:42,767 --> 00:36:46,671 The sub, and its crew of 98 men,  had suddenly vanished.          785 00:36:46,671 --> 00:36:49,540   The Soviet Admiralty quickly      launched a massive search,    786 00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:52,176   covering over                    800,000 square miles.          787 00:36:52,176 --> 00:36:54,378  But after two months of           unsuccessful efforts,          788 00:36:54,378 --> 00:36:56,347  they ultimately had to           abandon the operation.          789 00:36:58,616 --> 00:37:01,319  Narrator: In the 1960s,           Israel agreed to buy           790 00:37:01,319 --> 00:37:04,155  three World War II-era             T-class submarines            791 00:37:04,155 --> 00:37:05,556    from Great Britain,           792 00:37:05,556 --> 00:37:08,492    including the Dakar, which      would be refurbished           793 00:37:08,492 --> 00:37:10,761   and modernized before            joining their fleet.           794 00:37:10,761 --> 00:37:12,763 Throughout 1967,                 795 00:37:12,763 --> 00:37:15,633    the Dakar underwent             extensive sea trials           796 00:37:15,633 --> 00:37:19,237    and the sub set out on its       maiden voyage from the UK,    797 00:37:19,237 --> 00:37:21,339 bound for Haifa, Israel,         798 00:37:21,339 --> 00:37:25,676 with a crew of 69                   on January 9, 1968.           799 00:37:26,911 --> 00:37:29,547 Adam Bunch: The last time         anyone heard from Dakar         800 00:37:29,547 --> 00:37:34,652    was just after midnight on       January 25th, 1968,           801 00:37:34,652 --> 00:37:37,321  as it traveled through          the waters of the eastern        802 00:37:37,321 --> 00:37:40,625   Mediterranean between          Crete and Cyprus.                803 00:37:40,625 --> 00:37:44,262  Some people immediately          suspected it had been attacked. 804 00:37:44,262 --> 00:37:48,032 The Six-Day war had ended          just months earlier,           805 00:37:48,032 --> 00:37:50,434   and relations between          Israel and Egypt                 806 00:37:50,434 --> 00:37:52,436   were still on a knife's edge.  807 00:37:54,772 --> 00:37:57,642  James Ellis: Search efforts by    sea and air began immediately  808 00:37:57,642 --> 00:38:00,711 after the DAKAR's                   transmissions went silent,    809 00:38:00,711 --> 00:38:02,413  but nothing was found.          810 00:38:04,982 --> 00:38:07,718  Narrator: On January 27, 1968,  811 00:38:07,718 --> 00:38:11,422    just days after the            disappearance of the INS Dakar, 812 00:38:11,422 --> 00:38:14,125 France's Minerve                  suffered the same fate.         813 00:38:15,092 --> 00:38:18,062 The Daphne class, diesel-           electric powered submarine,   814 00:38:18,062 --> 00:38:20,631  and its 52 crew                    members disappeared           815 00:38:20,631 --> 00:38:22,800 during a routine                 training mission                 816 00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:24,435 near the port of Toulon,         817 00:38:24,435 --> 00:38:26,337   on the south coast of France.  818 00:38:27,838 --> 00:38:29,440   Amma Agbedor:                     Once the alarm was raised,    819 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:33,044    the French admiralty threw       everything into the search,   820 00:38:33,044 --> 00:38:36,480 around 20 boats,                  helicopters, aircraft,          821 00:38:36,480 --> 00:38:40,418   and even a diving vessel from  Jacques Cousteau's team.         822 00:38:40,418 --> 00:38:43,988   But despite all that,             they found nothing.           823 00:38:45,623 --> 00:38:47,358  James Ellis: There was          speculation over                 824 00:38:47,358 --> 00:38:49,527 what caused the disaster.        825 00:38:49,527 --> 00:38:52,396    They ranged from a problem     with the sub's rudder,          826 00:38:52,396 --> 00:38:54,265  a collision with another boat,  827 00:38:54,265 --> 00:38:56,867    the explosion of a               missile or torpedo,           828 00:38:56,867 --> 00:39:00,371  or a fault with                    its oxygen supply systems.    829 00:39:00,371 --> 00:39:02,907  We know it went down in          less than four minutes,         830 00:39:02,907 --> 00:39:06,177   but there's just no evidence    to explain exactly why.         831 00:39:06,177 --> 00:39:08,913    ♪♪                            832 00:39:08,913 --> 00:39:10,781  Narrator: Spring, 1968,         833 00:39:10,781 --> 00:39:14,251   the USS Scorpion, a nuclear-   powered attack submarine,        834 00:39:14,251 --> 00:39:16,787  slipped quietly                  into the Mediterranean          835 00:39:16,787 --> 00:39:18,189 on a classified mission.         836 00:39:18,189 --> 00:39:22,593   On May 21, during the return     voyage to Norfolk, Virginia,   837 00:39:22,593 --> 00:39:26,397  the Scorpion's radioman          reported that she was 250 miles 838 00:39:26,397 --> 00:39:28,899 southwest of the Azores Islands, 839 00:39:28,899 --> 00:39:32,970   and would arrive at her home     port on May 27 as scheduled.   840 00:39:37,641 --> 00:39:40,211   Amma Agbedor: Six days later,  families gathered                841 00:39:40,211 --> 00:39:42,046  at Pier 22 in Norfolk,          842 00:39:42,046 --> 00:39:47,518   waiting for the return of the     sub and the 99 men aboard.    843 00:39:47,518 --> 00:39:49,720    They never arrived.           844 00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:52,923    The Navy had secretly been     searching for the USS Scorpion  845 00:39:52,923 --> 00:39:57,094 since May 24, after calls           to the sub went unanswered.   846 00:39:57,862 --> 00:39:59,597    Alison Leonard: There was a      Soviet flotilla in the area   847 00:39:59,597 --> 00:40:01,732  near the Canary Islands           at the time,                   848 00:40:01,732 --> 00:40:03,634 and the Scorpion                    had been re-routed            849 00:40:03,634 --> 00:40:06,137 from her original mission         to keep an eye on them.         850 00:40:06,137 --> 00:40:08,739   Some people think the Soviets   discovered the Scorpion         851 00:40:08,739 --> 00:40:11,342  and sank it in                   retaliation for spying,         852 00:40:11,342 --> 00:40:13,978  which is a tantalizing theory,   but the Soviets                 853 00:40:13,978 --> 00:40:16,614    didn't have the capability       to hunt down the Scorpion.    854 00:40:17,782 --> 00:40:19,950  Amma Agbedor: At that time, the    Soviets were still relying    855 00:40:19,950 --> 00:40:23,788  on their slow, outdated            diesel-powered submarines,    856 00:40:23,788 --> 00:40:25,556    the Whiskey class.            857 00:40:25,556 --> 00:40:29,026  The Scorpion, with its            advanced technology,           858 00:40:29,026 --> 00:40:30,895  would've easily outpaced them.  859 00:40:32,029 --> 00:40:35,399    Adam Bunch: Plus, no Soviet    or Warsaw Pact vessels          860 00:40:35,399 --> 00:40:38,436   were known to be even             within 1,000 miles            861 00:40:38,436 --> 00:40:40,404 of the Scorpion's                  last known location.           862 00:40:40,404 --> 00:40:42,540 There doesn't seem to be            any direct evidence           863 00:40:42,540 --> 00:40:43,874    of a Soviet ambush.           864 00:40:43,874 --> 00:40:46,544    And if the Soviets             had sunk the Scorpion,          865 00:40:46,544 --> 00:40:48,412  it could have escalated          into something                  866 00:40:48,412 --> 00:40:51,482   neither side wanted,            a nuclear war.                  867 00:40:53,384 --> 00:40:55,152    Narrator: In October 1968,    868 00:40:55,152 --> 00:40:59,123 a U.S. Navy research ship           made a shocking discovery.    869 00:40:59,123 --> 00:41:01,358 400 miles off the Azores,        870 00:41:01,358 --> 00:41:03,527 nearly 11,000 feet down,         871 00:41:03,527 --> 00:41:06,263    the shattered hull               of the USS Scorpion           872 00:41:06,263 --> 00:41:08,432  lay twisted on the ocean floor, 873 00:41:08,432 --> 00:41:10,901   almost torn in half.           874 00:41:12,369 --> 00:41:14,038 Amma Agbedor: One of the          earliest possibilities          875 00:41:14,038 --> 00:41:15,873 explored by the U.S. Navy        876 00:41:15,873 --> 00:41:18,509    was the idea that a           'hot run' torpedo                877 00:41:18,509 --> 00:41:20,778    had destroyed the Scorpion.   878 00:41:21,479 --> 00:41:24,615   A 'hot run' is when a             torpedo's engine activates    879 00:41:24,615 --> 00:41:27,151 while it's still                   inside the submarine.          880 00:41:27,151 --> 00:41:28,552  And six months earlier,         881 00:41:28,552 --> 00:41:30,621 the Scorpion had a near-disaster 882 00:41:30,621 --> 00:41:32,623  with a Mark 37 torpedo          883 00:41:32,623 --> 00:41:34,859  that accidentally armed itself. 884 00:41:35,793 --> 00:41:37,294    James Ellis: In its              8 years of service,           885 00:41:37,294 --> 00:41:40,764   the Scorpion had been plagued    by so many technical issues,   886 00:41:40,764 --> 00:41:44,235  that it had earned the          nickname "The Scrapiron."        887 00:41:44,235 --> 00:41:48,772  There were a staggering            109 unfulfilled work orders   888 00:41:48,772 --> 00:41:51,141 on the sub during                  its last deployment,           889 00:41:51,141 --> 00:41:54,345  and crew members reported that     the sub was already showing   890 00:41:54,345 --> 00:41:57,114 significant signs                of wear and tear.                891 00:41:57,114 --> 00:41:59,550 It's not a stretch to think that 892 00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:03,053   this could have created huge   problems, like a hot-run.        893 00:42:04,755 --> 00:42:06,490   Adam Bunch: But when            investigators examined          894 00:42:06,490 --> 00:42:08,759    the photos of the wreckage,      they couldn't find            895 00:42:08,759 --> 00:42:11,195  any torpedo damage to the hull. 896 00:42:11,195 --> 00:42:12,663  No sign of the kind of          897 00:42:12,663 --> 00:42:15,566   cataclysmic explosion           it would have sparked.          898 00:42:15,566 --> 00:42:18,736    No fragments of the torpedo   room in the debris field.        899 00:42:21,772 --> 00:42:23,307    Narrator: When the              Scorpion disappeared,          900 00:42:23,307 --> 00:42:27,111   it produced acoustic signals    detected by underwater sensors  901 00:42:27,111 --> 00:42:29,113  on both sides of the Atlantic.  902 00:42:29,113 --> 00:42:32,216   A reanalysis of this             data in recent years,          903 00:42:32,216 --> 00:42:34,118 combined with the                conclusions drawn                904 00:42:34,118 --> 00:42:36,420   in a 1970 government inquiry,  905 00:42:36,420 --> 00:42:38,956   points to an                     onboard catastrophe.           906 00:42:41,525 --> 00:42:43,827    James Ellis: It's possible    the Scorpion experienced         907 00:42:43,827 --> 00:42:45,996   a hydrogen explosion            while charging                  908 00:42:45,996 --> 00:42:49,633 its lead-acid batteries,            which were prone to leaks.    909 00:42:49,633 --> 00:42:51,402  At the time the sub went down,  910 00:42:51,402 --> 00:42:55,406  it was at periscope depth with     watertight hatches closed.    911 00:42:55,406 --> 00:42:58,375  This could have trapped            explosive hydrogen            912 00:42:58,375 --> 00:43:00,110   in the battery area.           913 00:43:00,711 --> 00:43:02,146   Alison Leonard: A spark could    have ignited the gas,          914 00:43:02,146 --> 00:43:05,215   causing an explosion that led   to a second battery explosion.  915 00:43:05,215 --> 00:43:08,085  This matches two small          blasts that were detected        916 00:43:08,085 --> 00:43:10,120    by hydrophones half            a second apart.                 917 00:43:10,120 --> 00:43:12,990   And really, this is the only    concrete evidence that we have  918 00:43:12,990 --> 00:43:15,025    that might explain how the       Scorpion was lost.            919 00:43:15,025 --> 00:43:17,361   But we may never know            what happened to her.          920 00:43:18,462 --> 00:43:22,166    Narrator: In 2012, the U.S.    Submarine Veterans Organization 921 00:43:22,166 --> 00:43:23,834   requested a new investigation  922 00:43:23,834 --> 00:43:25,669   into the Scorpion's sinking,   923 00:43:25,669 --> 00:43:27,471    but it was denied.            924 00:43:27,471 --> 00:43:29,673   The wreckages of the            other three submarines          925 00:43:29,673 --> 00:43:33,010   were ultimately located after  varying lengths of time.         926 00:43:33,010 --> 00:43:36,413   France's Minerve lay            undiscovered on the ocean floor 927 00:43:36,413 --> 00:43:38,682   for a full 51 years.           928 00:43:38,682 --> 00:43:41,885    No connection has been made    between the disasters,          929 00:43:41,885 --> 00:43:45,022  and authorities have offered no  'official' explanation          930 00:43:45,022 --> 00:43:46,957   as to what caused the             destruction                   931 00:43:46,957 --> 00:43:50,494 of any of the four subs in 1968. 932 00:43:50,494 --> 00:43:53,263    ♪♪                            933 00:43:55,366 --> 00:43:58,268    ♪♪                            109781

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