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Mysteries can
be buried anywhere.
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00:00:11,958 --> 00:00:13,207
Under the earth,
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00:00:14,958 --> 00:00:16,207
beneath the sea,
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00:00:17,375 --> 00:00:19,874
or even right
under our own feet.
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00:00:21,875 --> 00:00:23,582
And when we stumble upon them,
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00:00:23,583 --> 00:00:27,375
sometimes, what we find
can change history.
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00:00:30,333 --> 00:00:33,291
Tonight, big discoveries.
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00:00:33,292 --> 00:00:36,832
From a monumental secret
buried beneath a basement...
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00:00:38,125 --> 00:00:39,874
Behind the wall,
there's a cavity,
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00:00:39,875 --> 00:00:42,374
not an old cellar, but a tunnel.
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00:00:42,375 --> 00:00:47,332
This sprawling maze spans
over 170 square miles.
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00:00:47,333 --> 00:00:49,292
It's a mind-boggling discovery.
13
00:00:50,542 --> 00:00:53,207
To a massive
ancient structure...
14
00:00:53,208 --> 00:00:55,457
Archeologists
realize it dates back
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00:00:55,458 --> 00:00:58,041
to a mysterious civilization.
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00:00:58,042 --> 00:00:59,499
Little is known
about this culture
17
00:00:59,500 --> 00:01:01,791
because almost
nothing has been found
18
00:01:01,792 --> 00:01:02,874
from the time of their reign.
19
00:01:02,875 --> 00:01:05,041
Until now.
20
00:01:05,042 --> 00:01:08,207
To a monster
of epic proportions.
21
00:01:08,208 --> 00:01:12,332
They uncover three feet
of it, four feet of it.
22
00:01:12,333 --> 00:01:16,374
Ultimately, it's 10 feet long.
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00:01:16,375 --> 00:01:20,541
Join us now, because
nothing stays hidden forever.
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00:01:33,708 --> 00:01:35,999
It's 1927.
25
00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:38,166
Charles Lindbergh is fresh off
26
00:01:38,167 --> 00:01:41,374
his historic solo flight
across the Atlantic.
27
00:01:41,375 --> 00:01:43,041
It's the first of its kind.
28
00:01:43,042 --> 00:01:45,624
It took him 33
hours to complete.
29
00:01:45,625 --> 00:01:46,999
Now a global celebrity,
30
00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:49,832
he heads out on a
two-month goodwill tour
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00:01:49,833 --> 00:01:51,624
through Central America.
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00:01:51,625 --> 00:01:54,291
He flies solo,
location to location,
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00:01:54,292 --> 00:01:57,291
and basically shakes
hands with locals
34
00:01:57,292 --> 00:01:59,625
and basks in his newfound fame.
35
00:02:00,833 --> 00:02:02,332
One day he's flying,
36
00:02:02,333 --> 00:02:05,167
he's crossing over this
thick jungle in Honduras,
37
00:02:06,458 --> 00:02:08,500
and something weird
catches his eye,
38
00:02:09,583 --> 00:02:11,374
something that doesn't
look quite natural.
39
00:02:11,375 --> 00:02:15,208
These structures poking
through the gaps in the canopy.
40
00:02:17,458 --> 00:02:21,083
To Lindbergh, it looks
like this might be a city.
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00:02:22,333 --> 00:02:24,916
For centuries,
rumors swirled
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00:02:24,917 --> 00:02:28,374
of a jungle settlement
overflowing with riches.
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00:02:28,375 --> 00:02:32,874
They call it La Ciudad
Blanca, The White City.
44
00:02:32,875 --> 00:02:37,166
Now, Lindbergh's sighting
reignites the search to find it.
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00:02:37,167 --> 00:02:39,291
Explorers,
archeologists,
46
00:02:39,292 --> 00:02:42,707
and treasure hunters set
out on new expeditions
47
00:02:42,708 --> 00:02:46,124
searching for the city
Lindbergh claims he saw.
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00:02:46,125 --> 00:02:48,374
But even after several decades,
49
00:02:48,375 --> 00:02:50,208
nobody finds a
trace of the city.
50
00:02:51,125 --> 00:02:53,791
Eventually, in 2012,
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00:02:53,792 --> 00:02:56,499
an explorer named Steve Elkins
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00:02:56,500 --> 00:02:59,250
tries to follow in
Lindbergh's footsteps.
53
00:03:00,542 --> 00:03:02,291
This time he's not
looking out the window,
54
00:03:02,292 --> 00:03:04,374
he's using LiDAR from the air
55
00:03:04,375 --> 00:03:07,374
to see what the jungle
below might be hiding.
56
00:03:07,375 --> 00:03:10,499
Over the course of five days,
Elkins and a small team
57
00:03:10,500 --> 00:03:13,832
fly over this rugged terrain
of the Honduran rainforest,
58
00:03:13,833 --> 00:03:15,541
mapping the invisible.
59
00:03:15,542 --> 00:03:18,582
On the final day, they
process the LiDAR data,
60
00:03:18,583 --> 00:03:21,416
and it seems to reveal what
looked like the outline
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00:03:21,417 --> 00:03:24,375
of multiple man-made
geometric structures.
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00:03:25,333 --> 00:03:26,624
Armed with
the coordinates,
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00:03:26,625 --> 00:03:29,791
Elkins and his team head
deep into the jungle
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00:03:29,792 --> 00:03:31,250
for a closer look.
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00:03:32,375 --> 00:03:35,957
They cut paths,
encounter pit vipers,
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00:03:35,958 --> 00:03:38,374
and even flesh-eating parasites.
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00:03:38,375 --> 00:03:42,332
But despite all the hells of
the jungle, they keep going.
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00:03:42,333 --> 00:03:44,832
After several weeks, the
journey proves worth it
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00:03:44,833 --> 00:03:48,458
when they find the area
pinpointed by their LiDAR scans
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00:03:50,375 --> 00:03:52,957
and they find
something incredible.
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00:03:55,042 --> 00:03:57,582
There are hundreds
of artifacts
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00:03:57,583 --> 00:04:01,666
arranged almost as if they
were abandoned mid-ceremony.
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00:04:01,667 --> 00:04:04,542
These are the remnants
of an unknown culture.
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00:04:05,542 --> 00:04:07,041
The scientists estimate
they were built
75
00:04:07,042 --> 00:04:11,541
somewhere between
1,000 and 1,500 AD.
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00:04:11,542 --> 00:04:14,541
As the group
presses further into the site,
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00:04:14,542 --> 00:04:17,624
they come across something
even more incredible.
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00:04:17,625 --> 00:04:21,417
At the heart of it all,
they find a massive pyramid
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00:04:22,875 --> 00:04:25,749
half buried under the ground.
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00:04:25,750 --> 00:04:28,499
And it's just the
tip of the iceberg.
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00:04:28,500 --> 00:04:31,207
There are
mounds, pillars, plazas
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00:04:31,208 --> 00:04:34,207
stretching wide
beneath the vines.
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00:04:34,208 --> 00:04:36,499
This wasn't a small
mountain village,
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00:04:36,500 --> 00:04:38,249
this was a metropolis
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00:04:38,250 --> 00:04:41,541
that flourished before
European contact.
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00:04:41,542 --> 00:04:45,374
The team recovered
over 190 artifacts,
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00:04:45,375 --> 00:04:49,832
including a carved head of
a part-human, part-jaguar.
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00:04:49,833 --> 00:04:52,875
They renamed the area of the
site Valley of the Jaguar.
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00:04:54,208 --> 00:04:56,374
Excavations
continue to this day.
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00:04:56,375 --> 00:04:58,542
And the site is
deemed so valuable,
91
00:04:59,917 --> 00:05:03,457
that the Honduran
military now protects it.
92
00:05:03,458 --> 00:05:04,541
To date, they haven't found
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00:05:04,542 --> 00:05:06,832
any huge cache of
gold or treasure.
94
00:05:06,833 --> 00:05:09,457
But there's a lot of
excavating still to be done.
95
00:05:09,458 --> 00:05:11,832
The recovered
artifacts are now housed
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00:05:11,833 --> 00:05:14,207
in the Ciudad Blanca
Research Center,
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00:05:14,208 --> 00:05:16,624
which focuses on
the preservation
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00:05:16,625 --> 00:05:19,291
of the archeology and
culture of the site
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00:05:19,292 --> 00:05:22,000
along with the wildlife
that surrounds it.
100
00:05:26,208 --> 00:05:28,541
You don't always
have to go off the grid
101
00:05:28,542 --> 00:05:30,957
to make amazing discoveries.
102
00:05:30,958 --> 00:05:34,708
Sometimes, a big find is
just beneath your feet.
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00:05:37,083 --> 00:05:41,332
In 1480, a boy is playing
under the Italian pines
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00:05:41,333 --> 00:05:44,582
on Esquiline Hill in
the heart of Rome.
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00:05:44,583 --> 00:05:46,291
As he runs along the slope,
106
00:05:46,292 --> 00:05:49,042
his foot slips along
a crack in the soil.
107
00:05:50,375 --> 00:05:53,332
He leans down, peers
into the opening,
108
00:05:53,333 --> 00:05:56,499
and sees something that
shouldn't be there.
109
00:05:56,500 --> 00:05:58,000
He crawls through the gap,
110
00:05:59,250 --> 00:06:02,667
and he finds himself
in this hidden chamber.
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00:06:04,667 --> 00:06:07,207
Low ceilings, curved walls.
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00:06:07,208 --> 00:06:09,624
And when the boy looks up,
113
00:06:09,625 --> 00:06:11,374
he notices that on the ceilings
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00:06:11,375 --> 00:06:13,583
are these very
detailed frescoes.
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00:06:14,875 --> 00:06:18,457
There are mythological
scenes, strange creatures,
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00:06:18,458 --> 00:06:22,374
and elaborate floral patterns
covering the domed roof.
117
00:06:22,375 --> 00:06:24,374
Soon, his
discovery attracts
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00:06:24,375 --> 00:06:27,332
some of the era's
most famous artists.
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00:06:27,333 --> 00:06:30,207
Artists like
Michelangelo and Raphael
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00:06:30,208 --> 00:06:31,874
lowered themselves down
121
00:06:31,875 --> 00:06:36,499
and explored the subterranean
passages by torch light,
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00:06:36,500 --> 00:06:37,666
looking at all these
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00:06:37,667 --> 00:06:39,624
mythological paintings
on the walls
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00:06:39,625 --> 00:06:41,792
to get inspiration
for their own art.
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00:06:42,792 --> 00:06:46,207
But the site's purpose
remains a mystery for centuries,
126
00:06:46,208 --> 00:06:50,082
until a full-scale excavation
of the area is ordered
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00:06:50,083 --> 00:06:52,041
in the mid-1700s.
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00:06:52,042 --> 00:06:55,291
Archeologists soon find
other enormous rooms,
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00:06:55,292 --> 00:06:59,917
some up to 100 feet deep,
covered in elaborate artwork.
130
00:07:01,208 --> 00:07:04,332
As they explore the
frescoes and the opulent rooms,
131
00:07:04,333 --> 00:07:06,707
they start to put
the pieces together.
132
00:07:06,708 --> 00:07:09,124
They realize that
this is a palace,
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00:07:09,125 --> 00:07:12,207
and it's a palace that
matches the description
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00:07:12,208 --> 00:07:16,124
of one that was built
in the First Century AD.
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00:07:16,125 --> 00:07:18,416
It's the Domus Aurea,
136
00:07:18,417 --> 00:07:20,874
better known as
the Golden House,
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00:07:20,875 --> 00:07:24,625
built by infamous
Roman emperor, Nero.
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00:07:25,875 --> 00:07:30,166
Nero ruled Rome for 14
years in the First Century AD.
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00:07:30,167 --> 00:07:33,707
He's known for his
extravagance, his cruelty,
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00:07:33,708 --> 00:07:36,457
his persecution of
Jews and Christians,
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00:07:36,458 --> 00:07:37,749
for murdering his mother,
142
00:07:37,750 --> 00:07:40,707
and for his very literal desire
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00:07:40,708 --> 00:07:45,541
to burn down the city of Rome
to recraft it in his image.
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00:07:45,542 --> 00:07:47,291
So when
a massive fire
145
00:07:47,292 --> 00:07:49,999
destroys much of Rome in 64 AD,
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00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,707
many believed that Nero
started it himself on purpose
147
00:07:53,708 --> 00:07:56,917
so that he could build
an opulent palace.
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00:07:58,125 --> 00:08:02,207
That new palace,
the Domus Aurea, is huge.
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00:08:02,208 --> 00:08:07,791
It sprawls over 300
acres, has over 100 rooms,
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00:08:07,792 --> 00:08:12,499
marble walls, rotating dining
rooms, detailed frescoes,
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00:08:12,500 --> 00:08:15,124
and perfume-dispensing ceilings.
152
00:08:15,125 --> 00:08:19,041
There's an artificial
lake surrounded by gardens.
153
00:08:19,042 --> 00:08:21,166
And of course, at
the center of it all
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00:08:21,167 --> 00:08:25,291
is a gorgeous golden
statue of Nero himself.
155
00:08:25,292 --> 00:08:28,207
It is 100 feet tall.
156
00:08:28,208 --> 00:08:31,541
But before Nero
can move into his new palace,
157
00:08:31,542 --> 00:08:34,541
he's declared a public
enemy by the Senate.
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00:08:34,542 --> 00:08:37,541
Even Nero's own
guards abandoned him.
159
00:08:37,542 --> 00:08:39,957
So he decides to
take his own life,
160
00:08:39,958 --> 00:08:42,707
and he stabs himself in
the throat with a dagger
161
00:08:42,708 --> 00:08:45,332
before he can be executed.
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00:08:45,333 --> 00:08:47,791
Once he's gone,
Romans try to erase
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00:08:47,792 --> 00:08:50,042
all evidence that
he even existed.
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00:08:51,167 --> 00:08:53,166
That includes
his lavish estate,
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00:08:53,167 --> 00:08:55,791
which is torn down and buried.
166
00:08:55,792 --> 00:09:00,291
Years later, another iconic
structure is built in its place,
167
00:09:00,292 --> 00:09:01,832
the Colosseum.
168
00:09:01,833 --> 00:09:05,541
Then over time, the site is
completely forgotten about.
169
00:09:05,542 --> 00:09:07,041
Until centuries later,
170
00:09:07,042 --> 00:09:09,583
when a young boy
slips in the dirt.
171
00:09:15,125 --> 00:09:17,291
It's just another day at
sea for a group of fishermen,
172
00:09:17,292 --> 00:09:19,332
until they haul in their nets
173
00:09:19,333 --> 00:09:22,417
and find a lot more
than just dinner.
174
00:09:24,750 --> 00:09:28,499
It's September of 1931,
and a British fishing trawler
175
00:09:28,500 --> 00:09:30,208
is making its way
up the North Sea.
176
00:09:31,667 --> 00:09:33,792
It's just an ordinary day
when, all of a sudden,
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00:09:35,542 --> 00:09:37,166
the nets come up heavy.
178
00:09:37,167 --> 00:09:39,582
Excited at the possibility
of a big catch,
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00:09:39,583 --> 00:09:41,499
the crew pulls the nets aboard
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00:09:41,500 --> 00:09:43,499
and begins looking
through their haul.
181
00:09:43,500 --> 00:09:45,207
The skipper, Pilgrim Lockwood,
182
00:09:45,208 --> 00:09:49,874
notices a huge lump of peat
tangled up with their catch.
183
00:09:49,875 --> 00:09:52,457
He goes to break it
apart with his shovel.
184
00:09:52,458 --> 00:09:54,541
But as he does,
185
00:09:56,083 --> 00:09:58,708
the shovel clangs
against something solid.
186
00:09:59,958 --> 00:10:02,708
At first glance, it
looks like a chunk of bone.
187
00:10:05,083 --> 00:10:08,541
But it's a darker color,
and it looks carved,
188
00:10:08,542 --> 00:10:10,874
and on one side it
has what looks like
189
00:10:10,875 --> 00:10:12,707
serrated, jagged teeth.
190
00:10:12,708 --> 00:10:15,957
Whatever it is, it
doesn't look natural.
191
00:10:15,958 --> 00:10:18,207
The skipper
sends his strange find
192
00:10:18,208 --> 00:10:20,957
to the British Museum
for more insight.
193
00:10:20,958 --> 00:10:23,167
The researchers
examine the object,
194
00:10:24,542 --> 00:10:27,207
and realize that it's
a prehistoric weapon
195
00:10:27,208 --> 00:10:30,207
that's carved out
of red deer antler.
196
00:10:30,208 --> 00:10:32,791
It would've been lashed end
to end with another antler
197
00:10:32,792 --> 00:10:34,333
and used as a harpoon.
198
00:10:35,333 --> 00:10:37,957
Researchers date the
tool to the late Mesolithic Era,
199
00:10:37,958 --> 00:10:40,916
sometime between
10,000 and 4,000 BC.
200
00:10:40,917 --> 00:10:42,707
Everything seems to check out,
201
00:10:42,708 --> 00:10:45,707
except for the fact that
it was found so far out
202
00:10:45,708 --> 00:10:47,874
and so deep underwater.
203
00:10:47,875 --> 00:10:50,666
Mesolithic people
were skilled hunters
204
00:10:50,667 --> 00:10:53,791
with sophisticated
tools like this harpoon.
205
00:10:53,792 --> 00:10:56,124
But they were not
skilled mariners.
206
00:10:56,125 --> 00:10:59,082
They had no way of
venturing far from shore.
207
00:10:59,083 --> 00:11:01,541
That's when
archeologist Grahame Clark
208
00:11:01,542 --> 00:11:03,457
proposes a radical theory.
209
00:11:03,458 --> 00:11:07,749
Maybe that spot in the North
Sea used to be dry land.
210
00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:09,874
Up to now,
everyone had assumed
211
00:11:09,875 --> 00:11:11,666
that there had always been a sea
212
00:11:11,667 --> 00:11:14,207
between Great Britain
and Continental Europe.
213
00:11:14,208 --> 00:11:16,999
But Clark suggests,
maybe that's wrong.
214
00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:20,791
Maybe, thousands of
years ago, this was land.
215
00:11:20,792 --> 00:11:22,041
The following year,
216
00:11:22,042 --> 00:11:24,707
a test of the peat
found with the harpoon
217
00:11:24,708 --> 00:11:27,207
gives Clark's theory a boost.
218
00:11:27,208 --> 00:11:29,832
Further analysis
shows that it formed
219
00:11:29,833 --> 00:11:32,207
in freshwater, not saltwater,
220
00:11:32,208 --> 00:11:35,166
confirming the weapon
was lost on land.
221
00:11:35,167 --> 00:11:38,707
In the ensuing decades,
more evidence comes in,
222
00:11:38,708 --> 00:11:40,666
providing more support
for this theory.
223
00:11:40,667 --> 00:11:42,457
Fishermen begin to pull up bones
224
00:11:42,458 --> 00:11:44,749
from a variety of land animals,
225
00:11:44,750 --> 00:11:48,957
hippos, bears, woolly
rhinos, saber-toothed cats.
226
00:11:48,958 --> 00:11:50,874
They find more stone tools,
227
00:11:50,875 --> 00:11:53,791
and even pieces of
a Neanderthal skull.
228
00:11:53,792 --> 00:11:55,707
After
decades of clues,
229
00:11:55,708 --> 00:11:58,207
the mystery comes
into sharper focus
230
00:11:58,208 --> 00:12:00,916
when researchers
manage to extract DNA
231
00:12:00,917 --> 00:12:02,832
from the ancient skull.
232
00:12:02,833 --> 00:12:05,041
Turns out he was a young man
233
00:12:05,042 --> 00:12:07,624
who was a meat eater
with a stocky build,
234
00:12:07,625 --> 00:12:10,957
and he lived about
60,000 years ago.
235
00:12:10,958 --> 00:12:12,832
The
incredible discovery
236
00:12:12,833 --> 00:12:15,999
leads researchers to
name the area Doggerland,
237
00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:18,624
after a nearby sandbar.
238
00:12:18,625 --> 00:12:20,207
But the real breakthrough comes
239
00:12:20,208 --> 00:12:24,666
when oil and gas companies
lend a surprising hand.
240
00:12:24,667 --> 00:12:26,832
Using underwater survey data,
241
00:12:26,833 --> 00:12:31,042
they are able to create detailed
3D models of the seabed.
242
00:12:32,083 --> 00:12:33,749
This wasn't
just an archipelago
243
00:12:33,750 --> 00:12:37,207
of islands or a land bridge.
244
00:12:37,208 --> 00:12:40,707
Doggerland was vast
and teeming with life,
245
00:12:40,708 --> 00:12:43,916
which attracted bands
of Mesolithic hunters.
246
00:12:43,917 --> 00:12:47,041
At its peak,
Doggerland was big.
247
00:12:47,042 --> 00:12:49,707
It stretched over
70,000 square miles,
248
00:12:49,708 --> 00:12:51,624
bigger than the
state of Illinois.
249
00:12:51,625 --> 00:12:53,957
Then around
8,000 years ago,
250
00:12:53,958 --> 00:12:57,333
the Ice Age ends and
temperatures start to rise.
251
00:12:58,708 --> 00:13:02,041
Glaciers begin to
melt and water levels rise.
252
00:13:02,042 --> 00:13:04,374
And over the next 3,500 years,
253
00:13:04,375 --> 00:13:07,916
Doggerland slowly
disappears beneath the sea,
254
00:13:07,917 --> 00:13:10,874
causing its people
to have to relocate.
255
00:13:10,875 --> 00:13:14,124
Today, Doggerland is one
of the best preserved
256
00:13:14,125 --> 00:13:17,083
prehistoric landscapes
ever discovered.
257
00:13:19,042 --> 00:13:20,916
Finding a whole ancient world
258
00:13:20,917 --> 00:13:23,749
hidden under the
sea is incredible.
259
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:28,541
Our next big discovery takes
us even further back in time,
260
00:13:28,542 --> 00:13:31,707
and it's on an
even bigger scale.
261
00:13:33,958 --> 00:13:37,707
In 2017, a man
in Pombal, Portugal
262
00:13:37,708 --> 00:13:40,457
is trying to expand his garden.
263
00:13:40,458 --> 00:13:42,041
He starts digging and digging,
264
00:13:42,042 --> 00:13:44,833
and suddenly, he hits
something really hard.
265
00:13:46,542 --> 00:13:49,582
Now, this is deeply unusual
because the soil there
266
00:13:49,583 --> 00:13:51,792
is pretty loose and sandy.
267
00:13:53,083 --> 00:13:54,749
He bends down to
take a closer look,
268
00:13:54,750 --> 00:13:57,166
brushes across the
soil with his hand,
269
00:13:57,167 --> 00:13:59,792
and he sees some
sharp fragments.
270
00:14:01,375 --> 00:14:02,416
He takes a closer look,
271
00:14:02,417 --> 00:14:05,249
and he thinks that
they look very much
272
00:14:05,250 --> 00:14:08,332
like pieces of fossilized bone.
273
00:14:08,333 --> 00:14:11,124
The man reaches out
to the University of Lisbon,
274
00:14:11,125 --> 00:14:15,207
who sends a team of
paleontologists to investigate.
275
00:14:15,208 --> 00:14:18,124
They confirmed that these
are indeed fossil fragments,
276
00:14:18,125 --> 00:14:20,791
and then a deeper
investigation ensues.
277
00:14:20,792 --> 00:14:22,624
Pretty soon they
find another fossil,
278
00:14:22,625 --> 00:14:24,833
but this one's no tiny fragment.
279
00:14:26,292 --> 00:14:28,249
This time, they find
a complete bone.
280
00:14:28,250 --> 00:14:31,958
They uncover three feet
of it, four feet of it.
281
00:14:33,042 --> 00:14:35,457
And there's still
more in the ground.
282
00:14:35,458 --> 00:14:37,375
Ultimately, when
they retrieve it,
283
00:14:38,458 --> 00:14:41,458
it's 10 feet long.
284
00:14:42,625 --> 00:14:44,874
This is one of
the largest ribbed fossils
285
00:14:44,875 --> 00:14:46,416
ever recorded.
286
00:14:46,417 --> 00:14:50,791
So scientists ask, what
could this giant animal be?
287
00:14:50,792 --> 00:14:53,374
From the shape and the size,
288
00:14:53,375 --> 00:14:56,374
they are able to
determine that these bones
289
00:14:56,375 --> 00:14:59,625
come from a sauropod.
290
00:15:01,167 --> 00:15:04,541
Sauropods lived
over 100 million years ago
291
00:15:04,542 --> 00:15:08,541
and are the largest land
animals to ever roam the Earth.
292
00:15:08,542 --> 00:15:10,624
Sauropods were herbivores.
293
00:15:10,625 --> 00:15:12,624
They had a long neck, long tail,
294
00:15:12,625 --> 00:15:15,749
and they grew into the
largest dinosaurs ever.
295
00:15:15,750 --> 00:15:17,291
With very tiny heads
296
00:15:17,292 --> 00:15:18,999
because, you know, how much
weight do you wanna put
297
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:20,875
at the end of a 40-foot lever?
298
00:15:22,167 --> 00:15:24,791
The long necks
allowed them to graze
299
00:15:24,792 --> 00:15:29,374
over a wide area of vegetation
without having to move.
300
00:15:29,375 --> 00:15:31,916
And they had to do
a lot of grazing,
301
00:15:31,917 --> 00:15:36,292
because sauropods could
weigh as much as 50 tons.
302
00:15:38,375 --> 00:15:40,207
Experts estimate
that the individual
303
00:15:40,208 --> 00:15:42,207
uncovered from the
backyard in Portugal
304
00:15:42,208 --> 00:15:46,416
was probably close to 40 feet
tall and around 80 feet long,
305
00:15:46,417 --> 00:15:48,832
roughly the size
of a tennis court.
306
00:15:48,833 --> 00:15:51,124
It's one of the largest
dinosaur specimens
307
00:15:51,125 --> 00:15:53,457
ever found in Europe.
308
00:15:53,458 --> 00:15:55,874
Despite millions
of years passing,
309
00:15:55,875 --> 00:15:58,874
the ribs are still
in place and aligned
310
00:15:58,875 --> 00:16:01,249
just like when the
dinosaur was alive.
311
00:16:01,250 --> 00:16:04,291
That's really unusual
for fossils this old.
312
00:16:04,292 --> 00:16:07,041
Hopefully the
rest of the fossils
313
00:16:07,042 --> 00:16:10,332
from this magnificent
beast will be found
314
00:16:10,333 --> 00:16:13,333
and it'll be stalking the
floors of a museum very soon.
315
00:16:18,333 --> 00:16:20,832
For one man in
Turkey, a small remodel
316
00:16:20,833 --> 00:16:24,167
opens the door to a
whole buried world.
317
00:16:26,875 --> 00:16:30,999
It's 1963 in the Cappadocia
region of Central Turkey,
318
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:33,249
and a man is
remodeling his home.
319
00:16:33,250 --> 00:16:35,332
But he keeps having a
strange predicament.
320
00:16:35,333 --> 00:16:37,500
His pet chickens
keep disappearing.
321
00:16:38,542 --> 00:16:39,707
He starts investigating
322
00:16:39,708 --> 00:16:41,916
and he traces the
problem to the basement,
323
00:16:41,917 --> 00:16:44,832
where he finds a small
opening in the wall.
324
00:16:44,833 --> 00:16:47,082
Curious and frustrated,
325
00:16:47,083 --> 00:16:50,416
he grabs a sledgehammer
and knocks it down.
326
00:16:53,208 --> 00:16:55,874
Behind the wall,
there's a cavity.
327
00:16:55,875 --> 00:16:58,374
Not a pipe, not an old cellar,
328
00:16:58,375 --> 00:16:59,500
but a tunnel.
329
00:17:01,208 --> 00:17:05,082
He climbs through the
wall and starts to walk.
330
00:17:05,083 --> 00:17:07,000
One tunnel becomes two.
331
00:17:08,292 --> 00:17:10,624
And then it connects
to different chambers.
332
00:17:10,625 --> 00:17:11,707
And eventually,
333
00:17:11,708 --> 00:17:15,082
it seems to stretch off
into a dark distance.
334
00:17:15,083 --> 00:17:18,207
Fully weirded out, the man
retreats back to his house
335
00:17:18,208 --> 00:17:20,500
and informs the
local authorities.
336
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:23,707
Investigators
inspect the tunnels,
337
00:17:23,708 --> 00:17:27,542
and what they uncover is beyond
anything anyone imagined.
338
00:17:28,667 --> 00:17:32,041
It's an enormous, ancient,
underground city.
339
00:17:36,333 --> 00:17:40,707
This sprawling maze
spans over 170 square miles.
340
00:17:40,708 --> 00:17:45,332
It reaches 18 stories, 280
feet below the surface,
341
00:17:45,333 --> 00:17:49,374
and is carved into hardened
volcanic ash called tuff.
342
00:17:49,375 --> 00:17:51,457
But what's truly unbelievable
343
00:17:51,458 --> 00:17:55,417
is that it was originally
built around 3,000 years ago.
344
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:00,416
The city
is named Derinkuyu,
345
00:18:00,417 --> 00:18:03,166
after the town
that sits above it.
346
00:18:03,167 --> 00:18:06,166
And it wasn't just
a place to hide,
347
00:18:06,167 --> 00:18:09,582
it was a fully functional
underground city.
348
00:18:09,583 --> 00:18:14,207
There are schools,
churches, a convent, apartments,
349
00:18:14,208 --> 00:18:16,541
even an underground wine press.
350
00:18:16,542 --> 00:18:19,082
The upper level was
found to have stables
351
00:18:19,083 --> 00:18:20,541
where they kept livestock
352
00:18:20,542 --> 00:18:23,124
so that the odors
would not penetrate
353
00:18:23,125 --> 00:18:26,249
down into the lower
levels where people lived.
354
00:18:26,250 --> 00:18:28,082
They truly thought
of and designed
355
00:18:28,083 --> 00:18:29,832
everything that
humans would need
356
00:18:29,833 --> 00:18:32,332
to carry out life underground.
357
00:18:32,333 --> 00:18:34,666
There are over 50
ventilation shafts
358
00:18:34,667 --> 00:18:37,874
that ensure that fresh air
is delivered to all levels.
359
00:18:37,875 --> 00:18:41,291
And there's a well that
reaches over 180 feet
360
00:18:41,292 --> 00:18:43,374
to fill numerous water tanks.
361
00:18:43,375 --> 00:18:45,707
It's an engineering marvel.
362
00:18:45,708 --> 00:18:49,041
There's also
a security system.
363
00:18:49,042 --> 00:18:51,041
Several
tunnels have enormous,
364
00:18:51,042 --> 00:18:53,041
1,000-pound millstone doors
365
00:18:53,042 --> 00:18:57,207
that could be used to close
off the tunnels from inside.
366
00:18:57,208 --> 00:18:59,124
Each door has a hole
right in the center,
367
00:18:59,125 --> 00:19:01,999
big enough for a
spear to poke through.
368
00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:06,500
But who built it
and why remain a mystery.
369
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:10,624
Archeologists find
a Hittite statue of a lion
370
00:19:10,625 --> 00:19:12,916
and other relics during
their excavation.
371
00:19:12,917 --> 00:19:16,166
This leads some to believe that
the Hittites built the city
372
00:19:16,167 --> 00:19:18,374
as their last refuge
373
00:19:18,375 --> 00:19:20,707
when their capital was under
attack from the Phrygians
374
00:19:20,708 --> 00:19:22,874
in the 12th Century BC.
375
00:19:22,875 --> 00:19:24,207
Others believe
376
00:19:24,208 --> 00:19:25,749
that this kind of
incredible construction
377
00:19:25,750 --> 00:19:28,582
could only have been the work
of the Phrygians themselves.
378
00:19:28,583 --> 00:19:31,457
But one thing that's clear
is that the original builders
379
00:19:31,458 --> 00:19:33,541
were not the only
ones that lived here.
380
00:19:33,542 --> 00:19:35,916
Eventually,
Derinkuyu was inhabited
381
00:19:35,917 --> 00:19:37,291
by Byzantine-era Christians
382
00:19:37,292 --> 00:19:39,916
who used the city to
avoid persecution,
383
00:19:39,917 --> 00:19:43,832
which explains the cruciform
church on the lowest level,
384
00:19:43,833 --> 00:19:45,750
18 stories down.
385
00:19:46,708 --> 00:19:48,291
Altogether,
researchers find
386
00:19:48,292 --> 00:19:51,207
more than 600 hidden entrances,
387
00:19:51,208 --> 00:19:53,874
including one that
extends much further
388
00:19:53,875 --> 00:19:55,666
than anyone thought.
389
00:19:55,667 --> 00:19:57,791
Researchers
find a five-mile tunnel
390
00:19:57,792 --> 00:20:00,541
that connects this
subterranean world
391
00:20:00,542 --> 00:20:03,916
to another underground
city called Kaymakli.
392
00:20:03,917 --> 00:20:08,124
This city is smaller, less
elaborate than Derinkuyu.
393
00:20:08,125 --> 00:20:10,457
But the design is
nearly identical.
394
00:20:10,458 --> 00:20:14,374
Over the ensuing
years, they find over 200 more
395
00:20:14,375 --> 00:20:17,666
of these underground cities
spread throughout the region,
396
00:20:17,667 --> 00:20:21,582
each one a sleeping
giant carved in stone
397
00:20:21,583 --> 00:20:24,583
that serves as a
monument to survival.
398
00:20:26,625 --> 00:20:28,374
Our next discovery takes us
399
00:20:28,375 --> 00:20:31,207
to a very different
kind of hidden world.
400
00:20:31,208 --> 00:20:33,791
This time, in Rome.
401
00:20:36,375 --> 00:20:39,416
It's 2006 in Rome,
402
00:20:39,417 --> 00:20:41,957
and workers are
drilling test holes
403
00:20:41,958 --> 00:20:43,166
ahead of the construction
404
00:20:43,167 --> 00:20:45,874
of a new underground
parking garage.
405
00:20:45,875 --> 00:20:50,332
That is, until their drill
hits something unexpected.
406
00:20:54,375 --> 00:20:56,207
As is the way in a city
407
00:20:56,208 --> 00:20:58,957
with as rich and ancient
a history as Rome,
408
00:20:58,958 --> 00:21:02,666
when you're digging and
you hit something strange,
409
00:21:02,667 --> 00:21:04,708
you need to stop
and investigate.
410
00:21:07,125 --> 00:21:08,541
The workers take a closer look,
411
00:21:08,542 --> 00:21:11,207
and they find pottery shards,
412
00:21:11,208 --> 00:21:12,916
then pieces of jewelry.
413
00:21:12,917 --> 00:21:15,833
So they ultimately call in the
archeologists to take over.
414
00:21:17,542 --> 00:21:20,707
They uncover more pottery,
parts of a fountain,
415
00:21:20,708 --> 00:21:23,374
and even the foundations
of a portico.
416
00:21:23,375 --> 00:21:25,958
Then they find
something really unusual,
417
00:21:27,083 --> 00:21:28,500
a piece of glass
418
00:21:29,667 --> 00:21:32,708
filled with transparent,
crystal-like stones.
419
00:21:33,875 --> 00:21:36,332
The crystal stones
are a major clue.
420
00:21:36,333 --> 00:21:39,541
In 40 AD, the philosopher Philo
421
00:21:39,542 --> 00:21:43,041
describes seeing this kind
of glass with these crystals
422
00:21:43,042 --> 00:21:46,749
on a visit he made to the
Roman emperor Caligula.
423
00:21:46,750 --> 00:21:49,207
The
archeologists realize
424
00:21:49,208 --> 00:21:53,250
they found Caligula's long
lost, infamous pleasure garden.
425
00:21:55,375 --> 00:21:58,041
Caligula was the
third emperor of Rome,
426
00:21:58,042 --> 00:22:01,749
and many consider him to
be the most eccentric.
427
00:22:01,750 --> 00:22:04,582
Some accounts say he
believed he was a god.
428
00:22:04,583 --> 00:22:06,791
Others say he was just insane.
429
00:22:06,792 --> 00:22:10,041
But either way, his
behavior was bizarre.
430
00:22:10,042 --> 00:22:12,874
He once made talking
about goats in his presence
431
00:22:12,875 --> 00:22:14,624
a capital offense.
432
00:22:14,625 --> 00:22:18,499
He would appear in public
dressed like Greco-Roman gods
433
00:22:18,500 --> 00:22:21,707
like Venus and Apollo.
434
00:22:21,708 --> 00:22:24,832
He once declared
war with the sea,
435
00:22:24,833 --> 00:22:29,458
and even appointed his horse
consul to the Senate of Rome.
436
00:22:30,458 --> 00:22:32,041
But
Caligula took excess
437
00:22:32,042 --> 00:22:35,124
to a whole new level
in his pleasure garden.
438
00:22:35,125 --> 00:22:38,707
Caligula surrounded
himself in luxury.
439
00:22:38,708 --> 00:22:41,541
So when he wasn't feeding
Romans to the lions,
440
00:22:41,542 --> 00:22:44,874
or sleeping with his
political rivals' wives
441
00:22:44,875 --> 00:22:46,791
or even his own sisters,
442
00:22:46,792 --> 00:22:49,667
he enjoyed spending time
in his pleasure garden.
443
00:22:50,583 --> 00:22:52,541
Excavations revealed frescoes
444
00:22:52,542 --> 00:22:55,916
inlaid with rubies
and precious stones,
445
00:22:55,917 --> 00:22:58,792
marble staircases, and
also pieces of jewelry.
446
00:23:00,125 --> 00:23:04,041
They also find animal bones,
but not pets like cats or dogs.
447
00:23:04,042 --> 00:23:06,541
The bones they find are
from lions, from bears,
448
00:23:06,542 --> 00:23:08,791
from ostriches, from peacocks,
449
00:23:08,792 --> 00:23:10,957
just rare and exotic animals
450
00:23:10,958 --> 00:23:15,874
brought in to impress his guests
and to make himself out to be
451
00:23:15,875 --> 00:23:20,500
this larger-than-life,
hedonistic, godlike figure.
452
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:22,791
Ultimately,
453
00:23:22,792 --> 00:23:25,999
Caligula's reign of
indulgence didn't last.
454
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:27,582
After just
four years in power,
455
00:23:27,583 --> 00:23:30,707
Caligula was assassinated
by his own bodyguards.
456
00:23:30,708 --> 00:23:34,166
His body was cremated
in the garden he loved.
457
00:23:34,167 --> 00:23:37,916
By the fourth
century, the garden is abandoned
458
00:23:37,917 --> 00:23:39,457
and fades from memory
459
00:23:39,458 --> 00:23:43,541
until it's rediscovered in 2015.
460
00:23:43,542 --> 00:23:46,499
When archeologists finally
finish the excavation,
461
00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:50,582
over 100,000 artifacts
are uncovered.
462
00:23:50,583 --> 00:23:53,666
Today, the site has been
transformed into a museum,
463
00:23:53,667 --> 00:23:56,124
and it contains many of
those very same relics
464
00:23:56,125 --> 00:23:57,916
and preserved architecture.
465
00:23:57,917 --> 00:24:00,291
Compared to the
legend of his life,
466
00:24:00,292 --> 00:24:04,041
the ruins of his pleasure garden
are surprisingly tasteful.
467
00:24:04,042 --> 00:24:05,875
But the jewels, the baths,
468
00:24:06,042 --> 00:24:08,832
the exotic animals do
point to one thing:
469
00:24:08,833 --> 00:24:12,207
Caligula threw one
hell of a party.
470
00:24:12,208 --> 00:24:15,500
And 2,000 years later, we're
still cleaning up after it.
471
00:24:20,167 --> 00:24:23,541
In 1992, a man sets out
to solve a local legend,
472
00:24:23,542 --> 00:24:27,625
but instead uncovers a long
lost engineering wonder.
473
00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:34,041
It's 1992 in the
Zhejiang Province of China,
474
00:24:34,042 --> 00:24:37,082
and farmer Wu Anai is
a man on a mission.
475
00:24:37,083 --> 00:24:38,791
He's just bought a water pump.
476
00:24:38,792 --> 00:24:40,666
And with the help
of his neighbors,
477
00:24:40,667 --> 00:24:44,541
he's trying to drain a pond
in his hometown of Longyou.
478
00:24:44,542 --> 00:24:45,957
It sounds crazy.
479
00:24:45,958 --> 00:24:48,874
But for generations, locals
have passed down tales
480
00:24:48,875 --> 00:24:51,041
that the ponds are bottomless,
481
00:24:51,042 --> 00:24:55,125
and Anai is determined to get
to the bottom of this legend,
482
00:24:56,875 --> 00:25:00,291
so he turns on the
pumps and watches.
483
00:25:00,292 --> 00:25:01,874
As the water recedes,
484
00:25:01,875 --> 00:25:04,708
it reveals more than
just mud and stone.
485
00:25:06,167 --> 00:25:10,083
When Anai peeks into the hole,
he can't believe his eyes.
486
00:25:12,125 --> 00:25:13,957
Beneath the
surface of this pond
487
00:25:13,958 --> 00:25:17,458
is actually a massive,
man-made cave.
488
00:25:19,625 --> 00:25:21,874
Its walls are
intricately carved,
489
00:25:21,875 --> 00:25:24,624
its ceilings are
held up by pillars,
490
00:25:24,625 --> 00:25:26,416
and every inch is decorated
491
00:25:26,417 --> 00:25:29,374
with these chiseled
parallel lines.
492
00:25:29,375 --> 00:25:32,166
Anai and his neighbors
cannot believe what they found,
493
00:25:32,167 --> 00:25:35,250
so they go and they drain
more ponds in the region.
494
00:25:37,417 --> 00:25:40,207
Sure enough, they
find four more caves,
495
00:25:40,208 --> 00:25:44,125
each as elaborately carved and
decorated as the first one.
496
00:25:45,875 --> 00:25:50,374
These things are huge, ranging
from 25 to 60 feet deep
497
00:25:50,375 --> 00:25:53,457
and 50 to 100 feet wide.
498
00:25:53,458 --> 00:25:56,624
Just as impressive
is the engineering.
499
00:25:56,625 --> 00:25:59,874
The sloped walls
help distribute weight,
500
00:25:59,875 --> 00:26:02,666
preventing collapse
from the ground above.
501
00:26:02,667 --> 00:26:04,749
Every cavern faces south,
502
00:26:04,750 --> 00:26:07,875
which allows the caves to be
filled with natural light.
503
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:11,082
Over the
next few years,
504
00:26:11,083 --> 00:26:15,416
researchers find 19
more hand-carved caves.
505
00:26:15,417 --> 00:26:20,457
We have over 300,000
square feet of engineered space,
506
00:26:20,458 --> 00:26:22,832
but no signs of the builders,
507
00:26:22,833 --> 00:26:25,874
the techniques, or
of their intentions.
508
00:26:25,875 --> 00:26:28,541
This lack of cultural
or material evidence
509
00:26:28,542 --> 00:26:30,167
is unprecedented.
510
00:26:31,167 --> 00:26:32,957
Archeologists date
their construction
511
00:26:32,958 --> 00:26:37,582
to between 206 BC and 23 AD.
512
00:26:37,583 --> 00:26:39,041
This makes them the biggest
513
00:26:39,042 --> 00:26:42,042
underground construction
project of that era.
514
00:26:43,458 --> 00:26:44,916
This is a project on par
515
00:26:44,917 --> 00:26:47,832
with other monumental
architectural wonders
516
00:26:47,833 --> 00:26:49,333
like the Great Pyramid of Giza.
517
00:26:50,542 --> 00:26:52,416
As mysterious as
the pyramids are,
518
00:26:52,417 --> 00:26:54,125
these caves are even more so.
519
00:26:55,292 --> 00:26:56,957
Some researchers
have suggested
520
00:26:56,958 --> 00:26:59,874
that the caves might have
been used to store grain.
521
00:26:59,875 --> 00:27:02,499
Others have thought that
they might have been a mine
522
00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:04,207
for natural resources.
523
00:27:04,208 --> 00:27:05,749
And then there are those
524
00:27:05,750 --> 00:27:08,916
who think that these hidden
structures are so secretive
525
00:27:08,917 --> 00:27:11,291
that they must've been
used for religious
526
00:27:11,292 --> 00:27:14,541
or other cultural
ceremonies for the elite.
527
00:27:14,542 --> 00:27:16,207
With little to go on,
528
00:27:16,208 --> 00:27:20,207
the mysterious caverns become
known as the Longyou Caves,
529
00:27:20,208 --> 00:27:23,499
named after the town
where they were found.
530
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:24,916
In China,
they're considered
531
00:27:24,917 --> 00:27:27,207
the ninth wonder of
the ancient world.
532
00:27:27,208 --> 00:27:29,957
But for all their size
and sophistication,
533
00:27:29,958 --> 00:27:32,499
they raise more
questions than answers.
534
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:36,916
The fact that we still don't
know who built the caves or why
535
00:27:36,917 --> 00:27:39,374
makes them one of the
most fascinating mysteries
536
00:27:39,375 --> 00:27:40,667
of the ancient world.
537
00:27:43,042 --> 00:27:46,707
Anai's curiosity uncovered
an ancient mystery.
538
00:27:46,708 --> 00:27:49,791
A find 20 years later in Serbia
539
00:27:49,792 --> 00:27:52,457
reveals something even stranger.
540
00:27:54,875 --> 00:27:56,916
It's July 2023
541
00:27:56,917 --> 00:28:00,000
in the small mining town
of Kostolac in Serbia.
542
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:03,874
Miners are busy
excavating in a quarry
543
00:28:03,875 --> 00:28:05,999
when about 25 feet deep,
544
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:09,541
their mechanical digger
hits something really hard.
545
00:28:12,292 --> 00:28:13,707
It sounds like wood,
546
00:28:13,708 --> 00:28:15,207
so they figure that it's
a buried tree trunk.
547
00:28:15,208 --> 00:28:18,667
But they decide to play it
safe and take a closer look.
548
00:28:19,792 --> 00:28:21,874
When the workers brush
some of the dirt away,
549
00:28:21,875 --> 00:28:24,707
they confirm it
definitely is wood.
550
00:28:24,708 --> 00:28:27,667
However, this is
definitely no tree.
551
00:28:28,542 --> 00:28:30,916
It's got sharp, crisp lines.
552
00:28:30,917 --> 00:28:34,792
It's been carved by man
and it looks really old.
553
00:28:36,042 --> 00:28:37,999
Archeologists are called
in to examine the site.
554
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,166
And as they dig, the find
gets bigger and bigger
555
00:28:41,167 --> 00:28:44,124
from one point to
another, to dozens.
556
00:28:44,125 --> 00:28:48,083
They've uncovered a
massive wooden structure.
557
00:28:49,292 --> 00:28:54,042
It's the remains of
an enormous riverboat.
558
00:28:55,042 --> 00:28:56,916
Now that it's exposed,
559
00:28:56,917 --> 00:28:59,832
archeologists rush to
fully dig out the boat
560
00:28:59,833 --> 00:29:01,624
before it falls apart.
561
00:29:01,625 --> 00:29:05,332
It takes them two
days to fully uncover the boat
562
00:29:05,333 --> 00:29:10,291
and it's huge, it's 65 feet
long, it's 11 feet wide.
563
00:29:10,292 --> 00:29:13,416
Researchers believe
it was a cargo vessel
564
00:29:13,417 --> 00:29:16,082
crewed by up to 30 men.
565
00:29:16,083 --> 00:29:19,999
But curiously, there's no cargo,
there's no personal items,
566
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:22,167
there's no human remains.
567
00:29:23,208 --> 00:29:25,374
Even stranger,
it's underground
568
00:29:25,375 --> 00:29:28,708
and miles away from
the nearest waterway.
569
00:29:29,958 --> 00:29:32,166
The Danube River is
more than two miles away,
570
00:29:32,167 --> 00:29:35,916
but it turns out that it has
shifted over the centuries.
571
00:29:35,917 --> 00:29:37,832
Researchers believe
that at one point
572
00:29:37,833 --> 00:29:40,624
it flowed directly
over this spot.
573
00:29:40,625 --> 00:29:42,916
The ship likely sank here,
574
00:29:42,917 --> 00:29:44,749
and then the river
changed course
575
00:29:44,750 --> 00:29:46,624
and then the ship was left
576
00:29:46,625 --> 00:29:49,041
to be buried by the
shifting sands.
577
00:29:49,042 --> 00:29:52,374
The whole area seems to
have changed centuries ago
578
00:29:52,375 --> 00:29:53,874
because just a mile away,
579
00:29:53,875 --> 00:29:57,208
there's an even larger
archeological excavation.
580
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:01,167
The ancient port of Viminacium.
581
00:30:02,417 --> 00:30:06,374
Viminacium was a major
ancient Roman trading hub
582
00:30:06,375 --> 00:30:08,832
and military port that
boasted a population
583
00:30:08,833 --> 00:30:10,999
of about 45,000 people.
584
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:14,749
Its ruins included
temples, theaters, palaces,
585
00:30:14,750 --> 00:30:15,958
even a hippodrome.
586
00:30:17,250 --> 00:30:18,582
Beginning
in the fourth century,
587
00:30:18,583 --> 00:30:21,374
Viminacium was attacked
by invading forces,
588
00:30:21,375 --> 00:30:22,999
including Attila the Hun
589
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:25,249
in his campaign against
the Roman Empire.
590
00:30:25,250 --> 00:30:29,416
By the time the Roman Empire
began to collapse in 476,
591
00:30:29,417 --> 00:30:31,500
Viminacium was abandoned.
592
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:34,416
Experts
conclude the buried ship
593
00:30:34,417 --> 00:30:37,582
was likely servicing
the port of Viminacium
594
00:30:37,583 --> 00:30:40,166
around 1,700 years ago.
595
00:30:40,167 --> 00:30:43,916
But questions still remain
about its final voyage.
596
00:30:43,917 --> 00:30:46,124
The ship has no
signs of battle scars,
597
00:30:46,125 --> 00:30:48,457
no signs of cargo,
no signs of crew,
598
00:30:48,458 --> 00:30:51,791
which suggests it may have
been sunk intentionally,
599
00:30:51,792 --> 00:30:53,166
perhaps better to lose it
600
00:30:53,167 --> 00:30:56,207
than for it to fall
into enemy hands.
601
00:30:56,208 --> 00:30:58,874
After nearly two
millennia underground,
602
00:30:58,875 --> 00:31:00,499
this river barge is
still a mystery,
603
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:02,583
but at least it's finally
returning to port.
604
00:31:07,542 --> 00:31:09,041
Road construction
usually slows you down.
605
00:31:09,042 --> 00:31:11,832
But in 2024, it
stopped everything
606
00:31:11,833 --> 00:31:15,874
when crews in Mexico
hit something incredible.
607
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:21,541
In June of 2024, just
outside of Mexico City,
608
00:31:21,542 --> 00:31:25,541
construction workers are
expanding Highway 105.
609
00:31:25,542 --> 00:31:28,082
As the workers labor under
the blazing summer sun
610
00:31:28,083 --> 00:31:32,041
trying to dig out a hillside
to create space for a new lane,
611
00:31:32,042 --> 00:31:34,250
they hit an unexpected obstacle.
612
00:31:36,542 --> 00:31:39,957
It's a flat stone,
which is pretty strange,
613
00:31:39,958 --> 00:31:41,916
but stranger still is
that it is attached
614
00:31:41,917 --> 00:31:45,499
to another flat stone,
and another flat stone,
615
00:31:45,500 --> 00:31:48,000
and they're all linked
together by mortar.
616
00:31:49,208 --> 00:31:53,999
All these stones form
a steeply pitched wall
617
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,125
buried underneath the mountain.
618
00:31:57,375 --> 00:32:00,125
They realize this is
clearly part of a structure.
619
00:32:01,458 --> 00:32:05,125
They halt all work and they
call in the archeologists.
620
00:32:06,042 --> 00:32:08,207
As they dig up this angled wall,
621
00:32:08,208 --> 00:32:10,417
it appears to stretch
in two directions.
622
00:32:11,333 --> 00:32:13,791
One, up the side
of the mountain,
623
00:32:13,792 --> 00:32:16,207
and two, down towards the road.
624
00:32:16,208 --> 00:32:18,207
Soon, they begin
to make out a shape.
625
00:32:18,208 --> 00:32:21,457
They find stepped corners on
the outer edge of the wall.
626
00:32:21,458 --> 00:32:24,707
And behind that,
another wall continues
627
00:32:24,708 --> 00:32:26,499
at a 90-degree angle.
628
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:30,791
This crew thought they were
working to widen the highway.
629
00:32:30,792 --> 00:32:32,666
But what they've really done
630
00:32:32,667 --> 00:32:34,917
is discovered an
ancient pyramid.
631
00:32:36,542 --> 00:32:38,916
And not
just any pyramid.
632
00:32:38,917 --> 00:32:42,541
The base stretches out
to around 1,000 feet,
633
00:32:42,542 --> 00:32:47,416
about 25% bigger than the
Great Pyramid of Giza.
634
00:32:47,417 --> 00:32:50,499
Archeologists
realize the pyramid dates back
635
00:32:50,500 --> 00:32:54,499
to a mysterious and largely
unknown ancient civilization
636
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:56,167
known as the Metzca.
637
00:32:58,125 --> 00:33:00,707
The Metzca
were a multi-ethnic group
638
00:33:00,708 --> 00:33:01,957
that lived within the area
639
00:33:01,958 --> 00:33:04,957
from around the
year 950 to 1350.
640
00:33:04,958 --> 00:33:06,791
Little is known
about this culture
641
00:33:06,792 --> 00:33:08,916
because almost
nothing has been found
642
00:33:08,917 --> 00:33:11,916
from the time of their
reign, until now.
643
00:33:11,917 --> 00:33:13,291
Unfortunately,
644
00:33:13,292 --> 00:33:15,541
experts can't fully
excavate the pyramid.
645
00:33:15,542 --> 00:33:18,499
So they use drones
and imaging technology
646
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:21,499
to scan the entire
site from the air.
647
00:33:21,500 --> 00:33:24,249
When they analyze the
data, they're shocked.
648
00:33:24,250 --> 00:33:26,874
There is an
entire ceremonial complex
649
00:33:26,875 --> 00:33:29,083
with the pyramid
as its centerpiece.
650
00:33:30,417 --> 00:33:32,457
This discovery
suggests that this site
651
00:33:32,458 --> 00:33:35,416
was of great significance
to the Metzca,
652
00:33:35,417 --> 00:33:39,374
a combination religious
site and cultural hub.
653
00:33:39,375 --> 00:33:42,374
And just when we're
hot on the heels of learning
654
00:33:42,375 --> 00:33:45,957
and uncovering this treasure
trove of the ancient world,
655
00:33:45,958 --> 00:33:48,207
all work
comes to a stop.
656
00:33:48,208 --> 00:33:49,749
Funding dries up,
657
00:33:49,750 --> 00:33:53,291
and archeologists are
forced to abandon the site.
658
00:33:53,292 --> 00:33:57,707
Then, they actually
have to rebury it
659
00:33:57,708 --> 00:34:02,207
to protect the site from the
elements and from any looters.
660
00:34:02,208 --> 00:34:05,041
There's obviously
more to uncover here,
661
00:34:05,042 --> 00:34:06,999
more stories about the history
662
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,582
of this otherwise
forgotten civilization.
663
00:34:09,583 --> 00:34:14,749
But until more funding
materializes, this giant pyramid
664
00:34:14,750 --> 00:34:18,041
and the ancient civilization
that constructed it
665
00:34:18,042 --> 00:34:21,333
remains, once again,
buried underground.
666
00:34:23,792 --> 00:34:25,374
Across the sea in England,
667
00:34:25,375 --> 00:34:28,916
another surprising relic
is buried even deeper.
668
00:34:28,917 --> 00:34:33,832
Not a pyramid, but a far more
personal piece of the past.
669
00:34:36,375 --> 00:34:39,916
The year is 1972, and
in the city of York, England,
670
00:34:39,917 --> 00:34:41,457
construction has just begun
671
00:34:41,458 --> 00:34:44,417
on a new branch of Lloyds Bank.
672
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:47,125
They fire
up the excavator
673
00:34:48,333 --> 00:34:51,207
and start to haul
away layers of peat.
674
00:34:51,208 --> 00:34:53,332
And that's when the
workers noticed that
675
00:34:53,333 --> 00:34:56,708
mixed in with the soil are
some strange-looking objects.
676
00:34:58,375 --> 00:35:01,124
There's pieces of
timber, there's textiles,
677
00:35:01,125 --> 00:35:03,207
and there's straps of leather.
678
00:35:03,208 --> 00:35:05,207
Archeologists are called in
679
00:35:05,208 --> 00:35:09,666
and as they are sifting
through these artifacts,
680
00:35:09,667 --> 00:35:13,083
they find an object they
can't quite identify.
681
00:35:15,417 --> 00:35:19,374
It's rough and
cylindrical in shape.
682
00:35:19,375 --> 00:35:22,416
It's about eight inches
long, two inches wide,
683
00:35:22,417 --> 00:35:24,458
and it weighs
about half a pound.
684
00:35:26,917 --> 00:35:28,582
Archeologists
take a closer look
685
00:35:28,583 --> 00:35:30,667
at the mystery object
under a microscope.
686
00:35:31,875 --> 00:35:36,416
They see evidence of
plant pollen, cereal bran,
687
00:35:36,417 --> 00:35:38,041
and other organic material.
688
00:35:38,042 --> 00:35:39,957
And before long, it
becomes pretty evident
689
00:35:39,958 --> 00:35:41,458
what they're looking at.
690
00:35:41,708 --> 00:35:47,207
What they have found
is an enormous human coprolite.
691
00:35:47,208 --> 00:35:48,416
It's another way of saying
692
00:35:48,417 --> 00:35:50,292
a gigantic piece
of fossilized poop.
693
00:35:52,208 --> 00:35:54,582
In fact, it's
the largest intact piece
694
00:35:54,583 --> 00:35:58,374
of fossilized human
feces ever discovered.
695
00:35:58,375 --> 00:35:59,999
What's
unusual about it,
696
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,457
apart from its gargantuous size,
697
00:36:02,458 --> 00:36:06,707
is that typically, human feces
breaks down pretty quickly,
698
00:36:06,708 --> 00:36:09,791
way before it has a
chance to fossilize.
699
00:36:09,792 --> 00:36:13,666
But in this case,
because it fell in peat,
700
00:36:13,667 --> 00:36:18,125
which is a low-oxygen
environment, it didn't rot.
701
00:36:19,125 --> 00:36:21,416
Testing puts it in
the 9th century AD,
702
00:36:21,417 --> 00:36:24,791
right in the middle of the
Viking occupation of York.
703
00:36:24,792 --> 00:36:28,832
In 866 AD, the
Viking Great Heathen Army
704
00:36:28,833 --> 00:36:29,792
conquered the city.
705
00:36:31,333 --> 00:36:36,041
York became the Viking capital
in England until 954 AD.
706
00:36:36,042 --> 00:36:38,082
And based on the diet,
707
00:36:38,083 --> 00:36:41,417
this coprolite was left
behind by a Viking.
708
00:36:43,125 --> 00:36:45,416
Today, the
relic is on display
709
00:36:45,417 --> 00:36:48,666
at the Jorvic Viking
Centre in York.
710
00:36:48,667 --> 00:36:50,791
It may not be
the most important
711
00:36:50,792 --> 00:36:52,707
Viking artifact ever found,
712
00:36:52,708 --> 00:36:55,500
but it is a strong
contender for number two.
713
00:37:01,208 --> 00:37:02,916
The ocean is full
of big creatures
714
00:37:02,917 --> 00:37:04,624
and even bigger secrets,
715
00:37:04,625 --> 00:37:08,957
but none like the one a group
of fishermen find in Norway.
716
00:37:11,083 --> 00:37:13,874
It's April 26th, 2019,
717
00:37:13,875 --> 00:37:17,582
just off the coastal village
of Tufjord in Norway.
718
00:37:17,583 --> 00:37:20,541
You have a group of fishermen
that are on their boat
719
00:37:20,542 --> 00:37:24,332
and before long, they
feel something colliding
720
00:37:24,333 --> 00:37:26,082
with the side of their ship.
721
00:37:28,542 --> 00:37:30,499
One of the men on board
looks down in the water
722
00:37:30,500 --> 00:37:33,208
and he sees a large beluga whale
723
00:37:35,292 --> 00:37:37,625
rubbing itself against
the side of the boat.
724
00:37:39,708 --> 00:37:42,374
Even though this
animal is large,
725
00:37:42,375 --> 00:37:45,499
14 feet long,
maybe 2,700 pounds,
726
00:37:45,500 --> 00:37:49,291
it seems friendly, tame even.
727
00:37:49,292 --> 00:37:51,208
Hey, hey.
728
00:37:52,875 --> 00:37:55,917
But it seems to be
tangled in something.
729
00:37:57,042 --> 00:37:58,541
He puts on a survival suit
730
00:37:58,542 --> 00:38:00,750
and jumps into the
water to help free it.
731
00:38:01,917 --> 00:38:03,291
But as he gets closer,
732
00:38:03,292 --> 00:38:06,499
he realizes that the
whale is in a harness.
733
00:38:06,500 --> 00:38:09,625
So he unbuckles it and
sets the beluga whale free.
734
00:38:10,708 --> 00:38:13,375
Back on the boat, he
sees something strange.
735
00:38:14,375 --> 00:38:16,707
There's a camera
mount on the harness,
736
00:38:16,708 --> 00:38:19,332
but the camera
itself is missing.
737
00:38:19,333 --> 00:38:21,457
They also notice a
stamp on the harness
738
00:38:21,458 --> 00:38:24,874
that says "Equipment
St. Petersburg".
739
00:38:24,875 --> 00:38:28,417
So it looks like this
whale came from Russia.
740
00:38:29,583 --> 00:38:30,999
Nearly overnight,
741
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:34,374
the beluga becomes a
media sensation in Norway.
742
00:38:34,375 --> 00:38:37,791
But something seems off
about this friendly giant.
743
00:38:37,792 --> 00:38:39,624
This whale
doesn't swim back north
744
00:38:39,625 --> 00:38:41,374
towards his more
natural habitat.
745
00:38:41,375 --> 00:38:43,832
He instead stays in the harbor,
746
00:38:43,833 --> 00:38:47,541
socializing with
fishermen and tourists.
747
00:38:47,542 --> 00:38:50,624
Hi, hi.
748
00:38:50,625 --> 00:38:53,457
I mean, the whale, he
seems too well trained
749
00:38:53,458 --> 00:38:55,291
to be a wild whale.
750
00:38:55,292 --> 00:38:58,374
That's when Norway's
domestic intelligence agency
751
00:38:58,375 --> 00:39:00,207
puts two and two together,
752
00:39:00,208 --> 00:39:02,541
and comes up with
a shocking theory.
753
00:39:02,542 --> 00:39:04,707
The strange
behavior, the harness,
754
00:39:04,708 --> 00:39:07,082
the familiarity with humans.
755
00:39:07,083 --> 00:39:11,624
This whale was clearly trained
to perform specific tasks,
756
00:39:11,625 --> 00:39:14,541
which leads investigators
to hypothesize
757
00:39:14,542 --> 00:39:18,124
that this whale is an
intelligence-gathering spy.
758
00:39:20,708 --> 00:39:23,332
For years,
rumors had spread
759
00:39:23,333 --> 00:39:24,707
around intelligence circles
760
00:39:24,708 --> 00:39:26,874
that the Russian Navy
was actively trying
761
00:39:26,875 --> 00:39:30,041
to get their hands
on aquatic animals
762
00:39:30,042 --> 00:39:32,624
to train them as Russian spies.
763
00:39:32,625 --> 00:39:34,166
Now, of course, Moscow denies
764
00:39:34,167 --> 00:39:36,291
that any such
program ever existed.
765
00:39:36,292 --> 00:39:39,874
Although there was that one time
that they placed a newspaper ad
766
00:39:39,875 --> 00:39:44,416
seeking to buy five bottlenose
dolphins for $24,000.
767
00:39:44,417 --> 00:39:46,249
As
unlikely as it seems,
768
00:39:46,250 --> 00:39:49,041
the spy whale theory
picks up momentum,
769
00:39:49,042 --> 00:39:52,541
leading investigators
straight to a possible source.
770
00:39:52,542 --> 00:39:55,707
Intelligence officers
comb over satellite imagery
771
00:39:55,708 --> 00:39:59,041
and, indeed, they find a
nearby Russian naval base.
772
00:39:59,042 --> 00:40:00,707
The base has large sea pens
773
00:40:00,708 --> 00:40:03,207
that would be perfect for
housing beluga whales.
774
00:40:03,208 --> 00:40:05,999
They conclude that this beluga
either escaped from its pen
775
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,041
or that it might have
actually become lost
776
00:40:08,042 --> 00:40:10,749
during a training
session in open waters.
777
00:40:10,750 --> 00:40:12,999
In honor
of his Russian roots,
778
00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:16,541
the whale is given
the name Hvaldimir,
779
00:40:16,542 --> 00:40:20,624
combining hval, which
means whale in Norwegian,
780
00:40:20,625 --> 00:40:23,625
with Vladimir, as in Putin.
781
00:40:25,042 --> 00:40:28,374
Sadly, Hvaldimir's story
does not have a happy ending.
782
00:40:28,375 --> 00:40:31,041
In 2024, his body is
discovered floating
783
00:40:31,042 --> 00:40:33,166
in Risavika Bay in Norway.
784
00:40:33,167 --> 00:40:35,582
Of course, given his
reported spy background,
785
00:40:35,583 --> 00:40:38,124
rumors began to fly
that he's been taken out
786
00:40:38,125 --> 00:40:39,749
by the Russians.
787
00:40:39,750 --> 00:40:42,749
But the Norwegian Veterinary
Institute does an autopsy
788
00:40:42,750 --> 00:40:44,582
and determines
that Hvaldimir died
789
00:40:44,583 --> 00:40:46,541
from a bacterial infection.
790
00:40:46,542 --> 00:40:49,124
To this day, Russia
has neither confirmed
791
00:40:49,125 --> 00:40:51,582
nor denied Hvaldimir's origins.
792
00:40:51,583 --> 00:40:53,083
But one thing is certain,
793
00:40:53,208 --> 00:40:57,374
whether he was a runaway spy
or just a very confused beluga,
794
00:40:57,375 --> 00:41:00,416
this giant whale
left behind a legacy
795
00:41:00,417 --> 00:41:02,500
that was larger than life.
796
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:08,999
A colossal city
buried in the jungle,
797
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,707
a massive mammal working
as a secret agent,
798
00:41:12,708 --> 00:41:17,207
and a metropolis unearthed
200 feet below the surface.
799
00:41:17,208 --> 00:41:19,749
Sometimes gigantic discoveries
800
00:41:19,750 --> 00:41:22,207
lead to even bigger revelations.
801
00:41:22,208 --> 00:41:23,541
I'm Danny Trejo.
802
00:41:23,542 --> 00:41:25,833
Thanks for watching
Mysteries Unearthed.
66422
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