All language subtitles for The.Mind.Explained.S01E04.720p.HDTV.en

When Yongey Mingyur
Rinpoche was a child living in Nepal,

in the shadow of Mt. Manaslu,

he had terrible panic attacks.

I have lot of fear
about the snow storm

and when the thunder comes,
and I fear for strangers.

One day my father said,

"Oh, you want to learn meditation, right?"

The first meditation training
is he asked me to watch my breath.

So, I watched my breath.

That’s a common
mindfulness exercise.

And soon, Mingyur was
a mindfulness meditation prodigy.

Decades later,

he built this monastery
in Bodh Gaya, India,

the place where the Buddha
famously achieved enlightenment

while meditating under a tree.

He spent four years wandering
the Himalayas, practicing mindfulness

and growing a beard.

And then, scientists invited him
to Wisconsin,

so they could look at his brain.

They found that although he was 41,

he had the brain of a 33-year-old.

When they had him go in an fMRI machine

and cultivate a sense of compassion
by meditating,

the activity and his empathy circuits

shot up seven to 800 percent.

One of the researchers later wrote,

“Such an extreme increase
befuddles science.

The closest resemblance
is in epileptic seizures,

but brains are seized by seizures

in contrast to Mingyur's intentional
control of his brain activity."

Mingyur Rinpoche had somehow induced
a prolonged attack of compassion

in his own brain.

When researchers studied the brain waves
of a whole group of long-term meditators,

they found similar results.

The moment meditation began,
there was a sudden rush of activity.

Meditation causes big changes
in the minds of experts.

But when beginners meditate,
not much happens.

These observations seem to back up
a long-held claim

that meditation can make you
a master of your own mind.

Early Buddhist texts
say this can help end suffering.

Modern headlines are a bit more clinical,

claiming mindfulness
may cure anxiety, depression,

and a whole host
of other health problems.

So, what is real and what is hype?

How can this simple practice
of watching your own breath

change the way your brain works?

And can that change your life?

Bring your full attention

to the ingoing and outgoing breath.

Expansion on the in breath.

Simply notice
you're breathing in.

- Contraction with the out breath.
- Releasing all tension.

Now, withdraw your attention

from the external things

and relax.

There's many many different styles
of meditation.

Literally, hundreds of different forms
of meditation.

The word "meditation"
you can liken to sports.

There are many different kinds of sports,

there are many different kinds
of meditation.

And strictly speaking,
most of them are not mindfulness.

There's Transcendental Meditation,

which The Beatles got into
while writing the White Album.

The idea here is to repeat a mantra,
a word or sound,

until you transcend thought entirely.

Then there's Dynamic Meditation, which
is supposed to break old thought patterns.

You may recognize it from coverage
of the Rajneeshpuram community.

Most religions have some kind of practice
that could be called meditation,

quietly contemplating scripture
or forms of ritual prayer

intended to bring you closer to God.

Some of the oldest forms of meditation
come from early Hinduism.

According to tradition, around 500 BC,

the Buddha studied these techniques,

but then, he added his own spin.

He systematically developed

a new meditation technique

that is called
the Satipatthana Meditation.

This is the traditional form
of "mindfulness meditation,"

one step on the eightfold path
to enlightenment

that the Buddha taught his followers.

The goal isn’t to get closer
to the divine or to empty your mind,

it’s to pay attention.

"Sati" means "attention."
"Upa" means "inside."

And "thana" means "to keep."

Satipatthana simply means

"to keep your attention inside."

Most of the time,

most people actually don't know
what their minds are doing.

We are pulled by all kinds of forces
around us,

and we do stuff
that we're just not aware of.

Things happen and we react.

And so part of the practice
of mindfulness is

bringing awareness to what it is
that our minds are actually doing.

To explain this technique,

Buddha told a story.

One day, Mr. Turtle
and Mr. Fox met in the forest.

Mr. Fox thought,

"I'm going to have a good food today."

And Mr. Turtle thought...

"Oh, my goodness.
My enemy is out there. Shall I run?

I'm not fast enough."

So, he went inside his shell.

Mr. Fox paced
round and round Mr. Turtle,

but eventually he got tired of waiting
and went away.

Every time

you see a real fox in your life,

like stress, tension, depression,
anxiety, sadness, worries...

you should be like Mr. Turtle.

That doesn’t mean running away
from your problems.

It means observing your reaction
to those problems

instead of engaging with them,

appreciating that these feelings
are passing products of your own mind

and you can control
your relationship to them.

You can make friends
with other emotion,

the difficult situation in our life.

You don't need to fight.

You don't need to surrender
for the problem.

Make friends.

You can bring

this quality to anything.

Whatever we do throughout the day,
it has to be done with mindfulness.

According to one text,

the Buddha told his followers to be aware
of their minds and bodies

while looking around,

eating, drinking, chewing, tasting,

walking, standing, sitting,
even when obeying the calls of nature.

Mindfulness meditation
is just a way to practice this skill.

Slowly, slowly...

train our mind, like going to gym.

When you go to the gym
and you do exercise,

develop your muscle,
you become more fit.

So, mind become more healthy
and developed.

You can think of a mindfulness session
as a training ground.

Every Tuesday evening
at six o’clock,

at the Moran Medium Security Prison,

a group of inmates gather in room eight.

Mindful of this moment,

I feel as light and free
as the clear blue sky.

Awakening here, now,

in room eight... I smile.

I was definitely

skeptical about it.

You couldn't tell me that meditation
by breathing, that it's going to help you.

Breathing in,
I know that I'm breathing in.

Breathing out,
I know that I'm breathing out.

Then, within a few seconds,
their mind will begin to wander.

Our teacher said that's the nature
of the mind at the beginning.

At the beginning,

I just felt like my mind
is just racing a million miles an hour.

When your mind wanders
like this, it’s usually time traveling.

I'm thinking about
what happened in the past.

Oh, I'm thinking about the future.

And we can see that activity
in brain scans,

lighting up something called
the Default Mode Network, or DMN.

It's what allows us to call up memories
or imagine the future,

but it also lets us endlessly ruminate
about regrets and fears.

It's what some Buddhists call
the “monkey mind.”

If your mind goes out
a million times, be mindful

and kind enough to bring it back
to the present moment a million times.

You can tame the monkey mind.

That noticing of distraction,

of noticing that your mind is lost,
is so important

because it's a moment of awakening.

In that moment,
when you direct your attention

back to your breath,
a part of the brain lights up,

the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

It’s one of those brain regions that
sets us primates apart from other animals,

part of the control center
that helps us focus.

Meditation strengthens its connection
to the DMN,

and in brain scans of expert meditators,
their DMNs are less active.

This could be the mental muscle
that meditation sessions develop.

We are simply practicing the quality
of paying attention

over and over again.

Today, thousands of schools
in dozens of countries

are offering mindfulness classes
to students.

I just want you to be aware
of your breathing.

The corporate world
has embraced it too.

There are mindfulness rooms
on all 61 floors

of the headquarters of
the company Salesforce.

After construction was completed,
Salesforce's CEO explained his reasoning.

I think this is really important to
cultivating innovation in your company.

We’re in this always-on economy.

Here we are on a panel,
you’re gripping your phone.

But that phone, it turned out,
was also a vehicle for mindfulness.

- I have a mediation app here. Headspace.
- Okay...

- Well, that's amazing, isn't that...
- Yeah, I do it every day.

The Headspace app offers
ten-minute mindfulness sessions.

As you breath out,

just watching the body soften.

More than a million people
around the world subscribe to that,

and the Calm app, its competitor,
has attracted another million subscribers.

In 2019,

the two companies were valued
at 320 million and one billion dollars.

But mindfulness only took off in the West
after almost disappearing in the East.

By the time Marco Polo visited China
in the 13th century,

Buddhism has spread to almost
every corner of Asia.

But mindfulness meditation
had mostly fallen out of practice.

Most Buddhists never meditated.

It was just for
especially dedicated ascetic monks.

That changed when the British invaded.

A passionate monk named Ledi Sayadaw

saw this occupation as a threat
to Buddhism’s very existence,

so he encouraged
everyday people, everywhere,

to practice mindfulness meditation.

Ledi Sayadaw taught many students
and inspired other Buddhist teachers

who taught more students, including a few
from Europe and the United States.

In the East,
mindfulness was quickly spreading.

But it took decades to gain purchase
in the West.

For many Americans,

this 1993 Bill Moyers special was their
first glimpse of mindfulness meditation.

Fully present...

with the breath...

with the body.

This guy is Jon Kabat-Zinn.

And he’s not at a monastery,
he’s at a hospital.

Kabat-Zinn had studied Zen Buddhism
while getting a molecular biology PhD.

He also learned from several ambassadors
of the Burmese School of Meditation.

He re-branded those teachings
to appeal to a secular Western audience

with a program called
“Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction.”

Years later, he wrote,

“I bent over backward to avoid being seen
as Buddhist, New Age, or plain flaky."

He explained his reasoning in that
breakout episode with Bill Moyers.

We had no idea, and this had never
been tried before in a medical center,

whether mainstream Americans
would go for meditative disciplines.

"Give me a break.
What are you talking about, meditation?"

But Kabat-Zinn
made a tantalizing promise

right there on the cover of his book.

Mindfulness could help you
cope with stress, pain, and illness.

It sold hundreds of thousands of copies.

And it probably didn’t hurt sales
that Hollywood in the 90's

was getting really into Buddhism.

His holiness
the Dalai Lama would like to meet you.

The 14th Dalai Lama.

To learn is to change.

That’s Keanu Reeves playing Buddha.

In real life, the Dalai Lama had become
a celebrity face of Buddhism.

He was so popular
he was invited on Larry King,

where he discussed one
of his life-long interests: neuroscience.

I think the modern science about brain,
about nerve system,

and about human psychology
seems now just is starting, beginning.

In the fall of 1992,
I first met His Holiness the Dalai Lama.

He invited me and asked me to bring
a few other scientists.

He challenged me and he said,
"Look, you've been using

tools of modern neuroscience to study
stress and anxietyand depression.

Why can't you use those same tools

to look at a person
and see what's right with them?"

At the time, there were only
a few dozen studies on meditation.

But Richie and his colleagues
changed that.

Now, more than a thousand studies
come out every year.

But not all of them are reliable.

One review of over 8,000 studies
of meditation’s impacts on health

found just 47 of them were designed
well enough to trust the results.

And there wasn’t good evidence that
mindfulness could affect substance use,

eating habits, sleep, or weight.

Today, we see

people using these practices
to treat diseases,

both psychiatric illnesses
and medical illnesses.

And there isn't a whole lot
of scientific evidence

to suggest that it's useful in those ways.

But there is evidence
that the turtle and the fox story

has some truth to it.

Mindfulness seems to change
how we relate to our own feelings,

which in turn can change
how we relate to the world.

Studies show that expert meditators
have a higher tolerance for pain.

Experts still feel burning, for example,
with the same intensity as beginners.

They just rate it as less unpleasant.

When the heat comes,
I aware of heat.

Be aware of heat.

So for me, the heat sensation
is very clear.

When most of us anticipate
getting burned,

our brains' pain centers react
as if we were already suffering.

And this reaction is so strong,
when the pain actually arrives,

not much changes.

Once the pain is over,
that mental anguish slowly subsides.

But expert meditators
react much less in anticipation,

then they feel the pain very intensely,

and then activity falls much faster.

Something similar is seen
in the emotional center of the brain,

the amygdala.

Beginners have a lot of activation there
when anticipating pain, but experts don't.

There's no

kind of like rumination.

It’s as if long-term meditators
view pain as a neutral event,

not an emotional ordeal.

In 1963, a Vietnamese Buddhist monk
named Thich Quang Duc

set himself on fire
to protest the ruling regime.

A reporter wrote,
“As he burned he never moved a muscle,

never uttered a sound.”

When most of us see
a disturbing image like this,

our amygdalas light up and tell us this
is something that we should focus on.

But a study found that the more
meditation experience someone has,

the less their amygdalas react
to these kinds of images.

That could be because the connection

between the emotional part
and the regulatory part of the brain

has been strengthened
by mindfulness training.

Expert meditators, like all of us,

can’t fully control what happens
in their lives,

but they have much better control over
how they respond.

And that can be a powerful tool
when tensions are high.

How can you
have something happen and...

create enough emotional space
to make a choice that isn't...

the reaction that's going to get them
into trouble over and over again.

Breathing allows you
to think about

which way you want
to handle this situation.

You need a job, things ain't going to be
all happy hunky-dory.

The boss says something I don't like,

you don't want to come in the next day
pissed off or mad.

You gotta find a way
to deal with these emotions.

Can I be aware of myself?

Can I manage what's happening inside
of me, so that I can manage my behavior?

The possibility is to start to...

create a different vision of themselves.

Meditation may help you see
your sense of self, your ego,

as just another product of your mind,
like pain or emotion.

What we're really talking about
is decreases in the...

rigidity of the self.

After all, our sense of self

mostly comes from thinking about
our past and futures,

the job of the DMN, which is turned down
in expert meditators.

For people with depression and anxiety,
the DMN is often turned up,

which may be why mindfulness can help
with these disorders.

When I was young,

I had these panic attacks.

And my father said,
"No, don't fight with the panic.

You have to say welcome to panic."

I'm not going to get rid of my panic.

You can use anything as support
for your meditation.

So, I use my panic.

I watch my panic.

"Hello, panic. Welcome."

So, in the end, me and my panic
become good friend.

Some studies show
that mindfulness

doesn’t help as much as medication,

but it could be an option for people
who want to avoid side effects of drugs.

As meditation quiets
your self-absorbed monkey mind,

it might free you up to focus more
on other people.

Another translation of the word “Sati”
is “to remember”.

What is being remembered is

the consideration of other human beings
as having intrinsic goodness.

The consideration
of other human beings as...

having the same wish to be happy
and to be free of suffering.

The purpose of meditation
is to make you kind.

Mindfulness by itself is insufficient.

Before practice of meditation,
there is one step.

That is called morality.

If people can benefit from meditation
in a secular way,

that is also fine, but it's not going
to give you the complete freedom.

There are guys in here
who certainly are just taking this class

because they might get a few days off
of their sentence.

But even those guys, I think...

get a little bit of something out of it
in terms of...

just, "Oh, right.
I can take a breath here."

This is the way in.

It's the only way in.

Ultimately, you're sitting with yourself
in your cell.

If you're not happy in here, you're not
going to be happy on the outside either.

So, how do you figure out
how to be happy in here?

It's not about fixing anything,
it's simply about

helping them change their relationship
to their circumstances.

I mean, it's a lot of things,

different, simple things that you notice.

I notice the air.
You know, I look into the sky.

If I'm on the phone in the yard,
I tell my family,

or whoever I'm on the phone with,
my loved ones,

"It is beautiful out here."
And that's not things I used to do,

'cause I didn't really notice it.