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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:09,930 --> 00:00:11,370 This is London Court. 2 00:00:11,630 --> 00:00:13,510 Here is a news flash. 3 00:00:14,210 --> 00:00:18,970 The German radio has just announced that Hitler is dead. 4 00:00:19,650 --> 00:00:20,850 I'll repeat that. 5 00:00:21,110 --> 00:00:26,110 The German radio has just announced that Hitler is dead. 6 00:00:29,230 --> 00:00:30,230 Adolf Hitler. 7 00:00:33,450 --> 00:00:37,010 Today, we know him as the embodiment of evil. 8 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:40,580 guilty of the worst crimes known to humanity. 9 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:47,360 But it didn't start out like this. 10 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:55,180 There was a time when people worshipped him, went to war for him, 11 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:58,460 and were willing to die for him. 12 00:01:00,900 --> 00:01:04,780 Now, with populist leaders thriving once again, 13 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:09,320 We're looking at Hitler from a different perspective. 14 00:01:11,800 --> 00:01:16,740 Through his friends, his admirers, his enablers. 15 00:01:18,100 --> 00:01:21,720 Only then can we learn the lessons from history. 16 00:01:25,420 --> 00:01:29,820 So we've unearthed interviews with the people who knew him best. 17 00:01:30,620 --> 00:01:33,980 From a former classmate. 18 00:01:34,840 --> 00:01:39,300 To those who were by his side when he tried to conquer the world. Okay, 19 00:01:39,300 --> 00:01:40,300 running. 20 00:01:41,220 --> 00:01:42,620 Most are Nazis. 21 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:46,600 Some complicit in war crimes. 22 00:01:48,520 --> 00:01:50,580 Few can be trusted. 23 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:56,800 I do not want to excuse myself. I just want to... An old man has no other 24 00:01:56,800 --> 00:01:59,640 interest but the truth, the historical truth. 25 00:02:01,580 --> 00:02:07,500 But when we see Adolf Hitler through their eyes, perhaps we can grasp who he 26 00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:09,840 and what made him possible. 27 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:41,220 First time I called on him, it was in the morning. 28 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:48,100 I walked through this very cold entrance hall, a winding staircase, and then 29 00:02:48,100 --> 00:02:49,480 somebody opened the door. 30 00:02:49,840 --> 00:02:56,440 Then I came into this little room. It was very, very narrow, incredibly 31 00:02:56,740 --> 00:03:00,260 Just enough to put a wall and pretend it's a room. 32 00:03:01,300 --> 00:03:03,240 And there you saw him. 33 00:03:15,470 --> 00:03:22,170 This is the voice of Putzi Hamstengel, a wealthy businessman and a major player 34 00:03:22,170 --> 00:03:23,570 in the rise of Adolf Hitler. 35 00:03:25,490 --> 00:03:30,330 Their first encounter comes soon after Hitler has become leader of the far 36 00:03:30,330 --> 00:03:33,070 -right party, the Nazis. 37 00:03:35,020 --> 00:03:39,060 There are now very few people alive who knew him intimately, but there is one 38 00:03:39,060 --> 00:03:44,540 such person who, night after night across many years, played Wagnerian 39 00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:45,540 Hitler in his flat. 40 00:03:46,800 --> 00:03:50,060 Now, tell me, Dr. Hamsteingl, what first attracted you to Hitler? 41 00:03:50,420 --> 00:03:56,640 When I heard this man for the first time in a very noisy meeting, 42 00:03:57,320 --> 00:04:03,820 I, in his trench coat and with the entire perfume of a... 43 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:10,060 The past struggle in him, in his language, in his gestures. I absolutely 44 00:04:10,060 --> 00:04:12,800 myself irresistibly drawn to him. 45 00:04:14,880 --> 00:04:21,779 The trouble was, Germany has never been known for its orators. And Hitler 46 00:04:21,779 --> 00:04:27,080 was the superbest man to address hungry crowds. 47 00:04:39,820 --> 00:04:46,820 He crushed any man with his voice. He had a wonderful resonance up here. 48 00:04:47,700 --> 00:04:52,480 And that will never be repeated in 10 ,000 years. 49 00:04:55,460 --> 00:05:00,050 After defeat in the First World War, Germany is at rock bottom. 50 00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:04,210 Hitler calls for a national renewal. 51 00:05:06,510 --> 00:05:11,990 Putzi and his wife Helena are impressed by his charisma and conviction. 52 00:05:12,650 --> 00:05:15,010 They throw open their doors to him. 53 00:05:16,530 --> 00:05:20,050 This is the very room where Hitler came to visit you many times, I believe. 54 00:05:20,150 --> 00:05:21,150 Yeah, surely. 55 00:05:21,390 --> 00:05:23,550 Believe me. 56 00:05:24,340 --> 00:05:28,980 It's very often that I think he's still in the room. Who else did he sit? 57 00:05:29,400 --> 00:05:31,840 Usually at the opposite of the fire. 58 00:05:35,780 --> 00:05:41,720 He came practically every day, and the house still had this huge studio, 59 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:43,660 which he loved. 60 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:49,320 Anything that was big in which he could pull, of course, back and forth and back 61 00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:51,240 and forth and popping and popping. 62 00:05:52,110 --> 00:05:55,510 He was absolutely convinced about himself. 63 00:05:55,990 --> 00:06:01,010 He couldn't stand anybody who wanted to talk, and he was the one who talked. You 64 00:06:01,010 --> 00:06:02,250 have to listen to this. 65 00:06:02,870 --> 00:06:08,370 In Booker's book, he claims that Hitler was a mother to him. What do you think 66 00:06:08,370 --> 00:06:09,370 of that? 67 00:06:10,510 --> 00:06:14,010 Well, I should say, in a way, he was. 68 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:15,700 In the way he was. 69 00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:22,760 I mean, as far as he was able to be in love with anyone, maybe I was one of the 70 00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:25,160 ones that perhaps he was in love with. 71 00:06:25,720 --> 00:06:30,980 He had a great habit of sort of opening these big blue eyes, which he had. He 72 00:06:30,980 --> 00:06:36,640 had big blue eyes, and he used them. And then he would have a tortuous, austere 73 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:39,380 way of hand -kissing and so on. 74 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:40,640 He could lay it on. 75 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,080 Oh, he could lay it on. He really could. 76 00:06:43,580 --> 00:06:49,940 And I remember I was sitting on the sofa and he sank to his knees and put his 77 00:06:49,940 --> 00:06:56,680 head in my lap and said, I only have someone to look after me. 78 00:06:56,880 --> 00:07:02,300 And I said, well, I don't find a lovely wife and marry and so on. I can never 79 00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:06,040 marry because my life is dedicated to my country. 80 00:07:13,759 --> 00:07:19,240 By 1923, the Nazis were still a minor party, one of many. 81 00:07:20,100 --> 00:07:23,500 But Hitler dreams of turning it into a national force. 82 00:07:24,900 --> 00:07:30,140 Putzi, who's been to college in America, provides inspiration from an unlikely 83 00:07:30,140 --> 00:07:31,140 source. 84 00:07:31,860 --> 00:07:36,480 One of the things Hitler learned from you, I believe, or you told him about... 85 00:07:36,880 --> 00:07:38,960 The cheerleaders at Harvard. Oh, yeah. 86 00:07:39,260 --> 00:07:45,760 This is an essential thing to get the audience to underline your 87 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:46,760 propaganda. 88 00:07:48,460 --> 00:07:49,460 Harvard, 89 00:07:52,300 --> 00:07:53,560 Harvard, Harvard. 90 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:57,800 And so it became... He was impressed. 91 00:07:58,240 --> 00:07:59,240 Oh, yeah. 92 00:07:59,460 --> 00:08:03,460 One evening, I played this here for a change to Hitler. 93 00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:09,420 The line of crimson. 94 00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:12,600 Ah, you can't prevail. 95 00:08:14,180 --> 00:08:19,360 See, cheers for power and love. 96 00:08:20,640 --> 00:08:27,360 The line of crimson. At that 97 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:32,520 moment, Hitler jumped up and said, Hamsting, das brauchen wir. That's what 98 00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:33,620 need for March. 99 00:08:47,630 --> 00:08:53,370 Now with its rousing anthem and a bold Nazi banner, disillusioned young men 100 00:08:53,370 --> 00:08:58,810 flocked to the military wing of the party, the stormtroopers. 101 00:09:23,510 --> 00:09:29,070 Like many Germans, Hitler has been radicalized by defeat in the First World 102 00:09:30,410 --> 00:09:35,170 He had spent four and a half years as a frontline soldier and had been shattered 103 00:09:35,170 --> 00:09:36,690 by news of Germany's surrender. 104 00:09:38,350 --> 00:09:42,970 Elizabeth Pott is one of a handful of friends who knew Hitler before the war. 105 00:09:43,710 --> 00:09:46,090 She remembers the effect it had on him. 106 00:09:47,340 --> 00:09:50,140 Did you personally see Adolf Hitler after the war? 107 00:09:51,320 --> 00:09:52,320 Yes, yes. 108 00:09:52,420 --> 00:09:53,420 Did he change? 109 00:09:55,900 --> 00:09:57,680 Yes, he changed. 110 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:00,880 Externally, of course, very much. 111 00:10:01,260 --> 00:10:07,920 But he is still... How should I 112 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:08,920 express myself? 113 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:13,920 It's not sad, but... 114 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:16,780 I also spoke a little with him sometimes, right? 115 00:10:19,940 --> 00:10:26,500 About the end of the war, the loss, that made him tremble. 116 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:34,900 Bad. He didn't want to believe that so many Germans were so brave, right? 117 00:10:35,280 --> 00:10:38,740 And that made him harder. 118 00:10:40,740 --> 00:10:42,020 It made him harder. 119 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:43,760 Bitter too? 120 00:10:53,480 --> 00:10:57,860 Hitler's bitterness has been stirred up by a popular conspiracy theory. 121 00:10:59,020 --> 00:11:01,020 The war wasn't lost in battle. 122 00:11:02,140 --> 00:11:06,440 Left wing politicians and Jews were to blame for the surrender and the 123 00:11:06,440 --> 00:11:08,480 humiliating peace agreement that followed. 124 00:11:11,980 --> 00:11:14,280 Hitler vows to avenge this betrayal. 125 00:11:15,860 --> 00:11:18,920 And you often heard him ranting about Judaism. 126 00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:20,760 Oh, yeah. 127 00:11:21,080 --> 00:11:22,080 Absolutely. 128 00:11:23,640 --> 00:11:27,220 This wasn't just a political thing. It was something personal. 129 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:31,400 It began as personal, and then he built it up. Yes. 130 00:11:40,650 --> 00:11:47,010 In November 1923, Hitler, Puzzi and the Nazis try to overthrow the left -wing 131 00:11:47,010 --> 00:11:48,010 government. 132 00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:52,750 They stage an insurrection in a Munich beer hall. 133 00:11:54,430 --> 00:11:55,770 Violence breaks out. 134 00:11:57,510 --> 00:11:59,230 The revolt is put down. 135 00:12:02,470 --> 00:12:05,150 But Hitler is now a wanted man. 136 00:12:07,270 --> 00:12:11,900 On the day of the Putsch, when it was all over, And a disastrous failure. 137 00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:13,420 Hitler fled to your house? 138 00:12:13,620 --> 00:12:16,200 Yes, without telling me a word about it. 139 00:12:16,860 --> 00:12:18,020 Why did he come to you? 140 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:24,180 The magnetic influence of... 141 00:12:24,180 --> 00:12:26,260 Your what? 142 00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:28,760 Female beauty. 143 00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:31,900 He was injured, was he not? 144 00:12:32,360 --> 00:12:35,620 Yes, he had a hanging shoulder. 145 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:39,360 This collarbone was broken. 146 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:47,000 But when the police surrounded the whole house, and the game 147 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:53,140 was up, and out comes the revolver, and he said, Oh, I'll be damned if I 148 00:12:53,140 --> 00:12:57,980 surrender. I'll make a end. And he had this revolver, and my wife, knowing the 149 00:12:57,980 --> 00:13:04,800 jiu -jitsu, I'll show you what to do. You have the revolver, and 150 00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:06,300 she looks up in the sky. 151 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,120 That is the crypt. 152 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:11,220 See, that's the wage standard. 153 00:13:11,980 --> 00:13:17,260 I would like a few more details, if I could, on the suicide in your house. 154 00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:24,140 I just went up and took it away from him without any trouble at all. He didn't 155 00:13:24,140 --> 00:13:29,420 struggle. I shouted at him. I said, what do you think you're doing after all 156 00:13:29,420 --> 00:13:34,180 your idea of saving the country and you take your life and leave all your 157 00:13:34,180 --> 00:13:35,180 workers behind? 158 00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:37,540 They're looking for you, too. 159 00:13:43,599 --> 00:13:50,460 I would like to make a straight, direct question 160 00:13:50,460 --> 00:13:51,460 to you, Mr. 161 00:13:51,580 --> 00:13:55,960 Hanfstengel. You, or your wife, were the means of saving Hitler's life. 162 00:13:56,500 --> 00:14:00,560 I get the impression that you're proud of that. But as, from our point of view, 163 00:14:00,580 --> 00:14:03,540 you can imagine it would be a very good thing if Hitler had died. 164 00:14:04,840 --> 00:14:09,580 To be sure, at the time, I felt I wouldn't have done it if I hadn't felt I 165 00:14:09,580 --> 00:14:15,260 saving Germany. I tried to save the man who appeared to me as the one saviour. 166 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:25,660 The Hitler that Puzzi and Helena recall is given to self -pity and melodrama. 167 00:14:28,540 --> 00:14:30,360 But he also has a dream. 168 00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:33,080 And they love him for it. 169 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:49,380 To understand the appeal of Adolf Hitler, we are seeking out his friends. 170 00:14:51,900 --> 00:14:57,140 This is one of them, filmed after the Second World War, undergoing a 171 00:14:57,140 --> 00:14:58,540 denazification programme. 172 00:15:00,520 --> 00:15:05,060 Winifred Wagner was the daughter -in -law of the famous German composer 173 00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:09,220 Wagner, and was once one of Hitler's closest confidants. 174 00:15:17,960 --> 00:15:20,640 For decades, she refused to speak publicly. 175 00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:26,220 But one day, in 1975, she finally breaks her silence. 176 00:15:46,580 --> 00:15:48,900 Winifred Wagner, page 1. 177 00:15:51,180 --> 00:15:52,280 I mean, 178 00:15:56,360 --> 00:16:02,640 we old National Socialists invented a new cover name after the war, because 179 00:16:02,640 --> 00:16:06,980 couldn't talk about him in public, and if you wanted to talk about him, then we 180 00:16:06,980 --> 00:16:07,980 called him USA. 181 00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:10,920 That means in German, unser seliger Adolf. 182 00:16:15,630 --> 00:16:21,210 Die haben mich benarscht behalten da bei der Spruchkammerverhandlung, dass ich 183 00:16:21,210 --> 00:16:28,070 eben Hitler und Politik nicht gleichsetzte. Das kam eben für uns 184 00:16:28,070 --> 00:16:28,889 in Frage. 185 00:16:28,890 --> 00:16:35,870 Es war eine rein menschliche, persönliche und vertrauliche Bindung 186 00:16:35,870 --> 00:16:41,810 zwischen uns, die auf der Grundlage der Verehrung und der Liebe zu Richard 187 00:16:41,810 --> 00:16:42,810 Wagner beruhte. 188 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:46,840 Winifred first meets Hitler in 1923. 189 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:42,020 He was just the 190 00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:45,600 What can I say? 191 00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:50,780 On the one hand, of course, he was a fascinating and interesting person. 192 00:17:51,840 --> 00:17:55,780 He told us, that was not him, absolutely not. 193 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:17,740 Hitler's charm is working for him. 194 00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:21,460 And it's about to pay dividends. 195 00:18:33,840 --> 00:18:38,460 In 1924, Hitler stands trial for his violent insurrection. 196 00:18:40,360 --> 00:18:44,180 He delivers a rambling four -hour monologue from the witness stand. 197 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,980 But his supporters hang on every word. 198 00:18:48,480 --> 00:18:51,100 He was the victor over the judges, oh man. 199 00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:56,100 He just wiped that floor with an hour. The whole bunch. 200 00:18:56,540 --> 00:19:00,600 By force of argument or force of... By force of argument and personality of 201 00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,700 spark over paprika and all that. 202 00:19:04,860 --> 00:19:08,960 Hitler's stand against the establishment makes him a household name. 203 00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:21,580 The judge, a Nazi sympathiser, hands him the minimum possible sentence. 204 00:19:22,880 --> 00:19:25,240 He'll spend just nine months in jail. 205 00:19:26,420 --> 00:19:31,820 Far from finishing him, Hitler's legal woes have elevated him in the eyes of 206 00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:32,820 followers. 207 00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:39,220 Nazi party member Ilse Hess is a regular prison visitor. 208 00:19:45,830 --> 00:19:47,370 What can you remember of the prison? 209 00:19:47,710 --> 00:19:54,150 In Landsberggarden, there's a little house, and that is called the Festung. 210 00:19:54,150 --> 00:19:57,590 were political prisoners. 211 00:19:57,910 --> 00:20:04,810 They were allowed visitors every day, and I always went on Saturday, and 212 00:20:04,810 --> 00:20:07,190 I had nearly two or three hours. 213 00:20:08,270 --> 00:20:10,630 Hitler enjoyed my coming up. 214 00:20:13,910 --> 00:20:15,250 You know this? 215 00:20:15,550 --> 00:20:20,210 Famous picture of Hitler in the festival in Landsberg. It was me. 216 00:20:22,130 --> 00:20:27,630 Photos smuggled out of prison keep Hitler in the public eye while Winifred 217 00:20:27,630 --> 00:20:29,110 Wagner rallies round. 218 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:09,920 Hitler's book Mein Kampf is his vision for creating the perfect Germany. 219 00:21:10,650 --> 00:21:13,690 and it's packed with extremist and racist views. 220 00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:20,910 One idea is to sterilize the mentally ill. 221 00:21:21,490 --> 00:21:25,850 Another, to eliminate so -called inferior races. 222 00:21:26,490 --> 00:21:29,070 His main target, Jews. 223 00:21:31,650 --> 00:21:36,970 Hitler's followers go along with it, while his propaganda team, including 224 00:21:36,970 --> 00:21:38,770 journalist Joseph Goebbels, 225 00:21:39,720 --> 00:21:40,720 read the word. 226 00:21:50,580 --> 00:21:54,760 Working in Hitler's publicity department is Hermann Esser. 227 00:22:32,719 --> 00:22:38,060 In these early days, friends claimed to remember a collaborative Hitler. 228 00:22:41,290 --> 00:22:44,390 But he sees himself as a man of destiny. 229 00:22:57,630 --> 00:23:03,830 Did you take it seriously? 230 00:23:04,570 --> 00:23:07,230 When he said that, you believed him? 231 00:23:07,670 --> 00:23:08,690 Yes, we believed him. 232 00:23:09,230 --> 00:23:11,230 Absolutely. He must have been most convincing. 233 00:23:11,450 --> 00:23:12,770 Yes, there was something special. 234 00:23:14,130 --> 00:23:14,770 Hitler 235 00:23:14,770 --> 00:23:31,130 knows 236 00:23:31,130 --> 00:23:35,610 that children make the easiest converts and the most loyal followers. 237 00:23:38,090 --> 00:23:43,830 Joining the Hitler Youth in 1925 is teenager Baldur von Schirach. 238 00:23:45,370 --> 00:23:51,530 Later, he'll go on to lead the organisation, overseeing the 239 00:23:51,530 --> 00:23:52,710 millions of Germans. 240 00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:10,140 This is von Schirach being released from prison after serving 20 years for 241 00:24:10,140 --> 00:24:11,320 crimes against humanity. 242 00:24:12,360 --> 00:24:15,900 No one 243 00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:22,460 knew better than him 244 00:24:22,460 --> 00:24:25,480 where the seductive powers of the Fuhrer could lead. 245 00:24:28,580 --> 00:24:32,720 Alder von Schirach, leader of the Hitler Youth, found a member of the inner 246 00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:33,880 court of Adolf Hitler. 247 00:24:34,430 --> 00:24:39,390 is alive and well and living here in secluded estate in southwestern Germany. 248 00:24:39,650 --> 00:24:45,070 And tonight, for the first time, he talks fully about the years with Hitler 249 00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:46,690 led to that sentence. 250 00:24:47,970 --> 00:24:53,030 Herr von Schirach, I want to start by talking, if we can, about Adolf Hitler 251 00:24:53,030 --> 00:24:58,330 a man, in the sense that when you first met him, for instance, what were the 252 00:24:58,330 --> 00:25:03,550 qualities he had that immediately impressed themselves upon you? 253 00:25:04,030 --> 00:25:05,170 I met him in the opera. 254 00:25:06,190 --> 00:25:12,910 And my father, who once directed the 255 00:25:12,910 --> 00:25:19,050 opera in Weimar, was interested in Hitler, 256 00:25:19,130 --> 00:25:24,430 who was brought into our box and presented to my father 257 00:25:24,430 --> 00:25:29,090 because he was so well informed about music. 258 00:25:29,990 --> 00:25:32,770 And he invited him to tea for the next day. 259 00:25:34,160 --> 00:25:35,900 That's how it started, yes. 260 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,480 And what were the first things you noticed about Hitler? 261 00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:45,220 In the theater, he was dressed very correctly in a dinner jacket, 262 00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:51,680 and he was very 263 00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:58,320 impressive in a certain 264 00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:02,460 shyness that he had, good manners. 265 00:26:03,340 --> 00:26:10,140 a little bit shy, and he really, in many 266 00:26:10,140 --> 00:26:15,800 ways, during my first start in politics, 267 00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:22,520 always advocated me and treated me like, I should 268 00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:25,320 use this expression, a political father, yes. 269 00:26:26,910 --> 00:26:30,510 He really did. He was capable of acts of friendship like that. Yes, he was very 270 00:26:30,510 --> 00:26:33,290 capable of friendship and very true to his friends. 271 00:26:34,050 --> 00:26:40,890 If you had to give a one -sentence or a two -sentence summary of Hitler's life, 272 00:26:41,090 --> 00:26:47,770 or of Hitler, what would be the most important thing you feel you would want 273 00:26:47,770 --> 00:26:50,550 say about him and his life? 274 00:26:56,800 --> 00:27:03,220 Mr. Frost, is a very difficult question to answer in one or two sentences. 275 00:27:03,580 --> 00:27:05,900 I shall try it. 276 00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:12,240 A man without measure. 277 00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:18,860 A man with great gifts. 278 00:27:20,380 --> 00:27:23,480 A man who in some ways 279 00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:26,560 could be considered a genius. 280 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:34,600 But because he had no sense of measure, he could not 281 00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:35,600 succeed. 282 00:27:36,580 --> 00:27:37,840 That's the answer. 283 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:47,340 It was a difficult question, but I do not know how else I 284 00:27:47,340 --> 00:27:54,100 could make a sort of panel of this fabulous monster, yes? 285 00:28:01,919 --> 00:28:08,080 Even after 20 years behind bars, Hitler youth boss, Baldur von Schirach, is 286 00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:10,040 happy to praise his former mentor. 287 00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:14,660 Others play a canny again. 288 00:28:24,940 --> 00:28:30,220 Meet Albert Speer, another old Nazi who has done time for war crimes. 289 00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:35,740 As a young architect, he helped Hitler realise his grand ideas. 290 00:28:36,560 --> 00:28:41,080 And during World War II, he was head of Hitler's war machine. 291 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:45,260 Albert Speer, reel three. 292 00:28:52,080 --> 00:28:54,240 Although he denies it... 293 00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:56,520 He was also Hitler's best friend. 294 00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:08,280 Welcome to Heidelberg Castle for this special edition of the David Frost Show. 295 00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:14,560 Herr Speer, it's so fascinating to talk to you who was close to this monster 296 00:29:14,560 --> 00:29:18,360 whom I cannot understand, but what were his good points? 297 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:22,760 I wouldn't say you can find very many points. 298 00:29:23,310 --> 00:29:30,010 only a few points. For instance, a point which is good for every human being is 299 00:29:30,010 --> 00:29:31,210 to have close friends. 300 00:29:31,430 --> 00:29:32,730 He hasn't had any close friends. 301 00:29:33,170 --> 00:29:36,950 When did you first see Adolf Hitler, Asper? 302 00:29:38,250 --> 00:29:45,230 I saw him first in an audience before students in Berlin. 303 00:29:45,470 --> 00:29:51,010 It was about five thousand students and he made a speech there. 304 00:29:51,690 --> 00:29:58,630 A very impressive speech because he was not a normal demagogue. He 305 00:29:58,630 --> 00:29:59,630 usually was. 306 00:30:03,450 --> 00:30:08,930 In a different interview, Speer elaborates on this first encounter with 307 00:30:10,250 --> 00:30:12,570 How far away were you from Hitler? 308 00:30:13,130 --> 00:30:14,370 20, 30 metres. 309 00:30:14,590 --> 00:30:15,790 That's quite a good place. 310 00:30:16,050 --> 00:30:21,050 Did he have any of the SS or of his own guard with him when he appeared? 311 00:30:22,550 --> 00:30:24,910 Not visibly. He was there standing alone. 312 00:30:25,210 --> 00:30:30,170 And would they have had swastikas and other banners up? No. Nothing at all? 313 00:30:30,670 --> 00:30:34,470 The whole thing was done purposely to impress by simplicity. 314 00:30:35,950 --> 00:30:38,570 Can you remember whether he mentioned the Jews or not? 315 00:30:38,870 --> 00:30:43,850 He certainly did, but he wanted to prove that he is able to be the chancellor, 316 00:30:44,030 --> 00:30:45,750 that he is not just an audio. 317 00:30:46,010 --> 00:30:48,090 So everything was modified, was run down. 318 00:30:48,590 --> 00:30:52,390 During the applause, was it simply hand clapping or was it big howls and 319 00:30:52,390 --> 00:30:56,870 saluting? Yes, but there's nothing which the students are doing in Germany by 320 00:30:56,870 --> 00:30:58,130 trembling with their feet. 321 00:30:58,370 --> 00:30:59,670 That's a tremendous noise. 322 00:31:00,510 --> 00:31:02,730 The whole thing is boring. 323 00:31:09,970 --> 00:31:16,930 Like many who will go on to follow 324 00:31:16,930 --> 00:31:17,930 him. 325 00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:21,940 Albert Speer is drawn to Hitler at a time of desperation. 326 00:31:29,060 --> 00:31:35,940 After the global financial crisis of 1929, spiralling unemployment plunges 327 00:31:35,940 --> 00:31:37,260 millions into poverty. 328 00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:43,100 Germany is the worst -hit country in Europe. 329 00:31:47,980 --> 00:31:54,420 The despair was so terrible, as I can't describe it. You had everywhere 330 00:31:54,420 --> 00:31:57,860 beggars, wherever you went in Berlin, you had beggars. 331 00:31:58,120 --> 00:32:03,040 The people came onto the courtyard and were singing and singing just for a 332 00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:04,240 penny. 333 00:32:27,120 --> 00:32:34,000 I supported Hitler because he, after having seen all that depravity, 334 00:32:34,060 --> 00:32:39,720 all that poverty here, was the only one who could do social justice to the 335 00:32:39,720 --> 00:32:42,300 people here. They were a terrible misery. 336 00:32:44,620 --> 00:32:47,660 Hitler channels people's fear and anger. 337 00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:55,020 He continues to blame Germany's problems on the First World War surrender and 338 00:32:55,020 --> 00:32:59,040 the humiliating peace agreement, the Treaty of Versailles, that followed. 339 00:33:28,540 --> 00:33:29,600 Why do you 340 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:40,600 suppose 341 00:33:40,600 --> 00:33:45,980 it was that so many Germans stood by and let this thing happen and even 342 00:33:45,980 --> 00:33:52,560 supported it i think the atmosphere in germany was one of 343 00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:57,000 great poverty there's no doubt about it it was very distinguishable when one 344 00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,760 even came from england which wasn't in a very good way either they'd lost 345 00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:07,540 everything they'd lost the first world war they'd lost every bean they had in 346 00:34:07,540 --> 00:34:08,540 the inflation 347 00:34:09,260 --> 00:34:13,560 And Hitler gave a little piece to every one of them. He told them they'd been 348 00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:17,860 dishonored by losing the war and had never really lost it, and that the 349 00:34:17,860 --> 00:34:22,960 politicians and the Jews were responsible for the inflation, and that 350 00:34:22,960 --> 00:34:25,400 promised to give them back an army, their honor. 351 00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,179 He knew exactly how to speak to those kind of people. 352 00:34:38,580 --> 00:34:41,000 1932, election time in Germany. 353 00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:44,500 Hitler's following is growing. 354 00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:50,900 But to win power, he needs to get his message to the masses. 355 00:35:05,710 --> 00:35:10,190 I was with Hitler for the first time and he said to me, Mr. 356 00:35:11,030 --> 00:35:13,170 Bauer, I don't have any trust in your aviation. 357 00:35:16,930 --> 00:35:18,010 I said, why? 358 00:35:19,310 --> 00:35:25,810 He said, I only flew once in my life and swore to myself once and never again. 359 00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:28,550 That makes a bad impression, he said. 360 00:35:31,920 --> 00:35:35,100 Before my speech, every time I have to hand myself over first. 361 00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:43,640 And I said to him, in the meantime, I have flown thousands of pacifiers. 362 00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:05,400 First soldier! 363 00:36:11,660 --> 00:36:12,740 Fire! 364 00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:39,820 An einem Abend ist alles glänzend gegangen. 365 00:37:22,860 --> 00:37:29,000 Record numbers flock to Hitler's rallies, keen to hear the strongman on 366 00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:30,000 of the people. 367 00:37:33,780 --> 00:37:38,380 The whole atmosphere grew more and more hysterical. 368 00:37:41,550 --> 00:37:43,490 Women began screaming. 369 00:37:44,830 --> 00:37:49,390 It was like a mass religious ceremony. 370 00:37:51,450 --> 00:37:56,150 And I feel more and more excited. 371 00:37:56,530 --> 00:38:01,570 I feel I was a member of all those believers. 372 00:38:08,910 --> 00:38:10,570 I could see. 373 00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:15,740 what effect his speech was having on the mass of people below. 374 00:38:16,460 --> 00:38:18,080 And it was quite extraordinary. 375 00:38:18,820 --> 00:38:24,500 They were at best expectant when he started, but he had them in a near 376 00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:29,120 before long, and he kept them there in waves again and again. 377 00:38:40,650 --> 00:38:46,810 Right after this speech, we all went to the Braunhaus and we went into a room 378 00:38:46,810 --> 00:38:50,130 and I was told by my father, go over there on this chair, sit down and keep 379 00:38:50,130 --> 00:38:55,870 quiet. Then the transcript of the speech just delivered began to be 380 00:38:55,870 --> 00:38:58,570 brought into the room by messengers. 381 00:38:59,050 --> 00:39:04,270 Hitler withdrew to a desk, sat down with Goebbels looking over his shoulder, and 382 00:39:04,270 --> 00:39:08,870 I was impressed by the utterly... 383 00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:15,780 calm, rational, critical way in which Hitler went through that manuscript with 384 00:39:15,780 --> 00:39:22,340 Goebbels, quietly saying, this went over very well, let us play that up, this 385 00:39:22,340 --> 00:39:24,880 will cut, and so. 386 00:39:33,660 --> 00:39:35,900 While Hitler plays to his bass, 387 00:39:36,810 --> 00:39:39,430 He gives people an enemy to fight against. 388 00:39:41,310 --> 00:39:44,850 His political opponent, the communists. 389 00:40:02,960 --> 00:40:08,140 There were political marches taking place between the Nazis on the one side, 390 00:40:08,140 --> 00:40:09,300 Communists on the other. 391 00:40:10,020 --> 00:40:14,320 And there were fight and death shootings practically every weekend. 392 00:40:31,790 --> 00:40:36,110 All of a sudden, everybody was a Nazi, Nazis everywhere. 393 00:40:36,810 --> 00:40:39,390 Like mushrooms that just came up, you know. 394 00:40:39,610 --> 00:40:44,670 All night, there was a swastika flag in every window, except ours. 395 00:40:46,710 --> 00:40:49,710 We didn't realize the seriousness of it. 396 00:40:50,170 --> 00:40:56,970 But one night, we saw a young man being beaten by about 12 Nazis in 397 00:40:56,970 --> 00:40:59,150 uniform, and there we were. 398 00:40:59,740 --> 00:41:01,260 were unable to do a thing. 399 00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:09,500 Riding alongside Hitler is his friend and backer, Putzi Hamstengel. 400 00:41:10,740 --> 00:41:16,020 A few things which are always omitted in the films of today, 401 00:41:16,260 --> 00:41:19,960 that is the violence from the other side. 402 00:41:20,560 --> 00:41:27,140 For instance, when we got out of the motor cars, there are so many red 403 00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:28,720 semi -armed and whatnot. 404 00:41:29,770 --> 00:41:32,070 We'll have to storm the hall. 405 00:41:33,170 --> 00:41:34,630 And then it started. 406 00:41:34,970 --> 00:41:38,270 It was simply live or die. 407 00:41:42,630 --> 00:41:49,130 I remember Hitler standing up there with a horse whip. He beat one fellow 408 00:41:49,130 --> 00:41:51,950 who screamed most how. 409 00:41:52,190 --> 00:41:53,890 He beat him right across the face. 410 00:42:01,770 --> 00:42:08,530 I think the ordinary person was absolutely tired of this 411 00:42:08,530 --> 00:42:13,710 situation and was on the lookout for someone who would come along to clean up 412 00:42:13,710 --> 00:42:14,710 the place. 413 00:42:16,130 --> 00:42:20,030 Anything is better than this situation that we're in at the moment. 414 00:42:24,330 --> 00:42:26,170 July 1932. 415 00:42:28,490 --> 00:42:31,310 13 million Germans vote for Hitler. 416 00:42:34,410 --> 00:42:39,950 Though short of a majority, the Nazis are now the largest political party. 417 00:42:43,470 --> 00:42:47,790 And after six months, Hitler is handed the levers of power. 418 00:42:55,090 --> 00:43:01,480 Such is his cocktail of charisma, stagecraft and populist message that 419 00:43:01,480 --> 00:43:03,600 pulled off a staggering political maneuver. 420 00:43:06,120 --> 00:43:12,220 He'd openly campaigned on a promise to dismantle democracy and install himself 421 00:43:12,220 --> 00:43:13,220 as dictator. 422 00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:19,760 Now, with his friends and accomplices behind him, he's going to deliver on it. 423 00:43:39,690 --> 00:43:46,310 Now, Hitler, he came into power by legal ways, and we all expected him 424 00:43:46,310 --> 00:43:50,310 to become a respectable, sensible creature. 425 00:43:51,410 --> 00:43:58,410 But hardly was he in power. He stopped his revolution, and on 426 00:43:58,410 --> 00:44:04,870 it went, and on it went. And the train was not only the wrong train, but it 427 00:44:04,870 --> 00:44:08,450 faster and faster and faster, so nobody could jump off. 35010

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