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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,422 --> 00:00:02,656 A host of factors have enabled 2 00:00:02,657 --> 00:00:06,293 the emergence of life on our beautiful blue world. 3 00:00:06,294 --> 00:00:09,322 None of which exist on our moon. 4 00:00:09,323 --> 00:00:11,461 Indeed, to describe the lunar environment 5 00:00:11,462 --> 00:00:15,028 as inhospitable would be an understatement. 6 00:00:15,029 --> 00:00:18,701 So what will it take for us to live there? 7 00:00:18,702 --> 00:00:21,452 (dramatic music) 8 00:00:31,467 --> 00:00:34,254 Planet Earth is astonishingly well suited 9 00:00:34,255 --> 00:00:35,838 to supporting life. 10 00:00:36,874 --> 00:00:39,109 It is large enough to maintain an atmosphere, 11 00:00:39,110 --> 00:00:42,594 which, in turn, means that it can support 12 00:00:42,595 --> 00:00:45,009 liquid water on it's surface. 13 00:00:45,010 --> 00:00:48,279 And thanks to that atmosphere, global temperatures 14 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:51,996 have never exceeded 60 degrees celsius. 15 00:00:51,997 --> 00:00:56,164 Nor have they ever fallen below minus 90 degrees celsius. 16 00:00:56,998 --> 00:01:01,320 The annual average is a comfy 15 degrees celsius. 17 00:01:01,321 --> 00:01:03,326 Fortunately, the Earth has managed 18 00:01:03,327 --> 00:01:08,081 to hang on to that atmosphere for over 3.8 billion years. 19 00:01:08,082 --> 00:01:11,350 Thanks to it's swirling molten iron core. 20 00:01:11,351 --> 00:01:14,169 That turns it into one huge magnet, 21 00:01:14,170 --> 00:01:16,734 generating a massive magnetic field 22 00:01:16,735 --> 00:01:19,279 that extends far out into space. 23 00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:22,881 Without that magnetic field, the Earth's atmosphere 24 00:01:22,882 --> 00:01:25,979 would have been stripped away long ago. 25 00:01:25,980 --> 00:01:28,191 That, in turn, would have meant that 26 00:01:28,192 --> 00:01:30,926 the surface of the Earth would have been exposed 27 00:01:30,927 --> 00:01:32,742 to the full force of the sun's 28 00:01:32,743 --> 00:01:35,425 blistering ultraviolet radiation. 29 00:01:35,426 --> 00:01:38,059 And a constant stream of charged particles, 30 00:01:38,060 --> 00:01:40,718 known as the solar wind. 31 00:01:40,719 --> 00:01:42,658 The emergence of life as we know it 32 00:01:42,659 --> 00:01:44,985 would have been impossible. 33 00:01:44,986 --> 00:01:47,562 But our little sister moon enjoys 34 00:01:47,563 --> 00:01:49,938 none of the benefits of earth. 35 00:01:49,939 --> 00:01:52,107 It has no atmosphere. 36 00:01:52,108 --> 00:01:54,610 It has almost no magnetic field. 37 00:01:54,611 --> 00:01:55,778 And it's tiny. 38 00:01:57,074 --> 00:02:00,892 In short, the moon is about as inhospitable 39 00:02:00,893 --> 00:02:03,459 as it's possible to be. 40 00:02:03,460 --> 00:02:06,877 On the moon, the sky is always jet black, 41 00:02:07,772 --> 00:02:10,271 both by day and by night. 42 00:02:10,272 --> 00:02:12,597 The lunar surface is subject to 43 00:02:12,598 --> 00:02:15,404 dramatic extremes of temperature. 44 00:02:15,405 --> 00:02:17,988 By day the temperature in direct sunlight 45 00:02:17,989 --> 00:02:21,552 can reach over 120 degrees celsius. 46 00:02:21,553 --> 00:02:24,021 By night the temperature can drop 47 00:02:24,022 --> 00:02:27,439 to a distinctly frosty minus 153 celsius. 48 00:02:30,235 --> 00:02:32,571 Even the concepts of day and night 49 00:02:32,572 --> 00:02:34,654 are different on the moon. 50 00:02:34,655 --> 00:02:37,385 A lunar day, and a lunar night, are both 51 00:02:37,386 --> 00:02:41,257 a little over 14 and a half earth days long. 52 00:02:41,258 --> 00:02:43,257 And for reasons that have to do with 53 00:02:43,258 --> 00:02:45,738 the interaction of the earth's and the moon's 54 00:02:45,739 --> 00:02:48,435 uneven gravity fields, that is almost 55 00:02:48,436 --> 00:02:50,553 the same length of time that it takes 56 00:02:50,554 --> 00:02:53,268 for the moon to orbit the earth. 57 00:02:53,269 --> 00:02:56,234 They are locked together, which is why 58 00:02:56,235 --> 00:02:59,721 we only ever see this, the near side of the moon, 59 00:02:59,722 --> 00:03:01,858 and we never see the far side. 60 00:03:01,859 --> 00:03:05,379 This was important when planning the Apollo missions. 61 00:03:05,380 --> 00:03:07,641 {\an8}The reason why Apollo missions were so short 62 00:03:07,642 --> 00:03:09,710 {\an8}was because they landed in the sunlight 63 00:03:09,711 --> 00:03:13,700 {\an8}and they took off while the sun was still there. 64 00:03:13,701 --> 00:03:17,679 Should they have stayed past 14 days into the night time, 65 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:19,911 the temperatures plummet drastically. 66 00:03:19,912 --> 00:03:22,665 On earth, you know, the air around us allows us 67 00:03:22,666 --> 00:03:26,947 to cool machinery, whereas in space you don't have that. 68 00:03:26,948 --> 00:03:30,380 So now I'm designing hardware that may have to operate 69 00:03:30,381 --> 00:03:33,335 under conditions that would make the Arctic 70 00:03:33,336 --> 00:03:35,602 look like a summer day. 71 00:03:35,603 --> 00:03:37,769 And then turn around and have that 72 00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:39,697 maybe operate in the sunlight, 73 00:03:39,698 --> 00:03:43,155 where you're now at 100 degrees Fahrenheit, 74 00:03:43,156 --> 00:03:44,906 during lunar daytime. 75 00:03:45,787 --> 00:03:48,141 But the earth's atmosphere doesn't just 76 00:03:48,142 --> 00:03:51,349 help to regulate temperatures at ground level, 77 00:03:51,350 --> 00:03:55,402 it also protects us from the estimated 200 tons 78 00:03:55,403 --> 00:03:58,201 of interplanetary dust and rocks 79 00:03:58,202 --> 00:04:01,792 that plow into it's upper layers every day. 80 00:04:01,793 --> 00:04:05,616 Fortunately most of these objects are very small. 81 00:04:05,617 --> 00:04:08,176 And because of their extremely high speed, 82 00:04:08,177 --> 00:04:10,336 they burn up in the atmosphere 83 00:04:10,337 --> 00:04:12,995 long before they reach the ground. 84 00:04:12,996 --> 00:04:16,568 It's a very different story on the moon. 85 00:04:16,569 --> 00:04:19,352 With no atmosphere to slow them down, 86 00:04:19,353 --> 00:04:21,481 meteorites of all shapes and sizes 87 00:04:21,482 --> 00:04:24,877 are smashing into the lunar surface every day, 88 00:04:24,878 --> 00:04:28,628 and have been doing so for 4.5 billion years. 89 00:04:29,629 --> 00:04:32,897 The scars of these impacts are plain to see 90 00:04:32,898 --> 00:04:35,189 in any image of the moon's face. 91 00:04:35,190 --> 00:04:37,412 But look more closely, and the reality 92 00:04:37,413 --> 00:04:40,365 becomes even more worrying. 93 00:04:40,366 --> 00:04:44,201 Imagine taking a glass and smashing it. 94 00:04:44,202 --> 00:04:46,768 You don't get nice rounded pieces. 95 00:04:46,769 --> 00:04:50,368 You get these shards with very jagged edges. 96 00:04:50,369 --> 00:04:52,889 And that's what the soil, or lunar regolith 97 00:04:52,890 --> 00:04:54,672 is like on the moon. 98 00:04:54,673 --> 00:04:56,977 It's extremely abrasive. 99 00:04:56,978 --> 00:05:00,744 Also, it's been pummeled for millions of years 100 00:05:00,745 --> 00:05:02,934 through asteroids and such. 101 00:05:02,935 --> 00:05:06,368 So these small abrasive particles can 102 00:05:06,369 --> 00:05:10,129 get into space suits and moving machinery and such, 103 00:05:10,130 --> 00:05:12,297 and cause a lot of damage. 104 00:05:13,546 --> 00:05:16,546 There's been anecdotal stories about 105 00:05:17,623 --> 00:05:20,301 the Apollo astronauts' suits, the joints, 106 00:05:20,302 --> 00:05:24,469 being highly abraded, such that if the Apollo missions 107 00:05:25,749 --> 00:05:28,174 had actually gone more than three days, 108 00:05:28,175 --> 00:05:30,674 that it might have been very difficult 109 00:05:30,675 --> 00:05:34,169 for the suits to survive in that environment. 110 00:05:34,170 --> 00:05:36,552 {\an8}Mechanically it's very difficult to deal with. 111 00:05:36,553 --> 00:05:38,091 {\an8}It's very abrasive. 112 00:05:38,092 --> 00:05:40,683 {\an8}It's all broken up in small angular pieces. 113 00:05:40,684 --> 00:05:43,624 The glass is very sharp, they have sharp little edges. 114 00:05:43,625 --> 00:05:46,532 And that can cause moving parts to stop. 115 00:05:46,533 --> 00:05:48,516 You can get silicosis of the lungs, 116 00:05:48,517 --> 00:05:50,331 there's all kinds of problems you could have with that. 117 00:05:50,332 --> 00:05:53,220 Currently, one solution to the problem 118 00:05:53,221 --> 00:05:55,367 is to never let the dust get inside 119 00:05:55,368 --> 00:05:58,484 the living quarters or the vehicles. 120 00:05:58,485 --> 00:06:00,818 On this lunar rover, the space suits 121 00:06:00,819 --> 00:06:03,583 are fixed to the shell of the cabin in such a way 122 00:06:03,584 --> 00:06:05,785 that the astronaut enters and exits 123 00:06:05,786 --> 00:06:08,168 their suit from the rear. 124 00:06:08,169 --> 00:06:11,955 The backpack is, in effect, also the access hatch 125 00:06:11,956 --> 00:06:14,373 into and out of the interior. 126 00:06:15,332 --> 00:06:18,986 The suit, and more importantly, the dust on it, 127 00:06:18,987 --> 00:06:21,233 never enters the cabin. 128 00:06:21,234 --> 00:06:23,164 But not all of the hazards of lunar living 129 00:06:23,165 --> 00:06:25,472 can be mitigated as simply. 130 00:06:25,473 --> 00:06:28,035 The lack of an atmosphere, combined 131 00:06:28,036 --> 00:06:31,552 with the moon's almost nonexistent magnetic field, 132 00:06:31,553 --> 00:06:34,088 means that the lunar surface is also 133 00:06:34,089 --> 00:06:36,243 bombarded with high energy particles 134 00:06:36,244 --> 00:06:38,403 coming from all directions. 135 00:06:38,404 --> 00:06:41,715 It's called cosmic background radiation. 136 00:06:41,716 --> 00:06:44,033 These come from deep space. 137 00:06:44,034 --> 00:06:45,593 You can't stop them. 138 00:06:45,594 --> 00:06:47,418 They're gonna penetrate almost anything. 139 00:06:47,419 --> 00:06:49,073 Right now the only way to deal with them 140 00:06:49,074 --> 00:06:50,656 is to accept that hit, and hope 141 00:06:50,657 --> 00:06:52,674 that you don't get a really bad hit from one. 142 00:06:52,675 --> 00:06:56,274 A more difficult problem, but one that 143 00:06:56,275 --> 00:06:58,760 you can deal with, are solar particle events. 144 00:06:58,761 --> 00:07:01,170 These are the coronal mass ejections, CMEs, 145 00:07:01,171 --> 00:07:04,272 where you have the sun throws out huge quantities 146 00:07:04,273 --> 00:07:06,657 of highly energetic charged particles 147 00:07:06,658 --> 00:07:09,671 that travel through space and will kill ya. 148 00:07:09,672 --> 00:07:13,170 Effectively they're extremely high radiation. 149 00:07:13,171 --> 00:07:15,873 The earth's magnetic field and atmosphere 150 00:07:15,874 --> 00:07:18,496 shield humans from that. 151 00:07:18,497 --> 00:07:22,414 But in space that's not there, so the radiation 152 00:07:23,741 --> 00:07:25,506 from both our own sun as well as 153 00:07:25,507 --> 00:07:28,953 this cosmic background radiation, 154 00:07:28,954 --> 00:07:33,121 are significantly challenging aspects of designing hardware. 155 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:37,219 But, there's one potential health hazard 156 00:07:37,220 --> 00:07:39,257 that can never be overcome. 157 00:07:39,258 --> 00:07:42,393 Compared to earth, the moon is tiny. 158 00:07:42,394 --> 00:07:46,391 It's diameter is only 27 percent of earth's. 159 00:07:46,392 --> 00:07:49,864 It would fit neatly into the North Atlantic Basin. 160 00:07:49,865 --> 00:07:53,637 And it's mass is just a little over one percent of earth's. 161 00:07:53,638 --> 00:07:56,303 All of which leads to the fact that 162 00:07:56,304 --> 00:07:57,983 the pull of gravity on the moon 163 00:07:57,984 --> 00:08:01,178 is just under 17 percent of the gravity 164 00:08:01,179 --> 00:08:03,937 on earth, about a sixth. 165 00:08:03,938 --> 00:08:08,105 To date, 12 humans, all of them Apollo astronauts, 166 00:08:09,287 --> 00:08:11,338 have spent an accumulated total 167 00:08:11,339 --> 00:08:14,407 of just 80 hours on the moon's surface. 168 00:08:14,408 --> 00:08:16,992 Long enough to collect some rocks, 169 00:08:16,993 --> 00:08:20,652 drive around a bit in the world's most expensive car, 170 00:08:20,653 --> 00:08:22,486 and plant a few flags. 171 00:08:23,940 --> 00:08:27,600 But not long enough to assess the biological consequences 172 00:08:27,601 --> 00:08:30,684 of living and working in one sixth g. 173 00:08:32,716 --> 00:08:36,716 It's already clear that microgravity, or zero g, 174 00:08:37,850 --> 00:08:41,094 takes a heavy toll on even short term visitors 175 00:08:41,095 --> 00:08:43,327 to the space station. 176 00:08:43,328 --> 00:08:45,952 From bone loss to impaired vision, 177 00:08:45,953 --> 00:08:49,673 from red blood cell loss, to cardiovascular changes, 178 00:08:49,674 --> 00:08:53,841 from fluid redistribution, to changes in coordination, 179 00:08:54,882 --> 00:08:58,945 these are just a few of the physiological degradations 180 00:08:58,946 --> 00:09:03,113 that astronauts have to endure, and try to counteract. 181 00:09:05,387 --> 00:09:09,051 We know that there are physiological deterioration 182 00:09:09,052 --> 00:09:10,683 in microgravity, and they have to 183 00:09:10,684 --> 00:09:12,200 adopt countermeasures for that. 184 00:09:12,201 --> 00:09:14,709 What we don't know is how the human body 185 00:09:14,710 --> 00:09:16,525 responds to long periods of time 186 00:09:16,526 --> 00:09:18,662 in one sixth gravity of the moon. 187 00:09:18,663 --> 00:09:21,458 And that's a big question. 188 00:09:21,459 --> 00:09:23,034 It may turn out to be 189 00:09:23,035 --> 00:09:25,783 the biggest question of them all. 190 00:09:25,784 --> 00:09:28,087 And it won't only apply to the moon. 191 00:09:28,088 --> 00:09:31,109 Although bigger than the moon, gravity on Mars 192 00:09:31,110 --> 00:09:34,617 is still only one third of earth's. 193 00:09:34,618 --> 00:09:37,196 And no one yet knows whether future colonists 194 00:09:37,197 --> 00:09:38,908 will be able to have children 195 00:09:38,909 --> 00:09:43,045 in the fractional gravity of the moon or Mars. 196 00:09:43,046 --> 00:09:45,577 What is known, is that during 197 00:09:45,578 --> 00:09:48,568 the first few hours and days of development, 198 00:09:48,569 --> 00:09:52,242 most animal embryos, including humans, 199 00:09:52,243 --> 00:09:56,230 are exquisitely sensitive to the force of gravity. 200 00:09:56,231 --> 00:09:58,464 But for the billions of years 201 00:09:58,465 --> 00:10:00,978 that life has been evolving here on earth, 202 00:10:00,979 --> 00:10:03,592 that gravity has been constant. 203 00:10:03,593 --> 00:10:07,417 The future of mankind in space may depend 204 00:10:07,418 --> 00:10:10,745 on whether our human biology will permit us 205 00:10:10,746 --> 00:10:14,745 to survive, thrive, and colonize worlds 206 00:10:14,746 --> 00:10:17,829 {\an8}that are very different from our own. 16115

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