All language subtitles for Jane Goodall Beauty and the Beasts

This programme contains scenes which
some viewers may find upsetting

In July 1960, a 26-year-old
secretary from Bournemouth

entered a remote forest in Africa
in search of wild chimpanzees.

The whole business of
wandering about in Africa,

in the wilds of Africa,
was in itself extraordinary

and here was a girl from southern
England brought up in, you know,

what did she know about Africa?

And how could she survive?

But within a few months,
Jane Goodall was making

discoveries that would help
change our entire understanding

of the species closest to us

and challenge the science of what
differentiates human from animal.

Nobody had ever done this
before, this was unique.

Absolutely extraordinary
because she has made everybody

aware of chimpanzees and
aware of the closeness
between us and chimpanzees.

Where male scientists
had floundered, she became accepted

by a group of wild apes

and revealed the unknown world
of chimpanzee behaviour.

For many people, Jane
has been a major, major inspiration.

You know,
I think a lot of young people,

but particularly young women,
must have seen

those films and thought,
what a wonderful thing
to do with your life.

"The soft pressure of his fingers
spoke to me,

"not through my intellect,

"but through a more
primitive emotional channel.

"The barrier of untold centuries,

"which has grown up during
the separate evolution

"of man and chimpanzee was, for
those few seconds, broken down.

"It was a reward far beyond
my greatest hopes."

Then the notion that,
not only was she surviving,

but that she was living alongside
these extraordinary animals,

and that they were accepting her,
was fabulous.

I mean, in an almost literary sense

that it became a fable
of Beauty and the Beast.

Gombe Stream Forest Reserve borders
the Eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika

in what is now Tanzania.

Although the reserve had
been created to protect

its population of chimpanzees,
they had never been studied.

When Jane Goodall
arrived in July 1960,

she had enough finances
to last six months.

Six months to get close to a shy,

yet potentially violent
species of wild animal.

She recorded her experiences in
a set of remarkable journals,

which would eventually be crafted
into the bestseller

In The Shadow Of Man.

Since dawn I had climbed up and
down the steep mountain slopes

and pushed my way through
the dense valley forests.

Again and again I had stopped to
listen or to gaze through binoculars

at the surrounding countryside.

In two hours, darkness would fall

over the rugged terrain
of the Gombe Stream Reserve.

I settled down at my favourite
vantage point, the peak,"

hoping that at least I might see
a chimpanzee make its nest

for the night before I had
to stop work for the day.

The first few weeks
it was day after day,

every day, no Saturdays, no Sundays,

in fact, after a while

I didn't know when Saturdays
and Sundays were.

Up at dawn, down at dusk.

I would sit up on this peak
and look out with my binoculars.

I had a little tin trunk and
a kettle on a wire and a blanket.

That was it.

For three and a half months, she
failed to get closer than 50 yards.

It was a bitter disappointment.

I felt frustration, even despair.

There were times when I wondered

if they would ever permit
me to approach them.

Then, early one afternoon,

she encountered the chimpanzee
who would change her life.

Nothing happened until 1.30,
then I heard a measured tread

and down the hill, straight towards
me, came a very handsome male chimp.

White beard, paleish face,
long, black shining hair.

He got to within ten yards
and suddenly saw me.

His expression was one of amazement.

He stopped abruptly, stared,
put his head on one side

and then on the other,

and then turned and continued
off into the undergrowth.

David Greybeard was, without doubt,

the chimpanzee I remember
with the most affection.

He was the first one
who lost his fear of me.

He was the one who really
helped me go into a magic world,

the world of the wild chimpanzees.

David Greybeard opened up to Jane
Goodall what would become known as

the Kasekela community, named after
the valley where she set up camp.

Instinctively, she concentrated
on them as individuals.

Over the next 50 years,
they would yield up a gold seam

of scientific revelation that
is as rich today as it was then.

Flo and Olly were the two females

that spent a lot of time together

and I learned a lot about mothering
skills from them and the close bonds

between mothers and offspring,
between brothers and sisters.

Flo was to become the matriarch
of successive generations

of what Goodall termed the F family.

Their unfolding relationships
and real-life dramas

would turn them
into household names.

Flint, Flo's son,
was the first infant

whose development in the wild

could be recorded step by step
and just about day by day.

Flint was seven, eight
years old when I was there.

He behaved like a
four or five year old.

He tried to ride on her,

he succeeded in riding on her,
this poor old woman,

her son who was about
half her body weight,

would sometimes whimper
and beg her for a ride

and she didn't have the
psychological strength to say no.

Fifi and I had a special
relationship and she always seemed

to know when I was coming

and, sure enough,
Fifi would somehow be there.

The mother-child relationship

is one of the strongest
bonds in chimp society.

Their relationship remains
close throughout their lives.

My mother had a
huge influence on me,

I mean, I think everything I've
done that I am a bit proud of is,

she was so wise,
the way she brought us up.

For example, you know, the sorrows
of childhood that seem so huge,

she would say, "Well, go and get a
book, go and lose yourself in a book

"and then, when you come out of that
world, you'll find it's better."

So that was one piece of advice.

My father couldn't have had
influence on me because he wasn't

there while I was growing up because
my parents divorced when I was 12

and that was the end of the war,
and he went off when I was five.

Though they play little part
in the raising of their infants,

male chimpanzees form
strong ties with each other.

Well, it is interesting
that two brothers

who were adjacent in the birth order

could be so different,

in the sense that Freud was
always the thoughtful one,

the one who achieved what
he achieved quietly and,

apparently with more planning,

whereas Frodo has always
been the tough guy,

the problem chimp, if you will.

Frodo is a particularly
rough character.

He's so tough, he's like
the big bully at school

who is so individually powerful,

that it's as if he doesn't need
his allies so much.

Then, of course, he went on
and took over the alpha male

from his older brother
and then, when he was alpha male,

there was nothing you could
do except pray, really,

hold on a tree trunk
if he charged you.

CHIMPS SCREAM

I think I'm the first one
who used the term soap opera

to describe what's going on.

Well, this person hates that person

and this person wants to
have sex with that person

and this person feels
like he would be,

like to be good friends
with that person,

but is afraid because that other
person is higher ranking.

Absolutely, it's what happens,

and it's also absolutely the
material of chimp drama.

It's really quite the same.

It is around this
group of chimpanzees

that Jane Goodall has built
her extraordinary career.

Over the last 50 years, Gombe has
become a world famous National Park.

And Dr Goodall still maintains
her relationship with it

and the people
who live on its borders.

So, first of all,
how did I ever come to Africa

when I was born far away in England?

HE TRANSLATES

When I was eight years old, and some
of you here are eight years old,

I knew I wanted to go to Africa.

All that I remember of my childhood

was loving animals

and wanting more and more animals
and reading books about animals.

The first book I ever owned of my
own was the story of Doctor Dolittle

and, in that book, he takes animals
from the circus back to Africa.

There's a picture, still in my mind,

of Doctor Dolittle walking across
this bridge of monkeys,

they're holding hands with
each other, to escape an enemy

and, I don't know,
that just got me into Africa.

And then, of course, Tarzan,
Tarzan of the Apes,

marrying that other
stupid wimpy Jane,

of whom I was frightfully jealous.

I didn't want to be Tarzan,

I wanted to be a proper mate for
him, which I new I could have been,

and as he existed
as reality in my mind,

there's no point my trying
to be him, so what can I be?

I can be a decent mate for him.

HE TRANSLATES

But everybody laughed at me.

How would I get to
Africa when we had no money?

And back then, we didn't
know very much about Africa

and it was a very faraway place,

and going to Africa
would be a big adventure,

and girls didn't have big adventures
like that, it was only the boys.

When I left school we had
no money for university,

so I learned how to be a secretary,

because my mother said maybe
then you get a job in Africa.

The next thing that happened was I
had a letter from a school friend

whose parents had gone to Africa
and she invited me for a holiday.

Yes, so there was an opportunity and
I worked and I worked and I worked

and after months, I had enough
money to go to Africa by boat.

HE TRANSLATES

The Africa that Goodall
went to in the late '50s

was still under
British colonial rule.

There were opportunities
for anyone with aspirations

to get close to wildlife.

And after a little while,

I heard about a man who was very
famous, called Louis Leakey,

and he knew a lot about animals.

So I went to see Louis Leakey

and he asked me many, many
questions about animals.

Louis Leakey was the foremost

primate palaeontologist in the
1950s,

that's to say, he was the one
who was looking for fossil evidence

of mankind's ancestry

and he discovered this one
site, the Olduvai Gorge,

where there were a whole succession
of rock beds going through the

critical period of history
when humanity was just emerging.

And he it was, who saw the value
of looking at other living primates,

to shed light on what the
fossils were telling him.

Leakey's belief in humankind shared

ancestry with the great apes

has been borne out by science.

Now what we know, as a result
of the genetic discoveries,

is that something around
five million years ago,

we shared a common ancestor
with chimpanzees.

When we go into any of these
forests with chimpanzees,

it's like a time machine.

We're going in and seeing a species
that is really quite similar

to the one that gave rise to our
lineage five million years ago,

so that means that it
tells us something about

the likely kinds of
social relationships

that our species had then, our
ancestors, and more confidently,

about their capacities,
their cognitive capacities.

So these amazing beasts
are telling us how we got started.

They're telling us
where we came from.

Jane Goodall would be the first of
three women who Dr Leakey launched

on missions to study
our closest relatives.

Later known as Leakey's Angels,

they were to become
international celebrities,

more famous than the man himself.

Birute Galdikas
was sent off on a quest

to study orang-utans in Borneo,
where she still works today.

Dian Fossey was despatched
to the mountains of Virunga

to follow mountain gorillas.

She was later murdered

before the making of the film
Gorillas In The Mist.

People often ask why
Leakey chose young women.

I think he felt that a human female

would be somehow less threatening to
a male gorilla or a male chimpanzee.

I'm not sure whether that was true,
I think it's to do with personality.

It's to do with the ability to
sit quietly and not make a fuss.

And there's one more thing, and
I've had this proved, that our voice

is less threatening to a

chimpanzee than the voice of a man.

A man's voice is more
like their threat bark

and a woman's is, generally...well,
certainly if it's a voice like mine,

is much more peaceful
and, and less agitating.

He was taking a risk with
them because, you know,

Jane could easily have been killed
by one of her,
the big male chimpanzees,

so being one of Leakey's Angels
was quite a risky business.

When it came to Louis Leakey,
there were other risks involved.

He invited her over and, so
you can ask, well, you know,

what was Leakey thinking?

And I think there were
two levels of thought.

One was, "Hmm, this is an
attractive young woman here."

Leakey was a lecher,

he was, you know, he had just had an
affair with his previous secretary

and he was attracted
to young women.

It was very difficult because,
you know, I was terrified

that if I kept saying no,
that that would ruin my chances

of going to study the chimpanzees.

It was a very difficult time.

'I stayed firm and, by this time,

'he was well committed to finding
the money to send me to Gombe.'

And so he told me
I could come to Gombe National Park

and try and learn
about chimpanzees.

And this was amazing because
chimpanzees are more like

human beings than any
other animal in the world.

'Louis particularly chose me because
I hadn't got a degree of any sort.'

He felt that, you know,
the ethologists at the time

were very rigid
and very reductionist

and, you know, he wanted somebody
who saw things as they were.

Jane finally arrived at what was
then Gombe Stream Nature Reserve

on 14th July, 1960.

When I arrived, I felt that
at long last my childhood ambition

was being realised.

But when I looked at the
wild and rugged mountains

where the chimpanzees lived,

I knew that my task
was not going to be easy.

My mother was with me
those first four months

because I wasn't allowed to be on
my own by the British authorities

and she volunteered to come.

Louis Leakey was very anxious
that it was somebody

who wouldn't be competitive,

but who would be totally supportive.

He felt that that was a
prerequisite for whoever came

and, of course, she
more than filled the bill.

And the person who helped me
lived right here in Mwamgongo.

HE TRANSLATES

And that was Jumanne Kikwale's
father, Rashidi.

Jumanne was seven years old
when I came to Gombe.

I first met Jane in 1960.

At the time, I was seven years old
and I was living with my father,

so they arrived and we pull out
the boat and we greeted them and we

helped them carrying their goods
to where they are going to stay.

Jane's mother, to make a good
relationship with the people,

she set up a small
clinic to help them.

I was helping her,
giving people medicine.

Mum set up this little clinic.

She made some amazing cures,

she cured tropical ulcers, became
known as a white witch doctor.

So she established this
great relationship

with all the local people

and that was an enormous help to me
and the students who came after me.

When I first got to Gombe,

my concern was that the chimpanzees

are very conservative,

they've never seen a white ape
before and they just ran away.

So my concern was, there I was
in my beautiful forest world,

that I dreamed of as a child,

and yet, I knew that if I didn't
make some kind of breakthrough,

we only had money for six months,

and not only would it
be the end of the study,

but I would have let Louis Leakey
down, you know, my mentor.

Wild chimpanzees were still
an unknown entity in 1960.

Earlier research projects
by male academics

had produced little
useful information.

There were a couple of Americans
who had studied wild apes,

and Adrian Kortland, who preceded
Jane in the study of chimps

by about two or three months,

spent the equivalent of
about eight weeks, total,

watching chimps from inside blinds

because he felt they were
too dangerous to show himself to.

But Jane did something
very different,

she studied them always showing
herself, not trying to hide,

but instead, trying to
overcome their fear
by gradually getting closer

and also trying to look as boring
as possible when she watched them.

Now, the really shocking thing
was that here was this young girl

going to Africa
in a pair of shorts and a shirt,

wandering around
in full view of the chimpanzees

and actually
making contact with them and
becoming friendly with them.

Nobody had ever done this
before, this was unique.

Absolutely extraordinary because
chimpanzees can tear you,

literally tear you, limb from limb.

Chimpanzees, amongst the general
public, have a reputation

of being charming
and funny and so on,

but that's because you
nearly always, in zoos,

saw young chimpanzees,
baby chimpanzees.

But anybody who's seen
chimpanzees in the wild

know that when they grow up,
and particularly the males,

they are very, very strong animals

and can often be very aggressive.

It let Jane do something
that nobody else had done

and that was to make really
detailed,

close studies
of chimpanzees in the wild.

It was at this time that I
began to recognise a number

of different individuals.

As soon as I was sure
of knowing a chimpanzee,

if I saw it again, I named it.

Some scientists feel that animals
should be labelled by numbers,

that to name them is
anthropomorphic,

but I've always been interested in
the differences between individuals

and a name is not only more
individual than a number,

but also far easier to remember.

It was her favourite,
David Greybeard,

who would lead Goodall
to the discoveries

which would change science.

I saw this dark shape
hunched over a termite mound.

I could see the hand reach out
and pick a piece of grass.

He was making arm movements as
though he's sliding it across

the ground or something like
that, and obviously eating.

But that was all I saw and then
when he left, I saw it was David,

I saw this white beard,
and I went up to the heap

and there were the pieces
of grass lying there,

termites moving about the surface.

So I picked up one of these
abandoned tools and pushed it

into the mound and the termites
bit on and it was pretty obvious.

And at that time we were
defined as man the toolmaker

and it was supposed to make us more

different than anything else

from the rest of the animal kingdom.

People were saying, you know,
man the toolmaker,

that was the de facto
definition of humans,

we're these animals who make tools,

and then we discovered another
set of animals who make tools,

in fact, there are lots of animals
that make and use tools,

so now it's not unusual,

but it was an amazing discovery
and it really did launch her career.

I sent Louis Leakey a telegram
and he sent his famous reply,

"Now we have to redefine man,

"redefine tool
or accept chimpanzees as humans."

But what is so remarkable about Jane
Goodall's first six months in Gombe

was that she made not just one
ground-breaking discovery but two.

She also demolished
the belief of the time

that chimps were
peaceful herbivores.

I was sitting on the peak,
as I did for hours every day.

I looked across,
and a chimpanzee climbed up a tree

with something in his mouth.

It looked as though
he was licking this pink thing,

and my binoculars
just weren't powerful enough,

I really couldn't see,

but there were
a couple of bush pigs down below,

and when the juvenile
would climb down,

one of the pigs would charge
the child,

and I put two and two together
and thought,

"Well,
this must be a little pig."

So I wasn't positive,
that first time.

I think the next thing I saw was
a chimpanzee hunting a red colobus.

There were two colobus,

one of whom was a female with a baby
up a tree, emerging from the canopy,

and there were three or four
adults and an adolescent.

The adolescent
was creeping up the trunk

towards these two adult monkeys,

and the other adult chimps were
sitting around.

Clearly, they were stationing
themselves

so wherever those monkeys jumped,
there would be a chimp to intercept.

But, in fact, the adolescent
grabbed the infant from the mother

and raced down the tree,
and I could see them eating it.

Fascinated. Because, after all,
Louis sent me there,

because he believed that
we might learn something

about how our earliest ancestors
might have behaved and, of course,

we all know that they were hunters
and there were chimpanzees -

thought to be vegetarians -
actually hunting,

so they were hunting and they
were using and making tools.

That was exactly perfect
for Louis Leakey's ideas.

These discoveries
won her the extra funding

she needed to continue
researching at Gombe.

Louis Leakey had enticed the
National Geographic Society

to come up with a grant.

The National Geographic saw, early
on, that this...English...girl,

beautiful girl,

wandering about Africa,
was extremely newsworthy

and was very exciting,

and so they not only had...

articles about her,
photographs of her,

but they commissioned a film.

The cameraman they sent was a young
Dutchman, Baron Hugo Van Lawick.

The National Geographic
wanted a lecture film,

which would be used by Jane,

and they warned me

that I probably wouldn't get
any material on chimps,

cos they were very shy.

But that didn't matter,

as long as I got material on her
and how she lived there and so on.

Of course, personally, I wanted
to get the material on chimps.

Now, they sent me there for six
weeks, that was the brief,

but I actually stayed
for three months.

I very well remember the day
Hugo arrived. I'd never met him

and I came down from the hills,
and there had been a fire,

and I was all black,
and Hugo told me afterwards

he thought that I'd done it
for show,

that I'd sort of made myself
all black,

until he climbed up and found out
that that wasn't true.

Anyway, there was
this young, extremely handsome,

Dutch nobleman, and I thought,
"Well, this is going to be OK."

Their shared interest in wildlife
blossomed into love

and subsequently marriage.

And I remember getting a telegram
saying, "Do you like emeralds?"

And I sent a telegram back saying,
"Love emeralds, love you."

Meanwhile, Goodall's discoveries
were stirring up interest

among the great and good of the
British zoological establishment

and ruffling some feathers.

Early in 1962, there was
a conference at the London Zoo

on the behaviour of primates,
and Jane was present.

Her first results were in
and they were very exciting.

In one particular respect,
she had given us some new ideas

about the
sexual behaviour of chimpanzees.

Chimps are very promiscuous.
What she first observed

was that there
were many females and many males,

and the females mated
with all the males,

and the males mated
with all the females.

But it's different from gorillas,
for example,

where, in general,
you have several females

and just one silver-backed male,

and he is
the one who mates with the females.

But in groups like baboons,

where there are
many males and many females,

it not just the alpha male
fathering the infants,

although he has the advantage,
as they do in chimps.

Goodall's observations
contradicted

another accepted
belief about primates -

that the dominant male in a group
had exclusive access to the females.

The main proponent of the idea
that alpha males had harems

was the kingpin of British science,

Sir Solly Zuckerman.

'He's called the Chief
Scientific Adviser,

'but he's really much more than
that.

'He's the main ambassador of
scientists to the Government,

'and all through Whitehall,
you'll hear people saying,

' "Sir Solly says..." '

Solly Zuckerman was
Louis Leakey's bete noire, for one.

He studied hamadryas baboons
in the zoo. Therefore, they had...

all monkeys, and the chimpanzees
as well, had a harem system,

he was convinced.

And when I was giving my first
paper, he was chairman.

We were outraged when one of the
elderly primatologists present

suggested that this somehow
reflected Jane's sexual behaviour,

that she was simply seeing
the chimpanzee as a reflection

of her own sexual behaviour,

which we thought was absolutely
outrageous,

and I remember getting up
and asking a question and trying

to get Jane to defend herself
against these...scurrilous remarks.

Desmond Morris, who believed that
chimpanzees didn't have harems

and now had me to prove it,
asked me this question,

and Solly turned and asked
somebody else for a question.

This happened three times, and the
third time, Desmond turned

and asked me directly,
which was against all protocol.

So I didn't quite know what to do,
but I answered.

I remember coming out of that
conference seething with anger

and afterwards, I got a letter

from Solly Zuckerman,
and it ends with this sentence.

He said,

"I want you to know
about my anxiety, lest a subject
which has been usually

"marked by unscientific treatment

"should continue in the unscientific
shadows because of glamour."

He was telling me that I was being
led astray by glamour -

this beautiful young blonde -
who was out there with,
you know, sort of...

Beauty and the Beast,
Tarzan and the Apes and so on,

and was accusing me
of being led astray
by Jane's glamorous appearance

and was accusing her

of misinterpreting
the chimpanzees' behaviour.

Which, you know,
I think's very funny.

Today it's considered...
I mean, oh, it's awful

and it's cos Jane's a girl and
it's got all these twists to it,

but I just found it funny.

In 1965, National Geographic

launched its new star on television.

20 million homes tuned in
to the first showing

of Miss Goodall
And The Wild Chimpanzees.

It was to be the first
of many documentaries.

One of the reasons that people did
romanticise Jane and her work

is because of those early
National Geographic films

that just show her kind of wandering
through forested glades

with kind of beams of sunlight
kind of shining

on her beautiful blonde hair.

It was all kind of rather Timotei
shampoo advertisement,

in some ways, whereas
it's not quite the reality of it!

I've often thought that it was
just one of the other gifts

my parents - combined, I suppose -
gave me...

a certain
attractive appearance, which served

the Geographic very well,
served Louis Leakey very well

and probably helped
to spread the message.

So if you get a gift, use it.

While National Geographic helped
to provide the fame and glamour,

Jane Goodall also received
the academic recognition

that had been
denied her a few years earlier.

In 1966,
Cambridge University awarded her

a doctorate for the contribution to
the science of chimpanzee behaviour.

Her studies had been made
a great deal easier

when the chimps began to

visit her camp in search of bananas.

Provisioning wild chimps

with bananas would later prove to
be a controversial decision.

It was accepted practice at the time

and greatly enhanced
the study of chimp behaviour.

It is the easiest way to communicate
with an animal to offer it food.

One is you drawing it in,

but you also saying,
"I don't want to hurt you."

So it's a kind of universal language
amongst all animals, isn't it?

To be honest, it would take decades

to get that kind of proximity

to chimps without using bananas
to speed up the process.

Jane and
Hugo's son was born in 1967.

Christened Hugo, it wasn't long
before they renamed him Grub.

When Grub was very little,
he didn't want to eat solid foods.

At the time, the chimp Goblin was
about the same age

and Goblin always
was covered with straw and earth

and banana all over himself, so he
became known as Goblin Grub

and so Grub became known
as Grublin Gob.

That was his original name.

'When I was very young,'

up to the age of four,

I spent most of my time
up at chimp camp in...

in a cage, basically.

We, unfortunately,
know that chimpanzees

occasionally eat human babies.

Their favourite prey, at least
in our area, is other primates

and so we built a cage,

it was a very safe,
strong cage, and that was

inside the room up at the chimp camp

and that's where Grub was before
he could walk and then we had

a caged-in veranda down on the beach

where the chimps don't go very often

for when he was older.

But he never could be outside that
cage without responsible adults.

And I remember the feeding time
for the chimps,

when the bananas
were being fed to the chimps

because they always became very
excited at that point

and that was always

when I became fearful
because they'd make a lot of noise.

CHIMPS SCREAM

And display outside the window

and jump up on the bars

and to me, it was like they were
trying to get in to attack me,

so for me it was quite scary
at the time.

CHIMPS SCREAM

The sound is really very terrifying
when the chimps become excited and,

you know, at Gombe, with the
hills around, the sounds echo.

SCREAMS ECHO

You know, the sounds are coming

from everywhere and it's very,
very frightening.

Grub's experiences at chimp-feeding
time lead to a strong preference

for the house beside the lake.

After that time, of course,
I'd see the chimps

from time to time down on the beach,
but I would never go back up

to chimp camp up in the forest

and basically, once I could
put my foot down and say no,

that's what I said was no
and "I'll stay down on the beach

"and keep away from them,
basically".

I always had this fear of chimps
until, I mean, even now,

I don't feel comfortable

going up into the forest
with the chimps.

It's not exactly a phobia,

but I definitely don't feel
comfortable around the chimps.

Apart from raising a child,
and running an expanding team

of young researchers,
Goodall wrote In The Shadow of Man,

an immediate bestseller.

She's a natural storyteller.
She manages to

assemble a very diverse set
of confusing information

into elegantly-described accounts
that fit stories.

"Old Flo lay on her back in
the early morning sunshine,

"her belly full of palm nuts

"and suspended Flint above her,

"grasping one of his minute wrists

"with her large horny foot."

"As he dangled, gently waving his
free arm and kicking with his legs,

"she reached up and tickled him

"in his groin and his neck

"until he opened his mouth in
the play face or chimpanzee smile."

After In The Shadow Of Man came out,

I think it made her so famous she
was

getting stacks of fan mail
every time the mail boat came.

And I remember seeing this one
particular picture in it,

which I still have
quite vividly in my mind,

of her camp that she set up
with her mother Vanne

when she first arrived

and I remember just thinking, now,
that's where I want to live.

That's my ideal home,

bit of washing
and a cooking pot outside

and I thought
that was just fantastic.

It was not long after publication

that one of the book
principal characters died.

"Although I knew that Flo
had become very old indeed,

"it was still a sad day when I found
her dead body lying in the stream.

"For me,
it was like losing an old friend."

Jane was certainly very upset

because she had known Flo for so
long

and more than that,
Flo had meant so much

because it was the introduction

to the Flo family that had really
been the breakthrough

in terms of getting to know
individual differences so very well.

Flo had an obituary
in the Sunday Times, which I wrote.

I think it was one of the very,
very few obituaries

to a non-human
or other than human animal.

I just wrote that, that there
was this wild chimpanzee that

I'd learned so much about and spent

so many wonderful hours with

and she taught me such a lot

and it was sad from the point
of view of what we were learning,

but also, you know,
she had her own wild individuality

and person
and that I would mourn that.

But the sense of loss was
felt most by Flo's son, Flint.

For Flint, of course, even though
he'd been, you know, mean to her,

was desperately
psychologically attached to her

and then there was the extraordinary
three weeks

when Flint barely moved more than

15 yards away from
where her body had collapsed
on the edge of the stream.

Astonishingly, he just grew
weaker and weaker and died.

When the people
doing the postmortem

could find no
particular problem with him,

then the concept of him dying

from a broken heart seemed
really perfectly reasonable.

Until now, Hugo's camerawork

had captured many of the key
events at Gombe,

but the pursuit of their separate
career paths led to estrangement

and eventually divorce in 1974.

The remote forest that
Goodall once explored alone

was now filled with young

researchers from the universities
of the United States and Europe.

Gombe had also been
made a National Park

with the help of the man who became
her second husband, Derek Bryceson.

She was to nurse him through
a long period of cancer

before he died in 1980.

In her absence, researchers
continued to record

the succeeding
generations of Gombe chimps.

Flo's daughter Fifi

was to be the mother of yet more
charismatic members of the F family.

The family line
is very, very plentiful.

Fifi had nine infants.

Only two of those died,

so she's now got five or six
completely adult offspring,

children, grandchildren and even
a couple of great-grandchildren.

But now this community
of world famous chimps

began to reveal
a more sinister side.

Having shown themselves to be

voracious hunters of other primates,

they now began
to slaughter their own kind.

The main study community,
the Kasekela community, got rather

a lot of males, there were like 17
and normally, you know, 10 was big.

So the community began to divide

for whatever reason and

a smaller part of it was seven males

and four adult females moved off
to the south

and gradually kind of
took over part of the range

they all had once shared.

And then the males of the larger
Kasekela community

began systematically invading
the heart of this territory

the southerners had
carved out for themselves

and if they found an individual,
attacking

and attacking brutally and

leaving them to die of their wounds.

They annihilated
an entire community that way.

What was fascinating about it
is that they clearly show

a differentiation between
my group and the other group

and so the split off
individuals, who they knew,

it was like a civil war, really.

They treated them in ways that we'd
never seen them treat an individual

of their own community, ways which
you see when they're hunting

and trying to kill
an adult prey animal.

It was horrible, I mean, cupping
the victim's head as he lay bleeding

with blood pouring from his nose
and drinking the blood.

Twisting a limb
to try and twist it off,

tearing pieces of skin
with their teeth.

Never see that in a fight
within a community

and yet these were individuals
they travelled with,

fed with, played with,
grown up with.

The chimp-on-chimp violence in Gombe

was a sensation.

Some academics
wanted to cover it up.

Others said it was
something peculiar to Gombe.

They suggested that it arose from

the artificial conditions that came
with the provisioning of bananas.

It was not a good idea to feed
bananas to chimpanzees because it

distorts things from a situation,
a context,

that you don't really have a
good feeling for in the first place.

But how, my goodness, you know,
here we have for the first time,

the opportunity for somebody to
spend close time with a species

that she and no-one else
in the world is recognising

to be astonishingly
similar to humans.

We don't know
if the banana-provisioning system

or some other feature
of what Jane did in Gombe

could have affected
the pattern of the killing,

but it is clear
that it did not CREATE it.

Chimpanzees have a propensity
to kill their neighbours.

Brutal forms of inter-communal
violence have been observed among

communities that have never
been provisioned with food.

The notion of chimpanzees being
interested in the possibility

of being able to launch brutal
attacks on a neighbouring male

is quite clearly supported
by what we see in

the community that I
and my group study

and also by the studies in a
nearby community in Kibale at Ngogo.

They've seen many brutal
and killing attacks.

At first, I didn't
want to believe it.

It went against all that
I'd always thought,

that they were like us,
but nicer than us.

But at the same time,
once I accepted it,

because of what was happening,
it made them even more fascinating.

It helped us, I think,
understand ourselves a bit better,

our evolutionary history.

At Gombe, ferocious attacks

on outsiders have continued
spasmodically over the years.

And recently, the most notoriously
brutal, even sadistic,

male has been Frodo,
Fifi's second son.

Here seen mortally
wounding a young adolescent.

In 2002, he brought Gombe back

into the international
spotlight by killing

a human child.

TRANSLATION: I was overwhelmed
by the sudden attack.

The chimpanzee started
unwrapping the cloth

I'd tied my baby to my back with

and then ran off with my child.

Well, I was pretty horrified,

but it was something which
we had predicted might happen.

Frodo was a great hunter.

Chimpanzees are known
to hunt small human children,

just as they hunt small monkeys,
and it was a shock, but, as I say,

we had actually thought it might
happen and that's why

it was so unfortunate

that this woman felt she had to go
through the park with her child,

which she wasn't allowed to do.

I was not particularly surprised
because outside Kibale, in my own

area, we had had a male who had
killed several babies

in the villages to eat them.

Although Frodo's killing
of a human baby stirred

some interest in the British press,

neither Jane Goodall nor
the Tanzanian authorities

saw any need to take any form
of retribution on the chimpanzee.

Nobody ever suggested killing Frodo,

not the national parks,

not anybody

and I think even the family realised

that although it was a tragedy,
it wasn't really Frodo's fault.

Frodo, a chimp capable of such
bestial behaviour, is known

to be gentle and playful with the
young chimps in his own community.

It seems that, as with humans,

an individual chimpanzee can be
capable of terrible savagery

and yet, show apparent tenderness.

What we're learning from
chimpanzees is what we see in humans

is very likely part of our biology.

When Dostoevsky says, "In every man
a demon lies hidden",

that's what I feel about
chimpanzees and the fact

that it's our closest relative

that is able to, on the one hand,

have extremely well-organised,
courteous,

sensible relationships
within groups and yet,
at the same time is tempted,

as it were, to impose appalling

punishment on enemies,

the fact that
you have this amazing combination

in our closest living relative,

and that it appears
so vividly in ourselves,

clearly suggests that
there is an underlying biology
which is the same.

Across Lake Tanganyika,
in the Congo, the darker side

of our own human nature
has led to social upheaval

and atrocities on a vast scale.

GUNFIRE

Protracted civil war in the Congo

and ethnic conflict
in neighbouring Burundi

caused thousands of refugees
to settle around Gombe.

Their desperate search for food
and timber, accelerated a process

of environmental destruction

that was already underway
around the borders of the park.

When I looked down from
the plane and flew over Gombe and

the surrounding area, I was totally
horrified by the devastation.

It seemed to me that all the trees

had gone except those that had been
planted for shade, introduced trees

and those in the very,
very steep ravines

where even desperate
farmers couldn't try to cultivate.

The slopes in many cases were
completely infertile

and in some cases,
because it was the dry season,

it really looked as though
we were flying over desert land.

It was very clear that this
was because there were more

people living there than
the land could support,

swelled by refugees coming
from Burundi and Congo

and I realised that there was no way
to save the precious chimpanzees

while people
were struggling to survive.

It became clear that chimpanzee
populations all over Africa were

being threatened by
destruction of their habitat

as well as being
hunted for their meat.

Jane Goodall began to use her fame
to campaign for conservation.

It wasn't a question of
asking myself, well, do I really

want to give all this up and change,
I just changed, just like that.

Jane has spent the last 25 years
on a non-stop global mission

to promote conservation
and animal rights.

I've been on the road,
I can't remember, forever.

At the moment, she's travelling

around, ooh, 275, 280 days a year,

non-stop.

Just in October this year,
Lubbock, Los Angeles, Portland,

Eugene, Spokane, Edmonton, Toronto,
London, Kitchener, Hamilton.

How are you?

It's moving, it's lecturing,
it's talking, but most days start

around 6.30-7. they rarely
finish before midnight or 1am.

Oh, what a pleasure to meet you.

I have been on the road
approximately 300 days every year.

The entire package of going into
the forest, a sort of beauty

and the beast kind of thing,

saving up the money, being picked up

by National Geographic

and, yes, becoming a cover girl,

that's all tied up in
giving a certain mystique

which is incredibly useful
to open doors.

And I would like to bring you

the voice of these amazing beings
with whom we share the planet

and I would like to bring you
the sound which,

before too long, may not be heard
any more in the forests of Africa,

the sound made by contented
chimpanzees

when they've had a good day,
their stomachs are full,

they're getting ready
to spend the night

under the African stars or the moon,
lying in their leafy tree top beds.

Hoo-hooo-hooo-hooo!

Haa!

This sound has not been heard before
in this room, I'm sure of that.

LAUGHTER

But it needed to be heard.

It's a voice that is heard strongest
around Gombe, the launch pad for her

Roots & Shoots youth movement,

promoting care for animals
and the environment.

It has spread to over
120 countries.

The Jane Goodall Institute raises
$15 million a year for Gombe,

Tanzania and conservation
in general

and in 2002, the United Nation's
Kofi Annan

made her a UN messenger of peace.

Yet above all, she still
represents the chimpanzees.

Chimpanzees show so many amazing
commonalities with humans.

The long-term friendly bonds
between members of the family,

the communication patterns
that include kissing, embracing,

holding hands, patting one another

on the back, the fact that they
can co-operate to solve a problem,

they can use and even make tools.

Of course,

like us, they have a brutal side
to their nature,

they are capable of behaviour
like a kind of primitive war,

but they also show behaviour

that is like our compassion
and love and altruism.

The unfolding drama of life
among the chimps of Gombe

is still the inspiration for
new ground-breaking research

and Dame Jane Goodall
campaigning and fundraising

has now begun to reverse
the environmental devastation

there and in other parts of Africa.

It is this absolute determination
to succeed against the odds

which explains how
half a century ago

she entered a remote African forest

and transformed our understanding
of chimpanzees and ourselves.

What do you do when you've
had enough of an interview?

Oh-ho!

That do? Oh-oh!

Oh-oh!

And that means? Go away!