All language subtitles for IVORY TOWER (英語字幕)

I've always felt,
when I step onto a college campus,

a slight element of melancholy in the air.

If you're a teacher,

you arrive every fall semester
for the new year,

and you know
that you've gotten a year older,

but the students
are the same age as they always were.

They keep replenishing themselves.

College is a way of trying
to preserve cultural memory.

It is an effort to cheat death,

so it's a kind of struggle
against time and mortality.

The United States has managed to
provide a postsecondary education

to a larger percentage of its
population than any society in history.

But a lot of forces
are converging

at the present moment to create anxiety.

Is college overrated?

I'm saying it's a myth.

It's become a race
for credentialism.

Has college
become too expensive?

I think it's going to
tum into the foreclosure situation.

Students are gonna default...

Every parent who tries
to pay for their child's education

is feeling sticker shock,
and access and completion of college

are more challenging in our time.

Of all the time
bombs in the American economy

set to explode,

student loan debt
in this country has reached $1 trillion.

We may see
a tsunami of student loan defaults.

There are problems
in all the sectors of higher education,

and it's a perfectly fair expectation

for students and their families

to want to know
that when they leave college,

they're going to have some skills

that somebody's going to be
willing to compensate them for.

We've got a lot of people

with college degrees waiting tables,
cleaning toilets, you know, driving taxis.

Nearly half of all students are showing

no significant gains in learning.

But there's
an apocalyptic dimension to this as well.

And that is the idea

that the very concept of the institution

of higher learning is about to be broken.

And only a very,
very small handful of colleges

will survive intact
on the other side of this tidal wave.

We're at the point
where people are saying,

"Maybe you don't have to go to college."

ls college worth it?

There have been
moments in human history

when those who said the future's
gonna look a lot different very soon

have been right.

This might be one of them.

This is the
John Harvard statue.

Now, people come
from all over the world

to take pictures with this statue.

In education, there are
these very powerful social forces at work

where people just imitate
what other people are doing

without reflecting on why they're doing it.

Things like,
"How do you get into the right college?

"How does your kid
get on the right track?"

College has been sold and
over-sold as the key to a better future.

And somethings gone very wrong with it
over the last few decades.

Higher education has had
the privilege for a very long time

of being a black box.

It created this prestige
and this mystique around it,

but we've never really
examined very closely

the ingredients on the box.

We need to really rethink,

"What are the specific things
that people are learning,

"and why are they valuable?"

Welcome, Class of 2016.

You may have sensed that some of us

are expecting you to save the world,

preferably by the time you graduate.

But just remember,

a key part of any success
is the part of you that is willing to fail.

We at Harvard
believe that the best

Kind of education for undergraduates

is a liberal arts education.

And that means a broad education

across the fields of human inquiry.

We aren't educating students
for a first job.

We want to give them
the abilities to think

and reason and question for a lifetime.

Technology increasingly is something

that every educated person
should be familiar with

in the 21 st century.

We have an introductory
computer science course

that is known as CS50,

and it is now the largest
undergraduate course on campus.

Everyone on
campus knows what CS50 is.

It's definitely a course
with a cult following.

I think some of it
is kind of related to the whole Facebook

and Mark Zuckerberg being at Harvard.

That's what's
happening for our generation.

People are growing up,
and they're starting their own companies

and creating their own websites,

and doing all this amazing stuff
with technology,

and I think CS50, like, represents that.

Today we begin our exploration

of the fundamentals of computer science
and the art of programming.

You will have this very practical skillset

that you can then take back
to all sorts of fields.

And realize, too, it is not so important

where you end up relative to
your classmates in this class,

but where you,
by semester's end in week 11,

end up relative to yourself this very day.

Sometimes it can be intimidating,

because there are plenty of people
who have just more preparation.

A tot of times, it's really easy to say,
like, "How in the world can I do this?"

Because I can't
understand everything right away.

College, it's a completely
different environment

than what I was used to.

My path has been a little bit rough.

I come from a pretty, uh,

modest background.

When I entered ninth grade,
the summer before,

I had been, like, enticed to join a gang.
I decided not to.

They retaliated against my entire family,
shooting at my home.

Because of my path
and where I've come from,

I'm just that much more driven.

I remember those times,

and it just makes me
all the more grateful

for the things I do have now.

Before I came here
I hadn't had a bed for over a year,

and so, like, coming into my dorm,
I legit jumped on my bed.

That was something
that meant a lot to me.

It's a real blessing.

Just being here alone
has already changed my family dynamic.

I always told them,

"In order for us to get ahead as a family,

"each generation
has to do better than the next."

David was, like, "Mom, how are we
going to pay for college?

"What happens if I get in
and I can't pay for it?"

I said, "Trust me. God will make a way."

You should see the
video when we first got it.

He was sitting there looking at
the camera like he gonna be a star.

When we got on Harvard's campus,
I mean, I was just like,

"My baby is at Harvard."

The first American college,
Harvard College,

was a child of
the University of Cambridge in England.

The Puritans had come over
to New England in the early 1630s,

and after they settled the basics
of food and shelter,

they turned their attention
to starting a college.

In that sense the college
was an offshoot of the Church.

The lecture,
so central to college education,

is really a kind of modern version
of the sermon.

It was a commitment to the idea
that students could be transformed

to lead lives of meaning and purpose.

Harvard is the source of DNA

for almost all of higher
education in America.

It laid out the model
that a university needs to emulate

in order to get better resources,
better professors,

better credentials, better students.

As Harvard passed that DNA
down to everybody else,

it created a race.

When the colonial colleges
started to become universities,

and when brand-new institutions
were founded as universities,

you begin to see a tension developing

between the mission
to educate young people,

and the competition for prestige,

to out-build your rivals.

American colleges are driven
by the pursuit of prestige.

And the way you get prestige
is that you get the highest ranking,

which expands your market,
and allows you to charge more.

So, in order to go up the ladder,

everybody has to keep adding more
programs and more facilities

at a faster rate than the competitors.

This really was the most
sort of grandiose vision

of what a university could be,

that it was a place of higher learning,
it was a place of research.

It covered every single discipline
under the sun,

and there really
was no end to its expansion.

And that became the model,

you had to integrate doing research.

You needed to provide the housing,
the classrooms,

all the food that they needed,

and the facilities that are required
in order to play in the game.

And that's a tough game to keep playing.

The system
of elite residential higher education

that Americans assembled
over the course of the last centuries,

is extraordinarily effective.
Nobody disputes that.

But it's also extraordinarily inefficient

in terms of the resources
that are expended

to produce these spectacular places.

Higher education in America

has been very successful for centuries.

But now things are changing,

because the scale
and the cost is enormous.

We have a product that is so expensive
that a lot of people can't pay for it

and they have to go into debt,
and it just isn't viable.

The rise
in student tuition is unsustainable.

We cannot continue
to charge significantly

more year after year after year

without running into
some kind of a brick wall.

College tuition has increased more
than any other good or service

in the entire US economy since 1978.

We're in an environment

where we're cutting spending
for higher education.

The states have
essentially walked away.

They have this great thing in colleges
and universities called tuition,

and it's been a great release valve.

As appropriations
have gone down in the states,

tuition at public colleges has gone up.

We've lost $100 million in funding,

and the board has replaced

one out of every four
of those dollars with tuition.

Far more of the cost of education
is now borne by the student.

Student loans are certainly a really
important part of this equation, too.

The availability
of student loans to pay for college

makes families
less sensitive to the price,

makes colleges less likely
to compete on the price.

All of the competition has been,

"We are better than we used to be,
and we're better than you."

Universities are
driven by perks wars.

One offers an amenity,
and they all have to offer the amenity.

They're adding the climbing wails,

and they're adding
the plasma screen TVs.

We're getting to the point

where we're gonna have
a swimming pool in every room.

They have pools with
tanning ledges, they have tanning beds.

The student tells us,
"I can take a five-hour bubble bath,

"and no one will complain."

There's a massive construction boom

on US colleges and universities today.

It's an arms race,
if you will, in higher education.

It's a feeding frenzy

to have a better student center,
a bigger football stadium.

Sometimes it can be grotesque.

What we've really seen is,
I think,

colleges have kind of lost their way

about who they are and what they are,

and they've turned into
these large businesses

that have structures around them.

They're mini cities.

Families do desire a lot of the amenities
that colleges have provided.

The proverbial rock wall.

To sustain those, colleges have to

borrow more money,
they have to charge more tuition.

To pay $60,000 for a college tuition...

You give momentum to this notion
of the student as customer

when you charge them
so much money for their education.

We tend to focus a tot
on student debt,

but over this last decade,

institutions themselves,
college and universities,

doubled the amount of debt
that they took on.

And in fact we've seen
more people be hired

that never step foot in a classroom,

and that's where a lot of the rising
cost of college has come.

Administrations seem
often to be the tail wagging the dog.

Some of our leading presidents
can be quite shameless

in the size of their compensation.

We're now starting
to question what we're buying.

Are you really buying a better,
higher-quality education?

It used to be,
you'd get to a public university,

it wouldn't cost very much to go there.

The University of California
used to have no tuition.

The tuition costs here in Arizona
used to be near zero.

And we need to get back to the point
where it's not a huge economic barrier

that you have to get over to gain access
to a world-class university education.

As a public university, our responsibility

is to take a broad cross-section
of talent from around our society,

move it forward with world-class
learning experiences

at the lowest possible cost.

A lot of people would say
that's not possible.

We say it needs to be possible.

ASU was ranked
as one of the top

public research universities,

but it also has another ranking
that many people think...

Party school.

It's funny, so we laugh about
this party school thing.

I mean, we literally laugh about it.

Our model for learning is the robed don
at Cambridge or Oxford

or the kid on the East Coast in
Boston or New York City or something

who's huddled around their lamp light
in the dark winter night.

When you live in a place
with bright sunshine

and palm trees and beautiful weather,

people think you can't be too serious,

but the whole party school thing
is just bogus.

It's the party school!
Come on, what are we doing right now?

It's paradise, baby! What's not to love?

ASU is a big school,

and of course people party and drink

and get crazy and all that stuff. Um...

But you don't have to.

They say that ASU is, like,
"one of the top party schools"

according to Playboy or whatever.

The average ASU student

comes to get drunk out of their minds

and be in this sort of, like,
vapid, hedonistic area.

Woo!

In 2004 we started looking

at the party scene at large,
mid-tier state universities,

and how it didn't fit in

what the majority of students
actually need to get out of college.

The fact that
college-age kids are having some fun,

that's not really the problem.

The problem is institutions are creating
these party pathways through college

and take their money,

but don't ask anything
of them academically.

In fact, just give them beer and circuses.

In this moment
of declining state support,

students who can pay full,
out-of-state tuition

without seeking financial aid
are very important for the university.

You've got to cater to these
out-of-state, less-studious students,

who want to party.

We know how to party!

We all know how to party!

Students from
out-of-state picked a school

because of the social life.

Big-time athletics,
the really big Greek system,

increasing numbers
of luxury condominium-style living.

But that has consequences
for everybody else.

The Vue is like one of these
privatized living complexes.

They have these pool parties
every so often,

where everyone just goes
and gets wasted or high or whatever,

and then they just start
these fights in the pool.

ASU! ASU! ASU!

ASU students
romanticize staying

at this "private apartment complex"

where you hang out
by the pool and smoke cigars,

When ideally you should be
focusing on your schooling

and actually getting a diploma.

36% of the kids in our study say

they studied less than
five hours per week,

less than an hour a day.

Full-time college students.

Half the kids in our study said
they didn't have a single class

where they wrote more than 20 pages.

We are confronting
a situation in this country

where, for large numbers of students,

they are not doing much
of anything academically.

There's a lot of distractions here,

and there's no one holding your hand.

Some people,
they're not ready for the college level.

They fail classes,

or they withdraw, drop classes
midway through the semester

because they're not
doing so good in them.

And they get discouraged
by the fourth year,

and they drop out

or they just don't
have the motivation to continue.

I mentor freshmen.

You try to give them tips.

You try to give them a way
to study more efficiently.

You try to give them ways
to do their homework in a better method.

You know, it's really easy
to fall back into that trap.

Keep the mindset
that you've got to graduate,

you've got to do good in college
to be successful. Right?

That mindset.

Many of these actors
in higher education

do not have a fundamental interest

in promoting academic rigor
and student learning.

They're focused on something else.

Faculty today are increasingly rewarded

in terms of promotion,
tenure, compensation

by their research
productivity and scholarship.

A focus on teaching can get in the way
of one's research and scholarship.

And when these institutions
assess one's teaching,

they typically do it
with course evaluations.

At the end of the class, students are
given a consumer satisfaction survey,

"How much did you like the class?"

"Would you recommend
this class to a friend?"

You're incentivizing
faculty not to be rigorous

but to be actually lenient with grades,

because the only measure that the
institutions are paying attention to is,

"Are the students happy as consumers?"

At the same time,
the number of full-time faculty

in this country is in sharp decline,

being replaced
by part-time adjunct instructors.

Many of them have limited resources

for focusing on
rigorous academic instruction.

Institutions invest in these other things,
thinking simply as a business.

But these organizations are non-profits.

They're accountable to the public.

They're accountable
to fulfilling their mission.

It's perfectly
appropriate that we shine a strong light

on America's colleges and universities,

and that we demand better of them.

We should be outraged
by the abuses and the distortions.

But we do not want to erase the
history of higher education and say,

"These places are not about

"the formation of character
or self-discovery."

There are some colleges that have tried
to go to the far end of the spectrum

in terms of the intensity
of the experience.

For instance, Deep Springs College,

where students
make a two-year commitment

to, in effect, drop out of the world.

The mission
of Deep Springs College

is to provide a free education

to young men in preparation
for lives of service to humanity.

That's accomplished through
what are called the three pillars.

And those are self-governance
and academics and labor.

We live in this small community.

And we spend half of our time in class

and spend the other half of our time

working either on the ranch
or in some way for the community.

In committee meetings
throughout the week

we exercise self-governance,

which is basically
taking responsibility for the community.

We choose what classes
we're going to take together.

We have
Political Theory After Marx,

Critical Theory
and the Frankfurt School, Nietzsche.

I think there will be
something incredibly rewarding

about going in-depth

onto one school
of thought very intensely.

Through this education

we are, like, putting ourselves
through a grinder of some sort.

I cared so little
for the idea of going to college.

It was kind of like Deep Springs
or nothing.

It's a place that demands of you
pretty constantly.

And I like that.

Because I think
if I'd gone to another college

I would become really self-absorbed
and narcissistic.

The main attraction
of Deep Springs for me

was self-governance,

having to compromise with people,

And having to put myself
in other people's positions.

And I don't think
that's something natural for us.

I think that that has to be taught.

It has to be the result of an education.

The college
classroom is perhaps

the best rehearsal space for democracy.

Students learn to speak with civility,

listen to one another with respect,

and most of all,

they learn that you can actually

walk into a room with one point of view
and walk out with another.

Hegel is saying you need to have

a common identity as citizens

because it creates
the bonds of affection.

We are not simply sons or brothers,

students or doctors, but also citizens.

Like, why are we talking
about the state at all?

Expression of the individual
through the state, I don't feel that.

That's because
you're treated like a person already.

What's being defined as personhood

has previously been
exactly the mode in which we have kept,

you know, entire races of people
outside of the state,

so I agree with you in the sense,

why are we talking about the state

when, like, its definition of personhood

isn't good enough here?

But you recognize

that Hegel can be read against
that argument very effectively?

Right, yeah, I agree.

But sometimes I think the best way
to bring Hegel into the new day

is to transgress him.

Students actually
have a lot to learn from each other.

But what I think of
as the most transformative events

are, really, at the end of the day,
one-on-one experiences

with a teacher who looks you in the eye.

I had a shitty
public school experience. Right?

Like, saw lots of racism,
lots of sexism, got beat up, got in fights.

Teachers can't do shit.
Families can't do shit.

I do think
families and teachers can do shit.

Every time that I come in here and I say,

"What do you guys think about this?

"Do you want to change
these assignments?

"How do you like these readings?"

I'm trying to give you
opportunities for agency,

so that I'm not just simply
treating you as any old students.

The purpose of this place is for you
to create what you want here, right?

And the problem is
that for you to get what you want,

you've got to cooperate
with other people,

which means trying to figure out a
way to communicate your anger

without being antagonistic.

Two and a half hours of Hegel.

Take a half hour break,
another hour and a half of Lacan.

Absolutely. Yeah, I'm happy to.

Even as Deep Springs seems

to become more and more obsolete

or more and more
of some kind of idyllic fancy,

there's something there,

and everybody feels it,
having been through it.

This school stands for something.

Because of America's status

as a country that's always reaching for
higher and higher ambition and growth,

in the 19th century,
we started to have this idea

that a university education could be
of benefit to absolutely everyone,

that we should be able to all
have the learning that we need

to have self-respect,
to be able to support ourselves,

and also to be able to be full citizens.

That idea really culminated
in the Morrill Act in the 1860s.

In the middle of
the Civil War, in 1862,

Congress of the United States,

amazingly enough, found focus and
attention to pass the Morrill Act,

which funded the {and grant colleges

that later became
the great state universities.

The federal government provided

for the expansion
of this dream of higher education

at an unprecedented scale.

This had never happened before
in any human society

that we'd have institutions
of higher learning coast-to-coast,

and it wouldn't just be for the nobility.

Senator Merrill believed in
education even for the sons of slaves,

creating, post-Reconstruction,

the historically
black colleges and universities.

Institutions arose at a time
when we had racial segregation

and we had gender segregation

to ensure that black Americans
and female Americans

could get a higher education.

Spelman College
was founded less than 20 years

after the end of slavery

with the idea of creating
educational opportunity

for women who had had none.

It's a place where
a young woman can say,

"This place was built for me."

I am a testimony.

Every Spelman student

is a testimony.

A testimony of prayers during slavery.

Slavery.

They themselves had been denied...

Denied.

- ...education.
- Education.

As it had been prophesied.

Prophesied!

One of the major
things I think you get from

being a young black student
at a historically black college is that

you get to have those conversations
about race and about gender,

how the two fit together

and then how that affects
What you're thinking, how you're feeling.

When you're in a place for four years

where there's people
who look like you, and they're achieving,

it does do something
for your own confidence.

So it's really a space
where you can grow as a person.

I went to The Winsor School in Boston,

and it's predominantly white.

Coming from a minority experience
to a majority experience,

I think it forces me
to find an identity other than the obvious.

At my high school, you know,
"Who's Amirah?" "She's the black girl."

Here I have to really figure it out.

There are so many other
intelligent black women here.

College, being
a place of mental growth,

simultaneously can be
a place of spiritual growth,

because the two really go hand-in-hand.

Glory!

My sense of self is stronger,
and it's really helped cultivate who I am.

God's a-gonna trouble the water

So wade in the water

Children

I do think you can get that
experience without going to college.

You can travel the world
and get that experience.

You can merely migrate from your
hometown and get that experience.

But college is a place
where that all comes together in one.

Historically black colleges
are very powerful.

They have a strong connection
between the students, the alumni,

and the other
fellow historically black colleges.

But for me, in particular,
I didn't apply to many HBCUs.

I've been around
black people my entire life.

I went to a school that was more than,
like, 90% African-American.

I didn't know how
to interact with white people,

and I was afraid.

The biggest thing, I think, that I've been
able to pick up while being at Harvard

is the ability to connect with people
from all different walks of life.

I don't want to just
impact my community.

I wanna be able
to impact the larger community.

All of these institutions
have made immense contributions

to the history of our democracy.

And if you cannot have a democracy
without an educated citizenry,

you want to see
as many citizens as possible

get as much education as possible.

The philanthropists of the Gilded Age

gave us the idea of
mass higher education

as a basic human right.

Peter Cooper was
this industrialist who believed in

education as free as water and air.

He founded The Cooper Union,

a school of industrial arts
and design in New York City,

with the idea
that it would be available to people,

no matter what their background,
to study useful and practical arts.

But today The Cooper Union
is one of the last examples of

a free higher education institution
in the country.

A full scholarship
for every enrolled student

is the current mission statement
of Cooper Union.

Peter Cooper wanted the school

to be accessible to the working class,
to women, to people of color.

I come from a lower-middle class family.

My parents told me about Cooper.

And when I found out, like I...
I was like obsessed.

I didn't even think
about going anywhere else.

Nowadays, so much is against

this 19th-century model
of a free education.

Ideologically, financially it's ancient.

When Jamshed Bharucha,
the current president, came into office,

he announced to
the Cooper community that

we are running a large deficit

and that tuition for the first time
in 154 years would be on the table.

Free tuition, it's our mission!

The current administration
is trying to say that

education as a right is not something
that we should be focusing on.

Being free, the financial
model is extremely complicated.

You look at the financial
statements and you can see.

An extraordinarily large deficit.

I think Peter Cooper
would have wanted us,

if we had to talk about tuition,
to be able to talk about it.

We all acknowledge
that we're in a financial strait right now,

but the administration
and the board fail to understand

how tuition's going to destroy the school.

President Bharucha's
come from tuition-charging colleges,

and he thinks that we should
become like other colleges.

It's covered by normal kinds
of words like sustainability.

I'm here before you

because the very survival
of this institution is at stake.

We do not have a sustainable budget.

If you want free education,
how are you going to structure it?

I believe it's not compatible
with small class size,

highly-interpersonal interaction,

and with providing
good compensation to people,

and I believe in providing
good compensation.

The President makes in excess
of $700,000 as total compensation.

At a school of only 1,000
students in tight financial times,

one would have thought there
would have been some proportionality.

I believe the President
of Harvard makes $899,000,

and she's overseeing
12,000 faculty, 21,000 students,

and $30 billion endowment.

She doesn't have a fraction
of the problem we have.

Not a fraction of the problems we have.

Apparently we are the Harvard
of Astor Place.

I don't think that the model
of free education doesn't work.

There's all sorts of things
that got us into this mess,

and it wasn't the cost
of educating the students.

Most of higher education
believes in growth at all costs,

growing their way out of difficulty.

And that becomes rather problematic

when you are building
a building at about $1,000 a square foot,

which is more than a luxury hotel.

It's possible to have downsized,

as Cooper Union has done in 150 years
of ups and downs in the market.

But that was not the decision
that was made.

Do you think
it was wise to invest in hedge funds

and to use the money borrowed
in the $175 million loan for that purpose?

You know, I'm not an investment person.
I mean, I'm...

Uh...

I'm good at budgets,
but I'm not an investment person.

Were they risky decisions?

Well, uh.

One can ask if they were or not,

but there is no question
that loan is a, uh...

Yes, a challenge
for the institution to pay back.

Cooper Union is faced with a
mortgage payment of $10 million a year.

It's a terrible irony that

an institution which was
supposed to get people out of debt

gets into that kind of debt itself.

The idea that Cooper Union

would think about charging tuition

really seemed like such a huge betrayal
and a bellwether of where education is.

Students are not seen as
having a right to their education,

and institutions sort of feel free
to continue to raise the price.

What's happening
to higher education in this country?

Why is it seen as being the province
of the rich and the rich alone?

People are ignoring all of the functions
that education has served

throughout our history as a public good.

Certain economic truths
have become self-evident.

Among these,
the right to a good education.

Right after
the Second World War,

the GI Bill was passed,

which made it possible for men,

who would never have been
allowed to walk onto a college campus,

except perhaps as members
of the custodial staff or as delivery boys,

to actually walk through
the gates as students.

Over two million
veterans took advantage of the GI Bill.

This was an opportunity that was free,
given by the government.

And it made a difference to
the American middle class.

That expansion
of the franchise of higher education

was really so unprecedented,

and it led directly
to the Higher Education Act of 1965,

creating the Federal
student aid programs.

This law means that a high school senior

can apply to any college

and not be turned away
because his family is poor.

SharePirate.Com-Movie Stream and Downloads

But the rug was pulled out
from under students in the 1970s.

We shifted from seeing
education as a public good

to seeing it exclusively
as a private good.

Conservative governors, especially
Governor Reagan of California,

had really run on the idea that

higher education was a wasteful
way to spend taxpayer money.

Governor Reagan actually said

the state should not
subsidize intellectual curiosity.

And he ran for president later

on a promise to disband
the Department of Education.

Certain advisors
started to say that

anything of a private advantage
should be paid for.

The word free is one of
the most misused words.

We speak of "free education."

Education isn't free. It costs money.

If this is something
that is going to be good for individuals

to get a job and earn more money,

they should finance it
and make the investment themselves.

We need to keep government
on the sidelines.

Let the people develop their own skills,
solve their own problems.

We stopped expanding
the franchise of higher education,

graduation rates stopped rising,

and access for the poor
to higher education started going down.

In the 1970s, a Pell Grant was
more than enough to pay for tuition

at an average state institution.

But today a Pell Grant
pays for a fraction of tuition.

This led to the growth of
the student loan industry,

which ended up being the largest

source of money for all of tuition.

The student loan program
was never intended to be this large.

We've just hit
an awful milestone.

Our nation's combined
student loan debt has now hit $1 trillion.

It's now larger than
credit card debt in this country.

The average
American student now

graduates more than $25,000 in debt.

I grew up in a low-income household.

I was always told to work hard,

and if you follow your dreams,
it will pay off,

and if you need to go
into educational debt

to achieve those dreams, then so be it.

A couple of months after I graduated,
collectors started calling,

and I told them that I could not pay.

Even with a master's,

I couldn't get a job
cleaning toilets at a local hotel.

I was on food stamps.
I was living off mostly beans and rice.

Twenty years ago,
we would have said

all the kids who aren't going
to college are being the victims,

and now it's actually turning out that

a lot of the kids who are going to college
are also the victims.

It's like a subprime mortgage
broker that ripped you off

and talked you into buying
a house you couldn't afford.

Education in some ways
is even more insidious than housing.

There actually isn't the same kind of

safety valve in the student loan market

that you see in the mortgage market,
in the sense that

there's no such thing as foreclosure,

and, in fact,
there's no such thing as bankruptcy.

Over half of loans today
are either in deferment,

or else they're in default.

And when you default
on your student loans,

interest is applied to the principal.

And you see, very commonly, things like

original balances in the tens and
twenty thousands of dollars

ballooning up into
the hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Starting off, $78,000.

Ending up at $106,000 in interest alone.

You're going to be saddled with that debt

and that ballooning balance
until the day that you die.

That's the kind of garbage

our government is playing
with our young people.

The government will make
$184 billion in profits

over the next 10 years.

All those profits made
off the backs of our kids

who are trying to get an education.

I think this whole system stinks.

- What do we want?
- Education!

- When do we want it?
- Now!

- What do we want?
- Education!

- When do we want it?
- Now!

We cannot continue
to treat student loan debt

as an individual issue.

We must realize that as a society
we cannot have a generation in debt.

Once you hit $50,000
in debt, you need to pause

and take a look at the value
of the education you're getting.

You don't want to incur debt
that stops you from investing

in family formation, houses,
cars and children down the road.

The value of my education is priceless,

but the value of my education
is also not $140,000 in debt.

If I do ever have kids,

my private loans will be directly
passed to them even if I die.

It's just siphoning my dreams away,

and I feel bad talking about
any dreams that I have these days,

because there's all this talk that

Generation Y is so entitled and selfish

just for wanting the opportunities
that their parents had.

A lot of the older generations

that criticize the millennials

grew up in a time
when you could go to a state university

and pay your way through
with summer jobs.

These millennial children
then got to college and realized,

"Oh, the money's not there to pay for me.

"I'm not going to be able to graduate
into a cushy job.

"And in fact, everything that I was told
about the way that the world works

"turns out not to be the case."

The student debt
crisis coupled with

the rise in tuition rates
over the past 30 years,

it's just a perfect
storm, it's a nightmare.

We are the students

We are the students

The mighty, mighty students

The mighty, mighty students

After 18 months of intense analysis,

the board of trustees voted last week

to charge tuition for all undergraduates
admitted to the Cooper Union

beginning with the class of 2014.

Right after the announcement
was made, I spoke to Jamshed.

Jamshed was, you know,
waving his hands, yelling, cutting us off.

Right outside of the school,
there was a lot of grieving.

People were angry.

You could kind of
feel this chaotic energy.

It kind of felt like at any moment
something could happen.

The moments
right before an action starts

are the most exciting, also scary.

It was a really long planning session.

Obviously, they can do these things,
and they can overstep us.

They can do that, and they're doing it.

We didn't know what to do,

but people were like,
"We have to do something.

"Let's just go into the President's office.

"We're just going to do it."

We went in,
40 or so people, maybe more.

Lawrence? Lawrence?

- Door, people.
- Lawrence?

The secretary tried to say,
"Don't go in there,"

but, you know, there was 40 of us.

Jamshed wasn't there.

"We, the students of the Cooper Union
for the Advancement of Science and Art

"can no longer uphold or endorse
the direction our college has taken

"under the leadership
of Jamshed Bharucha.

"By voting no confidence today,

"join us in keeping
Cooper Union free to all."

First let me say, I'd
rather you just leave.

"Students and others
currently engaged in

"a sit-in of the President's suite
are trespassing.

"We're going to give a one-hour period
for anyone to leave.

"Anyone remaining on
the 7th floor after that one-hour period

"will be subject to disciplinary action."

At some point, they are going
to have to try and remove us.

I am an officer of the Cooper Union!

- The police?
- They're coming.

There are security guards
on the other side of this glass,

and there's two or three other men.

Five, four, three, two, one.

Free Cooper Union!

For many of us
it was the first time

being in the President's office.

We have this red light that we'd show
to say that we're occupying the space.

It's like being in a submarine.

It's like a shared experience,

and it's hard to sleep
because there's all this energy.

There is some physicality
of having to be there,

actually having to abstain
from your normal life,

and that's very powerful.

This space of the action
is also this great opportunity

to have no one
imposing structures on us.

And this is really
not asking permission and unapologetic,

because we're not sorry.

An entire school
does not have any confidence

in your ability to lead The Cooper Union.

If people have no confidence,
it means that no,

you're not going to be able
to regain that trust,

because there's none left.

You know,
it's a little simplistic to say that,

"You don't do this, and you don't do that."

I'm on the board.
I was firmly for no tuition.

The numbers are what they are.

However they got there,
that's where they are now.

No!

Can I finish?

You need to go. You're so rude.

I would like
the tone of this whole

discussion to cool down a little bit.

It's pretty clear, I think, to all of us

that this moment is different
than anything that's come before.

We haven't been to this point. All right?

And I think we need to let go
of some of the old dialogue,

because we're in a new place right now.

What we need to do, quite simply,
is realize this moment in the country,

with a trillion dollars in student debt,

with all the models of higher education
as a business, it's failing.

This is a moment for this school

to be the vision
of what education can be in this country,

just as it was the vision 150 years ago.

It was part of a radical capitalist vision.

It is rooted in a turn-of-the-century idea
about humanity, and it's an idea

that I think is incredibly contemporary
and incredibly urgent. All right?

To effectively lead us,

you need to realize the moment
you're in and the position you're in.

It is a historic position,
it is a historic moment.

This is a big step
that you came here to meet with us,

but we need a leap, not a gamble.

Universities are clearly
at a crisis point.

We've had runaway cost inflation.

This is not what either the kids
or the parents signed up for.

For yea rs,
we've been saying college

is a great investment no matter what.

And now people are starting to
ask really, really tough questions

about the role that colleges play
in American society,

the authority that they have,
their moral high ground.

Moody's is saying that
college might not be worth the cost.

The rating agency says the high cost
of college plus growing public doubts

about the value of a bachelor's degree
has caused it to revise down its outlook

on the entire higher education sector
to negative.

There's going to be a collapse.

One way or another,
there's going to be a crisis.

It gets to the point
where the price of a degree is so high

that people just don't want
to pay for it anymore.

This is not
what most colleges want to talk about.

They want to pretend

the education is something
that's completely non-financial.

It's an end in itself.

These are very noble ideals,
but they don't make sense

when people are taking on
$100-200,000 in student debt.

I don't think you'll find a more
fervent believer in the liberal arts

than the guy holding the
microphone in front of you today.

When you start college, that's the time
to discover what you love to do.

It might be theater and biology.
It might be neuroscience and religion.

Whatever it is, now's the time

when you have
the chance to experiment,

when you have the chance
to open yourself up to new things,

when you can discover who you
are and who you might become.

Yes, sir?

What you just said is
terrifically exciting.

Reminds me of going back
to when I went to school.

But the truth is

many of us in this room are about to
lay out a whole lot of money to you.

- Tell me one thing.
- Yes.

Is my daughter going to have a job

and she's not going to come back
home after it's done?

"Is your daughter gonna have a
job and not come back home?"

Uh, I can't tell you that,

although the time to be defensive
about education is not now.

This is the time to be aggressive
about a broadly-based,

intensely-personal and
intensively-practical form of education,

whatever school you go to.

And it is expensive.

I know.
I don't have to tell you parents here.

We're definitely ensconced in this view

that there's only one way
to go to college.

And that's, you know,
the four-year private school

where your kids live in dorms
with their friends

and have all their meals taken care of
and someone cleaning the bathroom.

I'm amply stressed
about the college search to come.

If you look directly that way,

that is the new One World Trade
building that they're building.

All the parents
I know, they're like

their kids' college search managers.

So, welcome to
the Bobst Library, everyone.

As you can see,
it's a very massive building.

Altogether there are
about nine libraries in the NYU family

and about six million volumes as well.

I want this for my kids.

It's just too bad it costs $60,000 a year,

and it really does cost $60,000 a year.

And this is the main building for
student life here on the NYU campus.

We have two athletic facilities
for you to go to.

They do have, like, pools.
There's a rock climbing wall even in one.

There's a squash court in one.
So if you're really into fitness...

It takes a real shift
to consider something different,

when our kids are on this
path towards a college degree.

Going to college
has become a way

to avoid thinking about the future.

"What are you going
to do with your life?"

"I don't know.
I'm just going to get another degree."

And instead of getting one credential
after another on some sort of track,

I think it's very important
to think hard about,

"if you didn't go to college,
what would you do instead?"

Peter Thiel, the man
who founded PayPal, funded Facebook,

is offering 24 college students $100,000

if they drop out of school
and start their own business.

When you think of hacking,

the first thing people think of
ls literally hacking a computer.

Hacking your education
is really finding an alternative.

I might go to college, I might not.

So that's why I'm here right now.

If you wanna challenge yourself
not to go college,

or if you wanna challenge yourself
to go to college

and get the most out of college,

you have to reflect
on what it is you're buying

and what it is your parents are buying.

The idea that you're going to go to
keg parties for four years sounds cool,

but when you think about
what parents pay for,

really what they're paying for
is for you to not be left behind

in the information economy, right?

People say to me all the time,

"Dale, aren't you ruining people's lives

"by encouraging them
to take a risk and not go to college?"

I think it's much riskier to go to college

and take on $20,000 of debt per year

and then have miserable job
prospects when you get out

and to have to start repaying that debt.

That seems like a really high risk to me.

When you look at higher education,
what you realize is what you're paying for

is this mythical, large bundle of things
that you're supposed to get.

So I'm here to give you a framework

to look at what types of services
you could be accessing

that could either supplement
or kind of replace going to college.

So I've unbundled college
into three parts.

The first is engaging with
content you're supposed to learn.

So it could be through a lecture,
transferring content to you.

Then there's an affiliate network.

Enduring relationships with people

that are going to took out for you,

that are going to help you
find opportunities.

And the third
is a credential of accepted value,

which is literally a piece of paper

that certifies that you have met
some minimum level of competency.

When I went to school,
there was no way to access the services

that higher education provided easily
and freely or cheaply on the Internet.

And it turns out,
well, now you kind of can.

What do you see, you know, in a world

in which degrees don't matter so much,

but where people say,
"Hey, I'm a dropout, but..."

I mean, not that you're going
to phrase it that way.

I won't necessarily say first off
that I've dropped out of school,

but they'll look at it and they'll say,
"So you have experience."

Since I was paying for college myself,
I realized pretty early on

it's too expensive for me
to find myself in college.

I need work experience,
I need life experience,

I need to get out of college
and actually start my own path.

There's, like,
4,000 schools right now.

In a couple of years,

that whole number
is going to get depleted,

and the only colleges that are really
going to matter in the future

are going to be
the prestigious Ivy League colleges

that have made a name for themselves.

My mom didn't go to college,

but my dad, he is definitely a person

who's benefitted well from college.

They thought I was crazy.

They were like, "What is this?

"A whole bunch of kids
coming to San Francisco

"who all don't want to go to college?"

They thought it was more like a cult.

A friend of mine told me,

"There's this Education Hackerhouse,

"and you have to meet the people,"

because I was also
into the future of education.

I had no idea there was
this whole community of people

that were passionate about the future
of knowledge and learning.

We've had hackers come in and sleep
on bunk beds working on their apps.

We've had meetups in the backyard.

We've had a variety of startups
working out of this house.

And it's a community
of people that believes that

we don't need to rely
on traditional schools or institutions.

There's no longer
a great value proposition

in paying 200K for a degree,

particularly when
you're not at an Ivy League school.

I didn't want to go to college because of
the cost in terms of time and money,

and I thought that this would be
an excellent place

to kind of get the college equivalent,

because I get the academics

living with startup entrepreneurs
and living with tech people.

It forces me to grow up,

because you have to
do your own dishes,

you have to cook for yourself,

you have to deal with rent,
all that kind of stuff.

In Silicon Valley,

we don't care about
accolades or experience, even.

We care about skills.

As, you know, things progress,
degrees will matter less and less.

You shouldn't have to have 200K
or have 200K of debt

in order to learn a lot,
be really talented,

and then show the world
what your skills are capable of doing.

I dropped
out of college to start

working on Facebook full time out here.

Um, I later talked to my mom about it,

and she told me that she knew that
I was going to drop out of college.

There are a lot of
very successful entrepreneurs,

there are multi-millionaires,

we've had billionaires
that didn't go to college.

In fact, I'd say today,
given the Internet

and the ease with which
you can become self-educated,

there's more reasons
than ever not to have to go.

Truthfully, that's very bad advice,

because those people
were all exceptions to the rule.

They made it in spite
of a system and apparatus

that said they wouldn't.

The safest bet, by far,
is to go to college.

The Thiel Fellowship is focused on,

um, a small subset of people

who, I think, will do fantastic
even without a college credential.

I think it is a much
more difficult question

what one does for people from, uh,

average backgrounds,
less-advantaged backgrounds.

I don't have answers for it.

Many intellectuals are saying that

it would be better
if some people don't go to college at all.

I think that's an assault on democracy,

and it's an attempt
to keep people in their place

and reinforce social inequality.

Education should foster social mobility

and the possibility of equality.

You have to be crazy
to intentionally not get a college degree

if you have a choice today.

And if the college education
is really a college education

and not just training
in one particular little field,

you learn how to learn.

So that can actually open up new things
in your life long after college.

Part of our responsibility as educators

is actually to help inspire students
to connect with problems in the world,

because we're leaving them
with a lot of problems,

and I think they know that actually,
and they want to engage.

We have three demands,

that Jamshed steps down as president,

that the board and the administration

publicly affirm the mission statement,
including free tuition,

and the third
is to have more democratic governance.

Now I know this has been a difficult time

for The Cooper Union community.

There is anger,

there is disappointment
over the tuition issue.

But the debate you're having really isn't
about whether education is free.

It's really a debate about who can,
and who is, willing to pay for it.

There's nothing really free in life.

Please join me in welcoming

the President of The Cooper Union,
Jamshed Bharucha.

It is with awe and humility

that I stand before you
to honor our students.

To our graduating students,
congratulations.

You have distinguished
yourselves beyond imagination.

Fellow graduates,

I would like you all to assist me, please,

in filling this hall with our voices.

Mic check.

Mic check!

Mic check!

Mic check!

Hope.

Hope!

Hope is everything.

Hope is everything!

To do a dull thing with hope...

To do a dull thing with hope...

will never be preferable...

will never be preferable...

to doing a dangerous thing with hope.

To doing
a dangerous thing with hope.

There is a change coming.

There has to be a change coming.

The four-year undergraduate

residential experience
is the gold standard.

Small classes, lots of intimate contact.

How do we create as close to that ideal

as we can while reducing cost?

Technology has to be
part of that solution, a big part of it.

Some people,

including the President
of Stanford University

who uses the metaphor of a tsunami,

believe that MOOCs,
"Massive Open Online Courses,"

are going to transform
American higher education,

and indeed higher education
around the world, beyond recognition

and sweep away

everything that we associate
with colleges like this one.

The MOOC revolution began when

Daphne Koller,
my colleague in computer science,

had come to me a number of years ago.

She talked about a way
of teaching differently

with online technology.

Then she recruited Sebastian Thrun
to try some experiments.

Welcome to the online

introduction to artificial intelligence.

My name is Sebastian Thrun.

We're teaching this class at Stanford,

and now we're teaching it online
for the entire world.

We're really excited about this.

Sebastian said,
"Well, let's open this course

"to everybody in the world."

There was a bit of chaos,
I must say, um,

but there was also some real excitement,

particularly when
hundreds of thousands of students, uh,

started initially indicating interest.

We had an opportunity

to really change the access that

hundreds of thousands
or even millions of people had

to an education that they would never

otherwise have been able to get.

There's a red pill and a blue pill.

And you can take the blue pill

and go back to your classroom
and lecture your 20 students.

But We taken the red pill,

and I've seen Wonderland.

Having done this,
I can't teach at Stanford again.

These professors who took part
in the first round of MOOCs

left Stanford to start their own

venture capital-funded startups.

Their rival on the East Coast is edX,
which is coming out of MIT and Harvard.

CS50x,
one of Harvard's first courses

involved in the edX initiative

debuted this past Monday.

Turns out we had a few more, uh,
students show up on Monday

than we initially expected.

CS50x has 100,000 people
following along at home.

All of these
platforms are using short videos,

interactive questions,
and online chat sessions,

even robe-grading, to translate courses

that were created
at the world's top universities

into versions that can
and are being taken by millions of people

all around the globe absolutely for free.

One of the reasons we're
experimenting with online education

is to see if the technology
can actually increase access

to high-quality education.

I don't know what people wilt learn.

That's the most important question.

For me, this is an interactive
medium that empowers the students,

just very much like a video game.

So we ask the question,

"ls there a different way to teach

"that enables students to find out

"by themselves how to solve problems?"

Let me come
back to one piece of this code

that needs a little more explanation,
and that's this kernel call.

Here's the name of
the kernel call square.

The way that I'm teaching
is very different

when I'm doing it under the camera

As opposed to in the classroom.

Most of what they see is hands,

and hands evidently
humanize it for the students

more than if they were
just looking at Whiteboards.

But that is literally
all they're going to see.

So as far as they know, I'm a robot.

We're certainly, um...

I guess we are controversial,

because we take the focus
away from the professor

and put the focus back on the student.

Does it really
make sense to have 500 professors

in 500 different universities

each teach students
in a very similar way,

or do you take
the rock star and put him here,

and you let him spend
10 times as much time? You know,

maybe that rock star could do
a little bit better job for these students.

Argh! I blew it on the last sentence.

Okay, try that again. For instance...

The students
united will never be divided!

What is happening to higher
education is not good for America,

and it's not good for the young people.

This huge cost structure
that is part of the marketization

of so many things in our society,

where does it get out of hand?
I think it's getting out of hand right now.

I don't want to see tuition go up,

but I don't know that I can convince
my colleagues here at the state capitol

to provide more money.

So we have to look at ways
of changing the design.

In 2012,
I get this email message saying,

"Hey, my name is Governor Brown.
We should talk."

I was reading
the New York Times on Sunday,

and I saw his name, found his email.
I emailed him.

He called me back very soon thereafter.

We spent about an hour on the phone,

and Governor Brown explained to me,

"Look, you've been focused on

"bringing this extremely high-end
Stanford-level education to the world.

"But realize, the disaster
in California is not that.

"It's really the lower level
where lots of kids are left behind."

From the beginning,
California's been a place of

pioneers and scoundrels
and bold people.

The California State University
System is a part of that lineage.

California pioneered the best

public education system in the world.

They saw higher
education as the ticket

to a better life for people in California

and to a better economy.

And when you think about

what California has contributed
to the American economy,

you can trace so much of it back

To its higher education system.

It was a tiered system
with the community colleges,

the state colleges,

and the great research universities.

A system that virtually
guaranteed college education

to every high school graduate
in the state of California.

The vision of Clark Kerr
would provide instruction at all levels,

and students could move
upward through it.

California prospers in large part

to the extent that it provides ready
opportunity for all of its citizens

to secure education appropriate
to their interests and abilities.

The California system is still
a model for the rest of the nation.

The problem now is that
as the state has pulled back

on its financial commitment
to those systems,

the ideal there is really under threat.

Only 16% of the students
at Cal State get out in four years,

and the longer you stay,
the more you spend.

So this is a big huge problem

with student debt
approaching a trillion dollars.

Our students
are very hard-working.

Many of them
are first-generation to college,

And more than 50% of our students
need to take remedial courses.

But with the increasing budget cuts,

we're unable to offer
remedial math both semesters.

My goal as the provost
was to do some pilot testing.

San Jose could be a living laboratory
of students to test MOOC material.

Today San Jose State will sign

a partnership agreement with Udacity.

Our aim, to focus like a laser on
entry-level classes for college credit.

That's the key, it's for college credit.

My colleagues were shocked

San Jose State wanted to be involved

at all in anything at all like Udacity.

We're licensing our education to

a for-profit outside vendor
that's a startup.

I wouldn't hire a startup do a
bathroom remodel in my house.

What's happening in California

is crisis management tactics.

Public funding is drying up,

so they need to offer
more courses for less money,

and putting a class on the Internet
seems like the easiest way.

But whether or not
it's the best way and whether or not

people who are standing to profit
should be making this decision,

I haven't heard
much honest conversation about that.

We're giving taxpayer money
to private business.

We're ready for the first question.

We haven't...
We can't disclose the amount. I'm sorry.

I mean, if we're going to spend money,
why give it to Udacity?

Why not just hire people
to teach the classes?

The idea of a public college

that is publicly-funded and is accessible

is under attack.

So we're really creating hierarchies,

Where the students who can afford it
work with teachers,

have one-on-one face-time with faculty,

and students who can't afford it

will go on YouTube.

The results, uh, for the first Udacity
courses are, I think, profound.

The data is outrageous.

The pass rate in Elementary
Statistics from Udacity, 50.5%.

College Algebra, 25.4%.

Entry Level Math, 23.8%.

I mean, that is downright scary.

What we want is a silver bullet.

What we want is a magic pill.

Well, there isn't, unfortunately.

And it's certainly not Udacity.

Oops! We blew it!
They didn't learn the material.

They couldn't succeed
in the next-level classes.

Oh, well!

Retention rates and pass rates
in online courses

are lower than
in face-to-face just because

you can bring a horse to water
but you can't make them drink.

So by the same token,
students have to have

that, um, discipline,
motivation and persistence.

Right. But you could
also say that you have to have a teacher

- to bring those qualities out...
- Yes.

- ...and to coach them.
- Mmm.

And we did
attempt to do that with online mentors.

You'll be seeing
a lot of our hands throughout the course,

but we thought we would
show you our faces too

so you can get to know us better.

The students who
need the most attention,

who are least confident
about their abilities as learners,

there's a lot of evidence
that those students

don't learn very much from MOOCs.

So I'm not quite prepared to give up

on the California vision of Clark Kerr

and turn it over
to the Silicon Valley and say,

"Onward and upward
and rescue us from this morass."

I have so much work to do.

CS50 this week is stupid.

What is it?

You ever heard of E-Trade? It's that.

Oh, that stock thing?

We have to build it. E-Trade.

I'm sitting there like,
"All right, this is just too much."

I started to wonder,
"Am I going to be able to finish?

"Am I going to be able to do this?"

I just have to leverage what I have

and not be so self-conscious about

the things that I'm not good at,

because you already have,
you know, 10 people in your class

that you can connect with
and work with and collaborate with.

I mean, look at this.

This is a computer science class

that could be entirely taught online,
and is, to a large extent,

but still look at how many people
are in this dining hall who need help.

They need help in person.
That's why they're here.

Mmm-hmm.

Um, could you walk me through that?
I don't know what that means.

Okay, so when you see square brackets,

that usually means an array.

Oh, like how after that
I have "comma session lD"

there should be more commas?

So by doing this,

this wards off one of those attacks

we started talking about briefly,

a SQL injection attack.

Students require
constant engagement on my part,

on the teaching staff's part.

Most of us are up
at all hours of the night.

We have pretty much 24/7 coverage.

Students can ask questions
almost any hour

and get answers within minutes.

So you're on the right track,
and I'm really just proposing that

you comment this out temporarily,

just to at least get
the whole thing working,

and then you can
plug in the additional data that you need.

You can't, at least right now,

just replace a teacher
with an automaton,

with some kind of robot
or talking head on a screen.

Nothing beats person-to-person contact.

- See, there you go. That was the issue.
- Oh.

The human experience
has a magic about it,

and this is not replicable.

We're not going
to replace that kind of learning,

students working together on projects
that involve being there physically.

So how do we put
these things together,

the face-to-face
and the opportunities of the online,

and how can we come up
with hybrid models?

Community
colleges are the most flexible

institutions we have.

They are the most open
to alternative curriculums,

because they've always
had to scramble to educate

the less-advantaged kids in America.

What we need to accomplish today

is to take a look
at these lectures from edX.

And so if you
have any questions or problems,

today is the day to kind of address those.

The model here is
to teach flipped classroom.

And what that means
is to have the lecture content

be outside of the class.

Students have an
MIT professor doing video lectures,

and they watch that at home.

When they've completed a lecture,
they come in here,

they work in small groups,
they talk to each other,

they're encouraged to help each other,
using more hands-on,

using lots more problem solving skills
and critical thinking.

The character function will call up
any character that has an ASCII value.

I guess my method to do that
was maybe a little bit different.

By doing flipped classroom,
eliminating the large lecture,

there's an opportunity

for the faculty member
now to spend their time

helping those students
who are struggling.

Are you testing it now,
making sure it's working?

Okay, good.

How are we doing over here?

We have to do something
to keep students engaged,

for them to learn. This is our job.
This is what we're here for.

We're in an experimental mode.

We have no choice but to go very fast.

Experimentation
will produce success and failure,

and we need to learn to live with that,

because technology is the hope for
many young people who otherwise

won't be able to afford
the education they need.

I think there's
a tendency to romanticize

the top-tier Ivy League schools.

I think what is more
important is to have the...

The personal will to follow through
on one's ideas and to spend

their time to actually be impassioned
about the things that they're working on.

I feel that that is a much more important,

um, dialogue to have with yourself.

This is where
I spent a decent amount of my life.

It was like one of the toughest
neighborhoods in Cleveland.

It's been tough this semester.

I'm not doing particularly well

in any of my classes,
and I start to question,

"Maybe I'm not cut out to be here."

And I just have
to slap myself back to reality, like,

"Wait, dawg, you're doing

"everything in your power to do well."

And, like, if I dropped out of Harvard,
I'm back where I started.

I haven't actually bettered myself at all.
I want to better myself.

I look at you as a young man, and I say,

"You know, he could
have been a drug addict.

"He could have ran the streets.

"He could have been a hoodlum."

But you wanted to
make something out of life,

- and that's what I'm so proud of.
- Mmm-hmm.

They're gonna look at you and say,

"He's from Ohio, he's from Cleveland,

"and he was in college
trying to make something out of himself."

But you've got a lot of people
out there try to discourage you.

But you can't let that happen.

It's a shame that, like,

kids don't realize that,
so they can position theyselves

to take advantage
of all these opportunities,

because, I mean, there's just so much.

All right, I'll see you later.

- Okay, hon, we love you, hon.
- Love you, too.

As a kid, you had
all these wild fantasies

and dreams about what you wanted to
do when you got older.

But what people consider a normal fife

where I come from is to leave school

and go get a job in a factory.

They get caught in the cycle of poverty,

caught in that ghetto, almost.

That's like the fife to you.

You don't know anything better.

College is the place where you figure out

that there's something better.

It's finally over.
I survived the challenge that is CS50!

Yeah, it's just I wanted to do more.
I had this big goal...

The more campuses one visits,

the more one discovers that the
diversity of America's college students

is mind-boggling.

And everywhere I go, I meet students

who give me hope
for the future of our country.

It has been and will
continue to be a challenge

to keep the doors of college open

to provide the best possible education
to as many people as possible.

Not everybody's going to want it.

Not everybody will be able to take
good advantage of more education.

But let's not assume
that college has outlived its usefulness.

Let's not assume that it's inevitable

that public support for institutions

of higher learning
has to just continue to decline.

There are other choices
that can be made.

I mean, what kind
of a society do we want to be?

We should tap into
the idealism of young people

and provoke students
to think for themselves,

to think critically
about the way society is put together.

America has been
all about critical thinking.

That's how we became America.

I support the occupation!

I support the occupation!

I support the mission statement!

I support
the mission statement!

And I support the notion of free

and accessible education for all!

This was one of the longest
student occupations

in American history.

Everyone I know has given
so much of their time

and their energies
trying to save our school.

It is very tiring,
and it feels very much uphill.

There's so much other work
that needs to be done.

In favor.

It's really tragic
that the only resolution

they could think of is to charge tuition,

but I think the tuition announcement
was not the end of an era.

It was actually
the beginning of a campaign.

It might take a tong time to see
the world that we want to live in.

But anytime someone says,
"You can't do that,"

a little trigger goes off in my head,
and I'm like,

"But you can."