Original subtitles

(theme music)

(glass shattering)

(air whooshing)

(bright digital chiming)

- [Narrator] Yeah, there's a good boy.

(thunderstorm crashing)

Right. (water dripping)

(dramatic music echoing)

(static crackling)

- [Speaker] Hello?

(indistinct radio chatter)

- [Speaker] Can you hear me?

("Runnin' Wild," from "Some Like It Hot")

♪ Runnin' wild lost control ♪

♪ Runnin' wild mighty bold ♪

♪ Feelin' gay reckless too ♪

♪ Care free mind all the time never blue ♪

♪ Always goin' don't know where ♪

♪ Always showin' I don't care ♪

♪ Don't love nobody it's not worth while ♪

♪ All alone ♪

♪ Runnin' wild ♪

- [Witness #1] And here we see these lights

coming directly toward us. (pulsing tense music begins)

- [Narrator] If you're like me,

you pay attention to the news.

I enjoy being informed.

And so if you're like me,

you cannot help but notice the prevalence,

and indeed the frequency

of stories about UFOs.

(pulsing tense music continues)

(pulsing tense music continues)

- There's a whole fleet of 'em. Look on the ASA.

My gosh...

They're all going against the wind.

The wind's 120 knots out of the west.

Look at that thing, dude!

Whoa! Got it!

(indistinct radio chatter)

- [Witness #2] Uhmm... And we, we saw 'em

coming out of Estrella Mountains,

these red lights that appeared to be one aircraft.

And instead of driving away from it,

I started to drive towards it.

That was my instinct, to drive towards it.

But as we got closer,

we realized it was not just one aircraft.

It was multiple aircrafts flying in a V formation.

- [Narrator] I'd say over the past year

there's been countless stories

of government acknowledging

people taking responsibility, like important people.

2021, the Pentagon released a report on UAP.

The term is preferred to UFO

by much of the extraterrestrial community,

which found more than 140 instances of UAP encounters

that could not be explained.

The report followed a leak of military footage,

showed apparently inexplicable happenings in the sky

when Navy pilots testified that they had frequently

had encounters with strange craft

off the US coast. So...

Today, we are joined by Clive Christopher.

- [Movie Quote] You stay here as long as you like.

("I Wanna Be Loved by You," instrumental)

- [Announcer] Jack may have beaten Tony to the sugar,

but not for long.

- You're not giving yourself a chance. Don't fight it.

Relax...

- [Narrator] John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe

had a rumored relationship in the early sixties.

While some reports suggest (gentle acoustic guitar)

that they had a romantic involvement,

others suggest that they were simply acquaintances.

The exact details and extent of their relationship

remain unclear and have been a subject

of much speculation and debate.

It's important to note that due to the passage of time

and lack of concrete evidence,

the true nature of their relationship

may never be definitively known.

The rumored relationship between JFK

and Marilyn Monroe had several impacts.

First, it increased public fascination with both individuals

drawing significant media attention.

It also added to the intrigue

and mystique surrounding their lives.

It's believed that after the Camp David meeting,

President Kennedy shared some of those details

between him and former President Eisenhower

with Marilyn Monroe.

The biggest topic that JFK supposedly discussed

with Marilyn Monroe is the Alien Treaty

that was signed under the Eisenhower administration

and that the United States was secretly working

with extraterrestrials in exchange for knowledge

and technology to defeat the Soviet Union.

It's also rumored that Marilyn Monroe gave President Kennedy

the idea to work with the Soviet Union,

forming a joint space exploration missions

and sharing the information that is learned,

developing communications amongst one another.

It is important to note

that the lasting impact of their rumored relationship,

it's somewhat subjective and difficult to measure precisely.

While it has undoubtedly

contributed to their respective legacy,

the significance and ramifications may vary

depending on various interpretations and personal beliefs.

In June of 1961, President John F. Kennedy

had a historic meeting (jet soaring)

with Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, in Vienna, Austria.

The meeting took place from June 3rd to June 4th

and is often referred to as, "The Vienna Summit."

- [News Broadcaster] Night of Vienna

in the spring of 1961 (patriotic music begins)

is that of an historic city fully recovered

from the ravages of World War II.

The capital of Austria,

whose independence and neutrality was guaranteed

by the great powers in the Austrian State Treaty of 1955.

Now, in the spring of 1961,

Vienna offered its hospitality

for a personal meeting between two world leaders

against a background of historic landmarks.

(patriotic music continues)

This was the scene at Vienna's airport

when President Kennedy's plane arrived

on the morning of Saturday June 3rd.

The world beset by problems of Berlin and Laos,

nuclear testing and disarmament, looked to Vienna

as the president of the United States arrived,

greeted by Austrian President, Adolf Schärf,

and Chancellor Alfons Gorbach.

President Kennedy himself described his mission to Vienna.

- I went to Vienna to meet the leader

of the Soviet Union, Mr. Khrushchev.

For two days we met in Soba, intensive conversation.

Mr. Khrushchev and I

had a very full and frank exchange of views

on the major issues that now divide our two countries.

I wanted to present our views to him directly,

precisely, realistically,

and with an opportunity for discussion and clarification.

This was done.

- [News Broadcaster] As President Kennedy said

in his report, this was not a summit meeting,

but rather an informal exchange of views

and a way of keeping open the channels of communication

between the United States and the Soviet Union.

One topic of discussion was the serious situation in Laos,

of increasing concern to the peoples of the world.

By its actions, the Soviet Union would have to show

whether it supported a satisfactory settlement in Laos,

where communist-backed factions were continuing hostilities

against the royal government.

President Kennedy reported a measure of agreement

in Vienna. (music fades)

- Both sides endorsed the concept

of a neutral and independent Laos,

much in the manner of Burma or Cambodia.

And of critical importance

to the current conference on Laos and Geneva,

both sides recognize the importance

of an effective cease fire. (patriotic music begins)

- [News Broadcaster] The second meeting

was held at the Soviet Embassy.

President Kennedy expressed America's desire

for effective nuclear test controls

and a disarmament agreement.

Mr. Khrushchev's insistence on a Soviet veto over controls

and on having disarmorment precede inspection

led Mr. Kennedy to express his disappointment.

- In short, our hopes for an end to nuclear tests,

for an end to the spread of nuclear weapons,

and for some slowing down of the arms race,

have been struck a serious blow.

But our most somber talks

were on the subjects of Germany and Berlin.

I made it clear to Mr. Khrushchev

that the security of Western Europe,

and therefore our own security,

are deeply involved in our presence

and our access rights to West Berlin,

that those rights are based on law, not on sufferance.

And that we are determined

to maintain those rights at any risk

and thus meet our obligation to the people of West Berlin

and their right to choose their own future.

- [News Broadcaster] President Kennedy himself

to the balance of his 2-day meeting

with Chairman Khrushchev. (music fades)

- I will tell you now that it was a very sober two days.

There was no discourtesy,

no loss of tempers, no threats,

or ultimatums by either side.

No advantage or concession was either gained or given.

No major decision was either planned or taken.

No spectacular progress was either achieved

or pretended. (instrumental jazz music)

- [Narrator] The Vienna Summit was significant

as it was the first meeting between Kennedy and Khrushchev

after Kennedy's election as president of the United States.

The main purpose of this meeting

was to improve relations between the two superpowers

and address various Cold War issues.

During the talks,

Kennedy and Khrushchev discussed various critical topics,

including the situation in Berlin,

nuclear weapons testings,

and the overall state of the United States

and Soviet relations.

One of the significant points of contention

was the divided city of Berlin,

which was the focal point of tensions

between the United States and the Soviet Union at this time.

Despite some optimistic discussions,

the Vienna Summit did not yield significant agreements

or concrete resolution.

Khrushchev took a tough stance

and tried to exert pressure on Kennedy,

perceiving him as inexperienced and weak.

The meeting ended with no major breakthroughs

and tensions between the two nations

remained high in the following months.

The Vienna Summit did serve as an important opportunity

for both leaders to gain insight

into each other's positions,

personalities, and negotiating styles.

It laid the groundwork for future interactions

and set the stage for subsequent events of the Cold War,

such as the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

Overall,

the Vienna Summit marked a critical point

in the United States and Soviet relationship

during the early sixties,

shaping the dynamics and stakes of the Cold War.

During the Summit, Nikita Khrushchev

presented several specific demands

regarding Berlin to President Kennedy.

Khrushchev sought to exert more control over West Berlin,

which was under the administration of the United States,

the United Kingdom and France.

Some of his key demands included...

He proposed that the Soviet Union

and East Germany sign a peace treaty,

which would effectively end the presence

of Western powers in West Berlin.

This move would've given the Soviet Union

greater influence and control over the entire city.

The Soviet leader

wanted West Germany and its Western allies

to formally recognize East Germany

as a separate and sovereign state.

By doing so, he aimed to legitimize East Germany's authority

and undermined the position of West Germany

and its Western allies in Berlin.

Khrushchev demanded that Western powers

allow the Soviet Union and East Germany

to have more control over access routes to West Berlin.

He sought to limit the freedom of movement

and increase restrictions on the Western access to the city,

potentially making it more difficult for residents,

diplomats, and supplies to reach West Berlin.

He also called for the withdrawal

of Western military forces from West Berlin.

It's important to note that these demands

were a part of Khrushchev's strategy

to put pressure on the United States and its Western allies

to influence the status and fate of Berlin.

Kennedy and the Western powers

did not agree to these demands

and tensions over Berlin escalated,

eventually leading to events such as the construction

of the Berlin Wall in 1961.

(patriotic music begins)

(bell clanging)

- [News Broadcaster] The Freedom Bell in West Berlin

tolls in sympathy for East Germans on the first anniversary

of the, "Wall of Shame," that holds them prisoners.

It was just a year ago that authorities in communist Germany

appalled at the numbers who were fleeing to the west,

threw up the wall.

East German Boss Ulbricht

cut worshipers from their churches,

separated parents from their children, but at the same time,

he unwittingly united Germany as never before.

On this anniversary, wreaths are placed

where people died jumping to freedom.

And at checkpoints, authorities are on the alert

to prevent outbreaks among West Berliners

who might seize on the anniversary

to vent their wrath on East German guards.

US patrols check a segment of the 95-mile long barrier.

There are brief memorial services led by Mayor Willy Brandt

in tribute to the scores who died seeking freedom.

The slogan of the day among the West Berliners

is marked on the cross, "We accuse."

They march along the wall,

a display of silent contempt for communist efforts

to imprison their friends and relatives.

At dusk, tensions erupt in a rock-throwing barrage.

The police have their hands full

and don't succeed in quieting the Westerners for some time,

the anniversary day of the Shameful Wall.

- [Narrator] The situation in Berlin

(music stops abruptly)

was a major point of contention

and a focal point of tensions between the United States

and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

At the time of the Vienna Summit in 1961,

Berlin was a divided city,

with the eastern part (somber music begins)

controlled by the Soviet-backed German Democratic Republic

and the western part

belonging to the Federal Republic of Germany,

which was supported by the United States and its allies.

West Berlin, in particular,

was seen as a symbol of the democratic and capitalist world

within a communist eastern Europe.

Khrushchev sought to pressure the United States

and its allies to grant the Soviet Union

more control over West Berlin.

He threatened to sign a separate peace treaty

with East Germany, which would effectively end the presence

of Western powers in West Berlin and potentially,

lead to the division of the city under Soviet control.

During the Vienna summit discussions,

Kennedy expressed his commitment

to the defense and protection of West Berlin,

emphasizing the United States support

for the rights and freedom of its citizens.

- I am proud (audience cheering)

to come to this city

as the guest of your distinguished mayor

who has symbolized throughout the world

the fighting spirit of West Berlin.

And I'm proud... (audience cheering)

And I am proud to visit the Federal Republic

with your distinguished chancellor,

who for so many years

has committed Germany

to democracy and freedom and progress,

and to come here

in the company

of my fellow Americans

General Clay, who... (audience cheering)

who has been in this city

during its great moment of crisis,

and will come again if ever needed.

(audience applauding and cheering)

Two thousand years ago...

Two thousand years ago,

the proudest boast was,

"Civis Romanus sum."

Today,

in the world of freedom,

the proudest boast is,

"Ich bin ein Berliner."

(audience applauding and cheering)

I, uh... I... (crowd chanting)

I appreciate,

I appreciate my interpreter translating my German.

(audience cheering)

- [Narrator] Khrushchev remained firm in his demands

and attempted to test Kennedy's resolve.

The Berlin issue

highlighted the broader tensions and ideological differences

between the United States and the Soviet Union

during the Cold War.

It underscored the struggle

for influence and control in Europe,

with Berlin serving as a symbolic battleground.

Only a few months later, in August of 1961,

the Soviet Union began constructing the Berlin Wall,

physically dividing East and West Berlin

and furthering the tensions between the two superpowers.

The Berlin issue

was a paramount importance during the Vienna Summit,

as it represented a central point of contention

between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The discussions and lack of resolution

on the Berlin crisis at the Summit

ultimately had implications that that unfolded

with the construction of the Berlin Wall

and the ongoing geopolitical struggle of the Cold War.

- There are many people in the world

who really don't understand, or say they don't,

what is the great issue between the free world

and the communist world.

Let them come to Berlin! (crowd cheering)

(engine starting, door closing)

- [Narrator] The most significant UFO case

during this decade (soft eerie music begins)

took place less than a month

after the construction of the Berlin Wall

on September 19th, 1961.

(traffic wooshing)

(car horn honking)

A couple, known as the, "Hills,"

took a road trip to Montreal

and Niagara Falls.

On the trip back home,

Mrs. Hill noticed a bright light in the sky

just south of Lancaster while driving on US Route 3.

Initially, she thought she was observing a falling star,

but upon further investigation

it moved upward and erratically, and she even reported

that the light got bigger and brighter.

She then begged her husband

to stop the car for better observations

and to allow their dog on a bathroom break.

Mr. Hill began to slow down and stopped at a rest area

that's located south of Twin Mountain.

At this time, Mrs. Hill grabbed some binoculars

and what she observed was an unconventional craft

that was emitting multiple colors of light

as it traveled in front of the moon.

Mrs. Hill immediately thought

she was witnessing a flying saucer because her sister

had mentioned seeing one years earlier

and what she described matched this craft.

She then passes the binoculars to her husband

and he initially thought he was witnessing

a commercial airliner that was heading towards Montreal.

But then he quickly changed his mind,

because the craft made a quick and sudden turn

and started heading in their direction before descending.

The Hills got back in their car

and began to drive on the dark isolated road with caution.

As the object slowly moved towards them, Mrs. Hill stated

that the object was bigger than the granite cliff,

which was about 60 feet in length.

And the object also appeared to be rotating

as it moved erratically,

bouncing back and forth through the night sky.

About a mile south of a location

called, "Indian Head," the couple stated

that the craft quickly descended on their vehicle,

causing Mr. Hill to come to a dead stop on the highway.

They then watched the craft hover

above their 1957 Chevy Bel Air.

It sat about 80 feet from the ground and they stated

that it was big enough

to cover the entire windshield view of their car.

"It reminded me of a huge pancake," said Mr. Hill

as he walked away from his car

and towards the identified craft.

Using the binoculars, he said he observed

up to 11 unusual figures

that appeared to be looking directly at him.

He then said, "All of the occupants of the craft

began to move except one."

This single being continued to monitor Mr. Hill's actions

as it began to communicate with him, telling him not to move

and to continue looking in that same direction.

He noticed the beings were wearing black suits

with matching headgear.

Mr. Hill said this craft began to change its form

less than 300 feet from him and 60 feet off the ground

as it approached him and his wife.

The Hills made it to their home sometime around dawn,

when they both recognized

they had some strange sensations and impulses

they couldn't easily explain.

Their watches never worked again

and Mrs. Hill wanted the luggage to be kept at the back door

instead of the main section of the home.

Mr. Hill also stated that the strap

that was on the binoculars he was using was torn

and his favorite pair of dress shoes

were severely scratched.

The Hills then began to try to reconstruct the events

of what they witnessed the night prior on their way home.

They then quickly realized

that after hearing the sound of the UFO,

their memories lacked details of what happened afterwards.

Mrs. Hill noticed that the dress she had worn that night

was torn and had a pink substance on it as well.

She has no recollection of what took place

and caused her to rip her dress.

During a 6-hour interview conducted by Walter N. Webb of the

National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena,

the Hills reported everything that happened,

including having memory block

after the craft approached them.

Mr. Hill stated that there were some portions of the event

he wished he did not remember.

The final conclusion drawn out by Walter Webb

was that they were telling the truth and what occurred

probably happened exactly as they reported it,

with some minor uncertainties,

like the size of the craft and visibility.

This incident has been featured in many books and movies.

John F. Kennedy believed in the importance of maintaining

a balance of power during the Cold War era.

Despite tensions between the United States

and the Soviet Union,

Kennedy recognized the need for cooperation and dialogue

between the two superpowers

to prevent an escalation into nuclear war.

He saw potential for collaboration

in areas such as arm control,

space exploration,

and trade.

Kennedy's efforts were aimed at easing tensions

and fostering a more peaceful coexistence

between the two nations.

Kennedy implemented several strategies to ease tensions

and promote dialogue with the Soviet Union.

To ensure direct communication

and prevent misunderstandings,

Kennedy and Khrushchev established a direct hotline

between the White House and the Kremlin.

This allowed for quick communication during times of crisis

and helped diffuse political,

and helped diffuse potential conflicts.

Kennedy proposed cooperation

with the Soviet Union on space exploration,

which ultimately led to joint missions.

These collaborative endeavors

help promote a sense of shared goals

and scientific cooperation between the two nations.

Overall, Kennedy pursued a combination

of diplomatic negotiations, arms control agreements,

and cooperative ventures

to ease detention with the Soviet Union

and promote a more stable international environment.

- [Announcer] Mr. President,

Marilyn Monroe. (audience cheering)

- [Narrator] Marilyn Monroe famously sang,

"Happy Birthday, Mr. President," on May 19th, 1962

at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

♪ Happy birthday to you ♪

♪ Happy birthday to you ♪

♪ Happy birthday Mr. President ♪

♪ Happy birthday to you ♪

- [Narrator] This performance became iconic

and it's often associated with their supposed connection.

There have been various rumors

and speculation about a supposed event

in where President Kennedy took Marilyn Monroe

to an Air Force hangar.

It is important to note

that much of the information surrounding their relationship

and specific events they were involved in

can be speculative and based on unsubstantiated claims.

While it is known that President Kennedy

and Marilyn Monroe had a relationship,

details of specific events

may vary depending on the sources.

It is always advisable to approach such accounts

with a critical mindset and consider multiple perspectives.

After this hangar visit, these are known as,

"Monroe's Final Days." (soft eerie music begins)

On the set of Marilyn Monroe's last movie,

Monroe's involvement in the film faced some challenges.

(soft eerie music continues)

During the production of, "Something's Got To Give,"

Marilyn Monroe struggled with personal issues

and faced frequent absences from the set,

causing delays and production problems.

She was eventually fired from the movie

due to her unreliability and conflicts in the studio.

And it's also said

that one of the people that was on set of this movie

was a secret CIA agent.

(soft eerie music continues)

Despite the setbacks, Monroe was rehired after negotiations

and the movie was set to continue.

(soft eerie music continues)

(soft eerie music continues)

(soft eerie music continues)

(soft eerie music continues)

(soft eerie music continues)

Unfortunately, she tragically passed away

on August 5th, 1962 before the film could be completed.

Only about 30 minutes of footage was shot with Monroe.

Eventually, the movie was abandoned

and the project was never finished or released.

(soft eerie music continues)

The famous, "We Choose to go to the Moon," speech

was delivered by President John F. Kennedy

on September 12th, 1962 (audience cheering)

at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

- Mr. Vice President,

Governor,

Congressman Thomas,

Senator Wiley and Congressman Miller, Mr. Webb, Mr. Bell,

scientists, distinguished guests, and ladies and gentlemen,

I appreciate your president,

having made me an honorary visiting professor,

and I will assure you

that my first lecture will be very brief.

I am delighted to be here

and I'm particularly delighted to be here on this occasion.

We meet at a college (rhythmic music begins)

noted for knowledge,

in a city noted for progress, in a state noted for strength,

and we stand in need of all three,

for we meet in an hour of change and challenge,

in a decade of hope and fear,

in an age of both knowledge and ignorance.

The greater our knowledge increases,

the greater our ignorance unfolds.

Despite the striking fact

that most of the scientists that the world has ever known

are alive and working today,

despite the fact that this nation's own scientific manpower

is doubling every 12 years in a rate of growth

more than three times that of our population as a whole,

despite that,

the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered,

and the unfinished still far outstrip

our collective comprehension.

No man can fully grasp

how far and how fast we have come,

but condense, if you will,

the 50,000 years of man's recorded history

in a time span of but a half a century.

Stated in these terms,

we know very little about the first 40 years,

except at the end of them,

advanced men had learned to use

the skins of animals to cover them.

Then about 10 years ago, under this standard,

man emerged from his caves

to construct other kinds of shelter.

Only five years ago,

man learned to write and use a cart with wheels.

Christianity began less than two years ago.

The printing press came this year.

And then less than two months ago,

during this whole 50-year span of human history,

the steam engine provided a new source of power.

Newton explored the meaning of gravity.

Last month, electric lights and telephones

and automobiles and airplanes became available.

Only last week did we develop penicillin

and television and nuclear power.

And now if America's new spacecraft

succeeds in reaching Venus,

we will have literally reached the stars

before midnight tonight.

- [Narrator] This speech

marked a significant moment in history of space exploration

and set the United States on a path to reach the moon.

President Kennedy

expressed the importance of space exploration

and highlighted the challenges it presented.

He emphasized the need for the United States

to take the lead in this endeavor stating,

"We choose to go to the moon in this decade

and do the things not because they are easy,

but because they are hard."

- So it is not surprising that some would have us stay

where we are a little longer to rest, to wait,

but this city of Houston, this state of Texas,

this country of the United States

was not built by those who waited and rested

and wished to look behind them.

(audience applauding and cheering)

This country was conquered

by those who move forward and so will space.

William Bradford, speaking in 1630,

of the founding of the Plymouth Bay Colony

said that, "All great and honorable actions

are accompanied with great difficulties,

and both must be enterprised

and overcome with answerable courage."

If this capsule history of our progress teaches us anything,

it is that man and his quest for knowledge and progress

is determined and cannot be deterred.

The exploration of space will go ahead,

whether we join in it or not,

and it is one of the great adventures of all time.

And no nation,

which expects to be the leader of other nations,

can expect to stay behind in this race for space.

Those who came before us

made certain that this country rode the first waves

of the industrial revolution,

the first waves of modern invention,

and the first wave of nuclear power.

And this generation does not intend

to founder in the backwash of the coming age of space.

We mean to be a part of it, we mean to lead it.

- [Narrator] President Kennedy (audience applauding)

recognized the impact of the space race on the country

and stressed the importance of maintaining

American supremacy in technology and innovation.

He saw the exploration of space

as a symbol of American values and aspirations.

The speech outlined steps required for the United States

to reach the moon,

including the development of new spacecraft, rockets,

and the involvement of scientists, engineers and astronauts.

- For the eyes of the world now look into space

to the moon and to the planets beyond,

and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed

by a hostile flag of conquest,

but by a banner of freedom and peace.

We have vowed that we shall not see space

filled with weapons of mass destruction,

but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.

Yet the vows of this nation can only be fulfilled

if we in this nation are first

and therefore, we intend to be first.

(audience applauding)

In short,

our leadership in science and industry,

our hopes for peace and security,

our obligations to ourselves as well as others,

all require us to make this effort,

to solve these mysteries,

to solve them for the good of all men,

and to become the world's leading space-faring nation.

We set sail on this new sea

because there is new knowledge to be gained

and new rights to be won,

and they must be won and used

for the progress of all people.

For space science, like nuclear science and all technology,

has no conscience of its own.

Whether it will become a force

for good or ill depends on man.

And only if the United States

occupies a position of preeminence

can we help decide whether this new ocean

will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war.

I do not say that we should or will go unprotected

against the hostile misuse of space

any more than we go unprotected

against the hostile use of land or sea,

but I do say that space can be explored and mastered

without feeding the fires of war,

without repeating the mistakes that man has made

in extending his writ around this globe of ours.

There is no strife, no prejudice,

no national conflict in outer space as yet.

Its hazards are hostile to us all.

Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind,

and its opportunity

for peaceful cooperation may never come again.

"But why," some say, "the moon?"

"Why choose this as our goal?"

And they may well ask, "Why climb the highest mountain?"

"Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic?"

"Why does Rice play Texas?"

We choose to go to the moon!

We choose to go to the moon! (audience applauding)

We choose to go to the moon in this decade

and do the other things, not because they are easy,

but because they are hard.

Because that goal will serve to organize

and measure the best of our energies and skills.

Because that challenge is one that we're willing to accept,

one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win.

And the others too. (audience applauding)

- [Narrator] President Kennedy rallied support

for this ambitious goal,

urging the nation to support the significant financial

and resource investment required.

The, "We Choose to go to the Moon," speech

became a defining moment in American history

and inspired a generation of scientists,

engineers, and astronauts.

It signaled the United States commitment

to technological advancements

- Of a large scientific and engineering community.

During the next five years, the National Aeronautic

and Space Administration expects to double

the number of scientists and engineers in this area

to increase its outlays for salaries and expenses

to $60 million a year,

to invest some $200 million in plant

and laboratory facilities; and to direct or contract

for new space efforts over $1 billion

from this center in this city.

- [Narrator] It was a huge step towards the future

in becoming leaders in the space race.

However, lingering issues were on the horizon.

(military band music begins, then fades)

- Good evening, my fellow citizens.

This government has promised,

has maintained the closest surveillance

of the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba.

Within the past week,

unmistakable evidence has established the fact

that a series of offensive missile sites

is now in preparation on that imprisoned island.

The purpose of these bases can be none other

than to provide a nuclear strike capability

against the western hemisphere.

Only last Thursday, as evidence of this rapid,

offensive buildup was already in my hand,

Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko told me in my office

that he was instructed to make it clear once again,

as he said his government had already done,

that Soviet assistance to Cuba and I quote,

"Pursue solely the purpose

of contributing to the defense capabilities of Cuba,"

unquote. That, and I quote him,

"Training by Soviet specialists

of Cuba nationals in handling defensive armaments

was by no means offensive and if otherwise,"

Mr. Gromyko went on,

"the Soviet government would never become involved

in rendering such assistance," unquote.

That statement also was false.

Acting therefore in the defense of our own security

and of the entire Western hemisphere

and under the authority entrusted to me by the Constitution

as endorsed by the resolution of the Congress,

I have directed that the following

initial steps be taken immediately.

To halt this offensive buildup,

a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment

under shipment to Cuba is being initiated.

All ships of any kind bound to Cuba,

from whatever nation or port,

will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons,

be turned back. It shall be the policy of this nation

to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba

against any nation in the Western hemisphere

as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States

requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union.

I call upon Chairman Khrushchev to halt

and eliminate this clandestine,

reckless and provocative threat to world peace

and to stable relations between our two nations.

I call upon him further

to abandon this course of world domination

and to join in an historic epic

to end the perilous arms race

and to transform the history of man.

Our goal is not the victory of might,

but the vindication of right,

not peace at the expense of freedom,

but both peace and freedom

here in this hemisphere

and, we hope, around the world.

God willing, that goal will be achieved.

(pensive piano music begins)

- [Narrator] The Cuban Missile Crisis

was a major confrontation

between the United States, the Soviet Union,

and Cuba in October of 1962.

It was a tense period of about 13 days

where the world came close to nuclear war.

In 1961, the United States backed a failed invasion attempt

to overthrow Castro.

- [News Broadcaster] And authorities assembled thousands

in cities and villages for patriotic rallies.

As in the past, these rallies are designed to whip up heat

of what Castro calls, "Yankee imperialistic war mongers."

The suggestions that a UMT inspect missile sites.

Castro had said that there had better come ready for combat.

He went on to call President Kennedy a pirate

for setting up the quarantine.

- [Narrator] In 1962,

in response to the Bay of Pig's invasion,

it was discovered that the Soviet Union

had deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba

just 90 miles off the coast of Florida.

Kennedy's response

was a combination of diplomatic negotiations

and a military blockade of Cuba.

- [News Broadcaster] Not content

with Dr. Castro's oath of field,

not content with the destruction of Cuban independence,

not content with the extension of Soviet power

into the Western hemisphere.

- [Narrator] The missiles would've given the Soviet Union

the capability to strike major cities in the United States.

(pensive piano music continues)

U2 spy planes discovered the missile sites in Cuba.

The president, John F. Kennedy,

was informed of the existence

of the missiles the following day.

Instead of opting for immediate military action,

Kennedy pursued a diplomatic approach.

(pensive piano music continues)

Kennedy assembled a group of advisors called,

"The Executive Committee of the National Security Council,"

to discuss possible actions.

- [News Broadcaster] Meanwhile, the United States

continued to reinforce its Cuban base at Guantánamo Bay,

the naval depo that Castro wants the US to give up.

These Marines have been assigned the job

of protecting the base against any Cuban threats

that might arise during the present crisis.

They'll be on a 24-hour alert, a first line of defense.

- [Narrator] They debated several options,

including a military invasion

or an airstrike to destroy the missiles.

During this phone call, the subject at hand,

unidentified flying objects in Soviet airspace,

and wanting confirmation

from the United States president himself

that they were not US spy planes.

Soviets tracked and observed an unknown number

of unidentified flying objects in Soviet airspace.

Soviet personnel immediately assumed

that they were spy planes from the United States,

and its highly believed that they almost fired at them.

President Kennedy was on the call

and gave direct confirmation from the United States

that they were not in fact military vehicles

doing a reconnaissance mission.

The Soviet Union did not fire on these aircraft.

On October 22nd,

Kennedy announced a naval quarantine around Cuba

to prevent the Soviet weapons from reaching the island.

The US Navy blockaded Cuba

preventing Soviet ships from delivering more missiles.

Behind the scenes, secret negotiations took place

between Kennedy and Khrushchev.

There were moments of extreme tensions

with both sides exchanging strong messages.

- [News Broadcaster] In the greatest display

of hemisphere solidarity since World War II,

the organization of American states

unanimously endorses the actions of the United States

and many pledge arms and men to the cause.

- [Narrator] But eventually, an agreement was reached.

On October 28th through intense negotiation,

he reached an agreement with the Soviet leader

eventually leading to the removal

of Soviet missiles from Cuba

and American missiles from Turkey.

- [News Broadcaster] The US Resolution was firm

and strongly worded.

- Mr. President,

I am submitting today a resolution to the security council

designed to find a way out of this calamitous situation.

This resolution calls as an,

as an interim measure under Article 40 of the charter

for the immediate dismantling and withdrawal from Cuba

of all missile and other offensive weapons.

It further authorizes

and requests the Acting Secretary General

to dispatch to Cuba a United Nations observer call

to assure and report on compliance with this resolution.

Upon UN certification of compliance,

it calls for the termination of the measures of quarantine

against military shipments to Cuba.

And in conclusion,

it urgently recommends that the United States

and the Soviet Union confer promptly

on measures to remove the existing threat to the security

of the Western Hemisphere and the peace of the world,

and to report thereon to the Security Council.

- [Narrator] Khrushchev agreed

to dismantle the missile sites in Cuba

in exchange for a public pledge from the United States

not to invade Cuba,

and a secret agreement to remove US missiles in Turkey.

- [News Broadcaster] The vote is 20 to nothing,

with Cuba absent,

commending the US for its efforts

to bring about the dismantling of the missile bases.

The organization votes the use of armed force

to carry out the resolution

sponsored by Secretary of State Dean Rusk,

thus uniting all of the Americas in a common cause.

- [Narrator] The crisis

marked a turning point in the Cold War,

as both superpowers realized the dangers

of nuclear escalation.

It led to the establishment of a direct hotline

between Washington, D.C. and Moscow,

now known as the, "Red Telephone," to improve communication.

JFK successfully navigated the tense standoff

between the United States and the Soviet Union,

eventually reaching a peaceful resolution.

His leadership and diplomatic efforts

helped diffuse the crisis

and averted the potential catastrophe.

This was a defining moment in JFK's presidency

and a critical point in the Cold War relations.

The Cuban missile crisis is widely considered

the closest the world has come to nuclear war,

and it highlights the importance of diplomacy

and the communication in resolving conflicts.

- [News Broadcaster] A final chapter in the Cuban crisis

is brought to a close,

as President Kennedy holds a news conference

to announce that Soviet bombers on Cuban soil

would be withdrawn by Russia.

These are the planes that Castro claimed

he would not relinquish,

but Mr. Kennedy says that he has a pledge

right from the Kremlin.

- I have, today, been informed by Chairman Khrushchev

that all of the IL-28 bombers now in Cuba

will be withdrawn in 30 days.

He also agrees that these claims can be observed

and counted as they leave.

Inasmuch as this goes a long way

towards reducing the danger,

which faced this hemisphere four weeks ago,

I had this afternoon instructed the Secretary of Defense

to lift our naval quarantine.

We will not, of course, abandon the political, economic,

and other efforts of this hemisphere

to halt subversion from Cuba,

nor our purpose and hope that the Cuban people

shall someday be truly free.

But these policies are very different

from any intent to launch a military invasion of the island.

May I add this final thought.

In this week of Thanksgiving,

there is much for which we can be grateful

as we look back to where we stood only four weeks ago--

the unity of this hemisphere, the support of our allies,

and the calm determination of the American people.

These qualities may be tested many more times

in this decade, but we have increased reason to be confident

that those qualities will continue to serve

the cause of freedom with distinction in the years to come.

(pensive music begins)

- [Narrator] By 1963, the Soviet Union

had a genuine interest in UFO sightings,

as they were considered a potential threat

to national security.

The government and military saw these encounters

as possible evidence of advanced foreign aircraft

or espionage activities.

The Soviets established several research groups

to investigate UFO sightings.

The most notable organization

was, "The Scientific Technical Committee,"

which was responsible for studying anomalies in the sky,

including UFOs.

Multiple sightings were reported to

and investigated by this committee.

They were less open about UFO sightings

compared to some other countries.

Information regarding sightings

was generally not released to the public,

unless the government deemed it necessary.

UFO reports were closely guarded

to prevent panic or misinformation.

The Soviet Union aimed to approach UFO sightings

from a scientific perspective.

Investigators and scientists made efforts to collect data,

conduct interviews,

and analyze physical evidence when available.

They sought to identify natural or manmade explanations

and only considered extraterrestrial origins

as a last resort.

Similar to other countries during the Cold War era,

the Soviet Union had a practice

of classifying sensitive information.

UFO reports often fell into this category

due to national security concerns.

As a result, many documents related to UFO encounters

were not accessible to the general public.

It's worth noting that access to detailed information

about the Soviet Union's approach

to UFO sightings during the 1960s can be limited,

as many documents remain classified

or have not been widely shared.

President John F. Kennedy expressed his desire

to remove US military advisors from Vietnam,

and ultimately, end American involvement in the Vietnam War.

His efforts to ease tensions

and pursue a peaceful resolution to the Cold War

set important foundations for future presidents

in their pursuit of diplomatic solutions.

He worked towards a nuclear test ban treaty

with the Soviet Union, which eventually led to the signing

of the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963.

Kennedy signed this treaty with the Soviet Union

and the United Kingdom banning atmospheric nuclear testing.

This move was aimed at reducing nuclear tensions

and establishing trust between the two superpowers.

Dated 10 days prior to the death of President Kennedy,

the release of this memo came out in 2010

and its origins are not quite clear.

This appears to be a top secret document

that may have been typed up by President Kennedy

or someone with direct contact to him.

It's addressed to the Central Intelligence Agency

asking for all information involving

and related to unidentified flying objects.

President Kennedy is asking the CIA

to gather this information

and to have it prepped and prepared

to be shared with the Soviet Union.

There are some inconsistencies

that most historians have put out

in regards to the authenticity

of this JFK memo to the Central Intelligence Agency.

For example, a top secret document

that was once classified and becomes declassified

has that official stamp and some sort of catalog number

that would be referenced somewhere on the page.

Most top secret documents that are later declassified,

in most cases, are extremely hard to read

and look like they were ran through a Xerox machine

more than a few times.

This JFK memo is very clear and easy to understand

for a document that was produced in 1963.

Whether this document was typed by JFK himself,

or someone within the White House, is up for debate.

And until further concrete evidence is provided,

we will leave it up to you

to decide on the authenticity of this document.

(somber music begins)

- I share the sense of shock and dismay

that the entire nation must feel

at the despicable act that took the life

of the nation's president.

On the personal side, Mrs. Eisenhower and I

share the grief

that Mrs. Kennedy must now feel

and we send to her our prayerful thoughts

and sympathetic

sentiments at this, in this hour.

- [Reporter #1] General, how would you counsel

the American people at this time?

- In the face of such a terrible thing,

I'm sure, the entire citizenry,

the nation, will join as one man

in expressing that not only their grief,

but their indignation that this act

and will stand faithfully

behind the government.

- [Reporter #2] General,

could you tell us how you got the word?

- I was at a meeting for the United Nations

and while there a member of the meeting was called out

and they came back and told us the news.

Although at that time,

we did not know the president was dead.

We did not know when I got back here

at that time that he was dead.

But matter of fact, we had a,

the last message we had was one rather of hope,

and the entire company

merely paused for a minute,

at the request of the chairman,

and each of us in his own way

said a silent prayer for the president.

- [Reporter #1] Should there be any concern, sir,

over national security at a time like this?

- No, I think the whole nation now would be

almost all of us security agents.

- [Reporter #3] - Will the nation be all right

in the few months ahead?

- Oh, I'm not going to predict anything of that.

I just say this.

The American nation is a people of great common sense

and they are not going to be stampeded or bewildered.

- [Reporter #4] Mr. President, general history has

had assassinations affected the political course of events.

- Well, of course in Lincoln's assassination,

you were, the presidency went to a man

who was a registered Democrat in Mr. Johnson.

In Garfield, I doubt that there was any.

And of course, McKinley that brought in Theodore Roosevelt.

Of course, there'd been other attempts in late years.

Mr. Truman had a grave threat to his life.

And Mr. Roosevelt, just before he was inaugurated,

do you remember, down when the Mayor Cermak was killed,

ran a very grave risk.

There, these things have happened

and it seems inexplicable to me

because Americans are loyal

and it's just this occasional

psychopathic sort of action that occurs

and I, I don't know what we can do about it.

- [Reporter #5] Could you say anything, General,

about how people will feel abroad

from all your experience with the United Nations and others?

How will it be taken abroad?

- Well, I think they will be a bit bewildered. This...

In the civilized countries of the world,

this doesn't happen so often.

And you remember in the starting of World War I,

the murder of the Archduke Ferdinand, I think his name was.

Why, this in itself almost, well,

was one of the contributory causes to that war, and...

But here, I, I just don't know what happens and it...

But we are a nation that where our freedoms are allowed,

or are observed in such a way that everybody is ready to,

I mean, everybody is, you might say, capable of doing this

if he's ready to put his own life on the line.

- [Reporter #6] How you spend

the rest of today and tomorrow?

How will you spend the rest of today and tomorrow?

- Oh...

I expect, I have canceled the dinner date

that I had for tonight.

Tomorrow, I'm going immediately to my home

and if I am wanted for any purpose whatsoever,

I will of course be available.

- Would you have any advice

for the American people at this time?

- No. As I said, I know the American people will stand solid

and they will not be stampeding.

Thank you, Mr. President. - All right.

- Thank you. - Goodnight.

- [Narrator] His impact and legacy

continue to hold a significant place in history.

The official investigation by the United States government

known as, "The Warren Commission," concluded in 1964,

that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination

of President John F. Kennedy.

The investigation did not find evidence

of CIA involvement in the assassination.

There are several theories that have emerged over the years

involving the CIA and its potential connection

to JFK's assassination.

Please note that these theories are speculative

and lack substantial evidence.

Some conspiracy theories believe

that elements within the CIA orchestrated the assassination

to remove President Kennedy,

as they deemed him a threat due to his policies

and desire to reduce the agency's influence.

The Bay of Pigs theory suggests that JFK's handling

of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961,

which was a CIA led operation,

angered certain members of the CIA.

This theory proposes that the CIA

collaborated with organized crime to eliminate JFK.

Proponents assert that the CIA and the mafia

had shared interest in Cuba,

gambling operations, and other illicit activities

creating a motive to remove the President.

It's important to emphasize

that these theories are not widely accepted

by the mainstream or supported by concrete evidence.

The vast majority of historians and experts

consider the Warren Commission's conclusion,

that Oswald acted alone, as the most plausible explanation.

These theories lack substantial evidence

and are widely disputed.

The majority of credible historians and experts

agree with the Warren Commission's findings.

His presidency became known for its focus on civil rights,

the space race, and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

However, his time in office was tragically cut short

when he was assassinated.

The subject of UFOs remains a topic

of debate and speculation. (music fades)

While some people believe

that these sightings provide evidence

of extraterrestrial life or advanced technology,

others argue that most UFO sightings

can be explained by natural phenomena,

human error, or psychological factors.

(somber music begins)

(somber music continues)

(somber music continues)

(audience applauding and cheering)

- [President Kennedy] Then we must be bold.

(somber music continues)

(somber music continues)

I'm the one who's doing all the work,

so we just want you to stay cool for a minute.

However, I think we're going to do it.

And I think that we must pay what needs to be paid.

I don't think we ought to waste any money,

but I think we ought to do the job,

and this will be done in the decade of the sixties.

It may be done while some of you are still here at school,

at this college and university.

It will be done during the terms of office

of some of the people who sit here on this platform,

but it will be done!

And it'll be done before the end of this decade!

(somber music continues)

And I am delighted that this university

is playing a part in putting a man on the moon

as part of a great national effort

of the United States of America.

(audience applauding and cheering)

(somber music continues)

(somber music continues)

- Goodnight honey.

- I share the sense of shock and dismay

that the entire nation must feel

at the despicable act that took the life

of the nation's President.

- Many years ago, (audience cheering)

the great British Explorer, George Mallory,

who was to die on Mount Everest,

was asked why did he want to climb it.

He said, "Because it is there."

Well, space is there (triumphant music begins)

and we're going to climb it,

and the moon and the planets are there,

and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there.

And therefore, as we set sail,

we ask God's blessing on the most hazardous

and dangerous and greatest adventure

on which man has ever embarked.

(audience applauding and cheering)

(somber music continues)

(somber music continues)

And new hopes for knowledge and peace are there.

And, therefore, as we set sail, we ask God's blessing...

Hazardous and dangerous and greatest adventure

on which man has ever embarked. Thank you.

(audience applauding and cheering)