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This programme contains some scenes
which some viewers may find upsetting
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00:00:07,320 --> 00:00:11,160
The natural world is beautiful
but complex.
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00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:19,119
The skies dance with colour.
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00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:22,079
Yay! Yes!
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00:00:22,080 --> 00:00:24,280
Shapes form...
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...and disappear.
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00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:34,039
But this seemingly infinite
complexity
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00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:37,879
is just a shadow
of something deeper -
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00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:39,840
the underlying laws of nature.
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00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:48,759
The world is beautiful to look at
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00:00:48,760 --> 00:00:51,320
but it's even more beautiful
to understand.
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00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:25,480
Watch out for the brambles.
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00:01:30,120 --> 00:01:34,959
It's a fact, and one of the great
mysteries about our universe,
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00:01:34,960 --> 00:01:38,479
that everything is made out of
a few simple building blocks
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00:01:38,480 --> 00:01:40,319
that interact with each other
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00:01:40,320 --> 00:01:42,759
according to a few simple laws
of nature.
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00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:44,759
And that applies to everything,
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00:01:44,760 --> 00:01:49,159
to stars and planets and galaxies
and rocks and oceans,
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00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:51,559
but also to living things.
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00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:55,759
And that raises an intriguing
possibility.
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By looking carefully at nature,
by doing science,
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00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:04,999
we might be able to understand
what life is,
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00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,080
and, just perhaps, how it began.
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00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:15,439
The origin of life is one of the
great unsolved scientific mysteries.
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00:02:15,440 --> 00:02:18,960
Let's go by the tree.
There might be some over there.
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00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:23,840
Its origins seem to be lost
in the mists of time.
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00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:27,159
I've got a really pretty one here.
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00:02:27,160 --> 00:02:29,879
But in common
with many scientific mysteries,
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00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:34,439
there may be answers
if you ask simple questions.
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00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:37,559
Why do moths like flying into
the light so much?
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00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:39,639
Do they do it...
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00:02:39,640 --> 00:02:43,120
so they can spread out their wings
and get warm?
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00:02:45,080 --> 00:02:48,639
What's the deepest question
you can ask about a moth?
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00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:52,920
I think it's "how did it come
to exist in the first place?"
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00:02:54,600 --> 00:02:57,279
We can't go back to the origin
of life on Earth -
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00:02:57,280 --> 00:02:59,159
we don't have a time machine,
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00:02:59,160 --> 00:03:04,999
but we do have the moth and every
living thing on the planet today.
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00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:07,879
And these are like
little history books.
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00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:11,599
Their story, four billion years
of life on Earth,
40
00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:14,559
is written into every
cell in its body.
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00:03:14,560 --> 00:03:20,359
So in order to discover the spark
of life, the origin of the flame,
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00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:23,120
we just have to learn
to read the book.
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00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:29,320
It's gone.
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00:03:32,920 --> 00:03:37,040
Living things are far too complex
to understand in one go...
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00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:45,640
...so we have to break the problem
down into simple questions.
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00:03:52,960 --> 00:03:55,240
What are the ingredients of life?
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00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:02,960
How does complex life form
from such simple ingredients?
48
00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:09,319
And what was the driving force,
49
00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:11,959
the energy source
that ignited the flame,
50
00:04:11,960 --> 00:04:13,520
four billion years ago?
51
00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:28,519
For the first 500 million years of
Earth's history, there was no life,
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00:04:28,520 --> 00:04:32,239
just the volcanic violence
of a restless, young planet
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00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:35,999
and the bombardment of countless
meteorites from space.
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00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:38,959
But somewhere, somehow,
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00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:42,039
the ingredients of the planet
were transformed.
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00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:44,719
Inanimate became animate
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00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:49,159
and, once ignited, that spark
has never been extinguished.
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00:04:49,160 --> 00:04:53,320
We are searching for our ancestor
from a time when there was no life.
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00:04:56,800 --> 00:04:59,479
If we are to understand
how life emerged
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00:04:59,480 --> 00:05:02,799
from the ingredients present
on the young Earth,
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00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:06,279
we must first explore
what those ingredients are -
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00:05:06,280 --> 00:05:08,280
what the Earth is made from.
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00:05:22,440 --> 00:05:24,759
There are very few places
on our planet
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00:05:24,760 --> 00:05:27,920
where the pure ingredients
of the Earth can be seen.
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00:05:29,400 --> 00:05:33,159
But here, beside a lake
of sulphuric acid,
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00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:36,960
one of the basic building blocks
of the planet boils to the surface.
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00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:46,519
This volcano delivers
a valuable, pure substance -
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00:05:46,520 --> 00:05:47,920
sulphur.
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00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:51,920
Emerging at over
200 degrees Celsius...
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00:05:55,240 --> 00:05:59,680
...it's an alien-looking cauldron
of chemistry.
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00:06:06,880 --> 00:06:11,200
Bagio and his father Budi go to
work on the volcano every day.
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00:06:12,280 --> 00:06:15,640
They labour to protect
the precious, pure sulphur.
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00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:47,240
This crater is
a working sulphur mine.
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00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:51,239
Sulphur's valuable
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00:06:51,240 --> 00:06:54,559
because it gets used in
the manufacture of many products,
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00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:57,079
from sugar to medicine.
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00:06:57,080 --> 00:07:00,399
But keeping the sulphur
pure is not easy,
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00:07:00,400 --> 00:07:04,959
because it readily catches fire
and transforms into sulphur dioxide,
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00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:07,000
a noxious gas.
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00:07:09,400 --> 00:07:12,240
Bagio and Budi are here
to fight the fires.
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00:07:34,280 --> 00:07:37,519
It's rare to find the elements
in their pure form,
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00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:40,160
because they tend to react
with other elements.
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00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:46,119
In the heat of the volcano, sulphur
reacts with oxygen in the air.
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00:07:46,120 --> 00:07:47,800
It burns.
85
00:08:02,760 --> 00:08:04,360
Sulphur burns blue.
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00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:08,039
Working in the dark,
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00:08:08,040 --> 00:08:11,200
the firefighters can see
the flames clearly.
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00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:19,560
And it's their job to prevent
them from spreading.
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00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:09,399
Sulphur is an element
that is essential to life.
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00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:11,000
All living things need it.
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00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:23,599
But here, in such large quantities,
ignited by an active volcano,
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00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:25,680
it becomes toxic.
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00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:35,319
On contact with water
in the eyes and mouth,
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00:09:35,320 --> 00:09:40,560
the gaseous sulphur dioxide from the
flames turns into sulphuric acid.
95
00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:43,240
Sulphur is one of the 92 naturally
occurring chemical elements.
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00:10:46,680 --> 00:10:50,200
There's no difference between the
sulphur in the wings of a moth...
97
00:10:52,880 --> 00:10:55,320
...and the sulphur that
pours out of a volcano...
98
00:11:01,760 --> 00:11:03,680
...or the sulphur in you and me.
99
00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:08,599
We are made of the same stuff
as our planet
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00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:10,759
and there's no mystery in that.
101
00:11:10,760 --> 00:11:15,000
It has to be so, because life
emerged from the planet.
102
00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:27,919
Hydrogen atoms, carbon atoms,
oxygen and sulphur atoms.
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00:11:27,920 --> 00:11:33,440
These basic building blocks react
and combine to make everything.
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00:11:34,680 --> 00:11:37,399
A woodland is a complex place.
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00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:41,079
There are oak trees and grass
and mosses and ferns
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00:11:41,080 --> 00:11:43,239
and countless animals and plants
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00:11:43,240 --> 00:11:46,919
all living together
in a tangled ecosystem.
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00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:50,079
But there's a simpler level
of description.
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Everything is made of atoms.
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00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:56,639
So an oak tree is really just
carbon, nitrogen,
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00:11:56,640 --> 00:12:00,839
oxygen and hydrogen, and a few
other bits mixed together.
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00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:03,199
So, when you look at it like that,
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it's not really that
complicated at all.
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00:12:14,280 --> 00:12:16,359
The atoms that make up this woodland
115
00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:19,320
have been on an extraordinary
journey to get here.
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00:12:21,560 --> 00:12:23,719
Think of a carbon atom
in this acorn.
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00:12:23,720 --> 00:12:27,359
It was assembled in the heart of
a star billions of years ago
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00:12:27,360 --> 00:12:30,759
out of protons that were built
just after the Big Bang.
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00:12:30,760 --> 00:12:34,279
It got thrown out into the
universe in a supernova explosion,
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00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:38,439
collapsed as part of a dust cloud
to form the Sun and then the Earth,
121
00:12:38,440 --> 00:12:40,399
four and half billion years ago.
122
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,559
It will have spent a lot of time
in rocks.
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00:12:43,560 --> 00:12:47,399
It was probably part of some of
the first living things on Earth.
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00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:50,999
It would have got breathed out
as carbon dioxide by someone
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00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:53,839
that walked through this wood
400 years ago.
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00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:56,159
It will have got into some
ancient oak tree
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00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:59,079
through the action
of photosynthesis,
128
00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:02,439
constructed into this acorn,
fallen down to the ground
129
00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:07,719
and there it is. It's got a history
that goes back billions of years.
130
00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:11,279
In fact, a history, in terms of
the building blocks of carbon,
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00:13:11,280 --> 00:13:14,559
the protons, that goes back right
to the origin of the universe.
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00:13:14,560 --> 00:13:16,639
And in billions of years' time,
133
00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:19,799
when the Sun dies and the Earth
is vaporised,
134
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:22,439
it will be thrown back out
into space
135
00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:25,399
and probably condensed
into a new world,
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00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:27,559
billions of years in the future.
137
00:13:27,560 --> 00:13:30,959
So life is just a temporary home
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00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:34,960
for the immortal elements
that build up the universe.
139
00:13:41,360 --> 00:13:43,799
The atoms are building blocks.
140
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,439
They combine to make molecules,
141
00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:49,840
some of which are terrifically
intricate and complex.
142
00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:55,039
The DNA molecules in the cells
in your body
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00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:58,399
are made up of billions of atoms
linked together,
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00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:01,320
carrying the genetic code
to make you.
145
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:10,839
Exactly how this complexity emerged
is still debated,
146
00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:13,000
but everyone agrees on one thing.
147
00:14:16,480 --> 00:14:20,440
There was a very special theatre
from which biology emerged.
148
00:14:28,320 --> 00:14:30,760
A vital ingredient for life.
149
00:14:33,960 --> 00:14:36,320
And these children know
where to find it.
150
00:14:59,440 --> 00:15:03,919
The elements hydrogen and oxygen
combine to make water,
151
00:15:03,920 --> 00:15:05,440
H2O.
152
00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:11,920
Hidden deep in this forest...
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00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:16,640
...is a rare and magical sight...
154
00:15:20,280 --> 00:15:24,760
...that only exists because
of a unique property of water.
155
00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:31,760
A property that makes it
essential to life on Earth.
156
00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:42,559
Biologist Tom Iliffe has brought
a specialist team here to find it.
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00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:45,319
This limestone is fantastic here.
158
00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:48,039
The way it's pockmarked
and dissolved away
159
00:15:48,040 --> 00:15:51,720
indicates that there is a lot
of water moving underneath.
160
00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:00,439
We'll kill ourselves if we go down
that way. Yeah, it's slippery.
161
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:03,039
I'll slide on my ass.
We'll go that way, yeah.
162
00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:05,559
Only a handful of divers
have the skill
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00:16:05,560 --> 00:16:07,840
to explore this network of caves.
164
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,560
So, you're going to need
those two and this one, yeah?
165
00:16:34,640 --> 00:16:40,039
These caves are one of the last
true undiscovered, unexplored,
166
00:16:40,040 --> 00:16:42,560
unknown frontiers
on the planet Earth.
167
00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:51,999
Very few people, very few scientists
go out and do anything
168
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,960
any more dangerous than what we're
doing in cave diving.
169
00:17:06,600 --> 00:17:12,119
This underground cave system exists
because water, the liquid we drink,
170
00:17:12,120 --> 00:17:14,640
can eat through solid rock.
171
00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:25,199
It makes easy work
of the soft limestone
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00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:28,080
and makes things
exceptionally fragile.
173
00:17:38,280 --> 00:17:42,639
Worst thing is,
your tanks may wedge in
174
00:17:42,640 --> 00:17:44,920
and literally stick you in a spot...
175
00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:50,840
...where you can't move
forward or backward.
176
00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:18,919
A little bit distracting when you're
trying to do something underwater
177
00:18:18,920 --> 00:18:22,080
to have the cave
collapsing in on you.
178
00:18:23,840 --> 00:18:26,199
Hey there! Welcome back.
Glad to see you!
179
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:29,239
Oh, man. That tight spot in there!
180
00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:30,919
I could barely fit through!
181
00:18:30,920 --> 00:18:33,239
Even worse is rocks
that get dislodged.
182
00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:35,639
When they fall down,
it brings down a huge amount of...
183
00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:38,999
I say we leave it 24 hours at least,
so it clears up. OK, OK.
184
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:40,759
Then come back, give it another go.
185
00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:43,599
You will lose your own visibility
within seconds.
186
00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:46,960
So there's not much time to stop
and hover and think.
187
00:19:06,520 --> 00:19:10,319
The reason why we go through
these narrow slots,
188
00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:13,399
why we push our bodies
to the limits,
189
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:16,119
is to find something majestic,
190
00:19:16,120 --> 00:19:19,239
something beautiful
on the other side.
191
00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:22,880
But unless you go there, unless you
look, you're never going to know.
192
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:35,800
Deeper into the cave system,
suddenly, the water changes.
193
00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:54,640
Underneath the forest, miles from
the coast, they've found the ocean.
194
00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:58,199
It's able to flow underground,
195
00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:01,639
working through the pores
and fissures in the limestone
196
00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:05,959
to end up here, where
the denser, salty sea water sinks
197
00:20:05,960 --> 00:20:08,679
below the less dense freshwater,
198
00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:14,000
creating a boundary, a beautiful
phenomenon known as a halocline.
199
00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:22,239
Now we're in sea water.
200
00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:26,120
We've reached the ocean, the
underground ocean in planet Earth.
201
00:20:28,640 --> 00:20:35,439
We can see the movement of water,
freshwater going toward the ocean,
202
00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:37,760
saltwater being sucked inland.
203
00:20:46,920 --> 00:20:50,400
Water dissolves more substances
than any other liquid.
204
00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:55,719
It does this
because it's a polar molecule.
205
00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:59,239
It has positive and negatively
charged regions
206
00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:03,840
and these can disrupt the forces
that bind other molecules together.
207
00:21:09,720 --> 00:21:12,119
Bacteria that line the cave walls
208
00:21:12,120 --> 00:21:15,400
feed on the nutrients
dissolved in the water.
209
00:21:16,760 --> 00:21:20,039
You can see these stringy bacteria
hanging down
210
00:21:20,040 --> 00:21:23,880
and they kind of wave in
the breeze as you fly by.
211
00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:32,160
The bacteria in turn,
are food for other life.
212
00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:36,039
Even in these dark, isolated
environments,
213
00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:38,639
with no direct sunlight to power it,
214
00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:41,440
a complex ecosystem
can be supported.
215
00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:44,999
It's why, as far as we know,
216
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:48,440
where there's water on Earth,
there's life.
217
00:22:15,240 --> 00:22:19,560
Our blue planet is an interconnected
matrix of rivers and oceans...
218
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,239
...transporting the dissolved
ingredients of the Earth
219
00:22:30,240 --> 00:22:32,160
that are integral to life.
220
00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:43,640
The salts and nutrients that are
carried around our planet...
221
00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:50,760
...are also transported
through our bodies in water.
222
00:22:58,280 --> 00:23:00,559
It's an intimate connection
223
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:04,599
that every living thing
shares with our blue planet.
224
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:07,680
Water delivers
the ingredients of life.
225
00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:20,399
Water is a simple molecule,
226
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,519
a couple of hydrogen atoms and
an oxygen atom stuck together,
227
00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:28,520
but its simplicity hides
a wealth of complex chemistry.
228
00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:34,080
The chemistry
that makes life possible.
229
00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,519
Hydrogen is the simplest
chemical element.
230
00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:42,719
Its atoms consist of
a single proton -
231
00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:44,399
it's called the atomic nucleus -
232
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,639
surrounded by a single electron.
233
00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:52,839
Oxygen is a nucleus of eight protons
and eight neutrons,
234
00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:55,639
surrounded by eight electrons.
235
00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:59,999
Now, the nucleus is extremely small
compared to an atom.
236
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,879
If a nucleus were about that big,
let's say,
237
00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:08,959
then the cloud of electrons would
stretch out way beyond that castle.
238
00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:12,960
Atoms are almost
completely empty space.
239
00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:24,719
Now, the way that the elements
combine is determined entirely
240
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:27,559
by the way that the electrons
arrange themselves
241
00:24:27,560 --> 00:24:28,999
around the nucleus.
242
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:34,079
And that's just down to the basic
fundamental laws of nature
243
00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:37,399
that describe the way our
universe is constructed.
244
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:38,959
It's very simple.
245
00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:45,839
So, an oxygen nucleus has room
around it for ten electrons,
246
00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:47,879
but it only has eight.
247
00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:51,679
That means that two hydrogen atoms
can come floating in
248
00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:55,119
and share their single electron
with the oxygen,
249
00:24:55,120 --> 00:24:57,879
and that fills up
the oxygen's outer slots
250
00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:01,159
and fills up the hydrogen slots
as well.
251
00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:03,999
Oxygen. Hydrogen. H2O.
252
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,119
Everything is happy and you get
a molecule of water,
253
00:25:07,120 --> 00:25:09,919
which has radically different
properties
254
00:25:09,920 --> 00:25:11,799
to the elements on their own.
255
00:25:11,800 --> 00:25:14,679
Oxygen's just a colourless,
odourless gas.
256
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:17,199
Hydrogen is a colourless,
odourless gas.
257
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:22,679
Stick them together to share those
electrons, and you get that stuff.
258
00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:26,759
One of the most complex substances
in the known universe.
259
00:25:26,760 --> 00:25:30,320
The theatre that allows life
to exist.
260
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,160
Water is the universal solvent.
261
00:25:48,440 --> 00:25:51,200
It carries the ingredients of life.
262
00:25:57,360 --> 00:26:00,719
Ingredients that are so important
that living things
263
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,880
will go to extraordinary lengths
to get hold of them.
264
00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:14,240
It's the end of the Alpine winter.
265
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:19,520
This female ibex
has one thing in mind.
266
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:24,080
Kids.
267
00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,879
She's leading her family
down from the snow line
268
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:33,520
in search of a life-giving
ingredient.
269
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,440
And it's a search that's not
without its risks.
270
00:26:48,360 --> 00:26:52,560
Rada Bionda is a conservationist
who studies the ibex.
271
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:19,159
At first glance, the ibex
have everything they need.
272
00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:21,400
They have food and water.
273
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:26,519
But the mother knows instinctively
not enough.
274
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,839
She's craving something else.
275
00:27:29,840 --> 00:27:32,080
And she'll take risks to get it.
276
00:27:59,160 --> 00:28:01,679
The rock that was used
to build this dam
277
00:28:01,680 --> 00:28:06,000
contains essential minerals
that have been dissolved in water.
278
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:13,160
Minerals rich in the calcium that
these animals need to stay strong.
279
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:19,520
And they'll scale a dam to get them.
280
00:28:35,520 --> 00:28:39,039
Without these salts and minerals,
their bones won't grow.
281
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,000
Their nervous systems and muscles
can't function.
282
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,520
Movement and co-ordination
can falter.
283
00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:07,479
There's a strong bond
between mother and kid,
284
00:29:07,480 --> 00:29:10,680
and the kid will follow her
wherever she goes.
285
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:36,160
The ibex eventually make it
to the prize.
286
00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:53,519
Salt from the Earth
dissolved in water
287
00:30:53,520 --> 00:30:56,600
continues on its journey
into their bodies...
288
00:31:06,240 --> 00:31:09,079
...where it's used in
the nerves and muscles
289
00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:12,080
that control dextrous,
pincer-like hooves.
290
00:31:19,840 --> 00:31:23,679
Vital ingredients carried around
by a simple molecule
291
00:31:23,680 --> 00:31:26,080
with remarkable properties.
292
00:31:35,520 --> 00:31:38,159
If water is the theatre of life,
293
00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:40,999
then the actors
are the atoms and molecules
294
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:45,200
that form the structures of
living things themselves.
295
00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:52,279
There are only about 15 or so
296
00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:55,439
that are vitally important
for living things.
297
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:59,439
There are the obvious ones like
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
298
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:03,399
but also some strange ones,
like rubidium,
299
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:05,600
or an element called molybdenum.
300
00:32:09,680 --> 00:32:12,999
The reactions between
the elements are the same
301
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:15,679
in living and nonliving things,
302
00:32:15,680 --> 00:32:20,519
but life fine-tunes and controls
the basic chemistry of the Earth
303
00:32:20,520 --> 00:32:22,360
to do extraordinary things.
304
00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:01,360
Moiswa and her family are preparing
for a once-in-a-lifetime ceremony...
305
00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:06,680
...centred around
the chemistry of one element.
306
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:10,880
Iron.
307
00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:16,439
It lies at the heart
of Maasai culture,
308
00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:18,800
in their land and in their blood.
309
00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:32,840
Tomorrow, Moiswa's son Ndika
will become an elder.
310
00:33:50,160 --> 00:33:52,639
The family are almost ready
for their guests
311
00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,120
but there's something they must
first collect from the land.
312
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:18,879
They are looking for red ochre,
313
00:34:18,880 --> 00:34:23,200
a traditional pigment that has been
in use for over 100,000 years.
314
00:34:37,200 --> 00:34:40,159
The rock's red colour
comes from iron,
315
00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:43,559
which makes up a third
of our planet's mass,
316
00:34:43,560 --> 00:34:46,560
most of it locked away
in the Earth's molten core.
317
00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,839
The iron here is not
in its pure form.
318
00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,559
It's combined with oxygen
to form iron oxide,
319
00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:10,520
a red compound that, tomorrow, will
provide the colour of celebration.
320
00:36:01,680 --> 00:36:05,960
This is the ceremony that will mark
Ndika's transition into elderhood.
321
00:36:08,320 --> 00:36:09,840
A bull will be slaughtered...
322
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:14,400
...and he'll drink its blood.
323
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:35,240
Just like the red ochre from the
Earth, the blood is rich in iron.
324
00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:08,759
Today, for Ndika, blood symbolises
power and strength.
325
00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:12,399
Surrounded by his people,
decorated in ochre,
326
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:13,960
iron oxide.
327
00:37:29,720 --> 00:37:32,600
It's a proud moment
for Ndika and his family.
328
00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:38,159
Wherever there is
iron and oxygen, they can react,
329
00:37:38,160 --> 00:37:41,720
whether it's in the veins of
the Earth or the arteries of life.
330
00:37:56,640 --> 00:38:00,159
Whether it's in you and me
or the rocks of the Earth,
331
00:38:00,160 --> 00:38:03,480
the fundamental chemistry
is the same.
332
00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:13,640
But the way life uses chemistry
is exquisite.
333
00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:23,400
Just think about the reaction
between iron and oxygen in blood...
334
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:29,280
...and rust.
335
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:34,799
Iron is an atom that really would
like to, if it could,
336
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:37,079
get rid of a few electrons.
337
00:38:37,080 --> 00:38:41,399
Oxygen, on the other hand, is an
atom that would like, if it can,
338
00:38:41,400 --> 00:38:43,559
to receive some electrons.
339
00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,519
So if you put them together,
340
00:38:46,520 --> 00:38:49,800
and they stick together,
that's what we call rust.
341
00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:57,039
And the process that makes
our blood red is similar.
342
00:38:57,040 --> 00:39:00,399
We're almost rusting,
but not quite.
343
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:04,719
One of the jobs of your blood is
to take oxygen from your lungs
344
00:39:04,720 --> 00:39:07,639
and transport it around your body
to where it's needed.
345
00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:10,679
So that means you need
some structure
346
00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:15,559
that can bind oxygen to it,
but quite gently,
347
00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:18,399
so that it can be carried
to where it's needed
348
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:20,959
and then released, easily.
349
00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:24,359
Well, iron likes to stick to oxygen,
350
00:39:24,360 --> 00:39:27,039
so in your blood you have iron atoms
351
00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,799
but they are surrounded
by nitrogen atoms, four of them,
352
00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:34,919
and that's surrounded by a big ring
of carbon and oxygen atoms.
353
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:36,879
That whole thing is called haem.
354
00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:38,799
And then four of those
are stuck together,
355
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:40,839
and that thing is called
haemoglobin.
356
00:39:40,840 --> 00:39:45,599
Its job is to carry oxygen around
and when the oxygen attaches,
357
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:48,839
your blood turns
a much brighter red.
358
00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:52,439
And then the haemoglobin
can carry that oxygen around,
359
00:39:52,440 --> 00:39:56,599
but because of that structure,
it's so delicately tuned
360
00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:59,239
that when the oxygen gets
to where it's needed,
361
00:39:59,240 --> 00:40:02,159
in your brain, for example,
it can be taken off.
362
00:40:02,160 --> 00:40:05,799
Your blood gets less red
and goes back to your lungs
363
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:07,759
to get some more oxygen.
364
00:40:07,760 --> 00:40:13,279
So, biology is really about using
the natural chemical reactions
365
00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:17,639
of the elements, but tempering
them and fine-tuning them
366
00:40:17,640 --> 00:40:20,559
with intricate
and complex structures
367
00:40:20,560 --> 00:40:22,919
in order to do something useful,
368
00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,600
which, in your case, is to live.
369
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:40,280
We are of the Earth...
370
00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:47,159
...constructed from a ready supply
of chemical elements
371
00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:49,080
forged in the stars.
372
00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:55,799
Elements that react
on our oxygen-rich planet
373
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:59,399
and play their roles
in the theatre of life.
374
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:01,519
Water.
375
00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:05,599
But there's one more
vital thing life needs -
376
00:41:05,600 --> 00:41:06,960
energy.
377
00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:14,640
The final clue we need to search
for the origin of life...
378
00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:22,440
...can be found in the details of
how living things control energy.
379
00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:43,680
Every year, between March and June,
an animal rises from the deep.
380
00:41:51,160 --> 00:41:54,079
It harnesses the chemistry
inside its cells
381
00:41:54,080 --> 00:41:57,200
to produce an almost
supernatural display.
382
00:42:01,680 --> 00:42:05,320
For the locals, this alchemy
makes the creature a delicacy.
383
00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:13,000
But for fishermen like Mr Urakami,
it makes them highly profitable.
384
00:42:31,080 --> 00:42:33,319
Mr Urakami is banking on this
385
00:42:33,320 --> 00:42:36,000
being the most lucrative
catch of the year.
386
00:42:37,760 --> 00:42:39,680
And it's not fish he's after.
387
00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:20,360
Away from the fishing boats, these
people are having a bit more luck.
388
00:43:23,760 --> 00:43:27,720
Glowing lights signal the arrival
of the firefly squid.
389
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:39,759
Tiny organs called photophores
emit a deep blue light.
390
00:43:39,760 --> 00:43:44,239
In the depths, this light
may be used to attract prey
391
00:43:44,240 --> 00:43:47,479
but the greatest light show
is saved for the shallows
392
00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:49,120
where they come up to spawn.
393
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:08,800
It's a one-way trip.
394
00:44:09,840 --> 00:44:12,559
After they've spent
their last remaining energy,
395
00:44:12,560 --> 00:44:16,240
their glow fades as they give
themselves up to the tide.
396
00:44:19,440 --> 00:44:22,640
Out at sea, the squid
are also rising.
397
00:45:08,120 --> 00:45:11,959
The squid are exploiting
something fundamental -
398
00:45:11,960 --> 00:45:15,119
chemical reactions
can release energy.
399
00:45:15,120 --> 00:45:19,280
Here the energy is released thanks
to the reactive nature of oxygen.
400
00:45:26,080 --> 00:45:28,759
It wants to combine
with other elements
401
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:31,079
in a reaction known as oxidation.
402
00:45:31,080 --> 00:45:35,479
In the squid, biological molecules
called luciferins,
403
00:45:35,480 --> 00:45:40,439
built out of simple elements
like carbon, sulphur and nitrogen,
404
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:42,840
react with oxygen
to form oxyluciferin...
405
00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:48,280
...and that process releases energy
as a blue light.
406
00:45:50,440 --> 00:45:52,360
An exquisite display.
407
00:46:02,440 --> 00:46:05,920
For Mr Urakami, this is the
spectacle he lives for.
408
00:46:16,920 --> 00:46:19,680
It's a rare and beautiful sight
in nature...
409
00:46:22,120 --> 00:46:26,600
...but the chemistry of oxidation
is fundamental to all animals.
410
00:46:31,680 --> 00:46:33,599
There's a reason we breathe oxygen.
411
00:46:33,600 --> 00:46:37,520
It fuels the chemical
reactions that power us.
412
00:46:41,120 --> 00:46:43,999
They release the energy
to build and maintain
413
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:46,360
the complex structure of our bodies.
414
00:46:50,320 --> 00:46:54,279
But it's the precise way life
controls this flow of energy
415
00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:58,400
that's the difference
between a volcano and a squid...
416
00:47:01,080 --> 00:47:04,440
...between raw chemistry and life...
417
00:47:06,160 --> 00:47:08,879
...between a moth and a flame.
418
00:47:08,880 --> 00:47:11,479
That one looks like an old man,
that one there.
419
00:47:11,480 --> 00:47:13,599
That's nice!
420
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,479
Moths and flames always seem
to go together.
421
00:47:16,480 --> 00:47:20,879
In fact, in a basic chemical sense
they are very similar,
422
00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:23,599
and candle wax is essentially food.
423
00:47:23,600 --> 00:47:27,039
It's a collection of long chain
carbon molecules.
424
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:29,239
And the candle, that food,
425
00:47:29,240 --> 00:47:32,959
reacts with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide, water
426
00:47:32,960 --> 00:47:36,039
and release energy,
which is the flame.
427
00:47:36,040 --> 00:47:39,519
And inside the moth,
exactly the same thing is happening.
428
00:47:39,520 --> 00:47:44,279
Food is reacting with oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide and water
429
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:47,919
and release energy.
The energy that powers life.
430
00:47:47,920 --> 00:47:50,200
That's called respiration.
431
00:47:51,880 --> 00:47:53,359
It sounds quite simple.
432
00:47:53,360 --> 00:47:57,000
We burn our food to release
the energy we need to live.
433
00:47:59,960 --> 00:48:02,760
What do moths eat in the winter?
434
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:07,119
It's not that simple.
435
00:48:07,120 --> 00:48:12,199
But simple questions lead
to the deepest answers.
436
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,760
In this case, to the origin of life.
437
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,839
The moth doesn't use the energy
released from food directly.
438
00:48:20,840 --> 00:48:23,519
It does something
way more complicated.
439
00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:25,959
It uses that energy to pump protons,
440
00:48:25,960 --> 00:48:30,239
the building blocks of atomic
nuclei, across membranes.
441
00:48:30,240 --> 00:48:32,639
Billions of them. And so do you.
442
00:48:32,640 --> 00:48:35,279
And so does every living thing
on the planet.
443
00:48:35,280 --> 00:48:37,839
In the time it's taken me to say
the sentence,
444
00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:40,799
you have pumped more protons
across membranes
445
00:48:40,800 --> 00:48:43,919
than there are stars
in the observable universe.
446
00:48:43,920 --> 00:48:47,079
And then all those protons are
allowed to cascade back
447
00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:48,559
down proton waterfalls,
448
00:48:48,560 --> 00:48:51,999
and little nanomachines with little
water wheels stick in
449
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:56,119
to that waterfall, and spin around
and produce molecules called ATP,
450
00:48:56,120 --> 00:48:58,679
which are the universal batteries
of life,
451
00:48:58,680 --> 00:49:02,799
which are then, finally,
used to power your biology.
452
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:07,960
It is incredibly complicated,
and to be honest, a bit weird.
453
00:49:14,640 --> 00:49:17,399
This complicated and weird chemistry
454
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:21,000
powers practically every
living thing on Earth...
455
00:49:22,160 --> 00:49:24,160
...but it had to start somewhere...
456
00:49:25,480 --> 00:49:28,320
...and it may have begun
before there was life.
457
00:49:37,840 --> 00:49:42,239
There is a place where this strange
chemistry exists today,
458
00:49:42,240 --> 00:49:44,640
but not in a living thing.
459
00:49:47,280 --> 00:49:49,399
This may be the clue
460
00:49:49,400 --> 00:49:52,479
to how you get from the Earth
461
00:49:52,480 --> 00:49:54,480
to you and me.
462
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,439
This fjord in Iceland is one
of the few places on Earth
463
00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,319
where you can see how life
could have emerged
464
00:50:06,320 --> 00:50:08,320
from a restless, young planet.
465
00:50:11,440 --> 00:50:13,959
My next-door neighbour
was this old lady
466
00:50:13,960 --> 00:50:17,080
telling me stories about
the things she saw from the sea.
467
00:50:20,520 --> 00:50:24,120
I have been diving there many times,
so I knew this place.
468
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:28,320
I didn't believe this old lady.
469
00:50:33,920 --> 00:50:36,959
Curiosity drove diver
Erlendur Bogason
470
00:50:36,960 --> 00:50:38,840
to an extraordinary discovery.
471
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,439
So I called my friend Artni,
the fisherman,
472
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:48,160
and asked him to
take me to this place.
473
00:50:55,760 --> 00:50:58,999
Biologists knew of places
where the chemistry of life
474
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:01,639
emerges from the Earth,
475
00:51:01,640 --> 00:51:05,480
but they're all thousands of metres
below the surface of the ocean.
476
00:51:06,960 --> 00:51:11,560
These two men stumbled on a place
where you can literally touch it.
477
00:51:26,920 --> 00:51:30,479
I was, like, stressed
because you're going alone
478
00:51:30,480 --> 00:51:34,360
somewhere to dive, and you don't
know what you're going to find.
479
00:51:42,680 --> 00:51:48,520
And when I did see this huge white
thing, it looked like a giant.
480
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:05,439
It was unbelievable sight.
481
00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:08,920
Wow. It's beautiful.
Something incredible.
482
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:19,239
Erlendur had discovered
a hydrothermal vent,
483
00:52:19,240 --> 00:52:23,120
but unlike those in the deep ocean,
you can swim right up to this one.
484
00:52:24,680 --> 00:52:27,079
The vent is an outpouring
of fresh water
485
00:52:27,080 --> 00:52:30,240
that's been heated by Iceland's
geothermal energy.
486
00:52:32,760 --> 00:52:36,479
I took my glove off to put my arm
into the hot water.
487
00:52:36,480 --> 00:52:38,280
It was like burning hot.
488
00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:46,079
By studying vents like these,
489
00:52:46,080 --> 00:52:49,959
scientists discovered that
the chemistry of life exists
490
00:52:49,960 --> 00:52:52,799
in a nonliving thing,
491
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:53,840
in the Earth.
492
00:53:01,960 --> 00:53:05,839
I called this scientist
and told him about this.
493
00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:10,000
We went back for him
to take water samples.
494
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:16,959
To create a spark of life,
all you need is a battery,
495
00:53:16,960 --> 00:53:22,240
with a flow of charged particles -
in this case, protons.
496
00:53:30,920 --> 00:53:32,399
And to power the battery,
497
00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:37,319
you need nothing more than water
from the vent and some sea water.
498
00:53:37,320 --> 00:53:38,360
Thank you.
499
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:46,280
To show it works, you just need
to connect it all to a voltmeter.
500
00:53:51,960 --> 00:53:55,440
And that is the spark of life.
501
00:54:00,840 --> 00:54:02,519
Why would I say that?
502
00:54:02,520 --> 00:54:07,559
Well, this water, taken from
the vents, is alkaline
503
00:54:07,560 --> 00:54:11,759
and this sea water is relatively
more acidic.
504
00:54:11,760 --> 00:54:15,599
That means that there is an excess
of protons
505
00:54:15,600 --> 00:54:19,239
on this side of the battery
than this side.
506
00:54:19,240 --> 00:54:23,959
And there's that waterfall,
that cascade of protons,
507
00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:27,679
the same thing that's happening
in the cells in your body,
508
00:54:27,680 --> 00:54:29,719
in the cells in the body
of the seagulls
509
00:54:29,720 --> 00:54:33,279
and in fact the cells in the body
of every living thing on the planet.
510
00:54:33,280 --> 00:54:37,479
Waterfalls of protons powering life.
511
00:54:37,480 --> 00:54:40,879
And that's the clue.
That's the smoking gun.
512
00:54:40,880 --> 00:54:44,839
The theory is that
the chemistry of life,
513
00:54:44,840 --> 00:54:48,479
the beginnings of the assembly
of complex molecules,
514
00:54:48,480 --> 00:54:51,759
all the way up to the first
living things to DNA
515
00:54:51,760 --> 00:54:54,719
and everything we think
of as life today
516
00:54:54,720 --> 00:54:58,560
was built, was constructed,
in conditions like this.
517
00:55:01,280 --> 00:55:06,399
The waterfall, the cascade of
protons is the driver of complexity,
518
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:08,120
the spark of life.
519
00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:15,519
It's the exquisite control
of the proton waterfalls
520
00:55:15,520 --> 00:55:18,800
that separates life
from chemistry...
521
00:55:20,280 --> 00:55:22,960
...the moth from a flame.
522
00:55:26,040 --> 00:55:28,959
So just spare a thought for
what your body is doing now.
523
00:55:28,960 --> 00:55:32,079
I mean, that sandwich you just ate
before watching this programme,
524
00:55:32,080 --> 00:55:35,919
you're burning that in oxygen,
it's the oxygen that you breathe in.
525
00:55:35,920 --> 00:55:39,559
But you're not using the energy
that gets released directly.
526
00:55:39,560 --> 00:55:42,479
You're using it
to pump protons around.
527
00:55:42,480 --> 00:55:46,399
You pump them across little
membranes, creating a voltage.
528
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:50,759
About 30 million volts per metre
in the cells in your body.
529
00:55:50,760 --> 00:55:54,439
That's the voltage
of a lightning bolt.
530
00:55:54,440 --> 00:55:56,599
That's the spark of life
531
00:55:56,600 --> 00:56:01,079
and that's the clue that tells you
that the origin of you,
532
00:56:01,080 --> 00:56:06,079
the most distant ancestor of you,
wasn't a living thing at all,
533
00:56:06,080 --> 00:56:07,879
it was a geological thing.
534
00:56:07,880 --> 00:56:12,519
It was most likely to be a vent like
the one we're floating over now,
535
00:56:12,520 --> 00:56:15,799
in some ocean,
four billion years ago,
536
00:56:15,800 --> 00:56:19,000
the very earliest life
of our planet.
537
00:56:22,720 --> 00:56:25,719
From a sandwich to
a bolt of lightning,
538
00:56:25,720 --> 00:56:28,280
you are a remarkable machine.
539
00:56:36,600 --> 00:56:39,319
For me, this theory
of the origin of life
540
00:56:39,320 --> 00:56:42,560
is the perfect example
of the power of science.
541
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:49,919
It's a grand, sweeping idea that
comes from exploring in detail
542
00:56:49,920 --> 00:56:53,320
the way that living things
control their energy.
543
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:58,480
Look, it's slightly
vibrating its wings.
544
00:57:00,440 --> 00:57:02,719
From asking questions like,
545
00:57:02,720 --> 00:57:05,800
what's the difference between
a moth and a flame?
546
00:57:07,240 --> 00:57:08,960
He's going for a walk.
547
00:57:10,880 --> 00:57:13,600
But the answer is a wonderful story.
548
00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:20,039
At this instant,
in the cells in your body,
549
00:57:20,040 --> 00:57:22,519
you're recreating
the conditions that were present
550
00:57:22,520 --> 00:57:25,359
in the oceans of
the primordial Earth.
551
00:57:25,360 --> 00:57:28,279
You are just chemistry.
552
00:57:28,280 --> 00:57:30,079
But what chemistry!
553
00:57:30,080 --> 00:57:32,440
The Earth is your ancestor.
554
00:57:33,680 --> 00:57:37,040
A restless planet is your creator.
555
00:57:46,120 --> 00:57:48,639
Fire by Etta James
556
00:57:48,640 --> 00:57:50,599
♪ Fire
557
00:57:50,600 --> 00:57:52,799
♪ Fire
558
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:54,879
♪ Fire
559
00:57:54,880 --> 00:57:56,639
♪ I'm on fire
560
00:57:56,640 --> 00:57:58,159
♪ You make my body shiver, boy
561
00:57:58,160 --> 00:57:59,679
♪ You make my head go bad
562
00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:01,639
♪ You make my liver quiver, babe
563
00:58:01,640 --> 00:58:03,839
♪ You make my eyes get red
564
00:58:03,840 --> 00:58:06,119
♪ My knees get weak when I see you
565
00:58:06,120 --> 00:58:08,439
♪ Your love is much too strong
566
00:58:08,440 --> 00:58:10,319
♪ And when you take me in your arms
567
00:58:10,320 --> 00:58:12,599
♪ You know tomorrow is my home
568
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:15,200
♪ Like I'm burning, yeah... ♪
47727
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