1 00:00:08,001 --> 00:00:10,126 Martin Luther King, Jr: All people should obey 2 00:00:10,210 --> 00:00:12,710 just laws, but I would also say 3 00:00:12,793 --> 00:00:14,793 that an unjust law is no law at all. 4 00:00:15,668 --> 00:00:18,126 Wallace: I say segregation now, 5 00:00:18,210 --> 00:00:22,751 segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever. 6 00:00:22,835 --> 00:00:24,918 America is not living up to its dream of liberty 7 00:00:25,001 --> 00:00:26,251 and justice for all. 8 00:00:26,710 --> 00:00:29,001 We are confronted primarily with a moral issue. 9 00:00:29,085 --> 00:00:31,085 We're willing to be beaten for democracy. 10 00:00:31,168 --> 00:00:32,793 They'd give anything in the world 11 00:00:32,876 --> 00:00:34,293 if we had trouble here. 12 00:00:34,376 --> 00:00:36,751 Would you be willing to go on a demonstration again? 13 00:00:36,835 --> 00:00:37,876 Unidentified boy: Yes, sir. 14 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:40,793 We want our freedom and we want it now. 15 00:00:40,876 --> 00:00:42,126 Open hostility 16 00:00:42,210 --> 00:00:43,960 towards the Civil Rights demonstrators. 17 00:00:46,793 --> 00:00:48,585 This is the wrong way. 18 00:00:48,668 --> 00:00:52,001 ♪ (The Sixties theme, Composer Blake Neely) ♪ 19 00:01:39,626 --> 00:01:41,001 Allen C Thompson: We talk about it here 20 00:01:41,085 --> 00:01:42,835 as a separation of the races, 21 00:01:42,918 --> 00:01:44,960 customs and traditions that have been built up 22 00:01:45,043 --> 00:01:46,835 over the last 100 years that 23 00:01:46,918 --> 00:01:49,501 have proved for the best interest for both, 24 00:01:49,585 --> 00:01:50,751 the colored and the white people. 25 00:01:53,126 --> 00:01:59,543 It was almost 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, 26 00:01:59,626 --> 00:02:02,960 and America is still rigidly and racially segregated. 27 00:02:05,876 --> 00:02:07,543 Black people couldn't vote in the south, 28 00:02:07,626 --> 00:02:09,543 they couldn't even go into the public libraries, 29 00:02:09,626 --> 00:02:10,918 the public libraries were segregated, 30 00:02:11,001 --> 00:02:13,251 the churches were segregated. 31 00:02:13,335 --> 00:02:16,085 (gospel singing) 32 00:02:21,168 --> 00:02:22,876 Reporter: We are in Atlanta, Georgia 33 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:24,918 in the Ebenezer Baptist Church 34 00:02:25,001 --> 00:02:27,251 where a father and son are the co-pastors. 35 00:02:28,501 --> 00:02:31,876 Martin Luther King, Jr: Frankly, as others have said 36 00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:33,918 I don't know what the future holds, 37 00:02:34,001 --> 00:02:35,876 but I know who holds the future. 38 00:02:36,876 --> 00:02:39,460 And this is our hope, 39 00:02:39,543 --> 00:02:43,001 this is that something that keeps us going. 40 00:02:44,335 --> 00:02:45,376 Branch: Martin Luther King was 41 00:02:45,460 --> 00:02:48,085 immensely frustrated by the end of the 1950s 42 00:02:48,168 --> 00:02:49,585 'cause he had become famous, 43 00:02:49,668 --> 00:02:50,918 he's preaching all over the country, 44 00:02:51,001 --> 00:02:52,293 he knows that's his gift, 45 00:02:52,376 --> 00:02:54,251 but he says people cry at my sermons, 46 00:02:54,335 --> 00:02:56,043 and then the next morning it's still segregated. 47 00:02:58,043 --> 00:03:00,918 Martin King called about 50 ministers 48 00:03:01,001 --> 00:03:03,335 from across the south 49 00:03:03,418 --> 00:03:05,585 to start a non-violent movement. 50 00:03:07,043 --> 00:03:09,460 The understanding of teaching nonviolence 51 00:03:09,543 --> 00:03:12,085 was clear that there wasn't anybody 52 00:03:12,168 --> 00:03:13,918 that could teach it like Jim Lawson. 53 00:03:15,168 --> 00:03:17,293 Dr. Clayborne Carson: James Lawson's been to India 54 00:03:17,376 --> 00:03:21,876 and comes back with this storehouse of Gandhian tactics. 55 00:03:21,960 --> 00:03:24,043 Martin King said come to Nashville now, 56 00:03:24,126 --> 00:03:25,543 we need you now, 57 00:03:25,626 --> 00:03:28,210 so I went to Nashville and organized other people. 58 00:03:30,876 --> 00:03:32,293 Now tonight we have 59 00:03:32,376 --> 00:03:35,960 a most important business to try to accomplish, 60 00:03:36,043 --> 00:03:38,001 and that is to try to 61 00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:42,168 have one major role-playing experience, 62 00:03:43,335 --> 00:03:46,501 which sort of tries to set the stage 63 00:03:46,585 --> 00:03:49,626 for an actual demonstration, for an actual sit-in. 64 00:03:49,710 --> 00:03:52,501 When you talk about the Civil Rights movement in the 60s 65 00:03:52,585 --> 00:03:54,793 people often talk about Selma, and Birmingham, 66 00:03:54,876 --> 00:03:56,793 and Montgomery, but the incubator of it all 67 00:03:56,876 --> 00:04:00,293 was Nashville, Tennessee where James Lawson started teaching 68 00:04:00,376 --> 00:04:01,960 his classes on non-violence. 69 00:04:02,043 --> 00:04:03,501 In an act of beating him... 70 00:04:03,585 --> 00:04:05,293 Teaching people like John Lewis, 71 00:04:05,376 --> 00:04:08,501 and James Bevel, and Diane Nash 72 00:04:08,585 --> 00:04:10,668 how to not swing back if somebody hits you 73 00:04:10,751 --> 00:04:11,835 in the head with a nightstick. 74 00:04:11,918 --> 00:04:13,918 -Nigger. -Nigger! 75 00:04:16,460 --> 00:04:19,835 We actually practiced sitting in. 76 00:04:19,918 --> 00:04:22,251 Some took the role of students 77 00:04:22,335 --> 00:04:24,126 who were sitting at a lunch counter, 78 00:04:24,210 --> 00:04:28,168 and others took the role of white thugs. 79 00:04:28,251 --> 00:04:31,835 We were practicing how to remain non-violent 80 00:04:31,918 --> 00:04:33,501 even in the face of violence. 81 00:04:35,751 --> 00:04:38,001 David Garrow: There had been other sit ins 82 00:04:38,085 --> 00:04:40,210 in those early months of 1960, 83 00:04:40,293 --> 00:04:45,001 but no one is centrally organizing or coordinating this 84 00:04:45,085 --> 00:04:47,168 like the student group from Nashville. 85 00:04:53,793 --> 00:04:56,710 It was on February the 13th 86 00:04:56,793 --> 00:04:59,751 when we had the very first sit-in in Nashville. 87 00:05:02,043 --> 00:05:04,751 I took my seat at the counter, 88 00:05:04,835 --> 00:05:08,210 I asked a waitress for a hamburger and a Coke. 89 00:05:10,001 --> 00:05:12,918 Those students sit down at a lunch counter, 90 00:05:13,001 --> 00:05:14,501 asking to be served, knowing 91 00:05:14,585 --> 00:05:16,293 full well that it's against the law. 92 00:05:18,876 --> 00:05:22,376 We were prepared to be arrested and to go to jail. 93 00:05:22,460 --> 00:05:24,501 And if necessary stay in jail. 94 00:05:26,126 --> 00:05:29,418 It was a moving feeling within me 95 00:05:29,501 --> 00:05:34,168 that I was sitting there demanding a God given right. 96 00:05:34,251 --> 00:05:36,126 I could no longer be satisfied or 97 00:05:36,210 --> 00:05:37,876 go along with an evil system. 98 00:05:39,585 --> 00:05:40,960 Branch: The big surprise for them 99 00:05:41,043 --> 00:05:42,085 was that they weren't arrested. 100 00:05:42,168 --> 00:05:43,793 They sat there all day. 101 00:05:43,876 --> 00:05:45,918 And they realized that white people were flummoxed. 102 00:05:47,335 --> 00:05:49,335 The new tactic came as a surprise, 103 00:05:49,418 --> 00:05:52,085 creating bewilderment and confusion 104 00:05:52,168 --> 00:05:53,543 in the white communities, 105 00:05:53,626 --> 00:05:55,626 and even among the Negroes themselves. 106 00:06:01,835 --> 00:06:02,918 James J. Kilpartrick: When this disciplined platoon 107 00:06:03,001 --> 00:06:04,793 comes in to a store, 108 00:06:04,876 --> 00:06:07,251 occupies all the seats at the lunch counter, 109 00:06:07,335 --> 00:06:10,168 they refuse to move on the request of the store owner, 110 00:06:10,251 --> 00:06:11,710 they put on a boorish exhibition 111 00:06:11,793 --> 00:06:13,793 of what seems to be plain bad manners 112 00:06:13,876 --> 00:06:16,501 in crashing into a place where they are not welcome. 113 00:06:16,585 --> 00:06:17,626 I'd submit to you, sir, 114 00:06:17,710 --> 00:06:19,335 it comes with singularly poor grace 115 00:06:19,418 --> 00:06:20,418 for their spokesman to then charge 116 00:06:20,501 --> 00:06:22,876 the store owner with bad behavior. 117 00:06:24,168 --> 00:06:26,335 Mr. Kilpatrick, I think on this point 118 00:06:26,418 --> 00:06:28,626 you would have to agree with me 119 00:06:28,710 --> 00:06:32,960 that all people should obey just laws, 120 00:06:33,043 --> 00:06:35,293 but I would also say that an unjust law 121 00:06:35,376 --> 00:06:36,793 is no law at all. 122 00:06:36,876 --> 00:06:39,335 And when we find an unjust law 123 00:06:39,418 --> 00:06:42,085 I think we have a moral obligation 124 00:06:42,168 --> 00:06:43,668 to take a stand against it. 125 00:06:46,376 --> 00:06:49,126 During the weeks after the sit-ins began 126 00:06:49,210 --> 00:06:51,085 opposition in the white communities 127 00:06:51,168 --> 00:06:52,835 of the south solidified. 128 00:06:52,918 --> 00:06:55,210 And the first signs of violence appeared. 129 00:06:59,793 --> 00:07:02,626 (yelling) 130 00:07:10,751 --> 00:07:13,793 Unidentified Cop: They're telling a man came out 131 00:07:13,876 --> 00:07:16,543 and said that there was a fight on the inside. 132 00:07:16,626 --> 00:07:19,126 There was a bunch of colored boys and girls 133 00:07:19,210 --> 00:07:21,043 on the stools at the counters, 134 00:07:21,126 --> 00:07:23,376 so I instructed the men to put them-- 135 00:07:23,460 --> 00:07:24,793 place them under arrest. 136 00:07:45,626 --> 00:07:47,585 On February 27th 137 00:07:47,668 --> 00:07:49,543 80 Nashville students were arrested 138 00:07:49,626 --> 00:07:50,751 out of over 300 139 00:07:50,835 --> 00:07:54,835 who were participating in the sit-ins that day. 140 00:07:54,918 --> 00:07:56,543 As the students were confronted with a 141 00:07:56,626 --> 00:07:58,501 choice of paying the $50 fine, 142 00:07:58,585 --> 00:08:00,835 or spending over a month in jail, 143 00:08:00,918 --> 00:08:02,376 each of them chose jail. 144 00:08:04,751 --> 00:08:10,293 I felt free. I felt liberated. I felt like I had crossed over. 145 00:08:13,501 --> 00:08:15,210 While we were in jail, 146 00:08:15,293 --> 00:08:17,501 black women got on the phone 147 00:08:17,585 --> 00:08:20,418 and organized an economic withdrawal. 148 00:08:21,793 --> 00:08:24,126 The Negro has a terrific purchasing power, 149 00:08:24,210 --> 00:08:26,251 so the merchants of course was 150 00:08:26,335 --> 00:08:27,626 feeling the pinch 151 00:08:27,710 --> 00:08:29,168 'cause they were definitely not coming downtown 152 00:08:29,251 --> 00:08:30,918 to spend that money. 153 00:08:31,001 --> 00:08:32,960 The next day in Nashville, Tennessee 154 00:08:33,043 --> 00:08:35,376 in the morning newspaper had a headline, 155 00:08:35,460 --> 00:08:37,293 Mayor Favors Desegregation. 156 00:08:38,835 --> 00:08:40,585 It was a great victory for the Movement 157 00:08:40,668 --> 00:08:42,793 and for the city of Nashville. 158 00:08:43,710 --> 00:08:46,126 The economic boycott was withdrawn, 159 00:08:46,210 --> 00:08:48,418 and Nashville became the first major city 160 00:08:48,501 --> 00:08:50,710 in the south to permit whites and Negroes 161 00:08:50,793 --> 00:08:53,460 to eat together in public places. 162 00:08:53,543 --> 00:08:54,876 Dr. Claynorne: That remarkable group 163 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:56,585 that Lawson brought together in Nashville, 164 00:08:56,668 --> 00:08:58,751 they became a cadre. 165 00:08:58,835 --> 00:09:00,376 Nash: We all applauded, 166 00:09:00,460 --> 00:09:03,960 and here is a situation that, that turned out right. 167 00:09:04,043 --> 00:09:06,626 The ideas that they promoted 168 00:09:06,710 --> 00:09:08,001 very quickly spread across the region 169 00:09:08,085 --> 00:09:09,168 and across the nation. 170 00:09:22,543 --> 00:09:23,793 Chet Hunyley: The sit-in movement 171 00:09:23,876 --> 00:09:27,001 that has challenged certain fundamental concepts of law, 172 00:09:27,085 --> 00:09:29,501 and is shaking the regional traditions in the south 173 00:09:29,585 --> 00:09:31,043 in an entirely new way. 174 00:09:32,918 --> 00:09:35,460 Garrow: King is extremely pleased 175 00:09:35,543 --> 00:09:38,585 with the emergence of the student sit-in movement 176 00:09:38,668 --> 00:09:40,043 in early 1960. 177 00:09:43,210 --> 00:09:45,335 There were sit ins in Atlanta 178 00:09:45,418 --> 00:09:47,918 where Dr. King is living by that time. 179 00:09:48,001 --> 00:09:52,376 King himself gets arrested in one at Rich's Department Store. 180 00:09:53,585 --> 00:09:56,960 King is kept in jail when everyone else is released. 181 00:09:58,376 --> 00:10:02,251 And that's when it got involved in the presidential campaign. 182 00:10:02,335 --> 00:10:04,543 John Kennedy, the Presidential candidate 183 00:10:04,626 --> 00:10:08,751 calls Mrs. King to express his concern, 184 00:10:08,835 --> 00:10:11,710 very unexpected public gesture. 185 00:10:11,793 --> 00:10:14,251 Within 24 hours Robert Kennedy 186 00:10:14,335 --> 00:10:16,835 called that judge and asked that 187 00:10:16,918 --> 00:10:19,001 he let King out of jail. 188 00:10:20,126 --> 00:10:21,710 Next thing we knew is 'Daddy' King 189 00:10:21,793 --> 00:10:24,335 had gone public and had said 190 00:10:24,418 --> 00:10:27,876 I was against having a Catholic for President, 191 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:32,585 but if he can wipe the tears from my daughter-in-law's eyes 192 00:10:32,668 --> 00:10:35,251 I have the courage to vote for Kennedy for President, 193 00:10:35,335 --> 00:10:38,001 and I have a suitcase full of votes. 194 00:10:40,501 --> 00:10:42,085 Dr. King, have you heard anything 195 00:10:42,168 --> 00:10:45,043 from Vice President Nixon, or any of his supporters? 196 00:10:45,126 --> 00:10:46,335 Martin Luther King, Jr: I've been confined 197 00:10:46,418 --> 00:10:48,251 and I haven't talked with anybody 198 00:10:48,335 --> 00:10:51,585 from Washington, or from the campaign. 199 00:10:51,668 --> 00:10:54,668 Do you know of any efforts made on behalf of the Kennedy group? 200 00:10:54,751 --> 00:10:57,085 Well I understand that 201 00:10:57,168 --> 00:11:00,543 the Kennedy group did make definite contacts, 202 00:11:00,626 --> 00:11:05,168 and did a great deal to make my release possible. 203 00:11:13,668 --> 00:11:15,543 It turned out that, that phone call was 204 00:11:15,626 --> 00:11:17,793 given credit for Kennedy's victory 205 00:11:17,876 --> 00:11:20,126 in one of the closest elections in modern history. 206 00:11:23,085 --> 00:11:26,668 King said I hope that at last we have a President 207 00:11:26,751 --> 00:11:30,210 with the intelligence to understand this problem, 208 00:11:30,293 --> 00:11:32,751 I'm convinced that he has that understanding, 209 00:11:32,835 --> 00:11:36,085 and now we'll have to see what his passion leads him to do. 210 00:11:36,168 --> 00:11:38,585 But what together we can do... 211 00:11:38,668 --> 00:11:41,085 Kennedy, in his inaugural speech 212 00:11:41,168 --> 00:11:44,085 did not have a single mention of the domestic issue. 213 00:11:44,168 --> 00:11:46,876 Harris Wofford said all these people out there, 214 00:11:46,960 --> 00:11:49,960 and particularly black people, who voted for you, 215 00:11:50,085 --> 00:11:53,001 and you've gotta give them something. 216 00:11:53,085 --> 00:11:55,585 What they did then was add two words 217 00:11:55,668 --> 00:11:58,126 talking about freedom and human rights 218 00:11:58,210 --> 00:12:01,418 abroad and at home. 219 00:12:01,501 --> 00:12:03,335 That was the only mention. 220 00:12:05,251 --> 00:12:06,501 Dallek: Kennedy's administration 221 00:12:06,585 --> 00:12:09,460 is trying to keep a lid on the Civil Rights issue, 222 00:12:09,543 --> 00:12:13,126 and Civil Rights activists are determined to push ahead. 223 00:12:19,210 --> 00:12:20,585 Reporter: Brave blacks and whites 224 00:12:20,668 --> 00:12:22,460 rode into the deep south together 225 00:12:22,543 --> 00:12:24,668 on Greyhound and Trailways buses 226 00:12:24,751 --> 00:12:27,585 to challenge segregation as Freedom Riders. 227 00:12:27,668 --> 00:12:30,210 The freedom ride started with two buses, 228 00:12:30,293 --> 00:12:33,793 13 people going from Washington D.C. to New Orleans. 229 00:12:34,835 --> 00:12:37,043 The concept of the freedom rides 230 00:12:37,126 --> 00:12:40,210 was to show that desegregation laws 231 00:12:40,293 --> 00:12:44,335 were not being enforced in the south. 232 00:12:44,418 --> 00:12:45,710 Cox: Even though the law demands 233 00:12:45,793 --> 00:12:48,043 that a passenger can ride interstate 234 00:12:48,126 --> 00:12:50,710 and participate in lunchroom waiting rooms 235 00:12:50,793 --> 00:12:54,168 and bathrooms that even though law says this 236 00:12:54,251 --> 00:12:57,210 everyone cannot, particularly the Negro. 237 00:12:59,001 --> 00:13:01,210 They're buying tickets from town to town 238 00:13:01,293 --> 00:13:03,793 and getting off in each town, 239 00:13:03,876 --> 00:13:08,168 going into waiting rooms, restaurants, cafes, 240 00:13:08,251 --> 00:13:10,751 which are traditionally segregated 241 00:13:10,835 --> 00:13:13,376 in such a manner as to enrage them and 242 00:13:13,460 --> 00:13:16,418 to provoke them into acts of violence. 243 00:13:16,501 --> 00:13:17,876 That's what they're doing. 244 00:13:27,668 --> 00:13:28,876 Blankenheim: We were aboard a 245 00:13:28,960 --> 00:13:31,418 Greyhound bus going to Birmingham. 246 00:13:31,501 --> 00:13:35,793 We were surrounded by a mob who followed us out of Anniston 247 00:13:35,876 --> 00:13:38,876 for about four miles until one of our tires went flat, 248 00:13:40,168 --> 00:13:42,418 and finally threw a bomb into the bus. 249 00:13:42,501 --> 00:13:44,960 The bus filled very rapidly with black smoke. 250 00:13:46,335 --> 00:13:48,918 Meanwhile, when the Trailways bus 251 00:13:49,001 --> 00:13:52,251 got to Birmingham it was even worse. 252 00:13:52,335 --> 00:13:54,918 They dragged about six of the passengers out, 253 00:13:55,043 --> 00:13:57,960 both Negro and white, they took them into corridors and alleys 254 00:13:58,043 --> 00:14:00,960 and began beating them, began hitting them with lead pipes, 255 00:14:01,043 --> 00:14:03,585 they knocked one man, a white man down at my feet, 256 00:14:03,668 --> 00:14:05,251 and they beat him and kicked him 257 00:14:05,335 --> 00:14:07,293 until his face was a bloody red pulp. 258 00:14:11,876 --> 00:14:14,293 Freedom Riders who were severely beaten 259 00:14:14,376 --> 00:14:16,335 could not continue. 260 00:14:17,585 --> 00:14:20,376 The Nashville Movement decided 261 00:14:20,460 --> 00:14:22,918 that we had to take up the freedom ride 262 00:14:23,001 --> 00:14:25,085 where it had left off. 263 00:14:25,168 --> 00:14:27,335 Groups will be dispatched... 264 00:14:27,418 --> 00:14:30,918 Diane Nash said the line that made the difference. 265 00:14:31,001 --> 00:14:32,710 She said we will not allow 266 00:14:32,793 --> 00:14:34,918 violence to destroy nonviolence. 267 00:14:35,001 --> 00:14:36,335 This was the test. 268 00:14:39,418 --> 00:14:43,585 Ten of the kids said we will go tonight, 269 00:14:43,668 --> 00:14:46,960 and that's the stuff that makes you free. 270 00:14:47,043 --> 00:14:48,918 That's the stuff that is freedom. 271 00:14:54,001 --> 00:14:58,001 A group of them got on a bus in Birmingham. 272 00:15:01,501 --> 00:15:05,501 When the bus pulled into the Montgomery station 273 00:15:05,585 --> 00:15:09,626 John Lewis could see hundreds of whites 274 00:15:09,710 --> 00:15:14,585 headed towards them with baseball bats, bricks, rocks. 275 00:15:15,668 --> 00:15:18,626 An angry mob just came out of nowhere. 276 00:15:19,710 --> 00:15:21,710 They started beating the Freedom Riders. 277 00:15:21,793 --> 00:15:23,543 I was hit with a wooden crate, 278 00:15:23,626 --> 00:15:26,418 beaten, left lying in a pool of blood. 279 00:15:32,751 --> 00:15:34,543 Before police finally broke up the crowd 280 00:15:34,626 --> 00:15:38,293 with teargas they beat and injured at least 20 persons. 281 00:15:39,668 --> 00:15:43,126 After the riders are attacked and brutally beaten 282 00:15:43,210 --> 00:15:46,710 the Freedom Riders essentially become trapped in 283 00:15:46,793 --> 00:15:48,835 Ralph Abernathy's First Baptist Church. 284 00:15:48,918 --> 00:15:51,710 Diane Nash: The church was surrounded, 285 00:15:51,793 --> 00:15:55,043 and people were setting fire to cars. 286 00:15:55,126 --> 00:15:57,585 That is a very dangerous situation outside. 287 00:15:57,668 --> 00:16:00,501 No one, but no one could leave the church. 288 00:16:00,585 --> 00:16:03,043 Dr. King had gone over to Montgomery 289 00:16:03,126 --> 00:16:06,501 from Atlanta to lend support to the Freedom Riders. 290 00:16:06,585 --> 00:16:09,376 And so King too, along with the riders, 291 00:16:09,460 --> 00:16:11,418 is trapped at this church. 292 00:16:13,751 --> 00:16:14,876 Now it's very easy for us 293 00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:17,543 to get angry and bitter, and even violent 294 00:16:17,626 --> 00:16:21,293 in a moment like this but I think this is a testing point. 295 00:16:34,126 --> 00:16:36,876 I hope that we will remain calm, 296 00:16:36,960 --> 00:16:39,710 as we have done in so many touchy, 297 00:16:39,793 --> 00:16:42,585 difficult moments, and I know we're gonna do it. 298 00:16:42,668 --> 00:16:46,085 Martin Luther King, Jr placed a call to Robert Kennedy 299 00:16:46,168 --> 00:16:48,043 and said to the Attorney General 300 00:16:48,126 --> 00:16:50,126 something must be done. 301 00:16:50,210 --> 00:16:52,085 We are planning during 302 00:16:52,168 --> 00:16:54,876 the course of this afternoon to send in 303 00:16:54,960 --> 00:16:57,460 several hundred more U.S. Marshals 304 00:16:57,543 --> 00:17:00,043 from around the country to help and assist. 305 00:17:00,126 --> 00:17:03,043 President Kennedy had called out the United States Marshals 306 00:17:03,126 --> 00:17:05,710 to place the city of Montgomery under Marshal Law. 307 00:17:07,501 --> 00:17:10,876 In this situation I want to make this announcement 308 00:17:10,960 --> 00:17:14,585 that the city is now under Marshal Law, 309 00:17:14,668 --> 00:17:17,626 and troops are on their way into Montgomery. 310 00:17:17,710 --> 00:17:20,626 (cheering) 311 00:17:36,335 --> 00:17:38,460 Patterson: Now the best thing for King and 312 00:17:38,543 --> 00:17:39,960 all of the so-called Freedom Riders 313 00:17:40,043 --> 00:17:42,126 is to return to their homes, 314 00:17:42,210 --> 00:17:44,001 go back to their books, 315 00:17:44,085 --> 00:17:46,585 and mind their own business. 316 00:17:46,668 --> 00:17:49,626 Finally with federal intervention 317 00:17:49,710 --> 00:17:53,293 the Freedom Riders were put on a bus and headed to Jackson. 318 00:18:15,085 --> 00:18:19,168 We pull on into Jackson, the wagon was waiting for us. 319 00:18:24,585 --> 00:18:27,251 You're under arrest for refusing to obey my order. 320 00:18:29,376 --> 00:18:33,210 We didn't know it at the time, but the Kennedy's 321 00:18:33,710 --> 00:18:37,626 had agreed that the Freedom Riders could be imprisoned. 322 00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:40,293 The Kennedy administration makes a deal 323 00:18:40,376 --> 00:18:43,168 whereby the Mississippi police units 324 00:18:43,251 --> 00:18:45,668 agree that there'll be no violence, 325 00:18:45,751 --> 00:18:48,585 but the tradeoff is that every Freedom Rider 326 00:18:48,668 --> 00:18:51,085 arriving in Jackson immediately will be arrested. 327 00:18:52,960 --> 00:18:54,418 Schackne: Officials in Mississippi 328 00:18:54,501 --> 00:18:58,210 think they found a legal way to circumvent desegregation. 329 00:18:58,293 --> 00:19:01,168 Their method calling any defiance of segregation 330 00:19:01,251 --> 00:19:03,501 a threat to the peace in an area 331 00:19:03,585 --> 00:19:05,668 where popular feelings run so high. 332 00:19:08,251 --> 00:19:10,210 The Freedom Riders included 333 00:19:10,293 --> 00:19:14,460 James Bevel, John Lewis, James Lawson, 334 00:19:14,543 --> 00:19:20,293 among others were sent to Parchman State Penitentiary. 335 00:19:21,751 --> 00:19:24,043 So this guy takes me back to the jail cell, 336 00:19:24,126 --> 00:19:27,210 when prison doors slam it has an effect on you. 337 00:19:27,293 --> 00:19:31,001 That sound you felt you would never get out again. 338 00:19:33,501 --> 00:19:35,543 As soon as the agitators leave, 339 00:19:35,626 --> 00:19:37,751 and get tired of trying to stir up trouble. 340 00:19:37,835 --> 00:19:40,918 We're going back to the same old way of living 341 00:19:41,001 --> 00:19:42,876 that's made our city such a wonderful place 342 00:19:42,960 --> 00:19:43,793 in which to live. 343 00:19:45,001 --> 00:19:46,126 Reporter: Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. 344 00:19:47,585 --> 00:19:49,251 Well. 345 00:19:50,335 --> 00:19:54,251 This attempt to stop the freedom rides 346 00:19:54,335 --> 00:19:56,376 only served to fuel the flames 347 00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:58,043 of the Civil Rights Movement. 348 00:19:58,126 --> 00:20:00,543 I'd like to see the show of hands of those of you 349 00:20:00,626 --> 00:20:03,335 who will be willing to continue 350 00:20:03,418 --> 00:20:05,960 the freedom ride in the near future. 351 00:20:06,043 --> 00:20:07,626 Let's see a show of hands please. 352 00:20:09,626 --> 00:20:12,293 Freedom ride after freedom ride would come through, 353 00:20:12,376 --> 00:20:13,585 they'd get arrested in Jackson, 354 00:20:13,668 --> 00:20:15,210 they'd go to the Hines County Jail, 355 00:20:15,293 --> 00:20:17,001 or the Jackson Jail, and then they would get moved to 356 00:20:17,085 --> 00:20:18,293 Parchman Penitentiary. 357 00:20:22,210 --> 00:20:27,835 During the time they spent in prison a bond formed, 358 00:20:27,918 --> 00:20:33,293 and they came out of prison more dedicated than ever, 359 00:20:33,376 --> 00:20:36,960 and they began to fan out across the south. 360 00:20:40,876 --> 00:20:43,626 James H. Meredith, son of a cotton farmer, 361 00:20:43,710 --> 00:20:46,251 grandson of a slave, and applicant for admission 362 00:20:46,335 --> 00:20:48,460 to the University of Mississippi. 363 00:20:48,543 --> 00:20:51,001 James, why do you want to enter the University of Mississippi? 364 00:20:52,335 --> 00:20:55,710 Well, I think that 365 00:20:55,793 --> 00:20:59,460 every citizen should have an opportunity to receive an 366 00:20:59,543 --> 00:21:01,460 education in his own state, 367 00:21:01,543 --> 00:21:04,376 I think he have an education-- an opportunity 368 00:21:04,460 --> 00:21:06,168 to receive the best possible education. 369 00:21:08,876 --> 00:21:11,335 Mississippi Air Force veteran 370 00:21:11,418 --> 00:21:14,835 James Meredith insists on being admitted 371 00:21:14,918 --> 00:21:16,918 to the University of Mississippi, 372 00:21:17,001 --> 00:21:19,460 and Ross Barnett the governor of the state, 373 00:21:19,543 --> 00:21:21,960 he's not gonna let this happen. 374 00:21:22,043 --> 00:21:24,793 I do hereby deny you admission to 375 00:21:24,876 --> 00:21:27,210 the University of Mississippi. 376 00:21:28,210 --> 00:21:29,585 And it becomes a crises. 377 00:21:33,460 --> 00:21:36,710 Ross Barnett withdrew local police 378 00:21:36,793 --> 00:21:40,418 and allowed the campus to turn into a kind of war zone. 379 00:22:00,918 --> 00:22:03,376 Carter: Finally the Army arrives 380 00:22:03,460 --> 00:22:05,835 from Memphis and comes rolling onto campus 381 00:22:05,918 --> 00:22:08,085 and stops the riot at that point. 382 00:22:09,876 --> 00:22:11,918 Kennedy: I deeply regret the fact 383 00:22:12,001 --> 00:22:14,168 that any action by the executive branch 384 00:22:14,251 --> 00:22:16,585 was necessary in this case. 385 00:22:16,668 --> 00:22:19,585 But all other avenues and alternatives, 386 00:22:19,668 --> 00:22:22,918 including persuasion and conciliation 387 00:22:23,001 --> 00:22:24,585 had been tried and exhausted. 388 00:22:25,793 --> 00:22:27,543 James Meredith went to school 389 00:22:27,626 --> 00:22:29,835 at Ole Miss today, but his travels to 390 00:22:29,918 --> 00:22:32,501 and from classes were not those of a regular student. 391 00:22:32,585 --> 00:22:34,751 Go home nigger! 392 00:22:34,835 --> 00:22:36,126 For everywhere that Meredith went 393 00:22:36,210 --> 00:22:38,418 so did his escorts of federal marshals 394 00:22:38,501 --> 00:22:41,043 and troops of the United States Army. 395 00:22:41,126 --> 00:22:43,210 There is no country where the violence 396 00:22:43,293 --> 00:22:45,251 of Sunday and Monday has gone unreported. 397 00:22:45,335 --> 00:22:46,418 For example, a bigger story 398 00:22:46,501 --> 00:22:48,126 in the London Evening Standard 399 00:22:48,210 --> 00:22:51,210 was the violence on the Mississippi campus. 400 00:22:51,293 --> 00:22:53,460 The outburst of violence was described as 401 00:22:53,543 --> 00:22:55,793 humiliating for American democracy, 402 00:22:55,876 --> 00:22:58,210 and embarrassing for American prestige abroad. 403 00:23:00,210 --> 00:23:03,251 I think my father and my uncle were originally focused 404 00:23:03,335 --> 00:23:05,126 on those foreign policy issues 405 00:23:05,210 --> 00:23:07,376 out of America's leadership in the globe, 406 00:23:07,460 --> 00:23:10,251 and saw the Civil Rights Movement 407 00:23:10,335 --> 00:23:12,293 in our country as kind of a distraction. 408 00:23:12,376 --> 00:23:14,626 I think this is a charge before the President. 409 00:23:14,710 --> 00:23:18,793 He must start now making moral decisions 410 00:23:18,876 --> 00:23:22,126 rather than purely political decisions. 411 00:23:30,751 --> 00:23:32,960 In the name of the greatest people 412 00:23:33,043 --> 00:23:35,626 that have ever trod this Earth. 413 00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,126 I draw the line in the dust 414 00:23:38,210 --> 00:23:41,335 and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny 415 00:23:41,418 --> 00:23:44,210 and I say segregation now, 416 00:23:44,293 --> 00:23:46,001 segregation tomorrow, 417 00:23:46,085 --> 00:23:48,543 and segregation forever. 418 00:23:49,751 --> 00:23:51,335 Carter: George Wallace became 419 00:23:51,418 --> 00:23:54,543 almost a mythic figure for white southerners, 420 00:23:54,626 --> 00:23:57,501 and that speech in which he promised segregation forever 421 00:23:57,585 --> 00:24:00,460 is the fullest expression of that commitment 422 00:24:00,543 --> 00:24:04,293 to becoming the leader of the resistant white south. 423 00:24:04,376 --> 00:24:06,210 I'm sorry, Mr. Wallace, 424 00:24:07,751 --> 00:24:09,793 God has spoken to me. 425 00:24:11,418 --> 00:24:13,001 That he wants freedom for his people. 426 00:24:14,251 --> 00:24:17,168 It may even mean physical death, 427 00:24:17,251 --> 00:24:19,543 but if it means that I will die 428 00:24:19,626 --> 00:24:21,543 standing up for the freedom of my people. 429 00:24:21,626 --> 00:24:24,543 God has spoken to me. 430 00:24:24,626 --> 00:24:29,293 King, very wisely, sees an opportunity 431 00:24:29,376 --> 00:24:31,251 to give more exposure to the Civil Rights Movement, 432 00:24:31,335 --> 00:24:34,210 and to prod the Kennedy administration. 433 00:24:34,293 --> 00:24:36,501 Roberts: Martin Luther King decided 434 00:24:36,585 --> 00:24:39,251 that they should have major demonstrations 435 00:24:39,335 --> 00:24:42,543 only in areas that local 436 00:24:42,626 --> 00:24:46,501 law enforcement would react violently. 437 00:24:46,585 --> 00:24:48,376 Do you think that you can keep 438 00:24:48,460 --> 00:24:52,376 Birmingham in the present situation of segregation? 439 00:24:52,460 --> 00:24:55,835 I may not be able to do it, but I'll die trying. 440 00:24:55,918 --> 00:24:58,751 Reporter: Bull Connor has a well known identity 441 00:24:58,835 --> 00:25:00,751 as one of the hardest hardliners 442 00:25:00,835 --> 00:25:02,793 in defense of segregation. 443 00:25:02,876 --> 00:25:06,543 He encouraged the hiring of Klansmen on his police force. 444 00:25:06,626 --> 00:25:08,251 King is assuming that 445 00:25:08,335 --> 00:25:10,918 Bull Connor is gonna provide the pictures 446 00:25:11,001 --> 00:25:13,793 and the footage they need to outrage the country. 447 00:25:16,668 --> 00:25:18,793 Safety commissioner Bull Connor 448 00:25:18,876 --> 00:25:21,418 used mass arrests, fire hoses, 449 00:25:21,501 --> 00:25:24,126 police dogs to break up the demonstrations. 450 00:25:25,043 --> 00:25:26,251 Branch: The demonstrations continued 451 00:25:26,335 --> 00:25:29,585 for weeks. You got 12, 14, 20 adults 452 00:25:29,668 --> 00:25:33,251 maximum per day marching, they're making no news, and 453 00:25:33,335 --> 00:25:34,626 numbers were dwindling. 454 00:25:34,710 --> 00:25:36,918 And the movement was on the brink of extinction 455 00:25:37,001 --> 00:25:39,626 when Bevel from the Nashville movement comes along 456 00:25:39,710 --> 00:25:41,585 and said I've got plenty of teenagers 457 00:25:41,668 --> 00:25:43,918 in my youth workshops 458 00:25:44,043 --> 00:25:45,001 who are willing to go to jail. 459 00:25:46,585 --> 00:25:50,668 I was on the phone constantly with Jim, with Diane, 460 00:25:50,751 --> 00:25:52,585 and others about making it happen. 461 00:25:54,210 --> 00:25:56,168 There's an understandable reluctance 462 00:25:56,251 --> 00:26:00,168 on King's part of organizing students to get arrested 463 00:26:00,251 --> 00:26:02,251 when their parents are gonna be furious 464 00:26:02,335 --> 00:26:05,293 for putting their children in the line of fire. 465 00:26:06,376 --> 00:26:10,126 Finally it's King who makes the decision 466 00:26:10,210 --> 00:26:12,001 to send the children into the streets. 467 00:26:14,501 --> 00:26:16,751 Will you use the hoses and dogs? 468 00:26:16,835 --> 00:26:19,210 We will use the dogs if they start draw-- 469 00:26:19,293 --> 00:26:21,335 drawing knives again, and throwing rocks. 470 00:26:21,418 --> 00:26:23,668 We will use the hose if it becomes necessary 471 00:26:23,751 --> 00:26:25,835 to stop the mob. 472 00:26:25,918 --> 00:26:27,460 Reporter: Most of the pickets and the marchers 473 00:26:27,543 --> 00:26:29,168 were juveniles instead of the adults 474 00:26:29,251 --> 00:26:31,043 seen in previous protests. 475 00:26:31,126 --> 00:26:33,001 Officers quickly moved in to make the arrests 476 00:26:33,085 --> 00:26:35,835 under the direction of Commissioner Bull Connor. 477 00:26:35,918 --> 00:26:37,543 Police overflowed juvenile hall 478 00:26:37,626 --> 00:26:39,210 with the youthful demonstrators. 479 00:26:39,293 --> 00:26:41,168 All kinds of vehicles had to 480 00:26:41,251 --> 00:26:43,085 pressed into service to carry the Negroes, 481 00:26:43,168 --> 00:26:44,876 cars, police paddy wagons, 482 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:46,835 and later in the day school buses. 483 00:26:46,918 --> 00:26:48,168 The sheriff's department estimated 484 00:26:48,251 --> 00:26:50,876 upwards of 400 had been arrested. 485 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:54,126 Instead of 14 adults you had 600 teenagers, 486 00:26:54,210 --> 00:26:55,710 and then the next day a thousand, 487 00:26:55,793 --> 00:26:57,251 and that's when the dogs and the fire hoses came out. 488 00:27:23,668 --> 00:27:26,668 Of course what he was doing was exactly what the head of the 489 00:27:26,751 --> 00:27:28,876 Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham wanted him to do, 490 00:27:28,960 --> 00:27:30,751 to create the theater. 491 00:27:30,835 --> 00:27:33,501 That was gonna be broadcast on national television 492 00:27:33,585 --> 00:27:37,710 that would show just how bad things were in Birmingham. 493 00:27:37,793 --> 00:27:41,418 Demonstrators attacked with water hoses 494 00:27:41,501 --> 00:27:45,251 were as young as six, eight, nine years old. 495 00:27:47,251 --> 00:27:48,251 Why did you want to take part 496 00:27:48,335 --> 00:27:49,543 in the demonstrations? 497 00:27:49,626 --> 00:27:52,460 If all the colored folks get together and 498 00:27:52,543 --> 00:27:56,293 take part in, in fighting for freedom 499 00:27:56,376 --> 00:27:57,626 maybe they'll get some. 500 00:27:57,710 --> 00:28:00,126 But if they don't they won't get nowhere. 501 00:28:02,335 --> 00:28:05,001 Birmingham was a crucible 502 00:28:05,085 --> 00:28:09,210 in which the soul of a nation was being forged. 503 00:28:09,293 --> 00:28:10,876 Collingwood: The Negro drive for equality 504 00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:12,501 gathered momentum this week. 505 00:28:12,585 --> 00:28:15,585 The Supreme Court sanctioned sit-in demonstrations, 506 00:28:15,668 --> 00:28:18,918 still another court removed the strongly segregationist 507 00:28:19,001 --> 00:28:20,251 city government of Birmingham 508 00:28:20,335 --> 00:28:22,376 dominated by Eugene "Bull" Connor. 509 00:28:23,793 --> 00:28:25,793 Well all that I can say is that 510 00:28:25,876 --> 00:28:28,376 I have enjoyed my 22 and a half years 511 00:28:28,460 --> 00:28:31,126 as public safety commissioner in the City of Birmingham. 512 00:28:31,210 --> 00:28:32,876 I don't believe I owe the taxpayers of 513 00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:34,293 Birmingham anything. 514 00:28:34,376 --> 00:28:36,335 They're going to owe me 515 00:28:36,418 --> 00:28:38,085 almost two and a half years back pay. 516 00:28:42,210 --> 00:28:45,460 Don't shop for anything on Capital Street. 517 00:28:45,543 --> 00:28:47,210 These are the stores that help to support 518 00:28:47,293 --> 00:28:49,001 the white citizens counsel. 519 00:28:49,085 --> 00:28:50,460 Medgar Evers was 520 00:28:50,543 --> 00:28:52,835 operating in and around Jackson, Mississippi, 521 00:28:52,918 --> 00:28:56,501 Really the heart of resistance to desegregation. 522 00:28:57,876 --> 00:29:00,918 The NBC networks affiliate 523 00:29:01,001 --> 00:29:05,835 was notorious for featuring segregationist speeches. 524 00:29:05,918 --> 00:29:08,418 It became such a problem 525 00:29:08,501 --> 00:29:12,668 that Medgar Evers demanded equal time. 526 00:29:12,751 --> 00:29:13,960 Carter: When the Jackson, Mississippi 527 00:29:14,043 --> 00:29:17,001 television station found itself under threat from the FCC 528 00:29:17,085 --> 00:29:19,126 they agreed to allow Medgar Evers 529 00:29:19,210 --> 00:29:22,543 to go on television and make a statement 530 00:29:22,626 --> 00:29:24,710 about the goals of the movement. 531 00:29:42,126 --> 00:29:45,335 To many white Mississippians it was an outrage. 532 00:29:45,418 --> 00:29:48,168 That's the first time a black man 533 00:29:48,251 --> 00:29:53,543 had ever been allowed to appear on television in Mississippi. 534 00:29:53,626 --> 00:29:56,918 Certainly to argue against segregation. 535 00:29:57,001 --> 00:30:00,585 It made him in some ways a kind of marked man in Mississippi. 536 00:30:00,668 --> 00:30:02,251 We'll be demonstrating here 537 00:30:02,335 --> 00:30:05,460 until freedom comes to Negroes here in Jackson, Mississippi. 538 00:30:21,793 --> 00:30:23,168 Our guest today on Meet the Press is 539 00:30:23,251 --> 00:30:25,543 Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama. 540 00:30:25,626 --> 00:30:27,543 This state is the only one in the country today 541 00:30:27,626 --> 00:30:30,168 whose schools are completely segregated. 542 00:30:30,251 --> 00:30:32,376 Next week the issue heads for a climax 543 00:30:32,460 --> 00:30:34,835 when two Negro students will seek to enroll 544 00:30:34,918 --> 00:30:37,043 at the University of Alabama. 545 00:30:37,126 --> 00:30:38,585 Governor Wallace has been quoted as saying that 546 00:30:38,668 --> 00:30:40,710 he will personally bar their entrance, 547 00:30:40,793 --> 00:30:44,251 despite a federal court order and a threat of federal troops. 548 00:30:44,335 --> 00:30:46,043 Don't you believe that 549 00:30:46,126 --> 00:30:49,543 the Negroes in the south are human beings created by God? 550 00:30:49,626 --> 00:30:52,585 Of course they are. I said so in my campaign address. 551 00:30:52,668 --> 00:30:55,918 Do you think they should be discriminated? 552 00:30:56,001 --> 00:30:57,168 For obvious reasons. 553 00:30:57,626 --> 00:31:00,085 Can they be enrolled without the use of troops? 554 00:31:00,168 --> 00:31:01,710 Well of course I-- 555 00:31:01,793 --> 00:31:04,001 we'll just have to wait and see exactly 556 00:31:04,085 --> 00:31:06,376 what transpires on that occasion. 557 00:31:07,793 --> 00:31:09,210 At the center of this potential storm 558 00:31:09,293 --> 00:31:10,668 are two young Negro students, 559 00:31:10,751 --> 00:31:12,751 Vivian Malone and Jimmy Hood. 560 00:31:12,835 --> 00:31:15,876 She's 20 years old and made the National Honor Society 561 00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:17,668 when she attended a segregated high school 562 00:31:17,751 --> 00:31:20,293 in her hometown of Mobile, Alabama. 563 00:31:20,376 --> 00:31:22,293 He is also 20, was president of his class 564 00:31:22,376 --> 00:31:24,126 in high school at Gadsden, Alabama, 565 00:31:24,210 --> 00:31:26,001 and president of the student counsel. 566 00:31:26,960 --> 00:31:28,293 What's the general feeling 567 00:31:28,376 --> 00:31:30,585 around the campus concerning the agreement 568 00:31:30,668 --> 00:31:33,335 to admit the Negro here this summer? 569 00:31:33,418 --> 00:31:35,335 Well all the students that I've talked to 570 00:31:35,418 --> 00:31:37,293 and my friends feel that there's not gonna be 571 00:31:37,376 --> 00:31:40,251 any repeat of a Mississippi situation, 572 00:31:40,335 --> 00:31:41,960 and there's not gonna be no violence. 573 00:31:42,043 --> 00:31:45,293 Well I feel like it won't be as much trouble as, 574 00:31:45,376 --> 00:31:47,460 you know, have been on other campuses. 575 00:31:47,543 --> 00:31:49,960 But it will be bad news when the nigger comes in. 576 00:31:59,918 --> 00:32:01,376 Mr. Smith? 577 00:32:01,460 --> 00:32:03,126 Does the government plan to use 578 00:32:03,210 --> 00:32:05,376 federal marshals if he does go through 579 00:32:05,460 --> 00:32:07,293 with his last intention to prevent these 580 00:32:07,376 --> 00:32:09,043 Negro students from entering? 581 00:32:09,126 --> 00:32:10,835 I know there's a great opposition 582 00:32:10,918 --> 00:32:13,126 in Alabama, and indeed in any state, to 583 00:32:13,210 --> 00:32:15,710 federal marshals and federal troops. 584 00:32:15,793 --> 00:32:19,043 And I would be very reluctant to see us reach that point. 585 00:32:22,210 --> 00:32:25,626 You know, those Kennedy's 586 00:32:25,710 --> 00:32:27,668 up there in Washington, that little old Bobby sox 587 00:32:27,751 --> 00:32:29,168 and his brother the President, 588 00:32:30,418 --> 00:32:32,835 they'd give anything in the world 589 00:32:32,918 --> 00:32:34,585 if we had some trouble here. 590 00:32:35,501 --> 00:32:37,376 Now George asked me to ask you that you do 591 00:32:37,460 --> 00:32:38,710 him one favor. 592 00:32:39,710 --> 00:32:41,543 Tell your friends when you leave here, 593 00:32:41,626 --> 00:32:45,251 between now and Tuesday don't go up there, leave it alone. 594 00:32:45,335 --> 00:32:47,085 They gonna handle this situation. 595 00:32:49,793 --> 00:32:51,043 Governor Wallace has ordered 596 00:32:51,126 --> 00:32:53,585 500 Alabama National Guardsmen into Tuscaloosa. 597 00:32:53,668 --> 00:32:56,001 At the moment they are under his control. 598 00:32:56,085 --> 00:32:57,710 It would require hardly more than 599 00:32:57,793 --> 00:32:59,710 the flourish of a pen to convert their status 600 00:32:59,793 --> 00:33:01,085 to federalized troops and place them 601 00:33:01,168 --> 00:33:02,751 at the disposal of President Kennedy. 602 00:33:03,793 --> 00:33:05,835 Reeves: National Guard units are 603 00:33:05,918 --> 00:33:07,585 commanded by a governor unless 604 00:33:07,668 --> 00:33:10,085 they're federalized and the President 605 00:33:10,168 --> 00:33:11,876 becomes their Commander in Chief. 606 00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:16,085 Kennedy had to make the decision of what to do next. 607 00:33:17,001 --> 00:33:18,876 President Kennedy has done 608 00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:22,043 some significant things in Civil Rights, 609 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:25,460 but at the same time 610 00:33:25,543 --> 00:33:29,210 I must say that President Kennedy hasn't done enough. 611 00:33:29,293 --> 00:33:31,960 And we must remind him that we elected him. 612 00:33:44,793 --> 00:33:46,585 Under a searing Alabama sun 613 00:33:46,668 --> 00:33:48,918 that already has the temperature near 100 degrees 614 00:33:49,001 --> 00:33:50,585 the waiting continues. 615 00:33:50,668 --> 00:33:52,918 Governor George Wallace's direct confrontation 616 00:33:53,001 --> 00:33:54,960 with federal authorities and two Negro students 617 00:33:55,043 --> 00:33:56,460 at the University of Alabama 618 00:33:56,543 --> 00:33:59,876 is now believed to be only a very short time away. 619 00:33:59,960 --> 00:34:02,085 The two Negroes, Vivian Malone and Jimmy Hood 620 00:34:02,168 --> 00:34:03,418 reportedly are en route 621 00:34:03,501 --> 00:34:05,210 from Birmingham to the campus. 622 00:34:05,293 --> 00:34:06,835 Governor Wallace purportedly about 623 00:34:06,918 --> 00:34:08,460 ready to make his appearance on campus. 624 00:34:19,835 --> 00:34:21,210 Coming into it nobody knows what's 625 00:34:21,293 --> 00:34:22,960 gonna happen. The Justice Department doesn't know 626 00:34:23,043 --> 00:34:24,960 what Wallace is gonna do, Wallace doesn't know 627 00:34:25,043 --> 00:34:26,335 whether he's gonna be put in jail. 628 00:34:27,710 --> 00:34:29,418 As governor and chief magistrate 629 00:34:29,501 --> 00:34:30,751 of the State of Alabama 630 00:34:30,835 --> 00:34:32,793 I deem it to be my solemn obligation 631 00:34:32,876 --> 00:34:34,960 and duty to stand before you. 632 00:34:35,043 --> 00:34:36,626 representing the rights and sovereignty 633 00:34:36,710 --> 00:34:38,751 of this state and its peoples. 634 00:34:38,835 --> 00:34:40,626 And now being mindful of my duties 635 00:34:40,710 --> 00:34:42,460 and responsibilities under the Constitution 636 00:34:42,543 --> 00:34:43,960 of the United States 637 00:34:44,043 --> 00:34:46,126 the Constitution of the State of Alabama, 638 00:34:46,210 --> 00:34:48,168 and seeking to preserve and maintain 639 00:34:48,251 --> 00:34:50,585 the peace and dignity of this state 640 00:34:50,668 --> 00:34:53,335 and the individual freedoms of the citizens thereof 641 00:34:53,418 --> 00:34:56,085 do hereby denounce, and forbid 642 00:34:56,168 --> 00:34:58,668 this illegal and unwarranted action 643 00:34:58,751 --> 00:35:00,376 by the central government. 644 00:35:01,793 --> 00:35:03,793 Governor Wallace 645 00:35:03,876 --> 00:35:06,960 I take it from that statement that 646 00:35:07,043 --> 00:35:08,835 you are going to stand in that door 647 00:35:08,918 --> 00:35:10,335 and that you are not going to carry out 648 00:35:10,418 --> 00:35:11,751 the orders, is that correct? 649 00:35:11,835 --> 00:35:13,335 I stand in front of this statement. 650 00:35:13,418 --> 00:35:15,710 You stand up on that statement. 651 00:35:15,793 --> 00:35:17,793 Governor, I am not interested in a show, 652 00:35:17,876 --> 00:35:20,460 I don't know what the purpose of the show is. 653 00:35:20,543 --> 00:35:21,960 I am interested in the orders of 654 00:35:22,043 --> 00:35:23,376 these courts being enforced. 655 00:35:23,460 --> 00:35:25,335 That is my only responsibility here. 656 00:35:26,876 --> 00:35:28,460 The choice is yours. 657 00:35:28,543 --> 00:35:30,793 I would ask you once again 658 00:35:30,876 --> 00:35:32,751 to responsibly step aside. 659 00:35:36,793 --> 00:35:37,918 Very well. 660 00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:41,710 The students will remain on the campus. 661 00:35:42,793 --> 00:35:44,168 Reporter: The Justice Department says 662 00:35:44,251 --> 00:35:45,918 that the Negro students will be enrolled 663 00:35:46,001 --> 00:35:47,126 some time today. 664 00:35:48,418 --> 00:35:50,001 Diane McWhorter: After Ole Miss 665 00:35:50,085 --> 00:35:51,751 the Kennedy's learned their lesson about negotiating 666 00:35:51,835 --> 00:35:53,668 with a southern governor. 667 00:35:53,751 --> 00:35:55,210 Kennedy just decides to go ahead 668 00:35:55,293 --> 00:35:56,710 and federalize the guard. 669 00:35:56,793 --> 00:35:57,918 He's not gonna play games anymore. 670 00:36:01,543 --> 00:36:04,335 The National Guard General, Henry Graham, 671 00:36:04,418 --> 00:36:06,376 goes up to Wallace, he says 672 00:36:06,460 --> 00:36:09,251 it is my sad duty to tell you to step aside. 673 00:36:09,335 --> 00:36:11,960 We shall now return to Montgomery 674 00:36:12,043 --> 00:36:14,335 for the purpose of continuing this fight, 675 00:36:15,501 --> 00:36:19,793 this Constitutional fight because we are winning. 676 00:36:20,835 --> 00:36:22,460 Governor Wallace moved away from the door, 677 00:36:23,668 --> 00:36:25,710 and has left after being confronted with 678 00:36:25,793 --> 00:36:28,293 about 150 federalized National Guardsmen. 679 00:36:32,001 --> 00:36:33,251 The United States Assistant Attorney General 680 00:36:33,335 --> 00:36:35,585 Nicholas Katzenbach now all smiles 681 00:36:35,668 --> 00:36:38,751 as the two Negro students 682 00:36:38,835 --> 00:36:41,293 are to enter the registration building. 683 00:36:42,501 --> 00:36:44,793 Wofford: Each time a big issue came up 684 00:36:44,876 --> 00:36:46,585 the President and the Attorney General 685 00:36:46,668 --> 00:36:48,085 did everything they could not 686 00:36:48,168 --> 00:36:49,918 to have to get involved, 687 00:36:50,001 --> 00:36:52,335 and it was after the encounter with Wallace 688 00:36:52,418 --> 00:36:55,335 that the Civil Rights became top priority. 689 00:36:56,501 --> 00:36:58,335 This is not a sectional issue. 690 00:36:59,876 --> 00:37:01,251 Difficulties over segregation 691 00:37:01,335 --> 00:37:03,460 and discrimination exist 692 00:37:03,543 --> 00:37:07,168 in every city, in every state of the union, 693 00:37:07,251 --> 00:37:10,210 but law alone cannot make men see right. 694 00:37:11,376 --> 00:37:13,543 We are confronted primarily with a moral issue. 695 00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,751 It is as old as the Scriptures, 696 00:37:16,835 --> 00:37:19,001 and is as clear as the American Constitution. 697 00:37:20,210 --> 00:37:21,626 Jones: That was the first time 698 00:37:21,710 --> 00:37:24,251 the President made the question of 699 00:37:24,335 --> 00:37:26,126 ending racial segregation 700 00:37:26,210 --> 00:37:29,335 not because its politically expedient to do so, 701 00:37:30,293 --> 00:37:32,668 because it is morally right to do so. 702 00:37:33,710 --> 00:37:34,960 Next week I shall ask 703 00:37:35,043 --> 00:37:37,376 the Congress of the United States to act, 704 00:37:37,460 --> 00:37:38,835 to make a commitment it has not 705 00:37:38,918 --> 00:37:40,710 fully made in this century 706 00:37:40,793 --> 00:37:44,126 to the proposition that race has no place 707 00:37:44,210 --> 00:37:46,835 in American life or law. 708 00:37:46,918 --> 00:37:48,543 It's his most eloquent speech 709 00:37:48,626 --> 00:37:51,168 in some ways, most heartfelt speech. 710 00:37:51,251 --> 00:37:52,960 And this nation 711 00:37:53,043 --> 00:37:56,293 for all its hopes and all its boasts 712 00:37:56,376 --> 00:37:58,668 will not be fully free 713 00:37:58,751 --> 00:38:00,668 until all its citizens are free. 714 00:38:00,751 --> 00:38:03,335 There's a kind of bitter irony in that. 715 00:38:03,418 --> 00:38:05,126 Within hours afterwards 716 00:38:05,210 --> 00:38:06,793 Medgar Evers comes homes 717 00:38:06,876 --> 00:38:08,168 and his wife and children are up 718 00:38:08,251 --> 00:38:09,501 because they want to tell him 719 00:38:09,585 --> 00:38:11,585 about the President's wonderful speech. 720 00:38:14,585 --> 00:38:16,001 Shortly after midnight 721 00:38:16,085 --> 00:38:18,876 Medgar Evers stepped from his car in this driveway, 722 00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:21,335 then Evers was murdered. 723 00:38:21,418 --> 00:38:22,668 The fatal bullet was fired 724 00:38:22,751 --> 00:38:25,335 from a vacant lot across the street from Evers home, 725 00:38:25,418 --> 00:38:28,043 crashing through his body and through the window of his home. 726 00:38:28,126 --> 00:38:29,710 He was 37. 727 00:38:34,751 --> 00:38:37,918 It was a cold, cowardly ambush of him 728 00:38:39,085 --> 00:38:43,418 at his home in front of his wife and children. 729 00:38:43,501 --> 00:38:46,668 He said something about how far we still had to go 730 00:38:46,751 --> 00:38:50,085 in reaching any semblance of social and civic justice. 731 00:39:01,168 --> 00:39:05,251 We are going to Washington to urge the Congress to pass 732 00:39:05,335 --> 00:39:08,793 strong Civil Rights legislation this year. 733 00:39:10,460 --> 00:39:15,126 The nationwide response to the power of Alabama 734 00:39:15,210 --> 00:39:19,751 supplies the energy that allows the march on Washington 735 00:39:19,835 --> 00:39:22,043 to start coming together. 736 00:39:22,126 --> 00:39:23,376 We will keep this 737 00:39:23,460 --> 00:39:26,751 demonstration nonviolent, it will be peaceful, 738 00:39:26,835 --> 00:39:29,210 it will be dignified, and disciplined. 739 00:39:29,293 --> 00:39:32,126 And I think it will have a great impact. 740 00:39:33,710 --> 00:39:34,960 In my judgment 741 00:39:35,043 --> 00:39:38,960 there was perhaps only one man or woman in America 742 00:39:39,043 --> 00:39:42,168 who could have put that march together, 743 00:39:42,251 --> 00:39:44,668 and it was Bayard Rustin. 744 00:39:44,751 --> 00:39:49,460 At any moment we need the cooperation of the best minds, 745 00:39:49,543 --> 00:39:52,085 many of which are white as well as black. 746 00:39:53,543 --> 00:39:56,376 Rustin was simply an organizational genius. 747 00:39:56,460 --> 00:39:59,085 He was the best and the brightest. 748 00:39:59,168 --> 00:40:00,626 Do you feel that the President's 749 00:40:00,710 --> 00:40:03,126 Civil Rights program is actually not needed? 750 00:40:03,210 --> 00:40:04,668 I don't think it's needed, 751 00:40:04,751 --> 00:40:07,251 and furthermore I think it's unconstitutional. 752 00:40:07,335 --> 00:40:09,043 Garrow: Segregationist senators like 753 00:40:09,126 --> 00:40:10,918 Strom Thurmond are attempting 754 00:40:11,001 --> 00:40:12,585 to trumpet the fact 755 00:40:12,668 --> 00:40:15,751 that Bayard is known to be gay 756 00:40:16,876 --> 00:40:19,001 as a way to undercut the march. 757 00:40:20,376 --> 00:40:23,501 There was an effort to block Rustin being selected, 758 00:40:23,585 --> 00:40:25,668 and Martin King said 759 00:40:25,751 --> 00:40:30,668 let he who has not sinned cast the first stone. 760 00:40:30,751 --> 00:40:32,376 Dead silence. 761 00:40:32,460 --> 00:40:34,168 "I recommend very strongly 762 00:40:34,251 --> 00:40:36,418 Rustin be designated 763 00:40:36,501 --> 00:40:38,543 as the director and chief of staff for the march." 764 00:40:38,626 --> 00:40:41,710 A. Philip Randolph says "I second that". 765 00:40:41,793 --> 00:40:43,710 Freedom now movement hear me, 766 00:40:43,793 --> 00:40:45,876 we are requesting all citizens 767 00:40:45,960 --> 00:40:48,793 to move into Washington, to go by plane, 768 00:40:48,876 --> 00:40:52,168 by car, bus, anyway that you can get there, 769 00:40:52,251 --> 00:40:53,210 go to Washington. 770 00:41:00,085 --> 00:41:03,585 Male: I'm gonna start on this side, pass them down. 771 00:41:03,668 --> 00:41:07,710 The White House, the Washington Police Department, 772 00:41:07,793 --> 00:41:10,835 the Defense Department were all drawing up these 773 00:41:10,918 --> 00:41:13,918 tremendous contingency plans for mass violence. 774 00:41:14,001 --> 00:41:15,585 If you have any questions 775 00:41:15,668 --> 00:41:19,168 before you contact your captains for anything. 776 00:41:19,251 --> 00:41:20,585 And they will take it from there. 777 00:41:20,668 --> 00:41:23,543 The whole thing is an orderly march. 778 00:41:27,043 --> 00:41:28,876 They came from all over America, 779 00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:30,751 Negroes and whites, 780 00:41:30,835 --> 00:41:33,085 housewives and Hollywood stars, 781 00:41:33,168 --> 00:41:34,751 more than 200,000 of them 782 00:41:34,835 --> 00:41:36,210 came to Washington this morning 783 00:41:36,293 --> 00:41:39,335 in a kind of climax to a historic spring 784 00:41:39,418 --> 00:41:41,751 and summer in the struggle for equal rights. 785 00:41:41,835 --> 00:41:43,460 The march on Washington was 786 00:41:43,543 --> 00:41:47,001 probably the most joyous "protest" march 787 00:41:47,085 --> 00:41:48,126 I've ever seen. 788 00:42:00,001 --> 00:42:01,876 This turned out to be 789 00:42:01,960 --> 00:42:05,043 a huge interracial gathering 790 00:42:05,126 --> 00:42:09,251 that clearly did send a national message 791 00:42:09,335 --> 00:42:12,085 that there was tremendous support 792 00:42:12,168 --> 00:42:14,251 for racial equality. 793 00:42:14,335 --> 00:42:16,668 I admired the people my age, 794 00:42:16,751 --> 00:42:17,876 and I knew that 795 00:42:17,960 --> 00:42:19,210 John Lewis was the-- 796 00:42:19,293 --> 00:42:21,168 the youngest speaker at the march. 797 00:42:21,835 --> 00:42:23,293 As a student, 798 00:42:23,668 --> 00:42:25,793 and as a participant in a national movement 799 00:42:25,876 --> 00:42:27,835 I was ready to go. 800 00:42:27,918 --> 00:42:29,585 I wanted to push. 801 00:42:29,668 --> 00:42:32,168 I wanted us to stand up and speak up 802 00:42:32,251 --> 00:42:33,501 and speak out. 803 00:42:34,876 --> 00:42:36,585 We're tired of seeing our people 804 00:42:36,668 --> 00:42:38,335 locked up in jail over and over again, 805 00:42:38,418 --> 00:42:40,001 and then you holler be patient. 806 00:42:40,085 --> 00:42:42,668 How long can we be patient? 807 00:42:42,751 --> 00:42:45,501 We want our freedom and we want it now. 808 00:42:48,668 --> 00:42:50,585 And I would never forget 809 00:42:50,668 --> 00:42:53,376 the speech of Martin Luther King, Jr. 810 00:42:53,460 --> 00:42:56,793 On that day Dr. King spoke out of his soul, 811 00:42:56,876 --> 00:42:59,293 and he used that day 812 00:42:59,376 --> 00:43:01,710 and the steps of the Lincoln Memorial 813 00:43:01,793 --> 00:43:03,126 to preach a sermon 814 00:43:03,210 --> 00:43:05,168 not just to America but to the world. 815 00:43:11,876 --> 00:43:13,168 I am happy 816 00:43:13,251 --> 00:43:16,210 to join with you today 817 00:43:17,626 --> 00:43:21,335 in what will go down in history 818 00:43:23,043 --> 00:43:25,710 as the greatest demonstration 819 00:43:25,793 --> 00:43:28,710 for freedom in the history of our nation. 820 00:43:32,460 --> 00:43:35,501 As he's speaking Mahalia Jackson 821 00:43:35,585 --> 00:43:38,710 shouts to him tell them about the dream, Martin, 822 00:43:38,793 --> 00:43:40,626 tell them about the dream. 823 00:43:40,710 --> 00:43:43,085 And I see him take the written text, 824 00:43:44,376 --> 00:43:47,626 and he slides it to the left side of the lectern, 825 00:43:47,710 --> 00:43:50,376 looks out on the 350,000 people there, 826 00:43:50,460 --> 00:43:52,460 and then he speaks. 827 00:43:53,751 --> 00:43:56,335 I have a dream 828 00:43:56,418 --> 00:44:02,043 that one day this nation will rise up, 829 00:44:02,126 --> 00:44:04,460 live out the true meaning of it's creed. 830 00:44:05,751 --> 00:44:09,126 We hold these truths to be self evident 831 00:44:09,210 --> 00:44:11,710 that all men are created equal. 832 00:44:13,960 --> 00:44:16,251 I have a dream 833 00:44:16,335 --> 00:44:19,251 that my four little children 834 00:44:20,376 --> 00:44:22,001 will one day live in a nation 835 00:44:22,085 --> 00:44:23,835 where they will not be judged by 836 00:44:23,918 --> 00:44:25,210 the color of their skin, 837 00:44:25,293 --> 00:44:27,251 but by the content of their character. 838 00:44:27,335 --> 00:44:29,501 I have a dream today. 839 00:44:34,168 --> 00:44:36,918 Let freedom ring from every hill 840 00:44:37,001 --> 00:44:39,210 and molehill of Mississippi, 841 00:44:39,293 --> 00:44:42,210 from every mountainside, 842 00:44:42,293 --> 00:44:45,126 let freedom ring and when this happens. 843 00:44:47,501 --> 00:44:49,251 When we allow freedom ring, 844 00:44:50,835 --> 00:44:52,460 when we let it ring 845 00:44:52,543 --> 00:44:54,418 from every village and every hamlet, 846 00:44:54,501 --> 00:44:57,126 from every state and every city 847 00:44:58,376 --> 00:45:01,168 we will be able to feed up that day 848 00:45:01,251 --> 00:45:03,043 when all of God's children, 849 00:45:03,126 --> 00:45:05,043 black men and white men, 850 00:45:05,126 --> 00:45:06,793 Jews and gentiles, 851 00:45:06,876 --> 00:45:08,585 Protestants and Catholics 852 00:45:08,668 --> 00:45:10,793 will be able to join hands 853 00:45:10,876 --> 00:45:14,168 and sing in the way of the old Negro spiritual 854 00:45:14,251 --> 00:45:18,126 free at last, free at last, thank God Almighty 855 00:45:18,210 --> 00:45:20,668 we are free at last. 856 00:45:29,710 --> 00:45:32,668 I don't think they quite anticipated 857 00:45:32,751 --> 00:45:35,585 just how successful it would be. 858 00:45:35,668 --> 00:45:37,793 It represents the Civil Rights Movement 859 00:45:37,876 --> 00:45:39,793 in a kind of high watermark. 860 00:45:42,043 --> 00:45:45,001 The momentum of change seems to be accelerating. 861 00:45:45,085 --> 00:45:48,126 In the hearts of 21 million American Negroes 862 00:45:48,210 --> 00:45:50,918 and untold millions of sympathetic whites 863 00:45:51,001 --> 00:45:52,168 their beat tonight 864 00:45:52,251 --> 00:45:54,835 the hope that the dream of Negro equality 865 00:45:54,918 --> 00:45:58,043 was at last overtaking the reality of history. 866 00:46:01,918 --> 00:46:04,251 In the immediate wake of the march 867 00:46:04,335 --> 00:46:06,835 on Washington the Civil Rights Movement 868 00:46:06,918 --> 00:46:10,626 has a national glow to it 869 00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:12,626 that it never before had had. 870 00:46:12,710 --> 00:46:17,876 But that glow tragically lasts hardly two weeks. 871 00:46:22,501 --> 00:46:23,835 The bombing of this Birmingham, 872 00:46:23,918 --> 00:46:26,001 Alabama church claimed the lives 873 00:46:26,085 --> 00:46:28,376 of four little girls attending Sunday School. 874 00:46:31,918 --> 00:46:33,668 That was the church out of which 875 00:46:33,751 --> 00:46:35,543 all the kids had marched in May, 876 00:46:35,626 --> 00:46:38,085 so it was clearly a punishment. 877 00:46:39,293 --> 00:46:41,918 We felt like we were involved 878 00:46:42,001 --> 00:46:44,751 because if there had been no movement 879 00:46:44,835 --> 00:46:48,210 chances are that bombing would not have taken place. 880 00:46:51,793 --> 00:46:54,626 Kids were murdered 881 00:46:55,585 --> 00:46:58,460 in Birmingham on a Sunday 882 00:46:58,543 --> 00:47:00,585 and in Sunday School in a Christian nation, 883 00:47:00,668 --> 00:47:02,085 and nobody cares. 884 00:47:13,793 --> 00:47:15,918 White House Press Secretary 885 00:47:16,001 --> 00:47:19,543 Malcolm Kilduff has just announced 886 00:47:19,626 --> 00:47:21,543 that President Kennedy 887 00:47:24,460 --> 00:47:27,126 died at approximately 1:00 Central standard time, 888 00:47:27,210 --> 00:47:28,751 which is about 35 minutes ago, 889 00:47:28,835 --> 00:47:31,418 -after being shot at -after being shot 890 00:47:31,501 --> 00:47:34,418 -by an unknown assailant -by an unknown assailant 891 00:47:34,501 --> 00:47:37,460 during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas. 892 00:47:37,543 --> 00:47:40,168 during a motorcade drive through downtown Dallas. 893 00:47:42,460 --> 00:47:44,710 What's your feeling right now? 894 00:47:44,793 --> 00:47:47,585 I really couldn't say, really. 895 00:47:47,668 --> 00:47:49,960 Right now I just don't know what to do. 896 00:47:51,668 --> 00:47:55,126 I don't even know where to go, what to say. 897 00:47:55,210 --> 00:47:58,418 There's nothing for me to say. 898 00:48:07,626 --> 00:48:09,168 It is said that the human mind 899 00:48:09,251 --> 00:48:10,876 has a greater capacity 900 00:48:10,960 --> 00:48:13,793 for remembering the pleasant than the unpleasant. 901 00:48:15,251 --> 00:48:16,960 But today was a day that will 902 00:48:17,043 --> 00:48:19,460 live in memory and in grief. 903 00:48:25,835 --> 00:48:28,335 No words are strong enough 904 00:48:30,210 --> 00:48:33,835 to express our determination 905 00:48:33,918 --> 00:48:37,335 to continue the forward thrust 906 00:48:37,418 --> 00:48:39,751 of America that he began. 907 00:48:41,585 --> 00:48:43,335 Lyndon Johnson wasn't that widely 908 00:48:43,418 --> 00:48:46,210 known to the country at large. 909 00:48:46,293 --> 00:48:48,168 Johnson's aids say to him 910 00:48:48,251 --> 00:48:51,376 in this speech don't fight for Civil Rights. 911 00:48:51,460 --> 00:48:54,210 It's a noble cause, but it's a lost cause. 912 00:48:54,293 --> 00:48:55,960 You know what Johnson says to them? 913 00:48:56,043 --> 00:48:58,710 "Well what the hell's the presidency for then?" 914 00:49:00,043 --> 00:49:04,126 No memorial oration or eulogy 915 00:49:04,210 --> 00:49:08,793 could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory 916 00:49:08,876 --> 00:49:11,668 than the earliest possible passage 917 00:49:11,751 --> 00:49:13,293 of the Civil Rights Bill 918 00:49:13,376 --> 00:49:16,543 for which he fought so long. 919 00:49:16,626 --> 00:49:17,793 Johnson gets that 920 00:49:17,876 --> 00:49:21,460 Civil Rights Bill moving in the first few weeks 921 00:49:21,543 --> 00:49:24,710 after Kennedy's assassination. 922 00:49:24,793 --> 00:49:26,751 Dixie crats led by Richard Russell 923 00:49:26,835 --> 00:49:28,210 announced a filibuster. 924 00:49:28,293 --> 00:49:30,043 That is they would continue to talk 925 00:49:30,126 --> 00:49:32,043 and prevent the bill from coming forward 926 00:49:32,126 --> 00:49:33,710 for a straight up or down vote. 927 00:49:33,793 --> 00:49:35,376 This bill, which we feel 928 00:49:35,460 --> 00:49:38,710 is a perversion of the American way of life, 929 00:49:38,793 --> 00:49:40,751 and a great blow 930 00:49:40,835 --> 00:49:44,418 at the right of dominion over private property 931 00:49:44,501 --> 00:49:46,460 that has been the genesis of our greatness. 932 00:49:47,543 --> 00:49:50,751 LBJ and his allies knew that they were short, 933 00:49:50,835 --> 00:49:56,376 so thus began a 24/7 campaign. 934 00:49:56,460 --> 00:49:57,918 He bullied, he cajoled, 935 00:49:58,001 --> 00:50:00,251 he made deals in order to get 936 00:50:00,335 --> 00:50:03,043 enough senators on board. 937 00:50:03,126 --> 00:50:04,626 Surprisingly after a year 938 00:50:04,710 --> 00:50:06,751 on Capitol Hill this bill is stronger 939 00:50:06,835 --> 00:50:09,376 than the one President Kennedy first requested. 940 00:50:09,460 --> 00:50:11,751 President Johnson should have the bill on his desk 941 00:50:11,835 --> 00:50:13,960 by the Fourth of July. 942 00:50:15,126 --> 00:50:17,793 We hope to send in to Mississippi, 943 00:50:17,876 --> 00:50:22,460 to Selma, upwards of 1,000 teachers, 944 00:50:22,543 --> 00:50:25,085 ministers, and students 945 00:50:25,168 --> 00:50:28,501 to open up Mississippi to the country. 946 00:50:31,376 --> 00:50:34,085 Freedom summer, an operation to flood the 947 00:50:34,168 --> 00:50:35,960 State of Mississippi with volunteers, 948 00:50:36,043 --> 00:50:38,418 white and black students. 949 00:50:38,501 --> 00:50:40,585 We were there because we could assume that 950 00:50:40,668 --> 00:50:42,960 if the white Mississippians mistreated us 951 00:50:43,043 --> 00:50:43,960 the way they mistreated the black people 952 00:50:44,043 --> 00:50:45,460 that would be a basis on which 953 00:50:45,543 --> 00:50:47,043 to mobilize national opinion. 954 00:50:48,876 --> 00:50:50,335 We will treat anyone 955 00:50:50,418 --> 00:50:52,501 with great respect here in Mississippi, 956 00:50:52,585 --> 00:50:55,168 but we will treat the people who come here, 957 00:50:55,251 --> 00:50:59,001 these children, like any other back wood children 958 00:50:59,085 --> 00:51:01,585 should be treated. 959 00:51:16,376 --> 00:51:19,251 And here is the news. 960 00:51:19,335 --> 00:51:21,335 There is some mystery and some fear 961 00:51:21,418 --> 00:51:23,085 concerning three Civil Rights workers, 962 00:51:23,168 --> 00:51:24,626 two whites from New York City, 963 00:51:24,710 --> 00:51:26,251 and a Negro from Mississippi. 964 00:51:26,335 --> 00:51:27,751 Police say they arrested the three men 965 00:51:27,835 --> 00:51:29,210 for speeding yesterday, 966 00:51:29,293 --> 00:51:31,210 but released them after they posted bond. 967 00:51:31,293 --> 00:51:33,085 They have not been heard from since. 968 00:51:33,543 --> 00:51:36,043 They paid the fine and I released them, 969 00:51:36,126 --> 00:51:37,835 I escorted them to their car, 970 00:51:38,876 --> 00:51:42,293 and that's the last time we saw any of them. 971 00:51:43,793 --> 00:51:45,626 We got word 972 00:51:45,710 --> 00:51:50,710 that Mickey, and Andy, and James had been arrested. 973 00:51:50,793 --> 00:51:53,085 And there was no word 974 00:51:53,168 --> 00:51:55,543 what had happened to them. 975 00:52:34,918 --> 00:52:36,210 We believe that 976 00:52:36,293 --> 00:52:39,918 all men are entitled to the blessings of liberty, 977 00:52:40,001 --> 00:52:43,293 yet millions are being deprived of those blessings. 978 00:52:44,210 --> 00:52:46,335 Not because of their own failures, 979 00:52:47,751 --> 00:52:50,293 but because of the color of their skin. 980 00:52:52,126 --> 00:52:54,626 We can understand without rancor or hatred 981 00:52:55,960 --> 00:52:58,168 how this all happened, 982 00:52:59,710 --> 00:53:01,626 but it cannot continue. 983 00:53:03,543 --> 00:53:06,626 Our Constitution, foundation of our republic, 984 00:53:07,168 --> 00:53:09,126 forbids it. 985 00:53:09,210 --> 00:53:11,126 The principles of our freedom 986 00:53:11,210 --> 00:53:12,210 forbid it. 987 00:53:14,210 --> 00:53:16,293 And the law I will sign tonight 988 00:53:16,835 --> 00:53:17,793 forbids it. 989 00:53:33,876 --> 00:53:35,501 Senator Hubert Humphrey has called 990 00:53:35,585 --> 00:53:37,668 the Civil Rights Bill the greatest piece of 991 00:53:37,751 --> 00:53:40,251 social legislation of our generation. 992 00:53:40,335 --> 00:53:42,293 Go tell somebody on my staff 993 00:53:42,376 --> 00:53:44,293 to make sure we get some more pens here. 994 00:53:44,376 --> 00:53:46,460 Reporter: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 995 00:53:46,543 --> 00:53:48,293 is not going to create instant brotherhood, 996 00:53:48,376 --> 00:53:49,960 no one pretends that, 997 00:53:50,043 --> 00:53:51,793 but the Attorney General gets new power 998 00:53:51,876 --> 00:53:54,918 to bring suits against racial discrimination in voting, 999 00:53:55,001 --> 00:53:57,710 in public accommodations, in education, 1000 00:53:57,793 --> 00:53:59,460 in employment. 1001 00:53:59,543 --> 00:54:01,501 If a court finds you guilty 1002 00:54:01,585 --> 00:54:04,501 of violating some part of the Civil Rights law, 1003 00:54:04,585 --> 00:54:07,168 and if you continue violating the law 1004 00:54:07,251 --> 00:54:09,418 you can be fined or put in jail 1005 00:54:09,501 --> 00:54:11,168 until you stop violating the law. 1006 00:54:13,126 --> 00:54:14,543 The three Civil Rights workers 1007 00:54:14,626 --> 00:54:15,918 that disappeared in Mississippi 1008 00:54:16,001 --> 00:54:17,001 still have not been heard from. 1009 00:54:17,085 --> 00:54:18,335 At search has thus far 1010 00:54:18,418 --> 00:54:19,876 produced only one clue, 1011 00:54:19,960 --> 00:54:21,293 the burned-out station wagon in which 1012 00:54:21,376 --> 00:54:23,418 the three were last seen riding. 1013 00:54:23,501 --> 00:54:25,793 There is little hope that they are still alive. 1014 00:54:30,251 --> 00:54:32,501 Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman were found 1015 00:54:32,585 --> 00:54:34,001 shot to death in a grave 1016 00:54:34,085 --> 00:54:36,043 at the base of a recently built dam 1017 00:54:36,126 --> 00:54:37,876 just six miles from the City of Philadelphia. 1018 00:54:42,585 --> 00:54:44,501 Their bodies wrapped in plastic bags 1019 00:54:44,585 --> 00:54:46,835 numbered one, two and three, 1020 00:54:46,918 --> 00:54:48,501 were taken to the state medical center in 1021 00:54:48,585 --> 00:54:50,751 Jackson for identification and examination. 1022 00:54:55,793 --> 00:54:57,210 The two white boys were shot 1023 00:54:57,293 --> 00:54:58,918 once each through the heart. 1024 00:55:00,210 --> 00:55:01,501 James Chaney, the black youth, 1025 00:55:01,585 --> 00:55:03,085 had been beaten with chains 1026 00:55:03,168 --> 00:55:05,626 until every bone in his body was broken. 1027 00:55:05,710 --> 00:55:07,251 Then he was shot three times. 1028 00:55:14,835 --> 00:55:16,585 The finding of the bodies 1029 00:55:16,668 --> 00:55:20,501 of the three Mississippi Civil Rights workers 1030 00:55:20,585 --> 00:55:23,876 is a saddening and shocking reminder 1031 00:55:23,960 --> 00:55:26,376 of the brutality of race hatred. 1032 00:55:27,376 --> 00:55:30,418 We naturally expect that those responsible 1033 00:55:30,501 --> 00:55:32,918 for these terrible murders 1034 00:55:33,001 --> 00:55:34,835 will be brought to justice. 1035 00:55:52,001 --> 00:55:53,960 I know they're gonna say not guilty 1036 00:55:55,001 --> 00:55:57,126 'cause no one saw them pull the trigger. 1037 00:55:59,626 --> 00:56:01,376 I'm tired of that. 1038 00:56:02,251 --> 00:56:04,085 Don't bow down anymore. 1039 00:56:05,835 --> 00:56:07,293 Hold your heads up. 1040 00:56:15,501 --> 00:56:17,543 We want our freedom now. 1041 00:56:18,793 --> 00:56:20,960 I don't want to go through this anymore. 1042 00:56:22,876 --> 00:56:26,293 I'm tired of funerals! Tired of it! 1043 00:56:29,126 --> 00:56:30,835 We've got to stand up. 1044 00:56:38,918 --> 00:56:42,126 The arrests had started before dawn. 1045 00:56:42,210 --> 00:56:45,168 In all FBI men picked up 21 men, 1046 00:56:46,876 --> 00:56:48,918 included in the group were the chief law officers 1047 00:56:49,001 --> 00:56:50,210 of Neshoba County, 1048 00:56:50,293 --> 00:56:53,460 Sheriff Lawrence Rainey and Deputy Cecil Price. 1049 00:56:53,543 --> 00:56:56,001 They were murdered by Ku Klux Klanmen 1050 00:56:56,085 --> 00:57:00,751 with the conspiratorial help of the local sheriff. 1051 00:57:00,835 --> 00:57:02,126 Reporter: Bond was set, 1052 00:57:02,210 --> 00:57:03,668 but less than a week later the accused 1053 00:57:03,751 --> 00:57:05,876 were set free, their bond lifted. 1054 00:57:07,418 --> 00:57:08,501 For James Chaney's mother 1055 00:57:08,585 --> 00:57:10,626 who attended that hearing it was a shock, 1056 00:57:10,710 --> 00:57:12,335 frustration, disappointment. 1057 00:57:12,418 --> 00:57:14,835 The legal answer to her son's murder seemed to her 1058 00:57:14,918 --> 00:57:16,168 as far away as ever. 1059 00:57:28,543 --> 00:57:30,126 I have the great honor 1060 00:57:31,376 --> 00:57:34,876 to hand over to you the insignia 1061 00:57:34,960 --> 00:57:37,710 of the Nobel Peace Prize, 1062 00:57:37,793 --> 00:57:38,918 and the gold medal. 1063 00:57:44,085 --> 00:57:45,835 Reporter: Some critics have charged 1064 00:57:45,918 --> 00:57:47,918 that the Nobel Peace Prize 1065 00:57:48,001 --> 00:57:50,293 was not appropriately given this year, 1066 00:57:50,376 --> 00:57:51,710 what's your reaction to that one? 1067 00:57:51,793 --> 00:57:53,251 Well first I should say that 1068 00:57:53,335 --> 00:57:54,251 I don't think the peace prize 1069 00:57:54,335 --> 00:57:56,293 was given to me personally, 1070 00:57:56,376 --> 00:57:58,210 and I don't accept it as a personal honor. 1071 00:57:58,293 --> 00:58:00,043 I think it is rather a tribute 1072 00:58:00,126 --> 00:58:02,043 to the wise restraint, and discipline, 1073 00:58:02,126 --> 00:58:05,168 and dignity with which Negroes 1074 00:58:05,251 --> 00:58:07,418 and white persons of goodwill have carried out 1075 00:58:07,501 --> 00:58:09,085 the whole struggle for Civil Rights. 1076 00:58:16,168 --> 00:58:21,085 By the end of the 1964 Dr. King is aware that 1077 00:58:21,168 --> 00:58:25,043 the one major southern Civil Rights challenge 1078 00:58:25,126 --> 00:58:27,460 that had not been dealt with 1079 00:58:27,543 --> 00:58:31,876 in the 1964 Civil Rights Act was voter registration. 1080 00:58:31,960 --> 00:58:33,793 The bewildering hodgepodge 1081 00:58:33,876 --> 00:58:35,918 of election laws from state to state 1082 00:58:36,001 --> 00:58:38,085 prevents many from voting. 1083 00:58:38,168 --> 00:58:39,751 Boss controlled political machines 1084 00:58:39,835 --> 00:58:42,793 disfranchise others by downright fraud. 1085 00:58:42,876 --> 00:58:44,751 The Negro citizen may go to register 1086 00:58:44,835 --> 00:58:46,918 only to be told that the day is wrong, 1087 00:58:47,001 --> 00:58:50,210 or the hour is late, or the official in charge is absent. 1088 00:58:52,168 --> 00:58:53,376 There are five counties 1089 00:58:54,960 --> 00:58:56,418 in Mississippi, each at least 57 percent Negro 1090 00:58:56,501 --> 00:58:59,210 in which no Negroes at all are registered. 1091 00:59:01,626 --> 00:59:06,335 Today marks the beginning of a determined 1092 00:59:07,876 --> 00:59:11,710 organized mobilized campaign 1093 00:59:12,793 --> 00:59:15,918 to get the right to vote all over this state. 1094 00:59:17,335 --> 00:59:20,001 Martin Luther King chooses the City of Selma 1095 00:59:20,085 --> 00:59:22,126 because it has the worst record 1096 00:59:22,210 --> 00:59:26,001 of any southern city on black voting. 1097 00:59:26,085 --> 00:59:27,710 We will dramatize 1098 00:59:27,793 --> 00:59:30,460 this whole situation and seek to arouse 1099 00:59:30,543 --> 00:59:33,085 the conscience of the federal government 1100 00:59:33,168 --> 00:59:36,085 by marching by the thousands 1101 00:59:36,168 --> 00:59:38,251 on places of registration all over. 1102 01:00:09,960 --> 01:00:13,543 Student protestors had already had a presence in Selma 1103 01:00:13,626 --> 01:00:16,501 going back to 1963, 1104 01:00:16,585 --> 01:00:19,126 but had found it exceptionally tough going 1105 01:00:19,210 --> 01:00:21,501 because the Dallas County Sheriff, 1106 01:00:21,585 --> 01:00:25,001 Jim Clark was an even tougher version 1107 01:00:25,085 --> 01:00:27,376 of Birmingham's Bull Connor. 1108 01:00:27,460 --> 01:00:29,210 The Registrar is not in session 1109 01:00:29,293 --> 01:00:31,168 this afternoon, as you were informed. 1110 01:00:31,251 --> 01:00:32,876 You came down to make a mockery 1111 01:00:32,960 --> 01:00:34,418 out of this courthouse. 1112 01:00:36,251 --> 01:00:38,210 This courthouse is a serious place of business, 1113 01:00:38,293 --> 01:00:40,251 you seemed to think you can take it for 1114 01:00:40,335 --> 01:00:43,918 just be a Disneyland or something on parade. 1115 01:00:44,001 --> 01:00:46,876 We have had numerous niggers 1116 01:00:46,960 --> 01:00:48,918 that couldn't read and write come down 1117 01:00:49,001 --> 01:00:50,543 and say that they were told to come, 1118 01:00:50,626 --> 01:00:52,585 and if they didn't come they would lose their 1119 01:00:53,543 --> 01:00:55,251 pensions from the welfare department, 1120 01:00:55,335 --> 01:00:56,710 or their social security, 1121 01:00:56,793 --> 01:00:57,960 or have their land confiscated 1122 01:00:58,043 --> 01:01:01,335 if they didn't show up to register to vote. 1123 01:01:01,418 --> 01:01:03,460 And when they came down they had no idea then 1124 01:01:03,543 --> 01:01:05,335 what they were supposed to do. 1125 01:01:05,418 --> 01:01:07,710 You are breaking the injunction 1126 01:01:07,793 --> 01:01:09,751 by not allowing these people 1127 01:01:09,835 --> 01:01:11,710 to come inside this courthouse and wait. 1128 01:01:11,793 --> 01:01:14,460 This courthouse does not belong to Sheriff Clark, 1129 01:01:14,543 --> 01:01:16,918 this courthouse belongs to the people of Dallas County 1130 01:01:17,001 --> 01:01:19,251 and these are the people of Dallas County, 1131 01:01:19,335 --> 01:01:20,835 and they have come to register. 1132 01:01:20,918 --> 01:01:22,085 And you know this within your 1133 01:01:22,168 --> 01:01:23,585 own heart Sheriff Clark. 1134 01:01:23,668 --> 01:01:26,335 Clark, he knew what he wanted to do to me, 1135 01:01:26,418 --> 01:01:28,293 but he couldn't do it in the open 1136 01:01:28,376 --> 01:01:29,918 'cause of all those cameras, right? 1137 01:01:30,001 --> 01:01:31,751 We have come to be here 1138 01:01:31,835 --> 01:01:33,793 because they are registering at this time, and... 1139 01:02:05,126 --> 01:02:07,293 Why don't you get out from in front of the camera and go on? 1140 01:02:07,376 --> 01:02:09,251 It's not a matter of being in front of the camera. 1141 01:02:09,335 --> 01:02:10,918 It's a matter of facing your sheriff, 1142 01:02:11,001 --> 01:02:12,126 and facing your judge, 1143 01:02:12,210 --> 01:02:14,418 we're willing to be beaten for democracy, 1144 01:02:14,501 --> 01:02:17,501 and you misuse democracy in the street. 1145 01:02:17,585 --> 01:02:19,460 You beat people bloody in order that 1146 01:02:19,543 --> 01:02:21,293 they will not have the privilege to vote. 1147 01:02:28,043 --> 01:02:31,668 I'm here to tell you tonight that the Mayor of this city, 1148 01:02:32,876 --> 01:02:36,251 the police commissioner of this city, 1149 01:02:36,335 --> 01:02:39,668 and everybody in the white power structure 1150 01:02:39,751 --> 01:02:43,501 of this city must take a responsibility 1151 01:02:43,585 --> 01:02:46,793 for everything that Jim Clark does in this community. 1152 01:02:59,293 --> 01:03:02,335 We're marching today to dramatize to the nation, 1153 01:03:02,418 --> 01:03:04,335 dramatize to the world 1154 01:03:04,418 --> 01:03:06,501 that hundreds and thousands of 1155 01:03:06,585 --> 01:03:08,335 Negro citizens of Alabama, 1156 01:03:08,418 --> 01:03:10,210 but particularly here in the Blytheville area 1157 01:03:10,293 --> 01:03:12,543 are denied the right to vote. 1158 01:03:12,626 --> 01:03:14,543 We intend to march to Montgomery 1159 01:03:14,626 --> 01:03:16,168 to send grievance to 1160 01:03:16,251 --> 01:03:17,751 Governor George C. Wallace. 1161 01:03:20,335 --> 01:03:21,960 Governor George Wallace 1162 01:03:22,043 --> 01:03:24,876 is the head of the Alabama State Patrol. 1163 01:03:24,960 --> 01:03:28,501 In tandem with his good buddy Sheriff Jim Clark, 1164 01:03:28,585 --> 01:03:31,501 thinks that what these marchers deserve 1165 01:03:31,585 --> 01:03:32,668 is a good beating. 1166 01:03:40,793 --> 01:03:42,418 When we arrive 1167 01:03:42,501 --> 01:03:46,043 at the highest point on the Edmund Pettus Bridge 1168 01:03:46,126 --> 01:03:49,501 down below we saw a sea of Alabama State Troopers. 1169 01:03:56,751 --> 01:04:00,585 Opposing the protestors was a force of 1170 01:04:00,668 --> 01:04:02,418 Alabama State Troopers, 1171 01:04:02,501 --> 01:04:06,585 Sheriff Clark, and then Clark's private army, 1172 01:04:06,668 --> 01:04:08,626 the so-called posse men. 1173 01:04:09,835 --> 01:04:10,585 We saw these men 1174 01:04:10,668 --> 01:04:12,960 putting on their gas masks. 1175 01:04:13,501 --> 01:04:14,876 They came toward us. 1176 01:04:14,960 --> 01:04:16,960 It would be detrimental to your safety 1177 01:04:17,043 --> 01:04:18,751 to continue this march. 1178 01:04:18,835 --> 01:04:20,585 You're ordered to disperse, 1179 01:04:20,668 --> 01:04:23,085 go home, or go to your church. 1180 01:04:23,168 --> 01:04:25,126 This march will not continue. 1181 01:04:34,668 --> 01:04:36,751 This is an unlawful assembly, 1182 01:04:36,835 --> 01:04:38,585 you have to disperse, 1183 01:04:38,668 --> 01:04:41,001 you are ordered to disperse. 1184 01:04:41,085 --> 01:04:42,668 I thought we were gonna be arrested. 1185 01:04:43,293 --> 01:04:45,210 The major said troopers advance. 1186 01:05:13,043 --> 01:05:16,751 They used electric cattle prods, bullwhips, 1187 01:05:16,835 --> 01:05:19,335 wooden clubs wrapped with barbed wire. 1188 01:05:30,876 --> 01:05:32,168 John Lewis: I was hit in the head 1189 01:05:32,251 --> 01:05:33,585 by a state trooper with a nightstick. 1190 01:05:34,585 --> 01:05:36,876 I thought I saw death. 1191 01:05:36,960 --> 01:05:38,543 I thought I was going to die. 1192 01:05:53,335 --> 01:05:55,210 Hey! 1193 01:05:58,335 --> 01:06:00,835 Sheriff Clark and his volunteer army 1194 01:06:00,918 --> 01:06:02,668 the posse men sent 1195 01:06:02,751 --> 01:06:05,251 80 men, women and children into the hospital. 1196 01:06:11,126 --> 01:06:13,751 ABC broke in with this footage 1197 01:06:16,293 --> 01:06:19,043 that was now being called Bloody Sunday. 1198 01:06:21,085 --> 01:06:22,835 And white middle class Americans 1199 01:06:22,918 --> 01:06:25,043 sitting in their comfortable living rooms 1200 01:06:25,126 --> 01:06:31,585 suddenly had the whole racial ugly mess thrust 1201 01:06:31,668 --> 01:06:33,335 into their face. 1202 01:06:33,418 --> 01:06:37,168 It was a watershed moment in television, 1203 01:06:37,251 --> 01:06:40,918 a landmark moment in the Civil Rights movement. 1204 01:06:42,835 --> 01:06:45,251 For the first time since Birmingham 1205 01:06:45,335 --> 01:06:49,751 that footage sets off a national firestorm. 1206 01:06:49,835 --> 01:06:53,210 In our country we don't tolerate police by terror 1207 01:06:53,293 --> 01:06:54,918 taking the law into the own hands. 1208 01:06:55,001 --> 01:06:58,001 This is unacceptable, and just not American, 1209 01:06:58,085 --> 01:06:59,418 and I believe the time has come 1210 01:06:59,501 --> 01:07:00,918 for the President to step in. 1211 01:07:01,001 --> 01:07:02,543 Carter: The Pettus Bridge incident 1212 01:07:02,626 --> 01:07:05,085 is one of those seminal events that helped 1213 01:07:05,168 --> 01:07:06,960 create a political groundswell 1214 01:07:07,043 --> 01:07:09,751 for Lyndon Johnson to quickly, 1215 01:07:09,835 --> 01:07:13,918 and this time without nearly as much opposition 1216 01:07:14,001 --> 01:07:16,376 as the Civil Rights Act of '64, 1217 01:07:16,460 --> 01:07:19,251 to push through the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 1218 01:07:19,335 --> 01:07:22,626 The President of the United States 1219 01:07:26,501 --> 01:07:28,793 Johnson feels that he needs to go 1220 01:07:28,876 --> 01:07:30,751 before the country 1221 01:07:30,835 --> 01:07:32,960 in a joint session of congress 1222 01:07:33,043 --> 01:07:34,835 about why this should be done. 1223 01:07:37,376 --> 01:07:40,710 I was in the home of a local family in Selma 1224 01:07:40,793 --> 01:07:44,001 with Dr. King, and we watched and listened to 1225 01:07:44,085 --> 01:07:45,460 President Johnson. 1226 01:07:46,710 --> 01:07:52,168 At times history and faith meet at a single time 1227 01:07:53,085 --> 01:07:55,960 to shape a turning point 1228 01:07:56,043 --> 01:07:59,960 in man's unending search for freedom. 1229 01:08:01,043 --> 01:08:03,960 So it was at Lexington and Concorde, 1230 01:08:04,960 --> 01:08:08,085 so it was a century ago at Appomattox, 1231 01:08:09,418 --> 01:08:13,210 so it was last week in Selma, Alabama. 1232 01:08:14,918 --> 01:08:20,210 There long suffering men and women 1233 01:08:20,293 --> 01:08:25,543 peacefully protested the denial of their rights as Americans. 1234 01:08:26,418 --> 01:08:29,835 Their cause must be our cause too 1235 01:08:32,043 --> 01:08:35,126 because it's not just Negroes, 1236 01:08:35,210 --> 01:08:40,293 but really it's all of us who must overcome 1237 01:08:40,376 --> 01:08:45,418 the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. 1238 01:08:46,876 --> 01:08:49,835 And we shall overcome. 1239 01:08:54,460 --> 01:08:55,710 John Lewis: To hear Lyndon Johnson, 1240 01:08:55,793 --> 01:08:57,585 the President of the United States, 1241 01:08:58,543 --> 01:09:00,710 use the theme song of the movement, 1242 01:09:00,793 --> 01:09:05,626 'we shall overcome', I looked at Dr. King, 1243 01:09:05,710 --> 01:09:09,043 tears came down his face, he started crying, 1244 01:09:09,126 --> 01:09:10,793 we all cried a little. 1245 01:09:12,376 --> 01:09:16,918 Dr. King decided that the only proper response to this 1246 01:09:17,001 --> 01:09:19,043 was to continue the march to Montgomery 1247 01:09:19,126 --> 01:09:23,210 and a court order forced the state of Alabama 1248 01:09:23,293 --> 01:09:25,668 to permit said march. 1249 01:09:25,751 --> 01:09:28,085 Johnson has just ruled 1250 01:09:28,168 --> 01:09:32,293 that we have a legal and Constitutional right 1251 01:09:32,376 --> 01:09:34,293 to march from Selma to Montgomery. 1252 01:09:53,210 --> 01:09:56,085 ♪ Come and follow me ♪ 1253 01:09:56,168 --> 01:09:58,585 ♪ You know the master said ♪ 1254 01:09:58,668 --> 01:10:01,335 ♪ Don't wait until tomorrow ♪ 1255 01:10:01,418 --> 01:10:04,543 ♪ Or you may be dead ♪ 1256 01:10:04,626 --> 01:10:09,251 ♪ I was young and I wanted to play ♪ 1257 01:10:10,376 --> 01:10:15,168 ♪ said I'd wait just one more day ♪ 1258 01:10:15,251 --> 01:10:18,335 ♪ Don't you know I would ♪ 1259 01:10:18,418 --> 01:10:21,251 ♪ No, I would ♪ 1260 01:10:21,335 --> 01:10:24,585 ♪ No, I would ♪ 1261 01:10:25,876 --> 01:10:27,335 Martin Luther King, Jr: Now to those 1262 01:10:27,418 --> 01:10:28,668 who said that we will get here 1263 01:10:28,751 --> 01:10:30,251 only over their dead bodies, 1264 01:10:32,751 --> 01:10:36,001 well all the world today knows that 1265 01:10:36,085 --> 01:10:38,251 we are here and we are standing 1266 01:10:38,335 --> 01:10:40,710 before the forces of power 1267 01:10:40,793 --> 01:10:42,793 in the State of Alabama saying 1268 01:10:42,876 --> 01:10:45,043 we ain't gonna let nobody turn us around. 1269 01:10:50,210 --> 01:10:52,918 I come to say to you this afternoon 1270 01:10:53,001 --> 01:10:55,335 however difficult the moment, 1271 01:10:55,418 --> 01:10:58,168 however frustrating the hour, 1272 01:10:58,251 --> 01:11:00,501 it will not be long 1273 01:11:00,585 --> 01:11:05,210 because truth will rise again. 1274 01:11:05,293 --> 01:11:07,626 How long? Not long. 1275 01:11:07,710 --> 01:11:10,543 Because no lie can live forever. 1276 01:11:11,543 --> 01:11:13,210 How long? Not long. 1277 01:11:14,335 --> 01:11:17,793 Because the arc of the moral universe is long, 1278 01:11:17,876 --> 01:11:19,793 but it bends towards justice. 1279 01:11:19,876 --> 01:11:22,626 How long? Not long. 1280 01:11:22,710 --> 01:11:25,335 Because my eyes have seen the glory 1281 01:11:25,418 --> 01:11:27,460 of the coming of the Lord. 1282 01:11:27,543 --> 01:11:29,835 Glory hallelujah, 1283 01:11:29,918 --> 01:11:34,335 Glory hallelujah. 1284 01:11:34,418 --> 01:11:36,335 Glory hallelujah! 1285 01:11:36,418 --> 01:11:38,585 His truth is marching on. 1286 01:11:53,085 --> 01:11:54,960 In the summer of '65 1287 01:11:55,043 --> 01:11:58,001 Johnson gets that Voting Rights Bill passed. 1288 01:12:00,960 --> 01:12:02,418 Thank you, Mr. Chairman. 1289 01:12:02,501 --> 01:12:04,543 Certainly the '64 Civil Rights Act 1290 01:12:04,626 --> 01:12:06,043 led to dramatic changes, 1291 01:12:06,126 --> 01:12:09,001 politically at least in the short run 1292 01:12:09,085 --> 01:12:11,751 the Voting Rights Act was even more dramatic. 1293 01:12:11,835 --> 01:12:14,043 This is an examination room 1294 01:12:14,126 --> 01:12:17,001 at the central post office in downtown Birmingham 1295 01:12:17,085 --> 01:12:21,085 where under the Federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 1296 01:12:21,168 --> 01:12:23,293 federal officials are examining people 1297 01:12:23,376 --> 01:12:25,376 to determine their qualifications 1298 01:12:25,460 --> 01:12:28,376 to register and vote under the laws of Alabama. 1299 01:12:28,460 --> 01:12:31,335 Once the Voting Rights Act was passed 1300 01:12:31,418 --> 01:12:33,793 and people got the right to vote 1301 01:12:33,876 --> 01:12:35,585 they stopped sitting-in and started voting. 1302 01:12:35,668 --> 01:12:37,751 And that turned out to be much more effective. 1303 01:12:37,835 --> 01:12:39,251 The number of blacks 1304 01:12:39,335 --> 01:12:41,043 who began voting across the south, 1305 01:12:41,126 --> 01:12:42,918 the number of black office holders 1306 01:12:43,001 --> 01:12:45,543 at the local level, at the state level, 1307 01:12:45,626 --> 01:12:47,918 at the congressional level, 1308 01:12:48,001 --> 01:12:52,043 one of the greatest changes in America society. 1309 01:13:00,710 --> 01:13:02,335 This is what James Meredith 1310 01:13:02,418 --> 01:13:04,626 intends to do for the next two weeks, 1311 01:13:04,710 --> 01:13:06,793 march along the highways of Mississippi, 1312 01:13:06,876 --> 01:13:08,251 a state where he is 1313 01:13:08,335 --> 01:13:10,460 one of the most hated men alive. 1314 01:13:10,543 --> 01:13:12,543 His purpose, Meredith hopes to 1315 01:13:12,626 --> 01:13:14,793 encourage unregistered Negroes along the way 1316 01:13:14,876 --> 01:13:16,668 to qualify as voters. 1317 01:13:16,751 --> 01:13:19,085 He also, by his very presence, 1318 01:13:19,168 --> 01:13:20,918 hopes to dispel some of the fear 1319 01:13:21,001 --> 01:13:23,001 Negroes have in the south. 1320 01:13:24,043 --> 01:13:27,668 In 1965 with the passage of the Voting Rights Act 1321 01:13:27,751 --> 01:13:30,376 you'd a thought any thing was possible. 1322 01:13:30,460 --> 01:13:32,793 But then very quickly after that 1323 01:13:32,876 --> 01:13:34,835 things start to fall apart. 1324 01:13:37,043 --> 01:13:38,585 Meredith: I'm shot in the leg. 1325 01:13:40,543 --> 01:13:42,710 Roberts: As James Meredith was 1326 01:13:42,793 --> 01:13:44,835 walking along the highway 1327 01:13:44,918 --> 01:13:47,210 a gunman stepped out of the woods 1328 01:13:47,293 --> 01:13:49,168 and just blasted him with a shotgun. 1329 01:13:51,668 --> 01:13:53,043 Meredith was taken to a 1330 01:13:53,126 --> 01:13:55,376 Memphis hospital under police guard, 1331 01:13:55,460 --> 01:13:58,376 his blood still remains on the highway. 1332 01:14:00,376 --> 01:14:04,043 Once he was shot then there had to be some response 1333 01:14:04,126 --> 01:14:07,376 by the movement, they had to show that 1334 01:14:07,460 --> 01:14:09,293 the segregationist can't win that way. 1335 01:14:11,418 --> 01:14:13,001 Carson: They got together 1336 01:14:13,085 --> 01:14:15,293 and decided to continue the march, 1337 01:14:15,376 --> 01:14:18,043 Stokely Carmichael and Martin Luther King. 1338 01:14:19,126 --> 01:14:21,501 Stokely Carmichael was very much unlike 1339 01:14:21,585 --> 01:14:23,751 the Nashville group in terms of his perspective. 1340 01:14:23,835 --> 01:14:25,293 We feel that we must 1341 01:14:25,376 --> 01:14:27,585 continue this march right now, that is-- 1342 01:14:27,668 --> 01:14:29,668 it is urgent to do it, 1343 01:14:29,751 --> 01:14:31,751 and we will be calling on people of goodwill 1344 01:14:31,835 --> 01:14:35,668 from all over the nation to join us in this march. 1345 01:14:35,751 --> 01:14:37,001 Martin Luther King was almost 1346 01:14:37,085 --> 01:14:38,585 at level of sainthood, 1347 01:14:38,668 --> 01:14:40,376 Stokely Carmichael understood that 1348 01:14:40,460 --> 01:14:42,668 he needed that symbol in order to 1349 01:14:42,751 --> 01:14:45,043 provide legitimacy for what he was trying to do. 1350 01:14:45,126 --> 01:14:47,626 We want to put President Johnson on the spot, 1351 01:14:47,710 --> 01:14:49,251 he called a conference two days ago 1352 01:14:49,335 --> 01:14:50,418 to fulfill these rights, 1353 01:14:50,501 --> 01:14:52,251 we want those rights fulfilled. 1354 01:14:52,335 --> 01:14:54,043 They cannot be fulfilled with words, 1355 01:14:54,126 --> 01:14:56,043 words cannot stop bullets, 1356 01:14:56,126 --> 01:14:58,043 and we need action, and we need it now 1357 01:14:58,126 --> 01:14:59,168 from the federal government. 1358 01:15:00,085 --> 01:15:02,001 No more questions. 1359 01:15:02,085 --> 01:15:03,960 No more questions, gentlemen. 1360 01:15:04,043 --> 01:15:05,876 We've got the march. 1361 01:15:08,710 --> 01:15:10,085 The most impressive thing 1362 01:15:10,168 --> 01:15:11,960 about this march on Mississippi 1363 01:15:12,043 --> 01:15:13,543 is a developing coalition among 1364 01:15:13,626 --> 01:15:15,418 Civil Rights leaders. 1365 01:15:15,501 --> 01:15:17,085 There are reports of differences between 1366 01:15:17,168 --> 01:15:19,626 leaders, and they are true, 1367 01:15:19,710 --> 01:15:22,293 but their organizations have always been divided, 1368 01:15:22,376 --> 01:15:24,751 a split among them is nothing new. 1369 01:15:24,835 --> 01:15:26,460 Put them all together on a march 1370 01:15:26,543 --> 01:15:28,085 in a highway in Mississippi 1371 01:15:28,168 --> 01:15:29,918 and frictions emerge because of 1372 01:15:30,001 --> 01:15:32,751 personal competition and individual ego. 1373 01:15:32,835 --> 01:15:34,293 Our sweat and blood 1374 01:15:34,376 --> 01:15:36,876 built Mississippi, and we got to take it over 1375 01:15:36,960 --> 01:15:38,126 'cause we deserve to have it. 1376 01:15:38,210 --> 01:15:39,668 That's what we working for. 1377 01:15:41,543 --> 01:15:44,793 Stokely Carmichael started expressing 1378 01:15:44,876 --> 01:15:48,460 the goal now is black people exercising power. 1379 01:15:49,501 --> 01:15:50,835 Let me say first 1380 01:15:50,918 --> 01:15:53,335 this march is nonviolent, 1381 01:15:53,418 --> 01:15:57,501 it is a non-violent expression 1382 01:15:57,585 --> 01:15:59,585 of our determination to be free. 1383 01:15:59,668 --> 01:16:01,001 This is the principle of the march, 1384 01:16:01,085 --> 01:16:02,918 and certainly we intend 1385 01:16:03,793 --> 01:16:05,960 to keep this march non-violent. 1386 01:16:06,043 --> 01:16:08,418 Mr. Carmichael, are you as committed to the non-violent 1387 01:16:08,501 --> 01:16:09,626 approach as Dr. King is? 1388 01:16:09,710 --> 01:16:12,001 -No, I'm not. -Why aren't you? 1389 01:16:12,085 --> 01:16:14,668 Well I just don't see it as a way of life, I never have. 1390 01:16:14,751 --> 01:16:17,293 But I also realize that no one in this country 1391 01:16:17,376 --> 01:16:18,501 is asking the white community 1392 01:16:18,585 --> 01:16:20,501 in the south to be non-violent, 1393 01:16:20,585 --> 01:16:22,168 and that in a sense is giving them 1394 01:16:22,251 --> 01:16:24,668 a free license to go ahead and shoot us at will. 1395 01:16:27,543 --> 01:16:28,876 If there was a symbol of 1396 01:16:28,960 --> 01:16:30,710 white anger at Negro protest 1397 01:16:30,793 --> 01:16:32,001 in the north this summer 1398 01:16:32,085 --> 01:16:34,418 it was Cicero, Illinois, 1399 01:16:34,501 --> 01:16:36,626 a town chosen by Dr. Martin Luther King 1400 01:16:36,710 --> 01:16:38,418 as the pressure point in his open housing drive. 1401 01:16:40,710 --> 01:16:44,543 Dr. King takes the Civil Rights movement north to Chicago, 1402 01:16:44,626 --> 01:16:45,960 and the issue is housing. 1403 01:16:47,585 --> 01:16:49,210 The northern scene 1404 01:16:49,293 --> 01:16:51,543 was a far more complicated scene, 1405 01:16:51,626 --> 01:16:54,835 and did not have the advantage of the Jim Crow law 1406 01:16:54,918 --> 01:16:55,918 as a target. 1407 01:16:57,001 --> 01:16:59,710 It was one thing for northern liberals 1408 01:16:59,793 --> 01:17:02,001 when the issue was integration in Selma, 1409 01:17:02,085 --> 01:17:04,126 quite a different thing when it was in Cicero. 1410 01:17:04,710 --> 01:17:06,835 If lets say 10 or 20 families 1411 01:17:06,918 --> 01:17:10,043 moved into Cicero, which is a town of 70,000. 1412 01:17:10,126 --> 01:17:12,335 They'd get killed. 1413 01:17:12,418 --> 01:17:15,876 It was the beginning of serious white backlash 1414 01:17:15,960 --> 01:17:18,335 against the entire Civil Rights movement. 1415 01:17:20,626 --> 01:17:21,751 The nation suddenly learned 1416 01:17:21,835 --> 01:17:23,210 what it should've known, 1417 01:17:23,293 --> 01:17:25,251 that racial prejudice was not just 1418 01:17:25,335 --> 01:17:28,085 a southern problem, it was nationwide. 1419 01:17:28,168 --> 01:17:29,835 If whites in the north formerly 1420 01:17:29,918 --> 01:17:31,585 could comfort themselves by pointing 1421 01:17:31,668 --> 01:17:33,543 an accusing finger at the south 1422 01:17:33,626 --> 01:17:35,418 they could do so no longer. 1423 01:17:35,960 --> 01:17:37,585 Cicero once again 1424 01:17:37,668 --> 01:17:39,210 is showing open hostility 1425 01:17:39,293 --> 01:17:41,376 towards the Civil Rights demonstrators. 1426 01:17:41,460 --> 01:17:43,585 These people here are firmly opposed 1427 01:17:43,668 --> 01:17:44,876 to these marches, moreover 1428 01:17:44,960 --> 01:17:46,418 they don't see where they serve 1429 01:17:46,501 --> 01:17:48,668 any useful purpose. 1430 01:17:48,751 --> 01:17:50,460 Most of the national press 1431 01:17:50,543 --> 01:17:53,293 categorizes Chicago as a defeat for King. 1432 01:17:57,626 --> 01:18:00,585 I can say that I have never seen, 1433 01:18:00,668 --> 01:18:03,501 even in Mississippi and Alabama, 1434 01:18:03,585 --> 01:18:05,585 mobs as hostile and as hate filled 1435 01:18:05,668 --> 01:18:07,751 as I've seen in Chicago. 1436 01:18:07,835 --> 01:18:09,751 There was a growing feeling 1437 01:18:09,835 --> 01:18:11,960 that King's movement wasn't working. 1438 01:18:13,001 --> 01:18:15,793 He had lost a lot of support 1439 01:18:15,876 --> 01:18:17,501 from whites and blacks. 1440 01:18:18,043 --> 01:18:19,668 Martin Luther King is a good man, 1441 01:18:19,751 --> 01:18:22,085 he's my brother, he's still like me, 1442 01:18:22,168 --> 01:18:24,626 we're all catching hell, he's got his approaches of freedom, 1443 01:18:24,710 --> 01:18:27,960 he's doing his best, and he's changing now too. 1444 01:18:28,043 --> 01:18:30,293 He sees now that it seems to be impossible 1445 01:18:30,376 --> 01:18:31,626 to do what he want to do. 1446 01:18:35,668 --> 01:18:37,126 King was rapidly being 1447 01:18:37,210 --> 01:18:40,335 eclipsed by a younger and much more 1448 01:18:40,418 --> 01:18:43,626 militant faction of the Black Power Movement. 1449 01:18:43,710 --> 01:18:45,835 We are not going to let these 1450 01:18:45,918 --> 01:18:50,085 white people come into our neighborhood and kill us. 1451 01:18:50,168 --> 01:18:52,460 We're going to put every cracker 1452 01:18:52,543 --> 01:18:54,751 in Atlanta on his knees. 1453 01:18:55,876 --> 01:18:57,126 There was a lot of disunity 1454 01:18:57,210 --> 01:18:58,835 because the only thing that had 1455 01:18:58,918 --> 01:19:01,001 really kept the black community together, 1456 01:19:01,085 --> 01:19:03,126 ironically, was segregation. 1457 01:19:03,210 --> 01:19:05,876 Once that has been overcome 1458 01:19:06,460 --> 01:19:08,335 then the question is what do you want? 1459 01:19:08,418 --> 01:19:09,626 I would like for all of us 1460 01:19:09,710 --> 01:19:11,001 to believe in non-violence, 1461 01:19:11,085 --> 01:19:13,001 but I'm here to say tonight 1462 01:19:13,085 --> 01:19:16,501 that if every Negro in the United States 1463 01:19:16,585 --> 01:19:18,168 turns against nonviolence 1464 01:19:18,251 --> 01:19:21,001 I'm going to stand up as a lone voice 1465 01:19:21,085 --> 01:19:23,376 and say this is the wrong way. 1466 01:19:33,751 --> 01:19:36,335 I think that there's a realization 1467 01:19:36,418 --> 01:19:37,543 in this country that black power is 1468 01:19:37,626 --> 01:19:39,501 not just a mere slogan, 1469 01:19:39,585 --> 01:19:41,585 nationally or internationally. 1470 01:19:41,668 --> 01:19:44,543 It is real that black people can come together 1471 01:19:44,626 --> 01:19:46,418 and start determining for their lives 1472 01:19:46,501 --> 01:19:48,335 how they're going to live, and controlling 1473 01:19:48,418 --> 01:19:50,126 their economic and political lives. 1474 01:19:50,210 --> 01:19:52,293 So it means that you have to build a movement 1475 01:19:52,376 --> 01:19:54,085 so strong in this country 1476 01:19:54,168 --> 01:19:55,710 that if one black man is touched 1477 01:19:55,793 --> 01:19:57,376 every black man will rise up 1478 01:19:57,460 --> 01:19:58,501 and let this country know 1479 01:19:58,585 --> 01:19:59,668 they're not gonna tolerate it. 1480 01:19:59,751 --> 01:20:01,126 You better quit running around here 1481 01:20:01,210 --> 01:20:02,918 talking about loving these honkies to death. 1482 01:20:03,001 --> 01:20:05,085 During rebellions brother you got to stop 1483 01:20:05,168 --> 01:20:07,210 looting and start shooting. 1484 01:20:07,293 --> 01:20:08,501 Black power brother. 1485 01:20:08,585 --> 01:20:10,168 Black power brother. 1486 01:20:14,543 --> 01:20:16,293 The issue is one 1487 01:20:16,376 --> 01:20:18,085 that moves across Civil Rights, 1488 01:20:18,168 --> 01:20:20,085 moves across poverty, 1489 01:20:20,168 --> 01:20:22,793 you get this explosion of violence. 1490 01:20:22,876 --> 01:20:24,085 You have the Watts riots. 1491 01:20:25,126 --> 01:20:28,460 Then subsequently riots in Newark, 1492 01:20:28,543 --> 01:20:30,043 in Detroit. 1493 01:20:32,293 --> 01:20:33,710 Carter: The riots bring to the fore 1494 01:20:33,793 --> 01:20:35,710 the problems of inner city life, 1495 01:20:35,793 --> 01:20:38,835 a consequence of a generation of neglect 1496 01:20:38,918 --> 01:20:41,418 in America's urban centers. 1497 01:20:41,501 --> 01:20:42,751 Reporter: This happened on 12th Street 1498 01:20:42,835 --> 01:20:44,710 in Detroit in July. 1499 01:20:44,793 --> 01:20:46,960 Next time it could happen downtown, 1500 01:20:47,043 --> 01:20:48,626 or in your town. 1501 01:20:50,626 --> 01:20:52,960 When you stood on the Lincoln Memorial 1502 01:20:53,043 --> 01:20:55,168 you said I had a dream, did that dream 1503 01:20:55,251 --> 01:20:57,293 envision the federal government 1504 01:20:57,376 --> 01:20:59,126 preventing the society doing for the Negroes 1505 01:20:59,210 --> 01:21:01,293 that which you think had to be done? 1506 01:21:01,376 --> 01:21:02,793 It was a high moment, 1507 01:21:02,876 --> 01:21:04,751 a great watershed moment, 1508 01:21:04,835 --> 01:21:08,085 but I must confess that... that dream 1509 01:21:08,168 --> 01:21:10,460 that I had that day has in many points 1510 01:21:10,543 --> 01:21:12,793 turned into a nightmare. 1511 01:21:12,876 --> 01:21:15,168 Now I'm not one to lose hope. 1512 01:21:15,251 --> 01:21:17,376 I keep on hoping. 1513 01:21:17,460 --> 01:21:20,126 I still have faith in the future. 1514 01:21:20,210 --> 01:21:22,793 But I've had to analyze many things 1515 01:21:22,876 --> 01:21:24,835 over the last few years, and I would say 1516 01:21:24,918 --> 01:21:26,501 over the last few months, 1517 01:21:26,585 --> 01:21:28,501 I've gone through a lot of soul searching 1518 01:21:28,585 --> 01:21:30,918 and agonizing moments, 1519 01:21:31,001 --> 01:21:33,585 and some of the old optimism 1520 01:21:33,668 --> 01:21:36,168 was a little superficial, and now it must be 1521 01:21:36,251 --> 01:21:38,043 tempered with a solid realism, 1522 01:21:38,126 --> 01:21:40,543 and I think the realistic fact is 1523 01:21:40,626 --> 01:21:43,376 that we still have a long, long way to go. 1524 01:21:50,835 --> 01:21:52,418 Chet Huntley: Martin Luther King, Jr 1525 01:21:52,501 --> 01:21:55,085 was killed tonight in Memphis, Tennessee. 1526 01:21:55,168 --> 01:21:56,876 Shot in the face as he stood on the balcony 1527 01:21:56,960 --> 01:21:58,126 of his hotel room. 1528 01:22:01,251 --> 01:22:03,043 Martin... 1529 01:22:05,918 --> 01:22:07,001 was gone. 1530 01:22:10,418 --> 01:22:12,251 And the main part of everything was over. 1531 01:22:14,043 --> 01:22:16,501 And we knew that the Movement would never be 1532 01:22:17,960 --> 01:22:19,960 the Movement as it was, 1533 01:22:21,085 --> 01:22:23,918 but then the things that we had 1534 01:22:24,001 --> 01:22:28,043 lived and really fought for was won. 1535 01:22:34,418 --> 01:22:36,710 I just want to do God's will, 1536 01:22:38,626 --> 01:22:42,210 and He has allowed me to go up to the mountain, 1537 01:22:42,293 --> 01:22:44,085 and I've looked over, 1538 01:22:45,126 --> 01:22:47,585 and I've seen 1539 01:22:47,668 --> 01:22:50,210 the promise land. 1540 01:22:50,293 --> 01:22:52,043 I may not get there with you, 1541 01:22:53,126 --> 01:22:55,835 but I want you to know tonight 1542 01:22:55,918 --> 01:23:00,043 that we as a people will get to the promise land. 1543 01:23:05,793 --> 01:23:08,210 So I'm happy tonight, I'm not worried 1544 01:23:08,293 --> 01:23:11,835 about anything, I'm not fearing any man. 1545 01:23:11,918 --> 01:23:13,376 Mine eyes have seen 1546 01:23:13,460 --> 01:23:15,960 the glory of the coming of the Lord. 1547 01:23:23,126 --> 01:23:24,085 Nash: There were many kinds of 1548 01:23:24,168 --> 01:23:26,043 sacrifices made for freedom, 1549 01:23:27,585 --> 01:23:30,376 most liberation struggle 1550 01:23:30,460 --> 01:23:33,793 is trying to bring about a better world, 1551 01:23:33,876 --> 01:23:35,543 and a better society. 1552 01:23:36,835 --> 01:23:41,376 We had to give everything we had to the Movement. 1553 01:23:42,460 --> 01:23:46,293 We accepted a way of peace as a way of life, 1554 01:23:46,376 --> 01:23:48,793 a way of nonviolence as a way of life, 1555 01:23:48,876 --> 01:23:50,460 as a way of living. 1556 01:23:51,335 --> 01:23:53,626 We forged an agenda 1557 01:23:53,710 --> 01:23:56,626 in the mind of the country. 1558 01:23:56,710 --> 01:23:58,793 The movement begins with Montgomery, 1559 01:23:59,918 --> 01:24:03,585 becomes a Sit-in Campaign, the Freedom Ride, 1560 01:24:03,668 --> 01:24:07,168 the Birmingham Campaign, the Mississippi Summer, 1561 01:24:07,251 --> 01:24:09,126 the Selma to Montgomery March. 1562 01:24:12,793 --> 01:24:14,335 History will record 1563 01:24:14,418 --> 01:24:18,001 that those singular cumulative acts 1564 01:24:18,085 --> 01:24:20,876 of courage transformed the south, 1565 01:24:22,210 --> 01:24:24,001 transformed the country. 1566 01:24:26,043 --> 01:24:30,168 We wanted to change America, make America better, 1567 01:24:30,251 --> 01:24:32,168 not just for our generation, 1568 01:24:32,251 --> 01:24:34,126 but for a generation yet unborn. 1569 01:24:36,710 --> 01:24:40,668 All of the civil rights, all the marches, 1570 01:24:40,751 --> 01:24:44,835 all the people who have died in the civil rights struggle 1571 01:24:44,918 --> 01:24:46,626 will have died in vain 1572 01:24:48,043 --> 01:24:49,960 if, once the opportunity, 1573 01:24:50,043 --> 01:24:51,793 once the doors are open, 1574 01:24:51,876 --> 01:24:54,585 no one is prepared for it. 1575 01:24:54,668 --> 01:24:57,376 I know there's got to be several young people here 1576 01:24:57,460 --> 01:24:59,293 who are like five years old, right? 1577 01:24:59,376 --> 01:25:01,543 It's now becoming a possibility 1578 01:25:01,626 --> 01:25:03,710 that that young man, by the time he's 50, could be 1579 01:25:03,793 --> 01:25:05,460 running for the President of the United States.