1 00:00:09,384 --> 00:00:13,960 This is the fertilization of an egg human with a sperm. 2 00:00:13,430 --> 00:00:17,100 So far, no news. Something usual in fertility clinics. 3 00:00:18,226 --> 00:00:20,395 But there is a different detail here. 4 00:00:21,229 --> 00:00:24,490 The needle is inserting a mini tool 5 00:00:24,620 --> 00:00:26,234 which will modify the embryo's DNA. 6 00:00:26,818 --> 00:00:28,903 It's a new technology called... 7 00:00:28,987 --> 00:00:30,300 -CRISPR. -CRISPR. 8 00:00:30,113 --> 00:00:32,657 -CRISPR. -A revolutionary technology... 9 00:00:32,741 --> 00:00:36,578 ...that can edit DNA with great precision. 10 00:00:36,995 --> 00:00:39,873 To understand the importance of this, imagine the following: 11 00:00:40,290 --> 00:00:43,835 there is life on this planet about four billion years ago. 12 00:00:46,921 --> 00:00:52,385 And 99.99% of this period happened before the emergence of Homo sapiens. 13 00:00:54,179 --> 00:00:57,432 And for 99.99% of the story of humanity, 14 00:00:58,160 --> 00:01:00,727 we were also unaware the genetic code 15 00:01:00,810 --> 00:01:03,354 what is in cells of all living beings. 16 00:01:05,440 --> 00:01:07,650 By the way, only in the last 65 years, 17 00:01:07,734 --> 00:01:09,690 the period of a life, 18 00:01:09,444 --> 00:01:11,780 we came to discover how DNA works 19 00:01:12,300 --> 00:01:14,320 we build machines to read it and tools to rewrite it. 20 00:01:17,786 --> 00:01:21,164 Now, something we've been questioning for decades is becoming reality: 21 00:01:21,915 --> 00:01:24,918 if man could control the source code of life, 22 00:01:25,794 --> 00:01:28,963 what it would be like when we started to use on ourselves? 23 00:01:29,881 --> 00:01:31,883 See what we know on DNA molecules. 24 00:01:31,966 --> 00:01:33,593 A NETFLIX ORIGINAL DOCUMENTARY SERIES 25 00:01:33,676 --> 00:01:35,637 It's quite possible for us to learn how to use it. 26 00:01:35,720 --> 00:01:38,181 ...to manipulate our map and genetic makeup. 27 00:01:38,264 --> 00:01:40,308 If they start, where will they stop? 28 00:01:40,767 --> 00:01:43,103 That's where things get complicated. 29 00:01:43,186 --> 00:01:46,356 ...crucial in the search for a cure of diseases such as cancer. 30 00:01:46,439 --> 00:01:48,650 For critics, It's like opening a pandora's box. 31 00:01:48,733 --> 00:01:52,112 This is how we will create the next generation of children? 32 00:01:52,195 --> 00:01:53,947 Thus, man becomes a god. 33 00:01:56,699 --> 00:02:01,121 DESIGNED DNA 34 00:02:01,621 --> 00:02:04,207 Today, we celebrate the revelation 35 00:02:04,290 --> 00:02:07,544 of the first draft from the book of human life. 36 00:02:08,878 --> 00:02:12,480 As a society, we spent around US$3 billion 37 00:02:12,340 --> 00:02:14,217 sequencing the 1st human genome. 38 00:02:14,300 --> 00:02:16,386 It was a true historic landmark, 39 00:02:16,469 --> 00:02:19,806 maybe equivalent to the construction of the pyramids in Egypt. 40 00:02:20,390 --> 00:02:22,851 The genome encompasses the entire the genetic map, 41 00:02:23,170 --> 00:02:26,104 the three billion pairs of As, Ts, Cs and Gs 42 00:02:26,187 --> 00:02:28,690 which we carry in almost all cells. 43 00:02:28,982 --> 00:02:32,652 Mapping the genome was the biggest challenge in the history of biology. 44 00:02:33,486 --> 00:02:35,864 Over the next 15 years, 45 00:02:35,947 --> 00:02:38,700 the cost to sequence it fell drastically. 46 00:02:38,783 --> 00:02:41,494 A decrease of many zeros. 47 00:02:42,780 --> 00:02:45,165 Pay attention to this graph, which is not at all common. 48 00:02:45,373 --> 00:02:48,420 The numbers fell always for 10% of the value. 49 00:02:48,626 --> 00:02:49,627 With these data, 50 00:02:49,711 --> 00:02:53,600 scientists can identify disease-causing genes. 51 00:02:53,464 --> 00:02:57,927 But, to be able to modify them, it is necessary to locate them in the genome. 52 00:02:59,530 --> 00:03:01,890 That was complicated for humans, but... 53 00:03:02,557 --> 00:03:03,933 not for bacteria. 54 00:03:05,768 --> 00:03:08,813 They have been fighting viruses billions of years ago... 55 00:03:09,630 --> 00:03:11,232 and some created an immune system 56 00:03:11,316 --> 00:03:15,280 which records, in the genome itself, the DNA segments of the virus. 57 00:03:15,904 --> 00:03:17,864 So, if the virus attacks again, 58 00:03:17,947 --> 00:03:21,750 your DNA will be easily recognized and cut 59 00:03:21,451 --> 00:03:23,453 by enzymes that are like scissors. 60 00:03:23,870 --> 00:03:26,122 This prevents the virus from reproducing. 61 00:03:27,540 --> 00:03:29,959 This immune system is called CRISPR. 62 00:03:30,210 --> 00:03:33,400 It was an interesting discovery, but, in 2012, 63 00:03:33,870 --> 00:03:35,215 Jennifer Doudna and her collaborators 64 00:03:35,298 --> 00:03:37,675 proved that they could reprogram CRISPR 65 00:03:37,759 --> 00:03:40,553 to track and edit the genes they wanted. 66 00:03:40,762 --> 00:03:44,933 So something that was just interesting has become a powerful tool. 67 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:47,560 Of an old system bacterial immune, 68 00:03:47,644 --> 00:03:50,605 created incredible technology of gene editing. 69 00:03:50,688 --> 00:03:54,670 The Breakthrough Prize will for Emmanuelle Charpentier 70 00:03:54,150 --> 00:03:55,401 and Jennifer Doudna. 71 00:03:56,569 --> 00:04:00,281 The discovery was a consequence of uncompromised research 72 00:04:00,698 --> 00:04:04,577 to investigate something that had nothing to do with the end result. 73 00:04:04,661 --> 00:04:07,163 I never thought it would be genetic engineer. 74 00:04:08,665 --> 00:04:10,583 The simplicity of the CRISPR system 75 00:04:10,667 --> 00:04:14,629 allowed it to spread like fire by the scientific community. 76 00:04:14,712 --> 00:04:17,882 Every day, they publish many articles about CRISPR 77 00:04:17,966 --> 00:04:19,801 being used in plants, 78 00:04:19,884 --> 00:04:23,540 bacteria, yeast... in everything that is a living organism, 79 00:04:23,137 --> 00:04:25,265 since they all work with DNA. 80 00:04:25,765 --> 00:04:27,433 Technology is so accessible 81 00:04:27,517 --> 00:04:30,687 that is now possible edit bacterial DNA at home 82 00:04:30,853 --> 00:04:32,522 with do-it-yourself kits. 83 00:04:33,231 --> 00:04:36,401 I have been a professional scientist for 25 years 84 00:04:36,484 --> 00:04:39,195 and I've never seen technology 85 00:04:39,529 --> 00:04:41,823 advance as far as gene editing. 86 00:04:43,740 --> 00:04:46,577 I think of Silicon Valley 40, 50 years ago, 87 00:04:46,786 --> 00:04:50,707 when we start to realize that we could program computers. 88 00:04:50,790 --> 00:04:53,126 It was difficult to predict the possibilities 89 00:04:53,209 --> 00:04:56,754 like the internet or computers in everyone's pockets. 90 00:04:56,838 --> 00:04:59,465 What will happen from here 20, 30, 40 years? 91 00:05:02,135 --> 00:05:04,761 Piglets that may come providing livers, 92 00:05:04,774 --> 00:05:07,223 hearts and others organs for humans. 93 00:05:07,307 --> 00:05:10,643 Now they are developing malaria-resistant mosquitoes. 94 00:05:10,727 --> 00:05:12,937 It could be the return of the woolly mammoth. 95 00:05:13,104 --> 00:05:16,566 Maybe the last one reminds you a science fiction classic. 96 00:05:16,649 --> 00:05:18,568 DINOSAUR PARK 97 00:05:18,693 --> 00:05:20,737 Don't you see how dangerous this is? 98 00:05:20,820 --> 00:05:23,197 They play with the powerful strength of genetics 99 00:05:23,281 --> 00:05:26,750 like a child who found his father's gun. 100 00:05:26,159 --> 00:05:29,370 These experiments raise complex ethical issues. 101 00:05:29,162 --> 00:05:33,166 Perhaps the biggest of these is the use of CRISPR in human embryos. 102 00:05:33,374 --> 00:05:36,210 Never used them to initiate a pregnancy, 103 00:05:36,294 --> 00:05:37,670 but if that happens, 104 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:42,910 we will be crossing a limit which has been debated for decades. 105 00:05:43,843 --> 00:05:46,721 We need to do important distinctions. 106 00:05:46,804 --> 00:05:50,350 First, the distinction between the mutation in somatic cells 107 00:05:50,516 --> 00:05:52,600 the one in the germ line. 108 00:05:52,268 --> 00:05:56,189 Almost all of our cells are somatic: blood, brain, skin. 109 00:05:56,272 --> 00:05:58,983 In these, DNA is not passed to descendants. 110 00:05:59,609 --> 00:06:03,237 Germline editing involves sperm, eggs and embryos, 111 00:06:03,321 --> 00:06:06,240 basically altering DNA of future generations. 112 00:06:06,699 --> 00:06:09,827 It's very different, because in germline editing 113 00:06:09,911 --> 00:06:15,458 We can make changes that affect the entire population and human evolution. 114 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:19,128 Another big difference which emerged at the beginning of the debate 115 00:06:19,212 --> 00:06:21,464 it was between therapy and improvement. 116 00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:23,716 Therapies treat illnesses 117 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:27,136 and improvements favor people who are already healthy. 118 00:06:27,553 --> 00:06:30,723 The first frame shows where the action is happening: 119 00:06:30,807 --> 00:06:32,809 treatment of sick people. 120 00:06:33,184 --> 00:06:35,610 The challenge is in the execution. 121 00:06:35,269 --> 00:06:38,220 Different diseases affect different cells. 122 00:06:38,106 --> 00:06:41,609 Some affect the liver, others, the heart or lungs... 123 00:06:41,692 --> 00:06:43,945 And some bodies are more accessible. 124 00:06:44,445 --> 00:06:47,949 The most promising experiments are for sickle cell anemia, 125 00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:52,328 HIV and certain types of cancer that remain in the blood or bone marrow. 126 00:06:52,912 --> 00:06:56,290 Those cells can be removed from the body and edited. 127 00:06:56,374 --> 00:06:59,850 No need to worry with descendants. 128 00:06:59,168 --> 00:07:02,630 After confirming the change, the cell is replaced. 129 00:07:02,713 --> 00:07:06,467 Somatic editing has always been much less controversial, 130 00:07:06,551 --> 00:07:10,304 mainly because any change would affect a single person. 131 00:07:10,388 --> 00:07:12,390 Overall, it is considered medicine. 132 00:07:13,150 --> 00:07:16,477 Somatic genetic improvement It's like plastic surgery. 133 00:07:16,727 --> 00:07:18,729 Any change ends there. 134 00:07:18,855 --> 00:07:21,197 No surgery yet genetic plastic surgery. 135 00:07:21,210 --> 00:07:23,276 For now, the focus is on diseases. 136 00:07:23,818 --> 00:07:27,290 But, with the advancement of research, the big controversy will be 137 00:07:27,113 --> 00:07:29,574 if we must go beyond the sick, 138 00:07:29,657 --> 00:07:32,827 and eliminate some diseases for future generations. 139 00:07:33,350 --> 00:07:34,203 It hasn't happened yet. 140 00:07:34,579 --> 00:07:36,800 As far as we know, 141 00:07:36,164 --> 00:07:38,708 They're not trying yet create CRISPR babies. 142 00:07:38,791 --> 00:07:43,796 We need to resist this temptation. 143 00:07:43,880 --> 00:07:47,675 I don't think so yet we have this technology, 144 00:07:47,758 --> 00:07:49,177 but we're getting there. 145 00:07:49,927 --> 00:07:54,432 Create genetically modified babies it is already illegal in at least 25 countries. 146 00:07:54,807 --> 00:07:57,226 Much of Europe it has been banned for decades. 147 00:07:57,727 --> 00:08:00,620 If you look for a pattern between countries, 148 00:08:00,146 --> 00:08:03,608 one of the main variables that would explain the difference 149 00:08:03,691 --> 00:08:06,270 is the proximity of Nazi experience. 150 00:08:06,152 --> 00:08:09,614 Nations are much more skeptical of the idea 151 00:08:09,697 --> 00:08:12,366 of possible improvement of the human species. 152 00:08:12,992 --> 00:08:16,245 Two powers in the polls with CRISPR, USA and China, 153 00:08:16,579 --> 00:08:18,581 condemn germ therapy, but There are no laws that prohibit it. 154 00:08:21,125 --> 00:08:24,754 In 2015, the UN asked a global moratorium 155 00:08:24,879 --> 00:08:26,881 saying that germinal modification 156 00:08:26,964 --> 00:08:30,218 could risk dignity of all humanity. 157 00:08:30,384 --> 00:08:32,637 The problem of crossing the germinal limit 158 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:35,181 is that the other limit may not resist. 159 00:08:35,598 --> 00:08:40,228 The limit between therapy and improvement It gets more and more confusing. 160 00:08:40,686 --> 00:08:44,649 For example, not everyone agrees with what would need to be corrected. 161 00:08:44,899 --> 00:08:46,859 Is deafness a disease? 162 00:08:46,943 --> 00:08:49,362 Many in the deaf community they would say no. 163 00:08:49,445 --> 00:08:51,948 What about dwarfism? Many would say no. 164 00:08:52,448 --> 00:08:55,368 The idea that we are sick and we are suffering, 165 00:08:55,451 --> 00:09:00,390 that I "suffer" from dwarfism... No, I've lived with him for 39 years. 166 00:09:00,623 --> 00:09:04,293 I am proudly second generation and I'm creating the third 167 00:09:04,377 --> 00:09:05,753 of people with dwarfism. 168 00:09:06,379 --> 00:09:09,600 In fact, I suffer how I am treated. 169 00:09:09,900 --> 00:09:12,635 But the limit is confusing until there is consensus about the disease. 170 00:09:13,261 --> 00:09:14,971 Depending on your variant, 171 00:09:15,540 --> 00:09:19,642 the ApoE gene can increase, decrease whether or not it affects Alzheimer's risk 172 00:09:19,725 --> 00:09:20,851 later in life. 173 00:09:21,102 --> 00:09:25,231 Let's say you change your child's DNA for a low-risk variant. 174 00:09:25,314 --> 00:09:27,942 Would this be therapy or enhancement? 175 00:09:28,693 --> 00:09:32,530 There are rare genes with lower risks heart problems, diabetes, 176 00:09:32,613 --> 00:09:36,409 HIV immunity, stronger bones, more muscles, less odors, 177 00:09:36,492 --> 00:09:38,869 the need to sleep less. 178 00:09:39,453 --> 00:09:40,955 What would be the limit? 179 00:09:41,622 --> 00:09:45,876 In the 1997 film Gattaca, they share society into genetic classes, 180 00:09:46,430 --> 00:09:49,547 because fertility clinics they sold improvements. 181 00:09:49,755 --> 00:09:50,923 We didn't want... 182 00:09:51,382 --> 00:09:53,384 Of course, no illnesses, but... We would like to know if... 183 00:09:55,886 --> 00:09:58,180 we can make sure random things. 184 00:09:58,264 --> 00:10:01,267 It is better to give the child the best possible chance. 185 00:10:01,892 --> 00:10:04,228 Believe me, we already have enough defects. 186 00:10:04,729 --> 00:10:07,189 At the time of the film, it was science fiction. 187 00:10:07,273 --> 00:10:08,983 It's incredible to think that now, 188 00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:11,360 It's almost a real possibility. 189 00:10:11,777 --> 00:10:15,364 And this raises one of the biggest ethical threats in genetics. 190 00:10:15,489 --> 00:10:18,451 You may have heard the term "designer babies". 191 00:10:18,534 --> 00:10:20,578 -Designer babies. -Designer babies. 192 00:10:20,661 --> 00:10:23,998 ...parents would choose eye color, intelligence and height. 193 00:10:24,810 --> 00:10:27,543 What if I could design children to play in the NBA? 194 00:10:27,627 --> 00:10:29,962 That's where people lose control. 195 00:10:30,460 --> 00:10:33,466 Some traits are simple, like eye color, freckles, 196 00:10:33,591 --> 00:10:36,802 and, believe it or not, consistency of earwax. 197 00:10:37,110 --> 00:10:39,513 But intelligence, height and athletic skills 198 00:10:39,597 --> 00:10:41,140 these are complex traits. 199 00:10:41,265 --> 00:10:43,476 They result from nature and creation, 200 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:45,816 and the nature part involves hundreds 201 00:10:45,829 --> 00:10:47,980 or even thousands of different genes, 202 00:10:48,640 --> 00:10:50,608 that interact in a way that we don't understand. 203 00:10:51,192 --> 00:10:54,111 So they are bad targets to something like CRISPR. 204 00:10:55,446 --> 00:10:58,157 If governments authorized the germline mutation, 205 00:10:58,240 --> 00:11:00,410 we would start by preventing the transmission 206 00:11:00,423 --> 00:11:02,662 of diseases caused by a single gene. 207 00:11:02,953 --> 00:11:05,873 However, most people with these genes 208 00:11:05,956 --> 00:11:09,752 Do you already have a way to do this? without having to edit the DNA. 209 00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:12,720 For this reason, the edition of genes is not the 210 00:11:12,850 --> 00:11:14,340 shortest route to designer babies, 211 00:11:14,507 --> 00:11:16,509 but rather, gene selection. 212 00:11:16,592 --> 00:11:18,469 People who know they carry the gene for a genetic disease, 213 00:11:18,482 --> 00:11:20,429 have long been able to opt for pre-implantation diagnosis. 214 00:11:24,433 --> 00:11:27,269 The name is too big, so they call it DPI. 215 00:11:27,353 --> 00:11:30,898 When I describe it, a lot of people thinks it's science fiction, 216 00:11:30,981 --> 00:11:33,859 but it is something that exists for over 27 years. 217 00:11:34,318 --> 00:11:39,281 At DPI, the fertility clinic removes cells from the embryo, by IVF, 218 00:11:39,365 --> 00:11:42,159 and searches for genes of genetic diseases in DNA. 219 00:11:42,952 --> 00:11:46,914 Then they select the embryos healthy and implant in women. 220 00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:51,100 But technology is also used to search for genes 221 00:11:51,850 --> 00:11:54,880 which do not guarantee a disease, but they increase your risk, 222 00:11:54,171 --> 00:11:56,600 and to check other traits, 223 00:11:56,900 --> 00:11:58,926 how the sex of the embryo or eye color. 224 00:11:59,677 --> 00:12:01,303 With the advancement of technology, 225 00:12:01,387 --> 00:12:05,516 we can get the full report of your embryo's genome, 226 00:12:05,599 --> 00:12:09,812 like what we have in saliva tests what genetics companies do. 227 00:12:10,104 --> 00:12:13,649 Complex traits, such as intelligence, weight and diabetes, 228 00:12:13,733 --> 00:12:16,277 maybe they can't be changed directly, 229 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:18,404 but we can predict them... 230 00:12:18,821 --> 00:12:19,905 to a certain extent. 231 00:12:20,573 --> 00:12:23,330 I don't think we can ever say: 232 00:12:23,117 --> 00:12:27,371 "This embryo will get it right 60% of the questions in the entrance exam". 233 00:12:28,205 --> 00:12:30,439 But we can say "there is 60% chance 234 00:12:30,452 --> 00:12:32,293 to be among the top 50%" 235 00:12:32,793 --> 00:12:35,171 and "13% of being between the best 10%". 236 00:12:35,504 --> 00:12:38,900 These are the calls "polygenic scores" 237 00:12:38,424 --> 00:12:41,719 and are based on correlations genome-wide statistics. 238 00:12:42,940 --> 00:12:46,348 They are not usually as precise, so they didn't leave the academic field. 239 00:12:46,599 --> 00:12:49,143 But the more data we have, the better they get. 240 00:12:49,226 --> 00:12:52,563 And now Genomic Prediction promises it will be the first 241 00:12:52,646 --> 00:12:56,192 offering polygenic tests for fertility clinics. 242 00:12:57,260 --> 00:13:00,738 The company president said he had inspired by the film Gattaca. 243 00:13:01,989 --> 00:13:04,658 There is nothing in US law that prevents clinics 244 00:13:04,742 --> 00:13:06,869 to use genetic predictions now. 245 00:13:06,952 --> 00:13:08,871 But if it continues to be like this... 246 00:13:08,954 --> 00:13:12,208 when they start using it to select babies 247 00:13:12,291 --> 00:13:15,836 for reasons that other people consider it wrong, 248 00:13:15,920 --> 00:13:18,881 It will be a discussion Interesting policy. 249 00:13:19,882 --> 00:13:24,470 But we still talk about few people, because IVF is complicated. 250 00:13:25,221 --> 00:13:27,970 Now, the biggest problem with IVF, 251 00:13:27,181 --> 00:13:32,190 which represents 90% of the cost and 99% of the discomfort and risk, 252 00:13:32,102 --> 00:13:33,312 is egg collection. 253 00:13:33,395 --> 00:13:37,107 But he predicts that, one day, we will be able to grow them in the laboratory, 254 00:13:37,191 --> 00:13:39,549 from cells of skin, and use them 255 00:13:39,562 --> 00:13:41,445 to create dozens of embryos. 256 00:13:41,529 --> 00:13:43,447 It seems like science fiction, 257 00:13:43,697 --> 00:13:46,408 and it is, for humans, but not for mice. 258 00:13:46,492 --> 00:13:48,574 They have already done eggs and sperm 259 00:13:48,587 --> 00:13:51,380 mice, and were born healthy puppies. 260 00:13:51,497 --> 00:13:54,291 If it worked for humans, and it's a big if, 261 00:13:54,375 --> 00:13:56,796 in vitro fertilization would become something much easier, 262 00:13:56,809 --> 00:13:59,400 and genetic selection, more powerful. 263 00:13:59,630 --> 00:14:01,882 Add edition genetics to the process 264 00:14:01,966 --> 00:14:04,265 and you will see how the industry of fertilization 265 00:14:04,278 --> 00:14:06,762 can drive the future of human evolution. 266 00:14:09,223 --> 00:14:11,860 But it's not necessary speculate about the future 267 00:14:11,873 --> 00:14:14,520 to see the effects of genomic revolution. 268 00:14:15,271 --> 00:14:19,316 In 1994, Dr. John Wasmuth located an Achondroplasia gene. 269 00:14:19,650 --> 00:14:22,403 Many dwarf parents they were scared, 270 00:14:23,153 --> 00:14:24,947 because we thought it would be... 271 00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:26,682 and, in many ways, still could be... the first 272 00:14:26,695 --> 00:14:28,158 step to eradicate our type of dwarfism. 273 00:14:32,370 --> 00:14:36,410 Genetic technologies can reduce the range of human variation. 274 00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:40,504 And we have already seen how individual choices in prenatal testing 275 00:14:40,588 --> 00:14:42,506 can change entire populations. 276 00:14:42,715 --> 00:14:47,845 At the moment there are only 980 girls for every 1,000 boys in the country. 277 00:14:47,928 --> 00:14:51,181 In Iceland, Down syndrome is almost eradicated, 278 00:14:51,265 --> 00:14:54,560 and, in part, it is thanks the dissemination of genetic tests. 279 00:14:54,852 --> 00:14:57,646 There really is no place for us... 280 00:14:58,630 --> 00:15:01,567 in the world? 281 00:15:02,651 --> 00:15:05,700 It is complicated. I am a pro-choice woman, 282 00:15:05,696 --> 00:15:08,324 and I need to accept that, for me, 283 00:15:09,325 --> 00:15:13,370 being a pro-choice woman and a disabled person, that means... 284 00:15:13,579 --> 00:15:16,790 I need to accept the fact that women without disabilities 285 00:15:17,791 --> 00:15:20,502 consider someone like me a non-viable fetus. 286 00:15:21,337 --> 00:15:25,174 Furthermore, as not everyone in the world have good access to healthcare, 287 00:15:25,257 --> 00:15:28,510 we would risk giving to the rich an extra genetic advantage. 288 00:15:28,928 --> 00:15:31,805 That would never be affordable for all people. 289 00:15:31,889 --> 00:15:35,184 Only rich people would have access to this. 290 00:15:35,267 --> 00:15:38,479 Today, rich kids already have 10% to 15% more health. 291 00:15:38,562 --> 00:15:40,356 It's not that much, 292 00:15:40,439 --> 00:15:43,400 but I don't want to add plus 10% or 15% to that. 293 00:15:43,859 --> 00:15:46,700 And we've already seen how easy it is to believe 294 00:15:46,153 --> 00:15:48,948 in simple answers for complex problems, 295 00:15:49,198 --> 00:15:51,617 when they seem be scientifically based. 296 00:15:51,951 --> 00:15:55,370 The Immigration Act of the 1920s, in the United States, 297 00:15:55,287 --> 00:15:59,917 was based on scientific premises completely false that they claimed 298 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:03,963 that the Nordics would have genes superior to those of other races. 299 00:16:04,460 --> 00:16:06,131 It doesn't even have to be true. 300 00:16:06,215 --> 00:16:08,717 Neither gene editing nor needs to work 301 00:16:08,730 --> 00:16:10,803 to generate effects on society. 302 00:16:11,428 --> 00:16:15,557 But gene editing can reduce massive human suffering. 303 00:16:16,392 --> 00:16:18,227 That's why there's so much at stake. 304 00:16:19,186 --> 00:16:21,630 Honestly, my biggest fear 305 00:16:21,146 --> 00:16:26,680 is that they use genetic editing hastily. 306 00:16:26,151 --> 00:16:30,531 In other words, apply it in a harmful way 307 00:16:30,614 --> 00:16:34,326 and that this ruins the reputation of a technology 308 00:16:34,410 --> 00:16:37,913 with so much potential to affect so positively 309 00:16:37,997 --> 00:16:40,400 society. 310 00:16:41,959 --> 00:16:45,587 Unless there is a nuclear war or the world will end, 311 00:16:45,671 --> 00:16:49,341 we will use genetics more and more in human reproduction, 312 00:16:49,591 --> 00:16:51,427 and this will have consequences. 313 00:16:51,510 --> 00:16:55,550 But I have hope that, If we think about it carefully, 314 00:16:55,139 --> 00:16:57,975 worry and argue in advance, 315 00:16:58,580 --> 00:17:00,436 we may be able to not step on the ball.