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<i>Original production
of "the civil war"</i>

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<i>was made possible by
generous contributions</i>

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<i>from these funders.</i>

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<i>And by the corporation for
public broadcasting and by</i>

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<i>contributions to your PBS
station from viewers like you,</i>

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<i>thank you.</i>

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<i>Corporate funding for
this special 25th anniversary</i>

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<i>presentation was provided by.</i>

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Before thousands
fell on the battlefield,

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before millions were
freed and before a country

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forged its identity...
A nation declared a new

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birth of freedom,
rededicating itself to the

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proposition that all
men are created equal.

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Bank of America is proud
to sponsor "the civil war,"

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a film by Ken burns,

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newly restored for
it's 25th anniversary.

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Private Edwin Tennison,

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killed in action
at Malvern hill,

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July 1, 1862.

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During the civil war,

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photographers followed
the armies everywhere

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to make proud portraits
for the boys to send home

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and to capture
as much of the action

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as cumbersome equipment

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and slow shutter speeds allowed.

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Near the battle
of fair oaks, Virginia,

27
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captain George Armstrong Custer

28
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paused to have his picture taken

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with J.B. Washington,

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close friend and classmate
from west point--

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and now a confederate lieutenant

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who had just that morning

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been captured
by federal pickets.

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As 1862 dragged on,

35
00:02:45,541 --> 00:02:48,419
the character of the war
was changing,

36
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and much of the country
was changing with it.

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By 1862, more than
a million farm workers

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had enlisted in the union army,

39
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and travelers in the Midwest

40
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saw more women at work
in the fields than men.

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The year, which had begun
so promisingly for the north,

42
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had now gone awry.

43
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U.S. Grant's triumphs
at Donelson and Shiloh

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were being overshadowed
by disasters in the east.

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In Virginia, union general
George McClellan's army

46
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sat outside Richmond,

47
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its commander in possession
of vastly greater forces,

48
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but without the will to fight.

49
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Meanwhile, the confederacy
was beginning to appreciate

50
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the brilliance
of a new commander,

51
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Robert E. Lee,

52
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who would soon
establish a reputation

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as one of the greatest
military leaders of all time.

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And there was still
more trouble for the union.

55
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At Blackburn, England,

56
00:04:05,704 --> 00:04:08,082
a public meeting declared
that it was impossible

57
00:04:08,249 --> 00:04:10,918
for the north
to vanquish the south

58
00:04:11,085 --> 00:04:13,420
and called for a negotiated
settlement of the war.

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With Europe poised
to recognize the confederacy,

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00:04:19,051 --> 00:04:22,554
the unthinkable
looked increasingly likely--

61
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the union was going to
lose the war.

62
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"We must change our tactics
or lose the game,"

63
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Abraham Lincoln wrote in 1862.

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To Lincoln, it was clear now

65
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that it was no longer possible

66
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to restore the old union.

67
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A new one had to be embraced.

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By summer, he knew
what tactic was needed

69
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to win the war--
emancipation--

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00:04:48,747 --> 00:04:50,227
but doubted whether
he would ever have

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the political or military
opportunity to use it.

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"I find it hard
to maintain my lively faith

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00:05:02,303 --> 00:05:04,430
in the triumph
of the nation and the law,"

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New York lawyer
George Templeton strong

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confided to his diary.

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"These are the darkest days
we have seen since bull run."

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What no one knew
was that the year

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would soon see
the bloodiest day of the war

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and then the brightest.

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It could have been
Avery ugly, filthy war

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with no redeeming
characteristics at all...

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00:05:33,125 --> 00:05:37,463
And it was the battle
for emancipation

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and the people
who pushed it forward--

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the slaves, the free black
people, the abolitionists,

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00:05:43,469 --> 00:05:45,971
and a lot
of ordinary citizens--

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it was they who ennobled

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what otherwise would have
been meaningless carnage

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into something higher.

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Outside Richmond,

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George McClellan continued
to call anxiously

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for more troops,

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though his
110,000-man force

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already greatly outnumbered
Joseph Johnston's army.

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Meanwhile,
west of the blue Ridge

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in the Shenandoah valley,

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general Thomas J. Jackson

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was keeping
3 federal armies busy.

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"always mystify, mislead,
and surprise the enemy.

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"And when you strike
and overcome him,

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"never let up in the pursuit.

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"Never fight against heavy odds

102
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"if you can hurl your force

103
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"on only a part of your
enemy and crush it.

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"A small army may thus
destroy a large one,

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and repeated victory
will make it invincible."

106
00:07:03,799 --> 00:07:05,092
General T.J. Jackson.

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He was a true eccentric.

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He believed that if he
had pepper in his food,

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it would make his left leg ache.

110
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He would never mail a letter

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that would be
in transit on a Sunday.

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He was a strict observer
of the sabbath.

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And yet so many of his battles
were fought on Sundays

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that the soldiers began to believe
that he would fight on Sunday

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because the lord
would be even more with him.

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Jackson was a pious,
blue-eyed killer,

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utterly untroubled
by the likelihood of death.

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It was a man's
"entire duty," he said,

119
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"to pray and fight."

120
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"he would have a man shot
at the drop of a hat,

121
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and he'd drop it himself."

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Sam Watkins.

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He had a strange quality
of overlooking suffering.

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During one of the battles,
he had a young courier,

125
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and Jackson looked
around for him,

126
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and he wasn't there.

127
00:08:04,443 --> 00:08:06,278
And he said, "where is
lieutenant so-and-so?"

128
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And they said, "he was
killed, general."

129
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Jackson said, "very
commendable, very commendable."

130
00:08:12,743 --> 00:08:14,203
And then put him
out of his mind.

131
00:08:16,788 --> 00:08:18,123
"all old Jackson gave us

132
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"was a musket, 100 rounds,
and a gum blanket,

133
00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:23,962
and he drove us like hell."

134
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His men did not love him.

135
00:08:25,797 --> 00:08:29,968
He was too grim, too remote,
and he demanded too much.

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00:08:30,135 --> 00:08:31,887
Some thought him mad.

137
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He believed that only by
keeping one hand in the air

138
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could he stop himself
from going out of balance.

139
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And he sucked
constantly on lemons,

140
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even in the midst of battle.

141
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Others worried
that his religious fervor

142
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would cloud his judgment.

143
00:08:46,276 --> 00:08:47,861
His command, Jackson said,

144
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was "an army of the living god,

145
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as well as of its country."

146
00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:54,868
But his men
were willing to endure

147
00:08:55,035 --> 00:08:57,829
the 36-mile-a-day marches
he demanded

148
00:08:57,996 --> 00:08:59,498
because he
brought them victories.

149
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It was Jackson's duty
in the Shenandoah

150
00:09:06,463 --> 00:09:08,340
to unsettle the union

151
00:09:08,507 --> 00:09:11,051
and keep Washington
from reinforcing McClellan.

152
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Operating in the midst
of 3 federal armies,

153
00:09:16,265 --> 00:09:19,518
each with more men than
his own force of 17,000,

154
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Jackson lashed out
at one army and then another.

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Armed with a detailed map
that stretched 8 1/2 feet,

156
00:09:27,442 --> 00:09:29,570
he surprised them
every time--

157
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at Winchester,

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front royal,

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cross keys,

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port Republic,

161
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and a half dozen other places.

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After routing
Nathaniel banks' army

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00:09:43,375 --> 00:09:44,668
at the battle of Winchester,

164
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Jackson chased it
all the way to the Potomac.

165
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"Stop, men!" Banks shouted
to his retreating troops.

166
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"Don't you
love your country?"

167
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"Yes, by god," said one,

168
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"and I'm trying
to get back to it

169
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just as fast as I can."

170
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Jackson's valley campaign
was a triumph.

171
00:10:17,576 --> 00:10:18,577
In just over a month,

172
00:10:18,744 --> 00:10:21,371
his men marched
almost 400 miles,

173
00:10:21,538 --> 00:10:23,915
inflicted 7,000 casualties,

174
00:10:24,082 --> 00:10:27,210
seized huge quantities
of badly needed supplies,

175
00:10:27,377 --> 00:10:29,630
and kept almost 40,000
federal troops

176
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off the peninsula.

177
00:10:34,426 --> 00:10:36,928
"he who does not see
the hand of god in this

178
00:10:37,095 --> 00:10:39,389
is blind, sir, blind."

179
00:10:47,356 --> 00:10:49,900
"There is no doubt
that Jefferson Davis

180
00:10:50,067 --> 00:10:51,169
"and other leaders of the south

181
00:10:51,193 --> 00:10:53,028
"have made an army.

182
00:10:53,195 --> 00:10:55,489
"They are making,
it appears, a Navy,

183
00:10:55,656 --> 00:10:57,949
"and they have made
what is more than either.

184
00:10:58,116 --> 00:11:00,827
"They have made a nation.

185
00:11:00,994 --> 00:11:02,913
"We may anticipate
with certainty

186
00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,457
the success
of the Southern states."

187
00:11:05,624 --> 00:11:07,000
William E. Gladstone.

188
00:11:09,711 --> 00:11:12,047
Confederate gospel
held that Britain and France

189
00:11:12,214 --> 00:11:15,801
could not survive
without Southern cotton.

190
00:11:15,967 --> 00:11:18,553
Before long, one or both
would surely intervene

191
00:11:18,720 --> 00:11:19,971
on behalf of the confederacy

192
00:11:20,138 --> 00:11:23,058
to end the union blockade.

193
00:11:23,225 --> 00:11:24,976
To put more pressure on Europe,

194
00:11:25,143 --> 00:11:29,231
the confederates
cut cotton production 90%.

195
00:11:29,398 --> 00:11:31,483
2.5 million bales
were burned

196
00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:33,944
or left to rot
on confederate wharves

197
00:11:34,111 --> 00:11:37,531
to keep it out of English hands.

198
00:11:37,698 --> 00:11:40,659
Now, in addition
to directing a war at home,

199
00:11:40,826 --> 00:11:42,661
Lincoln had to find a way
to keep Europe

200
00:11:42,828 --> 00:11:44,746
from coming in
on the side of the south.

201
00:11:48,709 --> 00:11:50,001
And increasingly, in the north,

202
00:11:50,168 --> 00:11:52,671
there was pressure
for emancipation,

203
00:11:52,838 --> 00:11:54,673
and it came from unlikely people

204
00:11:54,840 --> 00:11:56,133
in unlikely places.

205
00:12:08,937 --> 00:12:11,064
On may 1, 1862,

206
00:12:11,231 --> 00:12:13,608
Lincoln named
general Benjamin F. Butler

207
00:12:13,775 --> 00:12:17,612
military governor
of occupied New Orleans.

208
00:12:17,779 --> 00:12:19,322
Butler went right to work.

209
00:12:19,489 --> 00:12:20,741
He hanged a man

210
00:12:20,907 --> 00:12:23,952
suspected of having desecrated
the American flag.

211
00:12:24,119 --> 00:12:26,121
He closed
a secessionist newspaper,

212
00:12:26,288 --> 00:12:27,497
confiscated the property

213
00:12:27,664 --> 00:12:29,499
of citizens who refused
to swear allegiance

214
00:12:29,666 --> 00:12:30,834
to the union,

215
00:12:31,001 --> 00:12:33,211
and was given the scornful
nickname "spoons"

216
00:12:33,378 --> 00:12:35,338
for allegedly
pocketing silverware.

217
00:12:38,717 --> 00:12:42,137
New Orleans women routinely
insulted his troops.

218
00:12:42,304 --> 00:12:43,624
When a woman
in the French quarter

219
00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:45,599
leaned from a window
to dump her chamber pot

220
00:12:45,766 --> 00:12:47,768
on the head of admiral Farragut,

221
00:12:47,934 --> 00:12:51,521
Butler issued
general order number 28.

222
00:12:51,688 --> 00:12:55,233
"As the officers and soldiers
of the United States

223
00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:58,528
"have been subject
to repeated insults

224
00:12:58,695 --> 00:13:03,825
"from the women calling
themselves ladies of New Orleans,

225
00:13:03,992 --> 00:13:05,911
"it is ordered that, hereafter,

226
00:13:06,077 --> 00:13:08,580
"when any female shall,

227
00:13:08,747 --> 00:13:11,500
"by word, gesture, or movement,

228
00:13:11,666 --> 00:13:14,044
"insult or show contempt

229
00:13:14,211 --> 00:13:18,715
"for any officer or soldier
of the United States,

230
00:13:18,882 --> 00:13:22,719
"she shall be regarded
and held liable

231
00:13:22,886 --> 00:13:25,680
"to be treated
as a woman of the town,

232
00:13:25,847 --> 00:13:29,142
plying her avocation."

233
00:13:29,309 --> 00:13:30,852
General Benjamin Butler.

234
00:13:32,854 --> 00:13:34,214
Southerners were outraged

235
00:13:34,272 --> 00:13:36,191
and called Butler "the beast."

236
00:13:36,358 --> 00:13:38,735
A New Orleans entrepreneur
sold chamber pots

237
00:13:38,902 --> 00:13:41,696
featuring Butler's portrait
inside the bowl.

238
00:13:43,365 --> 00:13:45,158
In Charleston, south Carolina,

239
00:13:45,325 --> 00:13:48,578
a private citizen
offered a $10,000 reward

240
00:13:48,745 --> 00:13:50,956
for the capture
of "beast" Ben Butler--

241
00:13:51,122 --> 00:13:52,916
dead or alive.

242
00:13:53,083 --> 00:13:55,335
But the harassment
of his men stopped.

243
00:13:58,171 --> 00:13:59,965
With the union army so near,

244
00:14:00,131 --> 00:14:03,552
unrest on Louisiana
plantations increased.

245
00:14:03,718 --> 00:14:04,886
When desperate slave owners

246
00:14:05,053 --> 00:14:07,514
began complaining
of rebellious blacks,

247
00:14:07,681 --> 00:14:10,892
Butler declared the planters
disloyal to the union,

248
00:14:11,059 --> 00:14:13,728
then took away their slaves.

249
00:14:13,895 --> 00:14:14,895
"Go to the Yankees,"

250
00:14:14,980 --> 00:14:17,566
one slave-holder
told his slaves.

251
00:14:17,732 --> 00:14:18,984
"They are kings here now."

252
00:14:21,903 --> 00:14:24,155
"I have been reading
so much about the Yankees,

253
00:14:24,322 --> 00:14:27,534
"I was very anxious to see them.

254
00:14:27,701 --> 00:14:29,220
"The whites would tell
their colored people

255
00:14:29,244 --> 00:14:30,495
"not to go to the Yankees,

256
00:14:30,662 --> 00:14:32,163
"for they would
harness them to carts

257
00:14:32,330 --> 00:14:36,918
"and make them pull the carts
around in place of horses.

258
00:14:37,085 --> 00:14:39,963
"I asked grandmother
one day if this was true.

259
00:14:40,130 --> 00:14:42,591
"She replied, certainly not,

260
00:14:42,757 --> 00:14:43,967
"that the white people

261
00:14:44,134 --> 00:14:46,761
"did not want slaves
to go over to the Yankees

262
00:14:46,928 --> 00:14:49,264
"and told them these things
to frighten them.

263
00:14:49,431 --> 00:14:53,310
"I wanted to see those
wonderful Yankees so much,

264
00:14:53,476 --> 00:14:54,895
"as I heard my parents say

265
00:14:55,061 --> 00:14:59,024
that the Yankees were going
to set all the slaves free."

266
00:14:59,190 --> 00:15:00,984
Susan king Taylor.

267
00:15:04,404 --> 00:15:08,825
The slaves understood
that that war was about slavery

268
00:15:08,992 --> 00:15:11,745
before it was a war.

269
00:15:11,912 --> 00:15:13,455
They made a nuisance
for the army,

270
00:15:13,622 --> 00:15:16,708
and they also made an issue
that the army had to deal with.

271
00:15:16,875 --> 00:15:18,501
And if the army
had to deal with it,

272
00:15:18,668 --> 00:15:20,587
the war department
had to deal with it.

273
00:15:20,754 --> 00:15:22,631
If the war department
had to deal with it,

274
00:15:22,797 --> 00:15:24,507
congress had to deal with it.

275
00:15:24,674 --> 00:15:26,801
That means that
every fugitive slave

276
00:15:26,968 --> 00:15:28,929
who made a nuisance of himself

277
00:15:29,095 --> 00:15:30,597
to the local commander

278
00:15:30,764 --> 00:15:32,933
eventually made
a figure of himself

279
00:15:33,099 --> 00:15:34,893
to the congress
of the United States.

280
00:15:36,770 --> 00:15:38,980
Congress,
controlled by Republicans,

281
00:15:39,147 --> 00:15:40,148
now forbade the army

282
00:15:40,315 --> 00:15:43,318
to return slaves
to their masters.

283
00:15:43,485 --> 00:15:44,569
And in June,

284
00:15:44,736 --> 00:15:46,947
it outlawed slavery
in the territories,

285
00:15:47,113 --> 00:15:50,742
finally reversing
the old Dred Scott decision.

286
00:15:50,909 --> 00:15:53,161
"only the damnedest
of damned abolitionists

287
00:15:53,328 --> 00:15:55,747
"dreamed of such things
a year ago.

288
00:15:55,914 --> 00:15:57,916
"John brown's soul
is marching on,

289
00:15:58,083 --> 00:16:00,502
with the people after it."

290
00:16:00,669 --> 00:16:01,753
George Templeton strong.

291
00:16:04,255 --> 00:16:06,758
"The slavery question
perplexes the president

292
00:16:06,925 --> 00:16:08,718
"almost as much as ever,

293
00:16:08,885 --> 00:16:10,512
"and yet I think
he is about to emerge

294
00:16:10,679 --> 00:16:11,513
"from the obscurities

295
00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:13,056
"where he has been groping

296
00:16:13,223 --> 00:16:15,558
"into somewhat clearer light.

297
00:16:15,725 --> 00:16:17,936
So, you see,
the man moves."

298
00:16:18,103 --> 00:16:19,187
Salmon P. Chase.

299
00:16:21,982 --> 00:16:25,443
"July 4, 1862.

300
00:16:25,610 --> 00:16:26,444
"I would do it

301
00:16:26,611 --> 00:16:27,946
"if I were not afraid

302
00:16:28,113 --> 00:16:30,573
"that half the officers
would fling down their arms

303
00:16:30,740 --> 00:16:32,575
and 3 more states
would rise."

304
00:16:34,828 --> 00:16:36,579
Lincoln continued to back a plan

305
00:16:36,746 --> 00:16:39,916
to pay $400
for every slave freed

306
00:16:40,083 --> 00:16:41,584
and then encourage the freed men

307
00:16:41,751 --> 00:16:44,754
to sail off to a colony
in Africa or Central America.

308
00:16:48,299 --> 00:16:49,718
The abolitionist
Wendell Phillips

309
00:16:49,884 --> 00:16:51,219
called Abraham Lincoln

310
00:16:51,386 --> 00:16:53,263
a first-rate
second-rate man.

311
00:16:56,725 --> 00:16:58,601
I lose Patience
with the argument

312
00:16:58,768 --> 00:17:01,646
that because of someone's time,

313
00:17:01,813 --> 00:17:05,942
his limitations are therefore
excusable or even praiseworthy.

314
00:17:06,109 --> 00:17:08,820
It is not true
that it was impossible

315
00:17:08,987 --> 00:17:10,530
in that time and place

316
00:17:10,697 --> 00:17:12,449
to look any higher.

317
00:17:12,615 --> 00:17:14,743
Think of Wendell Phillips, who,

318
00:17:14,909 --> 00:17:17,537
commenting on
Abraham Lincoln's proposal

319
00:17:17,704 --> 00:17:20,206
to colonize black people
out of the country,

320
00:17:20,373 --> 00:17:21,416
was sarcastic.

321
00:17:21,583 --> 00:17:24,127
He said, "colonize the blacks?

322
00:17:24,294 --> 00:17:26,838
"A man might as well
colonize his own hands.

323
00:17:27,005 --> 00:17:28,673
"Or when the robber
is in his house,

324
00:17:28,840 --> 00:17:30,967
he might as well
colonize his revolver."

325
00:17:34,637 --> 00:17:39,142
"emancipation is
the demand of civilization.

326
00:17:39,309 --> 00:17:41,770
"That is a principle.

327
00:17:41,936 --> 00:17:45,231
All else is intrigue."

328
00:17:45,398 --> 00:17:46,775
Ralph Waldo Emerson.

329
00:18:01,081 --> 00:18:04,084
On the Virginia
peninsula, the rains came,

330
00:18:04,250 --> 00:18:05,919
inundating the bottomlands.

331
00:18:08,713 --> 00:18:10,048
Along the roads
outside Richmond,

332
00:18:10,215 --> 00:18:12,634
George McClellan's force
was divided in two

333
00:18:12,801 --> 00:18:14,302
by the flooded
Chickahominy river.

334
00:18:18,098 --> 00:18:19,224
The rebels saw their chance

335
00:18:19,390 --> 00:18:21,768
and attacked the smaller force
on may 31st.

336
00:18:24,104 --> 00:18:25,544
In the fierce fighting
that followed,

337
00:18:25,647 --> 00:18:26,689
the confederates did best

338
00:18:26,856 --> 00:18:29,859
near a crossroads
called seven pines.

339
00:18:30,026 --> 00:18:31,026
The union soldiers

340
00:18:31,152 --> 00:18:32,904
were most successful
at fair oaks.

341
00:18:43,832 --> 00:18:45,667
When the battle
of fair oaks was over,

342
00:18:45,834 --> 00:18:48,711
the north had lost 5,000 men,

343
00:18:48,878 --> 00:18:50,588
the south, 6,000,

344
00:18:50,755 --> 00:18:53,675
and it hadn't changed a thing.

345
00:18:53,842 --> 00:18:54,884
Joseph Johnston,

346
00:18:55,051 --> 00:18:56,511
the overall
confederate commander,

347
00:18:56,678 --> 00:18:57,971
was himself severely wounded

348
00:18:58,138 --> 00:18:59,222
and carried from the field.

349
00:19:01,724 --> 00:19:03,035
"the shot that struck me down

350
00:19:03,059 --> 00:19:05,645
"was the best ever fired
for the confederacy,

351
00:19:05,812 --> 00:19:06,972
"for I possessed in no degree

352
00:19:07,021 --> 00:19:09,482
"the confidence
of the government,

353
00:19:09,649 --> 00:19:11,818
"and now a man who does
enjoy it will succeed me

354
00:19:11,985 --> 00:19:15,822
and be able to accomplish
what I never could."

355
00:19:15,989 --> 00:19:17,574
"His name might be audacity.

356
00:19:17,740 --> 00:19:19,993
"He will take more chances
and take them quicker,

357
00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:21,995
"than any other general
in this country,

358
00:19:22,162 --> 00:19:24,789
north or south."

359
00:19:24,956 --> 00:19:26,875
Now for
the first time in the war,

360
00:19:27,041 --> 00:19:28,459
Robert E. Lee was placed

361
00:19:28,626 --> 00:19:30,003
at the head of a major army.

362
00:19:33,131 --> 00:19:35,216
"I prefer Lee to Johnston.

363
00:19:35,383 --> 00:19:36,593
"Lee is too cautious

364
00:19:36,759 --> 00:19:39,137
"and weak under
grave responsibility.

365
00:19:39,304 --> 00:19:41,431
"Personally brave
and energetic to a fault,

366
00:19:41,598 --> 00:19:43,057
"he is yet wanting
in moral firmness

367
00:19:43,224 --> 00:19:45,727
when pressed
by heavy responsibility."

368
00:19:45,894 --> 00:19:48,688
George McClellan.

369
00:19:48,855 --> 00:19:50,440
McClellan completely misjudged

370
00:19:50,607 --> 00:19:52,609
the new confederate commander.

371
00:19:52,775 --> 00:19:54,903
Robert E. Lee
was a fighter.

372
00:19:55,069 --> 00:19:56,571
Wanting to get at the union men

373
00:19:56,738 --> 00:19:58,656
who had dared invade his state,

374
00:19:58,823 --> 00:20:02,118
Lee renamed his force
the army of northern Virginia,

375
00:20:02,285 --> 00:20:04,746
seized the initiative,
and never let it go.

376
00:20:07,874 --> 00:20:10,752
First, Lee sent
his cavalry chief, Jeb Stuart,

377
00:20:10,919 --> 00:20:13,087
to reconnoiter
McClellan's forces.

378
00:20:13,254 --> 00:20:15,215
Stuart now led 1,200 troopers

379
00:20:15,381 --> 00:20:18,760
on a pounding 3-day,
150-mile ride

380
00:20:18,927 --> 00:20:20,970
around McClellan's huge army.

381
00:20:22,847 --> 00:20:24,724
His men burned federal camps,

382
00:20:24,891 --> 00:20:26,684
cut down telegraph poles,

383
00:20:26,851 --> 00:20:28,937
took prisoners
and horses and mules,

384
00:20:29,103 --> 00:20:31,522
and slowed only
to accept bouquets and kisses

385
00:20:31,689 --> 00:20:33,608
from women along the way.

386
00:20:33,775 --> 00:20:34,776
In vain pursuit

387
00:20:34,943 --> 00:20:36,778
was Stuart's
own father-in-law,

388
00:20:36,945 --> 00:20:38,738
who had stayed loyal
to the union

389
00:20:38,905 --> 00:20:41,074
and become a general--

390
00:20:41,241 --> 00:20:44,786
a decision Stuart said
he would "regret but once,

391
00:20:44,953 --> 00:20:47,205
and that will be
continuously."

392
00:20:56,464 --> 00:20:58,216
Throughout the whole campaign,

393
00:20:58,383 --> 00:20:59,717
Lee carefully observed

394
00:20:59,884 --> 00:21:03,763
McClellan's tentative advance
up the peninsula.

395
00:21:03,930 --> 00:21:05,723
As McClellan
was preparing at last

396
00:21:05,890 --> 00:21:07,475
to lay siege to Richmond,

397
00:21:07,642 --> 00:21:09,185
Lee surprised him first,

398
00:21:09,352 --> 00:21:11,771
at Mechanicsville on June 26th.

399
00:21:11,938 --> 00:21:14,399
It was a daring move.

400
00:21:14,565 --> 00:21:16,776
Defying all military convention,

401
00:21:16,943 --> 00:21:19,028
Lee divided his tiny force

402
00:21:19,195 --> 00:21:21,489
and then attacked
the huge union army,

403
00:21:21,656 --> 00:21:23,449
gambling that McClellan
would be too cautious

404
00:21:23,616 --> 00:21:24,867
to move into Richmond.

405
00:21:26,619 --> 00:21:28,496
Lee's assault didn't work.

406
00:21:28,663 --> 00:21:31,374
He lost 1,500 men
at Mechanicsville,

407
00:21:31,541 --> 00:21:33,334
but he would not let up.

408
00:21:33,501 --> 00:21:35,461
Determined to drive McClellan
out of Virginia,

409
00:21:35,628 --> 00:21:37,255
Lee kept on the attack.

410
00:21:37,422 --> 00:21:38,923
And so it went.

411
00:21:39,090 --> 00:21:42,051
For 7 days,
the two armies clashed.

412
00:21:42,218 --> 00:21:44,804
From Gaine's mill...

413
00:21:44,971 --> 00:21:47,974
From savage's station...

414
00:21:48,141 --> 00:21:51,102
To Frayser's farm...

415
00:21:51,269 --> 00:21:53,229
And Malvern hill,

416
00:21:53,396 --> 00:21:55,165
where federal gunners
stopped the confederates

417
00:21:55,189 --> 00:21:56,899
who came at them
up the long slope.

418
00:22:02,447 --> 00:22:05,241
"our ears had been
filled all night

419
00:22:05,408 --> 00:22:09,454
"with agonizing cries
before the fog was lifted.

420
00:22:09,620 --> 00:22:11,039
"But now our eyes saw

421
00:22:11,205 --> 00:22:13,082
"that 5,000 dead or wounded men

422
00:22:13,249 --> 00:22:15,126
"were on the ground.

423
00:22:15,293 --> 00:22:18,087
"A third of them
were dead or dying,

424
00:22:18,254 --> 00:22:19,881
"but enough of them
were alive and moving

425
00:22:20,048 --> 00:22:23,676
to give the field
a singular crawling effect."

426
00:22:28,181 --> 00:22:31,768
"each of the battles
of those 7 days

427
00:22:31,934 --> 00:22:33,311
"brought a harvest of wounded

428
00:22:33,478 --> 00:22:35,229
"to our hospital.

429
00:22:35,396 --> 00:22:37,315
"I used to veil myself closely

430
00:22:37,482 --> 00:22:39,525
"as I walked to
and from my hotel,

431
00:22:39,692 --> 00:22:40,818
"that I might shut out

432
00:22:40,985 --> 00:22:42,195
"the dreadful sights.

433
00:22:44,322 --> 00:22:47,408
"Once I did see
one of those dreadful wagons.

434
00:22:47,575 --> 00:22:49,285
"In it, a stiff arm was raised,

435
00:22:49,452 --> 00:22:52,747
"and it shook as it was
driven down the street,

436
00:22:52,914 --> 00:22:53,998
"as though the dead owner

437
00:22:54,165 --> 00:22:56,167
appealed to heaven
for vengeance."

438
00:23:17,688 --> 00:23:20,066
All but one of
the battles of the 7 days

439
00:23:20,233 --> 00:23:22,193
were union victories,

440
00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:25,321
yet McClellan
treated them as defeats,

441
00:23:25,488 --> 00:23:26,823
continuing to back down

442
00:23:26,989 --> 00:23:28,950
until he reached the safety
of federal gunboats

443
00:23:29,117 --> 00:23:31,869
at Harrison's landing
on the James river.

444
00:23:32,036 --> 00:23:34,330
Union officers urged
a counterattack.

445
00:23:34,497 --> 00:23:37,041
Lee had lost 20,000 men.

446
00:23:37,208 --> 00:23:38,251
McClellan refused.

447
00:23:40,545 --> 00:23:41,879
One officer suggested

448
00:23:42,046 --> 00:23:43,214
his commander was motivated

449
00:23:43,381 --> 00:23:45,299
either by "cowardice
or treason."

450
00:23:47,552 --> 00:23:48,845
In just one week,

451
00:23:49,011 --> 00:23:52,056
Lee had completely unnerved
the union general

452
00:23:52,223 --> 00:23:53,724
and demonstrated
for the first time

453
00:23:53,891 --> 00:23:56,727
the strengths that
would make him a legend--

454
00:23:56,894 --> 00:23:58,771
surprise, audacity,

455
00:23:58,938 --> 00:24:01,441
and an eerie ability
to read his opponent's mind.

456
00:24:03,443 --> 00:24:04,735
In just 7 days,

457
00:24:04,902 --> 00:24:07,238
McClellan had been
totally out-generaled.

458
00:24:10,241 --> 00:24:12,952
"I am tired of the sickening
sight of the battlefield,

459
00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:16,998
"with its mangled corpses
and poor suffering wounded.

460
00:24:17,165 --> 00:24:18,916
"Victory has no charms for me

461
00:24:19,083 --> 00:24:20,460
when purchased at such cost."

462
00:24:23,546 --> 00:24:24,755
On July 7th,

463
00:24:24,922 --> 00:24:27,049
an exasperated Lincoln
sailed down to see

464
00:24:27,216 --> 00:24:29,177
his commanding general.

465
00:24:29,343 --> 00:24:31,804
He had not lost,
McClellan insisted.

466
00:24:31,971 --> 00:24:33,848
He had merely failed to win.

467
00:24:34,015 --> 00:24:38,144
He needed 50,000 more men,
or perhaps 100,000.

468
00:24:38,311 --> 00:24:39,979
No such numbers were available,

469
00:24:40,146 --> 00:24:42,106
Lincoln told him.

470
00:24:42,273 --> 00:24:43,273
If McClellan did not feel

471
00:24:43,357 --> 00:24:45,026
he could resume the offensive,

472
00:24:45,193 --> 00:24:49,071
his men would be withdrawn
from the peninsula.

473
00:24:49,238 --> 00:24:51,425
"If I gave McClellan
all the men he asks for,

474
00:24:51,449 --> 00:24:53,409
"they couldn't find
room to lie down.

475
00:24:53,576 --> 00:24:55,745
"They'd have
to sleep standing up.

476
00:24:55,912 --> 00:24:57,079
"Sending men to that army

477
00:24:57,246 --> 00:24:59,874
"is like shoveling fleas
across a barnyard--

478
00:25:00,041 --> 00:25:01,167
not half of them
get there."

479
00:25:04,587 --> 00:25:06,005
"September 3.

480
00:25:06,172 --> 00:25:07,256
"Today we took a steamer

481
00:25:07,423 --> 00:25:09,717
"and went up the Potomac
past Washington

482
00:25:09,884 --> 00:25:11,427
"and landed at Georgetown.

483
00:25:11,594 --> 00:25:12,803
"It is hard to have reached

484
00:25:12,970 --> 00:25:15,765
"the point we
started from last march,

485
00:25:15,932 --> 00:25:18,434
and Richmond is still
the rebel capital."

486
00:25:18,601 --> 00:25:20,019
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

487
00:26:07,024 --> 00:26:10,945
Union guns battered fort Pulaski,
Georgia, into surrendering

488
00:26:11,112 --> 00:26:12,381
and choked off
the Savannah river

489
00:26:12,405 --> 00:26:14,448
to Southern ships.

490
00:26:14,615 --> 00:26:15,741
There was fighting

491
00:26:15,908 --> 00:26:18,411
at Foyt's plantation,
north Carolina,

492
00:26:18,578 --> 00:26:21,289
St. Andrew's bay, Florida,

493
00:26:21,455 --> 00:26:23,207
Wartrace, Tennessee,

494
00:26:23,374 --> 00:26:26,335
and at Albuquerque in far-off
new Mexico territory.

495
00:26:31,549 --> 00:26:33,718
"sea islands, Georgia.

496
00:26:33,884 --> 00:26:36,220
"Here I am,
surrounded by troopers,

497
00:26:36,387 --> 00:26:38,222
"missionaries, contrabands,

498
00:26:38,389 --> 00:26:40,141
"cotton fields, and serpents,

499
00:26:40,308 --> 00:26:41,851
"in a summer climate,

500
00:26:42,018 --> 00:26:44,186
"disgusted with
all things military

501
00:26:44,353 --> 00:26:45,938
"and fighting off malaria

502
00:26:46,105 --> 00:26:48,733
"with whiskey and tobacco.

503
00:26:48,899 --> 00:26:52,403
"No man seems to realize that
here in this little island,

504
00:26:52,570 --> 00:26:55,114
"all around us,
has begun the solution

505
00:26:55,281 --> 00:26:58,743
"of the tremendous
nigger question.

506
00:26:58,909 --> 00:27:00,870
"Some 10,000 former slaves

507
00:27:01,037 --> 00:27:02,121
"are thrown upon the hands

508
00:27:02,288 --> 00:27:04,373
"of the unfortunate government.

509
00:27:04,540 --> 00:27:05,750
"They are the forerunners

510
00:27:05,916 --> 00:27:08,711
of hundreds
of thousands more."

511
00:27:08,878 --> 00:27:12,256
Lieutenant
Charles Francis Adams.

512
00:27:12,423 --> 00:27:13,583
Stationed in places

513
00:27:13,633 --> 00:27:15,760
like Hilton head and Beaufort,

514
00:27:15,926 --> 00:27:19,263
new englanders got their
first taste of the tropics.

515
00:27:19,430 --> 00:27:21,265
None of the 2nd Massachusetts

516
00:27:21,432 --> 00:27:24,769
had ever seen
a palm tree before.

517
00:27:24,935 --> 00:27:28,314
When union forces took parts
of the south Carolina coast,

518
00:27:28,481 --> 00:27:30,274
plantation owners fled,

519
00:27:30,441 --> 00:27:33,986
leaving behind empty houses
and 10,000 slaves.

520
00:27:36,656 --> 00:27:39,200
Missionaries, teachers,
and other volunteers

521
00:27:39,367 --> 00:27:42,411
soon arrived to help
the newly-liberated.

522
00:27:42,578 --> 00:27:44,955
"We have come to do
antislavery work,"

523
00:27:45,122 --> 00:27:46,499
one teacher wrote.

524
00:27:46,666 --> 00:27:48,292
"We think it noble work,

525
00:27:48,459 --> 00:27:49,919
and we will do it nobly."

526
00:27:54,924 --> 00:27:56,884
"my dear wife,

527
00:27:57,051 --> 00:27:59,303
"this day I can address you,

528
00:27:59,470 --> 00:28:02,640
"thank god, as a free man.

529
00:28:02,807 --> 00:28:04,475
"I had a little trouble
getting away,

530
00:28:04,642 --> 00:28:09,355
"but as the lord led the children
of Israel to the land of Canaan,

531
00:28:09,522 --> 00:28:12,066
"so he led me to a land
where freedom will reign

532
00:28:12,233 --> 00:28:15,444
"in spite of earth and hell.

533
00:28:15,611 --> 00:28:18,823
"My dear, I trust
the time will come

534
00:28:18,989 --> 00:28:21,158
"when we will meet again.

535
00:28:21,325 --> 00:28:23,202
"And if we don't meet on earth,

536
00:28:23,369 --> 00:28:27,289
"we will meet in heaven,
where Jesus reigns.

537
00:28:27,456 --> 00:28:30,167
"Dear wife, I must close.

538
00:28:30,334 --> 00:28:34,296
"Rest yourself contented.
I am free.

539
00:28:34,463 --> 00:28:36,298
"Your affectionate husband.

540
00:28:36,465 --> 00:28:38,008
Kiss Daniel for me."

541
00:28:38,175 --> 00:28:39,176
John Boston.

542
00:28:44,473 --> 00:28:45,850
At deer isle, Maine,

543
00:28:46,016 --> 00:28:48,060
people were afraid to go
to the post office,

544
00:28:48,227 --> 00:28:50,020
where the casualty lists
were posted.

545
00:28:52,231 --> 00:28:54,108
"new Berne, north Carolina.

546
00:28:54,275 --> 00:28:56,944
"March 20, 1862.

547
00:28:57,111 --> 00:28:59,155
"To Mr. John Webster, Jr.,

548
00:28:59,321 --> 00:29:00,740
"deer isle, Maine.

549
00:29:00,906 --> 00:29:01,907
"Dear sir...

550
00:29:04,201 --> 00:29:05,286
"It is with pain

551
00:29:05,453 --> 00:29:07,204
"that I have to announce to you

552
00:29:07,371 --> 00:29:11,167
"the death of your
brother Charles gray.

553
00:29:11,333 --> 00:29:12,333
"By his good conduct

554
00:29:12,376 --> 00:29:13,836
"and bravery while with me,

555
00:29:14,003 --> 00:29:16,130
"he had risen
to the rank of corporal,

556
00:29:16,297 --> 00:29:19,383
"and had he lived, I should
have promoted him again.

557
00:29:19,550 --> 00:29:20,801
"He was shot through the body

558
00:29:20,968 --> 00:29:22,803
"at the battle of new Berne.

559
00:29:22,970 --> 00:29:26,474
"His last words were,
<i>we will never give up.</i>

560
00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:28,726
"He is buried here.

561
00:29:28,893 --> 00:29:30,394
"His effects I shall send home

562
00:29:30,561 --> 00:29:33,189
"at the earliest opportunity.

563
00:29:33,355 --> 00:29:35,775
"Yours truly,
E.A.P. Brewster,

564
00:29:35,941 --> 00:29:39,278
"captain commanding company 'a',

565
00:29:39,445 --> 00:29:40,738
23rd Massachusetts."

566
00:29:44,533 --> 00:29:47,953
Deer isle had lost
its first soldier.

567
00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:50,706
A parcel containing
Charles gray's personal effects

568
00:29:50,873 --> 00:29:53,292
arrived in the mail--

569
00:29:53,459 --> 00:29:56,670
his hat, promotion papers
attesting to his valor,

570
00:29:56,837 --> 00:29:57,671
and a cartridge box

571
00:29:57,838 --> 00:29:58,918
in which someone had placed

572
00:29:58,964 --> 00:30:01,634
the mangled bullet
that killed him.

573
00:30:01,801 --> 00:30:03,344
His mother refused
to look at it.

574
00:30:06,138 --> 00:30:07,973
The men of
the reduced fishing fleet

575
00:30:08,140 --> 00:30:09,934
struggled to harvest a catch.

576
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:11,644
Wives tended kitchen gardens

577
00:30:11,811 --> 00:30:13,011
and scraped linen for the lint

578
00:30:13,145 --> 00:30:15,022
from which army bandages
were made.

579
00:30:17,775 --> 00:30:19,485
More bad news arrived.

580
00:30:19,652 --> 00:30:21,612
Private Alex Henderson
had died of disease

581
00:30:21,779 --> 00:30:24,281
at fort Jackson, Louisiana,

582
00:30:24,448 --> 00:30:25,991
leaving a widow
and several children.

583
00:30:31,413 --> 00:30:32,832
At Clarksville, Tennessee,

584
00:30:32,998 --> 00:30:34,375
tensions between the town

585
00:30:34,542 --> 00:30:36,961
and the occupying
union army ran high.

586
00:30:39,046 --> 00:30:41,423
Federal troops vandalized
Stewart college,

587
00:30:41,590 --> 00:30:43,843
wrecking laboratories
and stealing books,

588
00:30:44,009 --> 00:30:47,304
then set up headquarters there.

589
00:30:47,471 --> 00:30:49,598
Soldiers burst in
on a church service,

590
00:30:49,765 --> 00:30:52,518
arrested the preacher,
commandeered horses,

591
00:30:52,685 --> 00:30:54,478
and forced
reluctant parishioners

592
00:30:54,645 --> 00:30:55,855
to take a loyalty oath.

593
00:30:58,107 --> 00:31:00,860
As much as possible,
the residents stayed at home.

594
00:31:13,664 --> 00:31:16,250
The answer to--
a southerner would give you

595
00:31:16,417 --> 00:31:18,752
as to why are you fighting
if you were a northerner--

596
00:31:18,919 --> 00:31:21,547
he would say, "I'm fighting
'cause you're down here."

597
00:31:21,714 --> 00:31:23,048
He was being invaded,

598
00:31:23,215 --> 00:31:25,718
and he fought, as he
thought, to defend his home.

599
00:31:25,885 --> 00:31:27,845
Lincoln had
a much more difficult job

600
00:31:28,012 --> 00:31:29,054
of sending men out

601
00:31:29,221 --> 00:31:33,642
to shoot up
somebody else's home.

602
00:31:33,809 --> 00:31:37,313
And he had to unite them
before he could do that.

603
00:31:37,479 --> 00:31:38,939
And his way of doing it
was double.

604
00:31:39,106 --> 00:31:43,277
One was to say that the
Republic must be preserved,

605
00:31:43,444 --> 00:31:45,279
not split in two.
That was one.

606
00:31:45,446 --> 00:31:48,073
And the other one
he gave them as a cause--

607
00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:51,535
the freeing of the slaves.

608
00:31:51,702 --> 00:31:55,080
On the morning of July 22, 1862,

609
00:31:55,247 --> 00:31:57,833
the president called
a cabinet meeting.

610
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,462
What he said
took everyone by surprise.

611
00:32:01,629 --> 00:32:03,797
After long thought,
he told them,

612
00:32:03,964 --> 00:32:06,175
he had decided
to emancipate the slaves.

613
00:32:09,094 --> 00:32:11,847
It was a stunning moment.

614
00:32:12,014 --> 00:32:13,432
It was against everything

615
00:32:13,599 --> 00:32:17,269
Lincoln had promised
all the Republicans

616
00:32:17,436 --> 00:32:19,355
and indeed the country--

617
00:32:19,521 --> 00:32:21,815
that he would not
become an abolitionist,

618
00:32:21,982 --> 00:32:25,277
he would not strike at slavery
where it existed.

619
00:32:25,444 --> 00:32:27,404
And here, suddenly,
he was changing

620
00:32:27,571 --> 00:32:28,656
the character of the war.

621
00:32:30,741 --> 00:32:32,785
But secretary
of state Seward worried

622
00:32:32,952 --> 00:32:35,412
that until the army had won
a real victory,

623
00:32:35,579 --> 00:32:36,956
emancipation would seem like

624
00:32:37,122 --> 00:32:40,626
the last shriek on the retreat.

625
00:32:40,793 --> 00:32:42,962
Lincoln agreed
to wait for a victory.

626
00:32:46,090 --> 00:32:48,467
It's hard to separate
one issue from another.

627
00:32:48,634 --> 00:32:51,971
Obviously, Lincoln
had to win the war.

628
00:32:52,137 --> 00:32:55,724
He had to keep
his respectability

629
00:32:55,891 --> 00:32:57,101
as president of a country

630
00:32:57,267 --> 00:32:59,645
that would not allow itself
to be defeated

631
00:32:59,812 --> 00:33:01,647
by a group of rebels.

632
00:33:01,814 --> 00:33:03,607
So that was always an issue,

633
00:33:03,774 --> 00:33:07,903
and it was especially an
issue, of course, in 1862.

634
00:33:08,070 --> 00:33:10,990
He could not let himself
be made a fool

635
00:33:11,156 --> 00:33:12,950
and the union be made a fool

636
00:33:13,117 --> 00:33:14,493
by standing up for principles

637
00:33:14,660 --> 00:33:16,870
that could not be vindicated
on the battlefield.

638
00:34:14,678 --> 00:34:17,806
Desperate for a victory,
Lincoln removed McClellan

639
00:34:17,973 --> 00:34:22,436
and put tall, bombastic
John pope in command.

640
00:34:22,603 --> 00:34:23,771
Pope so often bragged

641
00:34:23,937 --> 00:34:25,856
that his headquarters
were in the saddle,

642
00:34:26,023 --> 00:34:28,233
people began to say
he had his headquarters

643
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:31,862
where his hindquarters
should have been.

644
00:34:32,029 --> 00:34:33,572
Lincoln was warned at the start

645
00:34:33,739 --> 00:34:37,659
that pope was not to be trusted
with telling the truth.

646
00:34:37,826 --> 00:34:40,871
And Lincoln said, "I've known
the popes back in Illinois.

647
00:34:41,038 --> 00:34:43,582
"Known all of them. They're
all liars and braggarts,

648
00:34:43,749 --> 00:34:46,585
"but I don't know of any particular
reason why a liar and a braggart

649
00:34:46,752 --> 00:34:48,921
shouldn't make
a good general."

650
00:34:50,798 --> 00:34:53,842
Pope wasted no time
charging into northern Virginia

651
00:34:54,009 --> 00:34:55,719
after the rebel armies,

652
00:34:55,886 --> 00:34:58,597
but he was in trouble
from the start.

653
00:34:58,764 --> 00:35:01,266
First, stonewall Jackson
fought him to a stand-off

654
00:35:01,433 --> 00:35:02,768
at cedar mountain.

655
00:35:02,935 --> 00:35:04,436
Jeb Stuart hit him next,

656
00:35:04,603 --> 00:35:05,604
raiding his headquarters

657
00:35:05,771 --> 00:35:08,732
and getting away
with $35,000 in cash

658
00:35:08,899 --> 00:35:12,277
and the union commander's
dress coat.

659
00:35:12,444 --> 00:35:14,530
Then the rebels
simply disappeared.

660
00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:20,536
It took pope
two days to find them,

661
00:35:20,702 --> 00:35:22,746
dug in along
an abandoned railroad

662
00:35:22,913 --> 00:35:26,250
overlooking the old
bull run battlefield.

663
00:35:28,210 --> 00:35:30,796
On August 29th, pope attacked,

664
00:35:30,963 --> 00:35:33,924
promising to "bag
the whole crowd."

665
00:35:34,091 --> 00:35:35,717
But the confederates held,

666
00:35:35,884 --> 00:35:38,887
Jackson's men hurling rocks
when ammunition ran low.

667
00:35:42,683 --> 00:35:44,309
At 2:00 the next afternoon,

668
00:35:44,476 --> 00:35:46,562
confederate general
James Longstreet

669
00:35:46,728 --> 00:35:49,648
sent 5 divisions
storming into the union flank.

670
00:35:52,568 --> 00:35:54,444
It was another union disaster.

671
00:36:02,744 --> 00:36:05,956
25,000 men were killed,
wounded, or missing

672
00:36:06,123 --> 00:36:08,292
at second bull run,

673
00:36:08,458 --> 00:36:09,459
five times the figure

674
00:36:09,626 --> 00:36:11,420
that had so horrified
the country

675
00:36:11,587 --> 00:36:15,257
the first time
north and south fought there.

676
00:36:15,424 --> 00:36:17,718
Lincoln sent pope west
to Minnesota

677
00:36:17,885 --> 00:36:20,262
to deal with an uprising
among the sioux

678
00:36:20,429 --> 00:36:22,347
and reluctantly
put George McClellan

679
00:36:22,514 --> 00:36:24,641
back in command.

680
00:36:24,808 --> 00:36:26,518
"We must use the tools we have,"

681
00:36:26,685 --> 00:36:27,685
Lincoln said.

682
00:36:31,023 --> 00:36:32,524
McClellan told his wife

683
00:36:32,691 --> 00:36:34,526
he had been called upon
to save the country

684
00:36:34,693 --> 00:36:35,693
once again.

685
00:36:44,870 --> 00:36:46,430
"we would ask
the north carolinians

686
00:36:46,496 --> 00:36:47,873
"if they had any tar

687
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:50,042
"and call them tar heels.

688
00:36:50,209 --> 00:36:52,628
"They would reply
that they were just out

689
00:36:52,794 --> 00:36:55,297
"as they had let us virginians
have all they had

690
00:36:55,464 --> 00:36:57,758
"to make us stick
in the last fight

691
00:36:57,925 --> 00:36:59,468
"and call us sore backs,

692
00:36:59,635 --> 00:37:01,395
"as they'd knocked all
the skin off our backs

693
00:37:01,511 --> 00:37:03,555
"running over us
to get into battle.

694
00:37:03,722 --> 00:37:06,433
"And so it would go,
but all in the best of humor,

695
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:08,602
knowing that all
did their duty."

696
00:37:08,769 --> 00:37:13,565
John Casler, 33rd regiment, Virginia
infantry, stonewall's brigade.

697
00:37:13,732 --> 00:37:16,777
You must remember they were
all from the same state.

698
00:37:16,944 --> 00:37:19,404
They had followed the same flag.

699
00:37:19,571 --> 00:37:21,281
The battles they had fought in,

700
00:37:21,448 --> 00:37:23,408
the names were stitched
on that flag.

701
00:37:23,575 --> 00:37:25,661
And there was a great
deal of unit pride.

702
00:37:25,827 --> 00:37:27,388
And I'm sure there was
a great deal of sadness

703
00:37:27,412 --> 00:37:29,915
over the losses
that they suffered.

704
00:37:30,082 --> 00:37:32,292
But there was a closeness
among those men

705
00:37:32,459 --> 00:37:35,420
that came from years
of being exposed

706
00:37:35,587 --> 00:37:38,632
to the most horrendous
warfare that I know of.

707
00:37:40,592 --> 00:37:42,469
"dear father, the next morning,

708
00:37:42,636 --> 00:37:44,721
"we had our second battle.

709
00:37:44,888 --> 00:37:46,431
"It was rather strange music

710
00:37:46,598 --> 00:37:49,935
"to hear the balls scream
within an inch of my head.

711
00:37:50,102 --> 00:37:51,822
"I had a bullet strike me
on top of the head

712
00:37:51,937 --> 00:37:53,397
"just as I was going to fire,

713
00:37:53,563 --> 00:37:56,275
"and a piece of shell
struck my foot.

714
00:37:56,441 --> 00:37:59,361
"A ball hit my finger,
and another hit my thumb.

715
00:37:59,528 --> 00:38:01,363
"The firing increased tenfold,

716
00:38:01,530 --> 00:38:03,699
"then it sounded like
the rolls of thunder,

717
00:38:03,865 --> 00:38:05,617
"and all the time
every man shouting

718
00:38:05,784 --> 00:38:08,245
"as loud as he could.

719
00:38:08,412 --> 00:38:09,579
"I got rather more excited

720
00:38:09,746 --> 00:38:10,956
than I wish to again."

721
00:38:14,042 --> 00:38:15,252
"I saw the body

722
00:38:15,419 --> 00:38:17,754
"of a man killed
the previous day this morning,

723
00:38:17,921 --> 00:38:20,382
"and a horrible sight it was.

724
00:38:20,549 --> 00:38:23,719
"Such sights do not affect me
as they once did.

725
00:38:23,885 --> 00:38:25,595
"I cannot describe the change,

726
00:38:25,762 --> 00:38:27,639
"nor do I know
when it took place,

727
00:38:27,806 --> 00:38:29,641
"yet I know there is a change,

728
00:38:29,808 --> 00:38:31,852
"for I look on
the carcass of a man now

729
00:38:32,019 --> 00:38:34,479
"with pretty much
the same feeling as I would do

730
00:38:34,646 --> 00:38:36,189
were it a horse or a hog."

731
00:38:39,151 --> 00:38:42,654
"Sunday a soldier of company
'a' died and was buried.

732
00:38:42,821 --> 00:38:45,449
"Everything went on as if
nothing had happened,

733
00:38:45,615 --> 00:38:49,494
"for death is so common that
little sentiment is wasted.

734
00:38:49,661 --> 00:38:52,789
It is not like
death at home."

735
00:38:52,956 --> 00:38:54,124
Elisha Hunt Rhodes.

736
00:39:00,380 --> 00:39:02,507
Falling back
from the bull run battlefield,

737
00:39:02,674 --> 00:39:05,260
union troops skirmished briefly
with rebel forces

738
00:39:05,427 --> 00:39:07,262
at falls church, Virginia,

739
00:39:07,429 --> 00:39:08,709
where the men
stopped long enough

740
00:39:08,764 --> 00:39:10,891
to scribble their names
on the chapel walls.

741
00:39:13,435 --> 00:39:14,853
"In great contests,"

742
00:39:15,020 --> 00:39:17,481
Abraham Lincoln wrote
as the summer waned,

743
00:39:17,647 --> 00:39:19,691
"each party claims to act
in accordance

744
00:39:19,858 --> 00:39:22,652
"with the will of god.

745
00:39:22,819 --> 00:39:27,449
"Both may be,
but one must be, wrong.

746
00:39:27,616 --> 00:39:30,619
"God cannot be for
and against the same thing

747
00:39:30,786 --> 00:39:31,787
at the same time."

748
00:39:38,418 --> 00:39:40,879
"August 20, 1862.

749
00:39:41,046 --> 00:39:44,216
An open letter
to the president."

750
00:39:44,383 --> 00:39:46,259
"We think you are
unduly influenced

751
00:39:46,426 --> 00:39:49,262
"by the counsels of certain
fossil politicians

752
00:39:49,429 --> 00:39:51,723
"hailing
from border slave states.

753
00:39:51,890 --> 00:39:53,767
"We ask you to consider
that slavery

754
00:39:53,934 --> 00:39:57,854
"is everywhere the inciting
cause and sustaining base

755
00:39:58,021 --> 00:39:59,272
"of treason.

756
00:39:59,439 --> 00:40:02,234
"It seems to us
the most obvious truth

757
00:40:02,401 --> 00:40:05,237
"that whatever strengthens
or fortifies slavery

758
00:40:05,404 --> 00:40:06,738
"drives home the wedge

759
00:40:06,905 --> 00:40:09,616
intended to divide the union."

760
00:40:09,783 --> 00:40:12,452
Horace Greeley.

761
00:40:12,619 --> 00:40:15,622
"August 22nd.

762
00:40:15,789 --> 00:40:18,417
"My Paramount object
in this struggle

763
00:40:18,583 --> 00:40:20,502
"is to save the union

764
00:40:20,669 --> 00:40:22,421
"and is not either to save

765
00:40:22,587 --> 00:40:25,132
"or to destroy slavery.

766
00:40:25,298 --> 00:40:27,259
"If I could save the union

767
00:40:27,426 --> 00:40:29,845
"without freeing any slave,
I would do it.

768
00:40:30,011 --> 00:40:32,264
"If I could save it
by freeing all the slaves,

769
00:40:32,431 --> 00:40:33,515
"I would do it.

770
00:40:33,682 --> 00:40:35,725
"And if I could save it
by freeing some

771
00:40:35,892 --> 00:40:37,602
"and leaving others alone,

772
00:40:37,769 --> 00:40:38,937
I would also do that."

773
00:40:44,317 --> 00:40:46,778
"it seems to me that
time is fast approaching

774
00:40:46,945 --> 00:40:48,613
"when some joint offer
of mediation

775
00:40:48,780 --> 00:40:50,782
"by England, France, and Russia

776
00:40:50,949 --> 00:40:53,660
"might be made with
some prospect of success

777
00:40:53,827 --> 00:40:56,872
"to the combatants
in north America.

778
00:40:57,038 --> 00:40:58,623
"The proposal would
naturally be made

779
00:40:58,790 --> 00:41:00,625
"to both north and south.

780
00:41:00,792 --> 00:41:03,837
"If both accepted, we should
recommend an armistice

781
00:41:04,004 --> 00:41:05,797
"and cessation of blockades,

782
00:41:05,964 --> 00:41:07,382
"with a view to negotiation

783
00:41:07,549 --> 00:41:10,093
on the basis of separation."

784
00:41:10,260 --> 00:41:12,512
Prime minister Palmerston.

785
00:41:12,679 --> 00:41:14,639
Lincoln had to have a victory.

786
00:41:18,894 --> 00:41:21,480
"September 3, 1862.

787
00:41:21,646 --> 00:41:22,772
"The present seems to be

788
00:41:22,939 --> 00:41:24,191
"the most propitious time

789
00:41:24,357 --> 00:41:26,318
"since the commencement
of the war

790
00:41:26,485 --> 00:41:29,696
for the confederate
army to enter Maryland."

791
00:41:29,863 --> 00:41:32,532
Robert E. Lee.

792
00:41:32,699 --> 00:41:35,410
The brilliant Southern
victories of spring and summer

793
00:41:35,577 --> 00:41:38,663
had brought Lee's army
international renown.

794
00:41:38,830 --> 00:41:40,665
"One more successful campaign,"

795
00:41:40,832 --> 00:41:42,542
he wrote Jefferson Davis,

796
00:41:42,709 --> 00:41:46,671
"would force Europe
to recognize the confederacy."

797
00:41:46,838 --> 00:41:48,840
Now, for the first time,

798
00:41:49,007 --> 00:41:52,260
Lee led 40,000 soldiers
across the Potomac

799
00:41:52,427 --> 00:41:55,931
and onto union soil.

800
00:41:56,097 --> 00:41:58,850
"this body of men
moving along with no order,

801
00:41:59,017 --> 00:42:01,061
"their guns carried
in every fashion,

802
00:42:01,228 --> 00:42:02,646
"no two dressed alike,

803
00:42:02,812 --> 00:42:05,106
"their officers
hardly distinguishable

804
00:42:05,273 --> 00:42:07,400
"from the privates--

805
00:42:07,567 --> 00:42:11,530
"were these the men that had
driven back again and again

806
00:42:11,696 --> 00:42:13,573
our splendid legions?"

807
00:42:16,868 --> 00:42:19,538
"They were the dirtiest men
I ever saw,

808
00:42:19,704 --> 00:42:21,206
"a most ragged, lean,

809
00:42:21,373 --> 00:42:24,668
"and hungry set of wolves.

810
00:42:24,834 --> 00:42:26,586
"Yet there was a dash about them

811
00:42:26,753 --> 00:42:28,421
that the northern
men lacked."

812
00:42:32,634 --> 00:42:34,594
Lee's target was
the federal rail center

813
00:42:34,719 --> 00:42:38,390
at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

814
00:42:38,557 --> 00:42:39,975
Hoping marylanders would rise up

815
00:42:40,141 --> 00:42:41,643
against the union,

816
00:42:41,810 --> 00:42:44,813
he instructed his men to sing
<i>Maryland, my Maryland</i>

817
00:42:44,980 --> 00:42:46,523
as they marched.

818
00:42:46,690 --> 00:42:48,108
It didn't work.

819
00:42:48,275 --> 00:42:50,151
Most residents
of the small towns

820
00:42:50,318 --> 00:42:53,738
stayed fearfully
behind closed doors.

821
00:42:53,905 --> 00:42:57,784
Then, on September 13th,
in a Meadow near Frederick,

822
00:42:57,951 --> 00:43:00,245
a union soldier found 3 cigars

823
00:43:00,412 --> 00:43:02,539
wrapped in a piece of paper.

824
00:43:02,706 --> 00:43:04,833
It was a copy
of Lee's battle plans,

825
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:08,128
accidentally left behind.

826
00:43:08,295 --> 00:43:10,797
McClellan now knew
Lee had divided his army,

827
00:43:10,964 --> 00:43:14,843
sending one part off
to seize Harpers ferry.

828
00:43:15,010 --> 00:43:16,595
McClellan had in his hands

829
00:43:16,761 --> 00:43:19,222
the instrument with which
to destroy Lee.

830
00:43:21,891 --> 00:43:25,895
Still, he did nothing
for 18 crucial hours.

831
00:43:32,485 --> 00:43:33,737
On September 15th,

832
00:43:33,903 --> 00:43:36,114
Lee and his confederates
took up positions

833
00:43:36,281 --> 00:43:38,116
along the crest
of a 3-mile Ridge

834
00:43:38,283 --> 00:43:40,619
just east of the town
of Sharpsburg

835
00:43:40,785 --> 00:43:43,622
and only 52 miles
from Washington.

836
00:43:43,788 --> 00:43:45,790
The Potomac was at their back.

837
00:43:45,957 --> 00:43:50,629
In front ran a creek
called Antietam.

838
00:43:50,795 --> 00:43:52,523
"On the forenoon of the 15th,

839
00:43:52,547 --> 00:43:53,867
"the blue uniforms
of the federals

840
00:43:54,007 --> 00:43:55,901
"appeared among the trees
that crowned the heights

841
00:43:55,925 --> 00:43:58,553
"on the eastern bank
of the Antietam.

842
00:43:58,720 --> 00:44:01,282
"The number increased, and larger
and larger grew the field of blue

843
00:44:01,306 --> 00:44:04,225
"till it seemed to stretch
as far as the eye could see.

844
00:44:04,392 --> 00:44:06,996
"And from the tops of the mountains
down to the edges of the stream

845
00:44:07,020 --> 00:44:09,689
gathered the great army
of McClellan."

846
00:44:09,856 --> 00:44:12,776
General James Longstreet.

847
00:44:12,942 --> 00:44:14,861
Had McClellan hurled his army

848
00:44:15,028 --> 00:44:16,571
at the confederates that day,

849
00:44:16,738 --> 00:44:20,659
the war might have ended,
but he did not.

850
00:44:20,825 --> 00:44:22,827
"There was a single item
in our advantage,"

851
00:44:22,994 --> 00:44:24,788
an aide to Lee remembered,

852
00:44:24,954 --> 00:44:27,123
"but it was an important one.

853
00:44:27,290 --> 00:44:29,209
"McClellan had brought
superior forces

854
00:44:29,376 --> 00:44:31,795
to Sharpsburg,"
the aide conceded,

855
00:44:31,961 --> 00:44:33,880
"but he had also
brought himself."

856
00:44:37,509 --> 00:44:42,222
"September 16th-- that night, I
lay beside the Charlestown pike

857
00:44:42,389 --> 00:44:43,807
"and watched until morning

858
00:44:43,973 --> 00:44:48,103
"the grimy columns come
pouring up from the pontoons.

859
00:44:48,269 --> 00:44:50,355
"It was a weird, uncanny sight

860
00:44:50,522 --> 00:44:52,857
"and drove sleep from my eyes.

861
00:44:53,024 --> 00:44:54,484
"It was something demon-like,

862
00:44:54,651 --> 00:44:57,153
"a scene from an inferno.

863
00:44:57,320 --> 00:44:59,030
"They were silent as ghosts,

864
00:44:59,197 --> 00:45:01,616
"ruthless and rushing
in their speed,

865
00:45:01,783 --> 00:45:05,412
"ragged, earth-colored,
disheveled, and devilish.

866
00:45:05,578 --> 00:45:07,622
"The shuffle of their
badly shod feet

867
00:45:07,789 --> 00:45:09,749
"on the hard surface of the pike

868
00:45:09,916 --> 00:45:12,168
"was so rapid
as to be continuous,

869
00:45:12,335 --> 00:45:15,505
"like the hiss
of a great serpent.

870
00:45:15,672 --> 00:45:18,091
"The spectral, ghostly picture

871
00:45:18,258 --> 00:45:21,720
will never be erased
from my memory."

872
00:45:21,886 --> 00:45:23,930
Captain Edward Hastings Ripley.

873
00:45:29,310 --> 00:45:31,229
"as night grew nearer,

874
00:45:31,396 --> 00:45:32,605
"whispers of a great battle

875
00:45:32,772 --> 00:45:35,358
"to be fought the next
day grew louder,

876
00:45:35,525 --> 00:45:38,319
"and we shuddered
at the prospect,

877
00:45:38,486 --> 00:45:40,530
"for the battles had
come to mean to us,

878
00:45:40,697 --> 00:45:42,699
"as they never had before,

879
00:45:42,866 --> 00:45:45,785
blood, wounds, and death."

880
00:46:05,388 --> 00:46:07,108
The battle
that began the next day

881
00:46:07,223 --> 00:46:09,768
was really 3 battles.

882
00:46:09,934 --> 00:46:13,188
The first began at 6 A.M.
on Lee's left,

883
00:46:13,354 --> 00:46:14,355
where a federal force

884
00:46:14,522 --> 00:46:16,733
charged along
the Hagerstown pike

885
00:46:16,900 --> 00:46:19,152
to attack
stonewall Jackson's men

886
00:46:19,319 --> 00:46:22,989
hidden in woods
beyond a big cornfield.

887
00:46:23,156 --> 00:46:24,156
The union objective

888
00:46:24,282 --> 00:46:27,160
was a plateau
edged with artillery

889
00:46:27,327 --> 00:46:29,829
on which stood a small
whitewashed church,

890
00:46:29,996 --> 00:46:34,209
built by a German baptist
pacifist sect, the dunkards,

891
00:46:34,375 --> 00:46:36,669
for whom even a steeple
was thought immodest.

892
00:46:39,339 --> 00:46:43,134
The union field commander
was major general Joe hooker,

893
00:46:43,301 --> 00:46:45,887
a profane and hard-drinking
Massachusetts soldier

894
00:46:46,054 --> 00:46:47,388
known as fighting Joe.

895
00:46:49,599 --> 00:46:51,226
As hooker cautiously advanced,

896
00:46:51,392 --> 00:46:53,728
he noticed the glint of bayonets
in the cornfield

897
00:46:53,895 --> 00:46:56,731
and ordered 4 batteries
to fire into it.

898
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:00,527
The rebels countercharged.

899
00:47:00,693 --> 00:47:02,070
The battle surged back and forth

900
00:47:02,237 --> 00:47:04,823
across the cornfield 15 times.

901
00:47:04,989 --> 00:47:06,282
In a matter of minutes,

902
00:47:06,449 --> 00:47:12,163
the 12th Massachusetts
lost 224 of 334 men.

903
00:47:12,330 --> 00:47:14,040
Hooker himself
was carried from the field,

904
00:47:14,207 --> 00:47:15,208
shot through the foot.

905
00:47:18,503 --> 00:47:19,897
"the men are loading and firing

906
00:47:19,921 --> 00:47:21,464
"with demoniacal fury

907
00:47:21,631 --> 00:47:23,508
"and shouting and laughing
hysterically,

908
00:47:23,675 --> 00:47:24,875
"and the whole field before us

909
00:47:24,968 --> 00:47:27,178
"is covered with rebels
fleeing for life

910
00:47:27,345 --> 00:47:29,639
into the woods."

911
00:47:29,806 --> 00:47:33,476
Hooker's men were closing
in on the Dunkard church.

912
00:47:33,643 --> 00:47:37,689
At that moment, stonewall Jackson
sent in his last reserves,

913
00:47:37,856 --> 00:47:41,317
John bell hood's division--
fierce fighters at any time,

914
00:47:41,484 --> 00:47:43,361
but now enraged
at having missed breakfast,

915
00:47:43,528 --> 00:47:46,239
which had promised to be
their first real meal in days.

916
00:47:48,241 --> 00:47:49,325
Their first volley was

917
00:47:49,492 --> 00:47:51,202
"like a scythe running
through our line,"

918
00:47:51,369 --> 00:47:54,539
one union survivor remembered.

919
00:47:54,706 --> 00:47:57,709
And then the confederate
counterattack came on.

920
00:48:16,936 --> 00:48:19,439
"Every stalk of
corn was cut as closely

921
00:48:19,606 --> 00:48:21,566
"as could have been done
with a knife,

922
00:48:21,733 --> 00:48:24,235
"and the slain lay in rows,

923
00:48:24,402 --> 00:48:26,821
"precisely as they
had stood in their ranks

924
00:48:26,988 --> 00:48:29,115
a few moments before."

925
00:48:29,282 --> 00:48:30,325
Joseph hooker.

926
00:48:36,456 --> 00:48:39,208
The northern troops
ran back through the cornfield.

927
00:48:39,375 --> 00:48:41,586
Hood's men ran after them,
but were stopped

928
00:48:41,753 --> 00:48:45,381
by a hail of shells
and federal reinforcements.

929
00:48:45,548 --> 00:48:47,550
When the confederates
finally withdrew,

930
00:48:47,717 --> 00:48:50,762
one officer asked hood
where his division was.

931
00:48:50,929 --> 00:48:53,056
"Dead on the field,"
he answered.

932
00:48:57,101 --> 00:48:59,021
"I have never
in my soldier's life

933
00:48:59,062 --> 00:49:00,188
"seen such a sight.

934
00:49:00,355 --> 00:49:03,608
"The dead and wounded
covered the ground.

935
00:49:03,775 --> 00:49:06,027
"In one spot,
"a rebel officer and 20 men

936
00:49:06,194 --> 00:49:08,529
"lay near a wreck of a battery.

937
00:49:08,696 --> 00:49:09,822
"It is said battery 'a',

938
00:49:09,989 --> 00:49:12,951
1st Rhode Island artillery
did this work."

939
00:49:13,117 --> 00:49:14,327
Elisha hunt Rhodes.

940
00:49:18,915 --> 00:49:22,961
By 10 A.M.,
8,000 men lay dead or wounded.

941
00:49:23,127 --> 00:49:25,254
Jackson's lines
had wavered, but held.

942
00:49:30,426 --> 00:49:33,096
After his part
of the battle was over,

943
00:49:33,262 --> 00:49:35,556
Jackson was sitting on
his horse, eating a peach,

944
00:49:35,723 --> 00:49:39,310
and his medical director,
Dr. McGguire, was there.

945
00:49:39,477 --> 00:49:41,729
And, uh...

946
00:49:41,896 --> 00:49:43,773
He looked out over this field

947
00:49:43,940 --> 00:49:46,567
where there were dead of both sides
littered all over the place.

948
00:49:46,734 --> 00:49:47,962
And as he's eating
the peach, he said,

949
00:49:47,986 --> 00:49:49,988
"god has been
very kind to us this day."

950
00:50:01,708 --> 00:50:03,394
The second part of
the battle of Antietam

951
00:50:03,418 --> 00:50:05,837
began at the center
of Lee's line,

952
00:50:06,004 --> 00:50:07,296
a sunken country road

953
00:50:07,463 --> 00:50:09,632
that now served as
a ready-made rifle pit

954
00:50:09,799 --> 00:50:12,802
for two confederate brigades.

955
00:50:12,969 --> 00:50:17,098
Lee ordered it held at all costs.

956
00:50:17,265 --> 00:50:19,183
General John B. Gordon
assured him,

957
00:50:19,350 --> 00:50:21,102
"these men are going
to stay here, general,

958
00:50:21,269 --> 00:50:23,438
till the sun goes down
or victory is won."

959
00:50:25,773 --> 00:50:28,985
Then the union attacked.

960
00:50:29,152 --> 00:50:30,792
"The brave union commander,

961
00:50:30,820 --> 00:50:33,865
"superbly mounted,
placed himself in front,

962
00:50:34,032 --> 00:50:35,152
"while his band cheered them

963
00:50:35,199 --> 00:50:37,201
"with martial music.

964
00:50:37,368 --> 00:50:40,038
"I thought, what a pity
to spoil with bullets

965
00:50:40,204 --> 00:50:42,749
such a scene
of martial beauty."

966
00:50:42,915 --> 00:50:43,958
General John B. Gordon.

967
00:50:47,712 --> 00:50:49,047
Gordon let the blue line

968
00:50:49,213 --> 00:50:50,757
get within a few yards,

969
00:50:50,923 --> 00:50:52,425
then gave the order to fire.

970
00:50:55,344 --> 00:50:57,305
The union commander
was killed instantly.

971
00:50:57,472 --> 00:50:59,724
His men wavered, retreated,
then came back

972
00:50:59,891 --> 00:51:02,018
at the confederates
5 more times.

973
00:51:08,232 --> 00:51:10,068
Gordon was hit twice
in the right leg,

974
00:51:10,234 --> 00:51:11,319
once in the left arm,

975
00:51:11,486 --> 00:51:14,030
a fourth time
through the shoulder.

976
00:51:14,197 --> 00:51:15,823
He refused all aid,

977
00:51:15,990 --> 00:51:17,867
limping along the line
to steady his men

978
00:51:18,034 --> 00:51:21,079
as the federals kept coming.

979
00:51:21,245 --> 00:51:23,748
"I was finally
shot down by a fifth ball,

980
00:51:23,915 --> 00:51:26,334
"which struck me
squarely in the face.

981
00:51:26,501 --> 00:51:28,211
"I fell forward
and lay unconscious

982
00:51:28,377 --> 00:51:30,213
"with my face in my cap.

983
00:51:30,379 --> 00:51:32,090
"I might have smothered in blood

984
00:51:32,256 --> 00:51:33,800
"but for a yankee bullet hole

985
00:51:33,966 --> 00:51:35,126
which let the blood run out."

986
00:51:37,261 --> 00:51:39,097
Still the confederates held.

987
00:51:39,263 --> 00:51:41,099
Unit after unit
of northern troops

988
00:51:41,265 --> 00:51:45,061
fell back from the sheets
of Southern fire.

989
00:51:45,228 --> 00:51:47,772
Finally, some new yorkers
managed to find a spot

990
00:51:47,939 --> 00:51:49,219
from which they could shoot down

991
00:51:49,273 --> 00:51:51,150
on the road's defenders.

992
00:51:51,317 --> 00:51:52,819
The tide of battle turned.

993
00:51:56,531 --> 00:51:57,531
The sunken road,

994
00:51:57,573 --> 00:51:59,283
remembered now as bloody Lane,

995
00:51:59,450 --> 00:52:01,244
rapidly filled
with Southern bodies,

996
00:52:01,410 --> 00:52:03,579
two and 3 deep,

997
00:52:03,746 --> 00:52:05,373
and the triumphant federals
knelt on top

998
00:52:05,540 --> 00:52:08,209
of what one called
"this ghastly flooring"

999
00:52:08,376 --> 00:52:10,086
to fire at
the fleeing survivors.

1000
00:52:13,464 --> 00:52:15,591
The confederate center
had splintered.

1001
00:52:15,758 --> 00:52:18,344
One more push might
have broken it apart.

1002
00:52:18,511 --> 00:52:20,638
General McClellan, however,

1003
00:52:20,805 --> 00:52:23,724
decided it "would not
be prudent" to attack again.

1004
00:52:27,854 --> 00:52:30,940
All day long, in hastily
constructed field hospitals,

1005
00:52:31,107 --> 00:52:33,609
Clara Barton tended the wounded.

1006
00:52:33,776 --> 00:52:35,194
She worked so close
to the fighting

1007
00:52:35,361 --> 00:52:36,863
that a bullet
went through her sleeve

1008
00:52:37,029 --> 00:52:38,406
and killed a man
she was treating.

1009
00:52:41,117 --> 00:52:42,357
"I had to wring the blood

1010
00:52:42,493 --> 00:52:43,995
"from the bottom of my clothing

1011
00:52:44,162 --> 00:52:46,414
"before I could step,

1012
00:52:46,581 --> 00:52:48,040
for the weight about my feet."

1013
00:52:54,046 --> 00:52:56,883
"I was lying on my back,
supported on my elbows,

1014
00:52:57,049 --> 00:52:59,844
"watching the shells explode
overhead and speculating

1015
00:53:00,011 --> 00:53:02,013
"as to how long I could
hold up my finger

1016
00:53:02,180 --> 00:53:04,348
"before it would be shot off.

1017
00:53:04,515 --> 00:53:06,726
"When the order
to get up was given,

1018
00:53:06,893 --> 00:53:09,187
"I turned over to look
at colonel Kimball,

1019
00:53:09,353 --> 00:53:12,732
thinking he had become
suddenly insane."

1020
00:53:12,899 --> 00:53:14,233
Lieutenant Matthew J. Grohan.

1021
00:53:18,946 --> 00:53:21,657
The third battle took
place on the confederate right,

1022
00:53:21,824 --> 00:53:24,911
where the union army,
led by general Burnside's corps,

1023
00:53:25,077 --> 00:53:26,120
tried to fight its way

1024
00:53:26,287 --> 00:53:28,331
across a strongly defended
stone bridge

1025
00:53:28,497 --> 00:53:29,540
over Antietam creek.

1026
00:53:33,211 --> 00:53:36,380
Ambrose Burnside was
a genial, dapper man--

1027
00:53:36,547 --> 00:53:40,218
his distinctive whiskers
or sideburns set a fashion--

1028
00:53:40,384 --> 00:53:42,053
but "he shrank
from responsibility,"

1029
00:53:42,220 --> 00:53:44,055
an admiring fellow officer said,

1030
00:53:44,222 --> 00:53:45,473
"with Sincere modesty,"

1031
00:53:45,640 --> 00:53:46,807
and he owed his position

1032
00:53:46,974 --> 00:53:49,602
to his old friend McClellan,
who now promised

1033
00:53:49,769 --> 00:53:51,979
to support his assault
across the bridge.

1034
00:53:54,565 --> 00:53:57,151
Burnside had 12,500 men

1035
00:53:57,318 --> 00:53:59,195
against barely 400 Georgians

1036
00:53:59,362 --> 00:54:01,781
led by Robert Toombs.

1037
00:54:01,948 --> 00:54:03,508
But the confederates
commanded the bluff

1038
00:54:03,532 --> 00:54:05,076
overlooking the bridge

1039
00:54:05,243 --> 00:54:07,245
and poured
a relentless volley of fire

1040
00:54:07,411 --> 00:54:08,829
down on the union troops.

1041
00:54:11,457 --> 00:54:14,126
It took 3 hours
and 3 bloody charges

1042
00:54:14,293 --> 00:54:16,045
for the federals
to cross the creek

1043
00:54:16,212 --> 00:54:18,089
and begin fighting
their way up the slope

1044
00:54:18,256 --> 00:54:19,256
towards Sharpsburg.

1045
00:54:22,093 --> 00:54:24,929
7 successive union
color bearers were hit

1046
00:54:25,096 --> 00:54:26,931
before the confederates
finally broke,

1047
00:54:27,098 --> 00:54:28,349
racing back into the town.

1048
00:54:31,936 --> 00:54:33,896
"oh, how I ran.

1049
00:54:34,063 --> 00:54:35,856
"I was afraid of being
struck in the back,

1050
00:54:36,023 --> 00:54:37,900
"and I frequently turned
around in running

1051
00:54:38,067 --> 00:54:40,152
"so as to avoid, if possible,

1052
00:54:40,319 --> 00:54:42,947
so disgraceful a wound."

1053
00:54:43,114 --> 00:54:45,241
Private John Dooley.

1054
00:54:45,408 --> 00:54:47,368
Union victory
again seemed certain.

1055
00:54:50,204 --> 00:54:51,956
But while
the union troops cheered,

1056
00:54:52,123 --> 00:54:54,000
the confederate light
division was arriving

1057
00:54:54,166 --> 00:54:56,377
from Harpers ferry...

1058
00:54:56,544 --> 00:54:59,964
3,000 men, footsore
from their 17-mile march,

1059
00:55:00,131 --> 00:55:01,882
but otherwise ready to fight

1060
00:55:02,049 --> 00:55:04,218
and commanded
by general A.P. Hill,

1061
00:55:04,385 --> 00:55:08,681
dressed in the red shirt
he liked to wear in battle.

1062
00:55:08,848 --> 00:55:11,809
"A.P. Hill is the
fightingest division commander

1063
00:55:11,976 --> 00:55:13,644
"in Lee's army.

1064
00:55:13,811 --> 00:55:17,815
"Hill arrived at another one of
those Nick-of-the-moment things,

1065
00:55:17,982 --> 00:55:20,026
"and it was the last one,

1066
00:55:20,192 --> 00:55:22,361
"and it succeeded
in throwing Burnside back

1067
00:55:22,528 --> 00:55:24,405
after he finally
got across the bridge."

1068
00:55:27,908 --> 00:55:31,329
Hill slammed into
the celebrating union troops.

1069
00:55:31,495 --> 00:55:33,664
Burnside begged McClellan
to send up

1070
00:55:33,831 --> 00:55:36,208
the reinforcements
he had promised.

1071
00:55:36,375 --> 00:55:37,710
McClellan refused.

1072
00:55:42,214 --> 00:55:43,966
As night fell, Burnside withdrew

1073
00:55:44,133 --> 00:55:47,511
to the stone bridge his men
had fought so hard to seize.

1074
00:55:49,263 --> 00:55:50,973
The battle was over.

1075
00:55:51,140 --> 00:55:53,351
No ground had been gained.

1076
00:56:29,887 --> 00:56:31,222
"before the sunlight faded,

1077
00:56:31,389 --> 00:56:34,058
"I walked over the narrow field.

1078
00:56:34,225 --> 00:56:36,227
"All around lay
the confederate dead,

1079
00:56:36,394 --> 00:56:38,562
"clad in butternut.

1080
00:56:38,729 --> 00:56:40,940
"As I looked down
on the poor pinched faces,

1081
00:56:41,107 --> 00:56:42,358
all enmity died out."

1082
00:56:46,904 --> 00:56:49,740
"There was no <i>secession</i>
in those rigid forms,

1083
00:56:49,907 --> 00:56:53,035
"nor in those fixed eyes
staring at the sky.

1084
00:56:53,202 --> 00:56:55,246
Clearly, it was not <i>their</i> war."

1085
00:56:57,581 --> 00:57:01,001
"The sun went down.
The thunder died away.

1086
00:57:01,168 --> 00:57:02,837
"The musketry ceased.

1087
00:57:03,003 --> 00:57:05,172
"Bivouac fires gleamed out

1088
00:57:05,339 --> 00:57:08,217
as if a great city
had lighted its lamps."

1089
00:57:11,429 --> 00:57:12,949
It had been the bloodiest day

1090
00:57:13,097 --> 00:57:15,266
in American history.

1091
00:57:15,433 --> 00:57:19,103
The union lost 2,108 dead,

1092
00:57:19,270 --> 00:57:23,441
another 10,293 wounded
or missing--

1093
00:57:23,607 --> 00:57:27,945
double the casualties
of d-day 82 years later.

1094
00:57:28,112 --> 00:57:30,114
Lee lost fewer men--

1095
00:57:30,281 --> 00:57:33,909
10,318 casualties--

1096
00:57:34,076 --> 00:57:36,120
but that was a quarter
of his army.

1097
00:57:46,505 --> 00:57:47,899
"Why did we not attack them

1098
00:57:47,923 --> 00:57:50,217
"and drive them into the river?

1099
00:57:50,384 --> 00:57:52,386
"I do not understand
these things.

1100
00:57:52,553 --> 00:57:55,431
But then, I am only a boy."

1101
00:57:55,598 --> 00:57:56,932
Elisha hunt Rhodes.

1102
00:58:00,644 --> 00:58:02,284
McClellan had plenty of reserves

1103
00:58:02,313 --> 00:58:04,398
waiting outside Sharpsburg,

1104
00:58:04,565 --> 00:58:05,565
but he never used them.

1105
00:58:07,943 --> 00:58:09,320
Lee, outnumbered 3-to-1,

1106
00:58:09,487 --> 00:58:12,323
braced for a new attack
all the next day.

1107
00:58:12,490 --> 00:58:14,950
It never came.

1108
00:58:15,117 --> 00:58:17,411
On the 18th,
Lee and his army slipped back

1109
00:58:17,578 --> 00:58:20,206
across the Potomac.

1110
00:58:20,372 --> 00:58:22,708
McClellan could claim a victory,

1111
00:58:22,875 --> 00:58:25,169
but he could have won the war.

1112
00:58:25,336 --> 00:58:27,421
Lee's invasion had been halted,

1113
00:58:27,588 --> 00:58:30,132
he had suffered terrible losses,

1114
00:58:30,299 --> 00:58:33,302
but his army
had not been destroyed.

1115
00:58:43,521 --> 00:58:46,857
"the causes of the war
were wide apart,

1116
00:58:47,024 --> 00:58:50,069
but the manhood was the same."

1117
00:58:50,236 --> 00:58:53,322
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain,
20th Maine.

1118
00:58:55,866 --> 00:58:58,077
Held in reserve
outside Sharpsburg,

1119
00:58:58,244 --> 00:59:00,788
the 20th Maine included
farmers and lumbermen,

1120
00:59:00,955 --> 00:59:03,415
seamen and shopkeepers
and trappers.

1121
00:59:03,582 --> 00:59:06,835
Its colonel was
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain,

1122
00:59:07,002 --> 00:59:09,922
a 33-year-old professor
of rhetoric, oratory,

1123
00:59:10,089 --> 00:59:13,050
and modern languages
at Bowdoin college.

1124
00:59:13,217 --> 00:59:15,469
Denied a leave of absence
to enlist,

1125
00:59:15,636 --> 00:59:17,930
he applied for a sabbatical
to study in Europe,

1126
00:59:18,097 --> 00:59:19,932
then volunteered.

1127
00:59:20,099 --> 00:59:22,935
On paper, his only
qualification for command

1128
00:59:23,102 --> 00:59:25,604
was that he was a gentleman
of the highest moral,

1129
00:59:25,771 --> 00:59:27,690
intellectual,
and literary worth.

1130
00:59:30,484 --> 00:59:31,986
Chamberlain was still
at Sharpsburg

1131
00:59:32,152 --> 00:59:34,655
when Abraham Lincoln
came to see the battlefield.

1132
00:59:39,868 --> 00:59:41,495
"we could see the deep sadness

1133
00:59:41,662 --> 00:59:42,997
"in the president's face

1134
00:59:43,163 --> 00:59:45,583
"and feel the burden
on his heart,

1135
00:59:45,749 --> 00:59:48,460
"thinking of his great
commission to save this people

1136
00:59:48,627 --> 00:59:50,963
"and knowing that he could
do this no otherwise

1137
00:59:51,130 --> 00:59:52,840
"than as he had been doing--

1138
00:59:53,007 --> 00:59:55,175
by and through
the manliness of these men."

1139
01:00:00,723 --> 01:00:02,850
Watching the
president review his troops,

1140
01:00:03,017 --> 01:00:05,519
it seemed to
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

1141
01:00:05,686 --> 01:00:08,981
that a "mystic bond,
wonderful in its intensity,"

1142
01:00:09,148 --> 01:00:11,066
joined the men
to their commander in chief.

1143
01:00:15,863 --> 01:00:17,364
The object of Lincoln's visit

1144
01:00:17,531 --> 01:00:21,243
was to get McClellan
to pursue Lee.

1145
01:00:21,410 --> 01:00:23,662
"I came back thinking
he would move at once.

1146
01:00:23,829 --> 01:00:24,997
"But when I got home,

1147
01:00:25,164 --> 01:00:27,958
"he began to argue
why he ought not to move.

1148
01:00:28,125 --> 01:00:31,003
"I peremptorily
ordered him to advance.

1149
01:00:31,170 --> 01:00:34,506
"It was 19 days before
he put a man over the river,

1150
01:00:34,673 --> 01:00:37,593
"and 9 days longer before
he got his army across.

1151
01:00:37,760 --> 01:00:39,553
And then he stopped again."

1152
01:00:42,848 --> 01:00:46,310
Lincoln at last had
had enough of George McClellan.

1153
01:00:46,477 --> 01:00:50,022
The president relieved him
of command permanently.

1154
01:00:50,189 --> 01:00:52,858
"they have made a great mistake.

1155
01:00:53,025 --> 01:00:54,777
Alas, for my poor country."

1156
01:01:03,535 --> 01:01:06,538
"September 21, 1862.

1157
01:01:06,705 --> 01:01:08,582
"Dear Sam, Jr.,

1158
01:01:08,749 --> 01:01:11,001
"a great many of your old
friends and schoolmates

1159
01:01:11,168 --> 01:01:14,046
"have died or been killed.

1160
01:01:14,213 --> 01:01:19,009
"I will merely name
Lem Ambercrombie,

1161
01:01:19,176 --> 01:01:21,470
"Jeff Montgomery,

1162
01:01:21,637 --> 01:01:23,555
"John Garrett,

1163
01:01:23,722 --> 01:01:27,726
"Lem hatch, John hill,

1164
01:01:27,893 --> 01:01:31,689
"Proctor Porter, Bill Humes,

1165
01:01:31,855 --> 01:01:33,732
"John white,

1166
01:01:33,899 --> 01:01:36,527
"Walter Maxey,

1167
01:01:36,694 --> 01:01:39,571
"Angus Alston.

1168
01:01:39,738 --> 01:01:41,907
"Old Mrs. Thomas
of our neighborhood

1169
01:01:42,074 --> 01:01:45,077
"has lost 5 sons.

1170
01:01:45,244 --> 01:01:47,246
Your mother, Margaret Houston."

1171
01:01:51,542 --> 01:01:55,963
You do have a big problem
when you have units

1172
01:01:56,130 --> 01:01:59,758
that are from states
and counties and even towns.

1173
01:01:59,925 --> 01:02:01,051
And one of those regiments

1174
01:02:01,218 --> 01:02:03,011
can get in a very tight spot

1175
01:02:03,178 --> 01:02:04,847
in a particular battle,

1176
01:02:05,013 --> 01:02:07,224
like in the cornfield
at Sharpsburg,

1177
01:02:07,391 --> 01:02:08,600
and the news may be

1178
01:02:08,767 --> 01:02:11,061
that there are no more
young men in that town.

1179
01:02:11,228 --> 01:02:12,228
They're all dead.

1180
01:02:28,746 --> 01:02:32,791
In October of 1862,
at his New York gallery,

1181
01:02:32,958 --> 01:02:35,669
Mathew Brady opened
an exhibition of photographs

1182
01:02:35,836 --> 01:02:38,505
entitled
"the dead of Antietam."

1183
01:02:38,672 --> 01:02:41,467
Nothing like them had ever
been seen in America before.

1184
01:02:46,805 --> 01:02:50,058
"the dead of the battlefield
come up to us very rarely,

1185
01:02:50,225 --> 01:02:51,518
"even in dreams.

1186
01:02:54,897 --> 01:02:57,399
"We see the lists in the
morning paper at breakfast,

1187
01:02:57,566 --> 01:02:59,366
"but dismiss its recollection
with the coffee.

1188
01:03:04,865 --> 01:03:06,492
"Mr. Mathew Brady
has done something

1189
01:03:06,658 --> 01:03:08,452
"to bring to us
the terrible reality

1190
01:03:08,619 --> 01:03:09,870
"and earnestness of the war.

1191
01:03:12,456 --> 01:03:13,832
"If he has not brought bodies

1192
01:03:13,999 --> 01:03:17,377
"and laid them in our dooryards
and along our streets,

1193
01:03:17,544 --> 01:03:19,213
he has done something
very like it."

1194
01:03:31,809 --> 01:03:33,977
Against the advice
of his advisers,

1195
01:03:34,144 --> 01:03:37,856
Lincoln reinstated
U.S. Grant to field command.

1196
01:03:38,023 --> 01:03:41,026
"I can't spare this man,"
Lincoln said. "He fights."

1197
01:03:43,904 --> 01:03:45,489
1,000 miles to the west,

1198
01:03:45,656 --> 01:03:49,034
Vicksburg, high on a bluff
overlooking the Mississippi river,

1199
01:03:49,201 --> 01:03:50,869
remained confederate.

1200
01:03:51,036 --> 01:03:52,955
"Vicksburg,"
Jefferson Davis said,

1201
01:03:53,121 --> 01:03:56,500
"is the nail that holds the
south's two halves together."

1202
01:03:58,961 --> 01:04:00,504
That fall, Grant tried to take

1203
01:04:00,671 --> 01:04:03,048
the heavily fortified city.

1204
01:04:03,215 --> 01:04:05,384
He failed.

1205
01:04:05,551 --> 01:04:06,951
The confederacy was
on the offensive

1206
01:04:07,094 --> 01:04:10,055
over a 1,000-mile front.

1207
01:04:10,222 --> 01:04:12,516
Mr. Gladstone, a power
in the English cabinet,

1208
01:04:12,683 --> 01:04:15,394
is saying,
"Jeff Davis has made a Navy.

1209
01:04:15,561 --> 01:04:17,771
He's made an army,"
and, what's more important,

1210
01:04:17,938 --> 01:04:20,315
intimating that
he's made a nation.

1211
01:04:20,482 --> 01:04:23,235
But the invasion
of Maryland fails.

1212
01:04:25,070 --> 01:04:27,906
Lee is defeated, falls back.

1213
01:04:28,073 --> 01:04:30,492
They lose at Perryville
in Kentucky.

1214
01:04:30,659 --> 01:04:32,419
They lose at luka
and Corinth in Mississippi,

1215
01:04:32,578 --> 01:04:33,912
and even Newtonia in Missouri.

1216
01:04:34,079 --> 01:04:38,041
And the confederate tide
rolls back.

1217
01:04:38,208 --> 01:04:40,711
Lincoln, as a result
of Antietam,

1218
01:04:40,878 --> 01:04:42,754
converted the war
to a higher plane,

1219
01:04:42,921 --> 01:04:45,632
again the master politician.

1220
01:04:45,799 --> 01:04:48,927
He announces a preliminary
emancipation proclamation.

1221
01:04:49,094 --> 01:04:51,134
Of course, it doesn't free
a single slave in revolt,

1222
01:04:51,263 --> 01:04:52,598
frees only as a war measure

1223
01:04:52,764 --> 01:04:55,767
and only frees
the slaves in states

1224
01:04:55,934 --> 01:04:58,562
where the confederacy
is in control,

1225
01:04:58,729 --> 01:05:01,440
and it will take effect
on the first day of January.

1226
01:05:03,650 --> 01:05:05,777
"On the first day of January,

1227
01:05:05,944 --> 01:05:10,532
"in the year of our lord 1863,

1228
01:05:10,699 --> 01:05:13,785
"all persons held as slaves
within any state

1229
01:05:13,952 --> 01:05:16,663
"or designated part of a state,

1230
01:05:16,830 --> 01:05:19,041
"the people whereof
shall then be in rebellion

1231
01:05:19,207 --> 01:05:21,627
"against the United States,

1232
01:05:21,793 --> 01:05:27,424
"shall be then, thenceforth,
and forever free.

1233
01:05:27,591 --> 01:05:28,634
Abraham Lincoln."

1234
01:05:31,553 --> 01:05:33,555
On September 22nd,

1235
01:05:33,722 --> 01:05:36,475
just 5 days after
the battle of Antietam,

1236
01:05:36,642 --> 01:05:40,604
the president issued
his emancipation proclamation.

1237
01:05:40,771 --> 01:05:42,856
"If my name ever goes
into history,"

1238
01:05:43,023 --> 01:05:44,066
Lincoln said,

1239
01:05:44,232 --> 01:05:45,901
"it will be for this act."

1240
01:05:48,236 --> 01:05:50,113
The south was outraged.

1241
01:05:50,280 --> 01:05:52,866
Jefferson Davis called it
the "most execrable measure

1242
01:05:53,033 --> 01:05:55,160
recorded in the history
of guilty man."

1243
01:06:07,047 --> 01:06:08,840
At a Washington dinner, John hay,

1244
01:06:09,007 --> 01:06:11,551
the president's
23-year-old secretary,

1245
01:06:11,718 --> 01:06:13,470
noted that
"everyone seemed to feel

1246
01:06:13,637 --> 01:06:16,431
"a new sort
of exhilarating life.

1247
01:06:16,598 --> 01:06:19,059
"The president's proclamation
had freed them,

1248
01:06:19,226 --> 01:06:20,602
as well as the slaves."

1249
01:06:23,730 --> 01:06:25,023
"it was no longer a question

1250
01:06:25,190 --> 01:06:27,609
"of the union as it was

1251
01:06:27,776 --> 01:06:29,528
"that was to be
re-established.

1252
01:06:29,695 --> 01:06:32,739
"It was the union
as it should be--

1253
01:06:32,906 --> 01:06:35,742
"that is to say, washed clean

1254
01:06:35,909 --> 01:06:38,370
"from its original sin.

1255
01:06:38,537 --> 01:06:40,372
"We were no longer
merely the soldiers

1256
01:06:40,539 --> 01:06:42,624
"of a political controversy.

1257
01:06:42,791 --> 01:06:43,951
"We were now the missionaries

1258
01:06:44,042 --> 01:06:45,919
"of a great work of redemption,

1259
01:06:46,086 --> 01:06:49,089
"the armed liberators
of millions.

1260
01:06:49,256 --> 01:06:53,552
The war was ennobled.
The object was higher."

1261
01:06:57,180 --> 01:06:59,182
Abroad,
the proclamation had the effect

1262
01:06:59,349 --> 01:07:00,726
Lincoln had hoped for.

1263
01:07:00,892 --> 01:07:04,229
Neither England nor France
was willing openly to oppose

1264
01:07:04,396 --> 01:07:07,399
a United States pledge
to end slavery.

1265
01:07:09,568 --> 01:07:11,361
"the triumph of the confederacy

1266
01:07:11,528 --> 01:07:13,697
"would be a victory
of the powers of evil,

1267
01:07:13,864 --> 01:07:16,533
"which would give courage
to the enemies of progress

1268
01:07:16,700 --> 01:07:18,410
"and damp the spirits of friends

1269
01:07:18,577 --> 01:07:21,329
"all over the civilized world.

1270
01:07:21,496 --> 01:07:22,914
"The American civil war

1271
01:07:23,081 --> 01:07:25,000
"is destined to be
a turning point,

1272
01:07:25,167 --> 01:07:26,918
"for good or evil,

1273
01:07:27,085 --> 01:07:29,421
of the course
of human affairs."

1274
01:07:29,588 --> 01:07:30,714
John Stuart mill.

1275
01:07:35,218 --> 01:07:37,512
"put not your trust in princes,

1276
01:07:37,679 --> 01:07:42,059
"and rest not your hopes
on foreign nations.

1277
01:07:42,225 --> 01:07:44,061
"This war is ours.

1278
01:07:44,227 --> 01:07:48,065
We must fight it out
ourselves."

1279
01:07:48,231 --> 01:07:49,441
Jefferson Davis.

1280
01:07:55,697 --> 01:08:00,243
That December,
Lincoln spoke to congress.

1281
01:08:00,410 --> 01:08:02,170
"The dogmas of the quiet past

1282
01:08:02,204 --> 01:08:05,624
"are inadequate
to the stormy present.

1283
01:08:05,791 --> 01:08:09,336
"As our case is new,
so we must think anew

1284
01:08:09,503 --> 01:08:11,338
"and act anew.

1285
01:08:11,505 --> 01:08:13,840
"We must disenthrall ourselves,

1286
01:08:14,007 --> 01:08:18,261
"and then we shall save
our country.

1287
01:08:18,428 --> 01:08:22,474
"Fellow citizens,
we cannot escape history.

1288
01:08:22,641 --> 01:08:24,601
"The fiery trial
through which we pass

1289
01:08:24,768 --> 01:08:26,937
"will light us down,
in honor or dishonor,

1290
01:08:27,104 --> 01:08:29,815
"to the latest generation.

1291
01:08:29,981 --> 01:08:33,318
"We say we are for union.

1292
01:08:33,485 --> 01:08:37,614
"The world will not forget
that we say this.

1293
01:08:37,781 --> 01:08:40,325
"In giving freedom to the slave,

1294
01:08:40,492 --> 01:08:43,662
"we assure freedom
to the free--

1295
01:08:43,829 --> 01:08:46,706
"honorable alike in what we give

1296
01:08:46,873 --> 01:08:49,126
"and what we preserve.

1297
01:08:49,292 --> 01:08:52,796
"We shall nobly save
or meanly lose

1298
01:08:52,963 --> 01:08:55,632
the last best hope
of earth."

1299
01:09:07,727 --> 01:09:10,063
"December 31.

1300
01:09:10,230 --> 01:09:13,650
"Well, the year 1862
is drawing to a close,

1301
01:09:13,817 --> 01:09:15,402
"and as I look back,
I am bewildered

1302
01:09:15,569 --> 01:09:17,070
"when I think
of the hundreds of miles

1303
01:09:17,237 --> 01:09:18,572
"I have tramped,

1304
01:09:18,738 --> 01:09:21,867
"the thousands of dead
and wounded that I have seen.

1305
01:09:22,033 --> 01:09:23,618
"But we hope for the best

1306
01:09:23,785 --> 01:09:27,747
"and feel sure that in the end,
the union will be restored.

1307
01:09:27,914 --> 01:09:30,292
Goodbye, 1862."

1308
01:09:30,458 --> 01:09:31,751
Elisha hunt Rhodes.

1309
01:09:36,256 --> 01:09:38,758
"We shout for joy
that we live to record

1310
01:09:38,925 --> 01:09:43,221
"this righteous decree--
<i>free forever!</i>

1311
01:09:43,388 --> 01:09:46,516
"Oh, ye millions of free
and loyal men

1312
01:09:46,683 --> 01:09:47,767
"who have earnestly sought

1313
01:09:47,934 --> 01:09:49,519
"to free your bleeding country

1314
01:09:49,686 --> 01:09:52,981
"from the dreadful ravages
of revolution and anarchy,

1315
01:09:53,148 --> 01:09:56,568
"lift up now your voices
with joy and Thanksgiving,

1316
01:09:56,735 --> 01:09:58,236
"for with freedom to the slave

1317
01:09:58,403 --> 01:10:02,115
will come peace and safety
to your country."

1318
01:10:02,282 --> 01:10:03,867
Frederick Douglass.

1319
01:10:05,702 --> 01:10:09,122
On December 31st,
a large crowd of abolitionists,

1320
01:10:09,289 --> 01:10:11,374
including Harriet Tubman
and Wendell Phillips,

1321
01:10:11,541 --> 01:10:14,377
gathered together
in the music hall in Boston.

1322
01:10:14,544 --> 01:10:16,630
At midnight,
the emancipation proclamation

1323
01:10:16,796 --> 01:10:19,090
would take effect.

1324
01:10:19,257 --> 01:10:21,176
On the stage,
William Lloyd Garrison

1325
01:10:21,343 --> 01:10:25,305
wept with joy
beside Frederick Douglass.

1326
01:10:25,472 --> 01:10:27,849
The cheering crowd called
for Harriet Beecher Stowe.

1327
01:10:31,144 --> 01:10:33,438
She stood in the balcony,
tears in her eyes.

1328
01:10:36,399 --> 01:10:39,236
At a Washington, D.C.,
contraband camp,

1329
01:10:39,402 --> 01:10:41,655
former slaves testified.

1330
01:10:41,821 --> 01:10:44,407
One remembered the sale
of his daughter.

1331
01:10:44,574 --> 01:10:47,285
"Now no more of that," he said.

1332
01:10:47,452 --> 01:10:51,164
"They can't sell my wife
and children anymore.

1333
01:10:51,331 --> 01:10:52,415
Bless the lord."

1334
01:10:57,420 --> 01:10:59,714
On the sea islands
off south Carolina,

1335
01:10:59,881 --> 01:11:02,509
federal agents read
the proclamation aloud

1336
01:11:02,676 --> 01:11:04,344
to former slaves

1337
01:11:04,511 --> 01:11:08,431
under the spreading boughs
of a huge oak tree.

1338
01:11:08,598 --> 01:11:11,142
As the commander
of a new all-black regiment

1339
01:11:11,309 --> 01:11:13,228
unfurled an American flag,

1340
01:11:13,395 --> 01:11:17,232
his men broke into song.

1341
01:11:17,399 --> 01:11:19,359
"It seemed the choked voice

1342
01:11:19,526 --> 01:11:22,320
of a race at last unloosed,"
he wrote.

1343
01:16:39,220 --> 01:16:40,990
<i>Corporate
funding for this special 25th</i>

1344
01:16:41,014 --> 01:16:43,295
<i>anniversary presentation of
the civil war was provided by.</i>

1345
01:16:45,101 --> 01:16:48,062
Before thousands
fell on the battlefield,

1346
01:16:48,229 --> 01:16:51,482
before millions were
freed and before a country

1347
01:16:51,649 --> 01:16:55,570
forged its identity...
A nation declared a new

1348
01:16:55,737 --> 01:16:59,198
birth of freedom,
rededicating itself to the

1349
01:16:59,365 --> 01:17:02,660
proposition that all
men are created equal.

1350
01:17:02,827 --> 01:17:06,039
Bank of America is proud
to sponsor "the civil war,"

1351
01:17:06,205 --> 01:17:08,291
a film by Ken burns,

1352
01:17:08,458 --> 01:17:11,210
newly restored for
it's 25th anniversary.

1353
01:17:15,340 --> 01:17:17,842
<i>Original
production of "the civil war"</i>

1354
01:17:18,009 --> 01:17:19,886
<i>was made possible by
generous contributions</i>

1355
01:17:20,053 --> 01:17:21,971
<i>from these funders.</i>

1356
01:17:24,223 --> 01:17:26,517
<i>And by the corporation
for public broadcasting.</i>

1357
01:17:26,684 --> 01:17:28,444
<i>And by contributions
to your PBS station from</i>

1358
01:17:28,603 --> 01:17:30,688
<i>viewers like you, thank you.</i>