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Mysterious letters

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that conceal a
serial killer's identity.

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A sculpture outside
CIA headquarters,

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with a cryptic message.

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And a medieval manuscript

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that could hold the
secrets of ancient sorcery.

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There's nothing more
fascinating than a code

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that can't be cracked.

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For centuries, mankind has
devised ingenious ways to hide

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valuable information,
using everything

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from enigmatic puzzles,

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to complex ciphers
and secret symbols.

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If history's unbreakable
codes can be deciphered,

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could we unlock answers
to some of the greatest

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mysteries of both the
past and the present?

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Well, that is what
we'll try and find out.

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Since the dawn of humanity,
our species has tried

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to make order out of
what seems like chaos.

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From divining the
secrets in our stars,

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to deciphering lost languages,

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we excel at finding
patterns in the noise.

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It's all part of
our innate desire

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to find meaning in that
which we don't understand.

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And perhaps the best
example of this drive

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is our long-held
fascination with codes.

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Codes and ciphers
have always fascinated

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humans throughout history, in
part because on the one hand,

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there's always knowledge
that people want to hide.

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And on the other hand,
it's human nature to want

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to read what's hidden.

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To want to uncover
what is disguised.

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To try and be the person who
has broken the unbreakable code.

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For centuries,
governments, mathematicians

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and spies have used codes
and ciphers to hide secrets.

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In turn, this spawned
a field dedicated to both

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making and breaking codes.

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Today, we call it cryptography.

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Any time you want to
keep information secret,

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the study of
cryptography is involved.

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It's like an arms race
of trying to figure out,

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what's the clever way
to encode the message?

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And then what's the clever way
to take advantage of weaknesses

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in the encryption method?

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There's a
mystery-solving aspect to it

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that interests people because
everybody likes a good mystery.

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And so when you break
a code, it's very satisfying,

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kind of like putting the
last puzzle piece in place

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when you're working
a jigsaw puzzle.

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What greater mystery is there

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than a supposedly unbreakable
code that has yet to be solved?

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Take, for example, one of
the most enigmatic codes

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in recent history.

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A cryptic message
known only as "Cicada."

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On the popular
image-sharing website

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known as "4chan"

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an anonymous user posts a
mysterious image, consisting

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of only a black graphic
box and plain, white text.

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The message
states, in part: "Hello.

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"We are looking for
highly intelligent individuals.

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"To find them we
have devised a test.

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"There is a message
hidden in this image.

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Find it, and it will lead you
on the road to finding us."

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The image was
cryptically signed "3301,"

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and at first, no one could

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figure out the meaning
of this bizarre post.

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On the surface, this
makes absolutely no sense,

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just saying how we were
seeking highly talented individuals.

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And if all you do is read
that text in the image,

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it's a dead end.

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But some people went
a little bit farther trying to

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figure out what's going on
here, and unravel the message.

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Using
specialized decryption software,

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codebreakers discovered that
the black square and white text

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could be translated

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into a different image...
A duck, of all things.

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But the mystery
didn't end there,

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because the duck could
then be decoded further,

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leading to even more
pictures, puzzles and clues.

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It quickly became clear
that solving this strange

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Internet code would require

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traveling down a
deep digital rabbit hole.

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At the most basic
level, they were a series of puzzles

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that set off a massive
hunt and chase and

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effort to figure out
how to solve them

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and who was behind them.

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It required cryptography,

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and there were all
kinds of challenges.

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People were starting to feel
that maybe this had turned

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into some goose chase.

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Cryptographers tried hundreds

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and even thousands of
methods to solve the code.

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The mystery eventually
caught the attention of the media,

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and the elaborate cypher
became known as Cicada 3301.

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3301 was in reference to the
original signature of the code,

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and the cicada
insect was featured

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in several of the cypher's
confounding puzzles.

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One of those caught
in Cicada 3301's grasp

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was a cryptologist who goes
by the pseudonym Nox Populi.

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If you were going
along with it at the time,

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it was just this great mystery.

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And that's because,
after a certain point,

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they started personalizing

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the puzzles for each person
who had got to that point.

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So, this, like, thing
that had expanded

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to be global and just
absolutely wild, suddenly was,

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like, personally talking to
you, the person solving it,

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which was just, kind of blew
people's minds at the time.

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These puzzles ran for three
years; 2012, 2013 and 2014.

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So, I was one of the people
who finished the 2013 puzzle

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after it got to the point
where it was individualized.

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It was me and probably
about five or six other people

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that were kind of considered
the winners of that year.

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At the end, once you
finally put in your last piece,

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what you received was
an emailed invitation

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to work with them.

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The invitation to
work with the secretive creator

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of Cicada 3301 was intriguing,

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but there was a catch.

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Whoever designed
this fascinating enigma

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refused to reveal
their true identity.

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And it begs the question,
who would go to all the trouble

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of designing this labyrinth
of codes and puzzles?

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I think part of
what really drove

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people's imagination
with the puzzles

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was the question of
who 3301 actually is

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because they worked very hard

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to not have an
answer to that question.

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The rumors definitely
swirled around who was behind Cicada.

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There was this kind of
dude in the basement theory,

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but that kind of got
blown out of the water

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when Cicada made the leap
from the Internet to the real world.

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So, suddenly, Cicada 3301

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starts posting GPS
coordinates all over the world.

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Australia, USA,

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South Korea, France...

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Just all over the place.

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Then there were
posters around the globe

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of these places.

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The poster had a QR
code on it and a cicada.

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And so, it's sort of
that realization that,

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no, we're not just back on the
Internet, and we're in-in fact,

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expanding well beyond
the kind of real-world impact

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we thought this was gonna have.

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Whoever was behind
Cicada wanted to find people

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who are not only
highly intelligent,

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but also persistent.

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Could this be somebody

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from the American
Intelligence Community

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just finding a clever
way to recruit people

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to be American codebreakers?

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Could it be a secret society?

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Some group of,
say, civil libertarians

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who just wants to
make the Internet

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completely private and secure?

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Or perhaps some third option?

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While the identity
of the creators of Cicada 3301

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remains elusive,
one thing is certain.

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Since 2014, they've
gone underground.

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No new messages have appeared,

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and the mysterious invitation
to work with the code's creators

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appears to have led nowhere.

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Now, many years later,

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we still don't know
anything about who they are.

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It's almost like they fell
off the face of the Earth.

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Whether they still even exist,

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whether they're still
working on anything,

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is a big point of
debate between people

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who are involved in this

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because there's definitely
not been any indication

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that they are still working.

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Is the shadowy
Cicada 3301 organization

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gone for good?

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We'll just have to wait and see.

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But there are many other codes

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that are hidden in plain sight,

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like a perplexing sculpture,

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built in the epicenter
of cryptology,

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with a cipher that is
still unsolved to this day.

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The Kryptos
sculpture is a sculpture

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commissioned by the CIA.

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This
fourth section of Kryptos is one

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of the most famous
unsolved ciphers in history.

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In a wooded expanse,

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nine miles outside
the nation's capital,

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lies the headquarters of the
Central Intelligence Agency.

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Standing in a sleek courtyard
near the front of the building

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is a rather cryptic sculpture.

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It's a curved copper art
piece that is called Kryptos,

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which is Greek for "hidden."

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This highly secure
government facility

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might seem like an
odd spot for fine art,

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but Kryptos is actually one of
the greatest unsolved ciphers

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of the modern era.

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Kryptos is a copper sculpture

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with letters cut
out of it containing

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four different hidden
secret messages

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that are encrypted using

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four different
encryption schemes.

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The Kryptos sculpture
has created a lot of interest

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in cryptography
because of its association

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with secretive
government agencies,

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and it's a very
compelling mystery.

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Kryptos is a fascinating enigma,

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but why was this
encoded sculpture

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placed outside the
world's biggest spy office?

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00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:07,667
The story goes back
to 1988, when the CIA

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selected artist Jim Sanborn

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to create the sculpture
for the agency.

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At the time,
the CIA was interested in polishing

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their reputation,

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and, they figure that
maybe one way we can do this

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is by introducing
an art program.

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And so, I was awarded
the commission

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and then started
down this long process.

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I did a lot of research,

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and I-I really want to
understand what the CIA does.

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And I finally figured out
that most CIA missions

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and spies involve
some sort of encoding.

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And if it's gonna succeed,
the coding's got to be perfect.

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And so, I went ahead
and used encoding

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as a major part of it.

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I figured, in popular culture,

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00:12:01,583 --> 00:12:06,667
the CIA is what we all think
of when we think about codes.

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00:12:07,875 --> 00:12:10,833
After Jim Sanborn
labored over its conception

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00:12:10,917 --> 00:12:13,667
and construction for two years,

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00:12:13,833 --> 00:12:17,792
Kryptos was dedicated
in November of 1990.

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00:12:17,917 --> 00:12:20,833
The resulting sculpture
was not only visually striking,

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00:12:21,042 --> 00:12:26,250
but also a seemingly
indecipherable code.

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On closer inspection,
codebreakers around the world

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noticed that Kryptos
resembles the pages of a book,

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arranged side by side.

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00:12:37,583 --> 00:12:39,463
When you
look at the Kryptos sculpture,

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you'll see a bunch of letters.

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But if you split it
down the middle,

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the letters on the left

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contain four different
secret messages.

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These are referred to
as K1, K2, K3 and K4.

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00:12:54,667 --> 00:12:56,167
And then, the
letters on the right

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form a table of letters,

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which includes the
word Kryptos itself,

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that were used to
encrypt the four messages.

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My whole coding
system was designed

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00:13:08,542 --> 00:13:11,292
to be slowly deconstructed

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00:13:11,458 --> 00:13:13,375
like layers of an onion,

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00:13:13,542 --> 00:13:16,625
and to say something. That's key

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00:13:16,750 --> 00:13:19,417
because there are a
lot of people that believe,

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"Well, this is just gibberish.

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00:13:21,125 --> 00:13:22,792
He hasn't written
anything there."

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But it's not. It says something,

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and, um, best of luck.

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00:13:28,292 --> 00:13:32,000
As it turns out,
codebreakers have actually had

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00:13:32,167 --> 00:13:36,458
some success cracking
Jim Sanborn's cipher.

253
00:13:36,583 --> 00:13:39,625
Nine years after the
sculpture was put on display,

254
00:13:39,792 --> 00:13:42,500
the first three
messages were solved.

255
00:13:43,875 --> 00:13:47,375
K1, which is located
on the top left portion

256
00:13:47,542 --> 00:13:49,917
of the sculpture, reads...

257
00:13:57,042 --> 00:14:00,333
Below that, K2 says, in part...

258
00:14:14,083 --> 00:14:16,667
And finally, on the bottom
left quadrant of the sculpture,

259
00:14:16,833 --> 00:14:20,167
K3 reads, in part...

260
00:14:32,042 --> 00:14:36,167
All of these strange messages
beg the obvious question:

261
00:14:36,375 --> 00:14:40,125
what on earth is Jim
Sanborn talking about?

262
00:14:41,125 --> 00:14:44,042
K1 and K2, those messages are

263
00:14:44,208 --> 00:14:47,667
bits of writing that
Sanborn came up with.

264
00:14:47,875 --> 00:14:50,542
They're a bit mysterious
still because they're

265
00:14:50,750 --> 00:14:52,208
kind of a poetic passage.

266
00:14:52,375 --> 00:14:57,458
K3 decodes to a
paraphrased version

267
00:14:57,667 --> 00:15:00,000
of the account of Howard Carter

268
00:15:00,208 --> 00:15:03,583
opening the tomb of King Tut.

269
00:15:03,708 --> 00:15:05,795
And so, there's another
puzzle to be solved even after

270
00:15:05,875 --> 00:15:07,235
all the messages
have been decoded.

271
00:15:07,333 --> 00:15:09,625
Kryptos is tying together

272
00:15:09,750 --> 00:15:12,583
some various sort
of esoteric arcana.

273
00:15:12,750 --> 00:15:17,375
What this means towards
the greater mystery is unknown.

274
00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:20,042
You're not gonna know
exactly what the artist intended.

275
00:15:20,208 --> 00:15:22,667
He thought that the mystery
of what he had in mind

276
00:15:22,833 --> 00:15:24,833
would never be fully cracked.

277
00:15:25,042 --> 00:15:28,000
Many
cryptographers believe that the key

278
00:15:28,167 --> 00:15:32,333
to unlocking the meaning
of Kryptos lies in solving K4,

279
00:15:32,542 --> 00:15:35,833
the final message
located on the bottom left

280
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:37,875
of the sculpture.

281
00:15:38,042 --> 00:15:41,875
But more than 30 years
after Kryptos was created,

282
00:15:42,042 --> 00:15:46,208
K4 remains indecipherable.

283
00:15:46,417 --> 00:15:49,083
I think that K4 is still unsolved
because we don't know

284
00:15:49,208 --> 00:15:52,625
exactly what steps were taken
to create it in the first place.

285
00:15:52,750 --> 00:15:55,208
The other three sections,

286
00:15:55,375 --> 00:15:57,917
people were able to try
a lot of different methods

287
00:15:58,125 --> 00:16:00,250
that are known
to cryptographers.

288
00:16:00,417 --> 00:16:03,667
The fourth system uses
possibly something novel

289
00:16:03,875 --> 00:16:06,208
or some combination
of cryptographic methods

290
00:16:06,375 --> 00:16:08,500
that haven't really
been put together before.

291
00:16:09,667 --> 00:16:12,167
The other challenge with K4
might be because it's so short.

292
00:16:12,333 --> 00:16:13,962
There's not a whole
lot of data to work with.

293
00:16:14,042 --> 00:16:16,792
So, we can't find
a lot of different

294
00:16:16,958 --> 00:16:19,000
statistical clues
that might point

295
00:16:19,083 --> 00:16:21,625
to characteristics
about the underlying text.

296
00:16:23,208 --> 00:16:26,750
I personally think the fourth
panel of Kryptos will be solved.

297
00:16:26,875 --> 00:16:28,917
There's just too much attention,

298
00:16:29,083 --> 00:16:32,500
too many people with mad
computer skills going after it.

299
00:16:32,708 --> 00:16:34,208
Maybe it'll take 50 years,

300
00:16:34,375 --> 00:16:36,208
but I don't think it
can endure forever.

301
00:16:37,250 --> 00:16:40,833
Will K4, and with
it the full meaning of Kryptos,

302
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:43,833
eventually be cracked,
as some believe?

303
00:16:44,042 --> 00:16:47,542
Or is Jim Sanborn's
curious creation

304
00:16:47,708 --> 00:16:50,792
a truly unbreakable code?

305
00:16:50,958 --> 00:16:54,875
Artworks are at their strongest

306
00:16:55,042 --> 00:16:58,667
when they're
slightly inscrutable.

307
00:16:58,875 --> 00:17:01,833
And so, I certainly prefer

308
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,875
that Kryptos is not deciphered.

309
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:07,708
I would rather it not
be deciphered ever.

310
00:17:08,792 --> 00:17:12,833
There are only two of us
who know what the code says.

311
00:17:12,958 --> 00:17:15,208
It's myself and my wife, Jae Ko,

312
00:17:15,375 --> 00:17:17,500
and, we'll see what happens.

313
00:17:19,750 --> 00:17:23,000
The secret message embedded
in the Kryptos sculpture

314
00:17:23,208 --> 00:17:26,792
is a baffling mystery that
has remained unsolved

315
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:28,167
for 30 years.

316
00:17:28,333 --> 00:17:31,292
However, the most
famous unbroken code

317
00:17:31,458 --> 00:17:35,083
in American history was actually
written two decades earlier,

318
00:17:35,208 --> 00:17:39,667
by a shadowy serial killer

319
00:17:39,833 --> 00:17:44,125
who called himself the Zodiac.

320
00:17:45,917 --> 00:17:47,045
Just like Jack the Ripper,

321
00:17:47,125 --> 00:17:48,833
the Zodiac Killer

322
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:50,625
was never apprehended,
never identified.

323
00:17:50,750 --> 00:17:52,420
The murderer sent a letter

324
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:55,042
with a piece of the
victim's blood-stained shirt

325
00:17:55,250 --> 00:17:57,583
to prove that he was
responsible for the crime.

326
00:18:06,625 --> 00:18:09,000
The city is gripped by fear

327
00:18:09,208 --> 00:18:11,292
after a number of horrific
and unsolved murders

328
00:18:11,458 --> 00:18:15,167
are committed by a
shadowy serial killer.

329
00:18:16,292 --> 00:18:18,208
The panic reaches a
fever pitch when the killer

330
00:18:18,375 --> 00:18:21,167
releases a series
of chilling notes,

331
00:18:21,333 --> 00:18:26,000
in which he refers to
himself as the Zodiac.

332
00:18:26,208 --> 00:18:28,750
Three virtually identical
handwritten letters

333
00:18:28,875 --> 00:18:32,333
arrived at the offices of
three California newspapers.

334
00:18:33,708 --> 00:18:35,917
And those letters took
credit for the crimes

335
00:18:36,083 --> 00:18:39,208
and included details
from the crimes,

336
00:18:39,375 --> 00:18:42,333
including the
ammunition that was used,

337
00:18:42,458 --> 00:18:45,750
the positions of the
victims, and things like that.

338
00:18:46,875 --> 00:18:51,333
And then, another letter that
was sent on August 4th of 1969,

339
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:55,500
was the first to use
the name the Zodiac.

340
00:18:55,708 --> 00:18:58,042
The Zodiac's crime
spree is often referred to

341
00:18:58,208 --> 00:19:00,000
as a reign of terror.

342
00:19:00,167 --> 00:19:03,500
And that's because his
murders not only sent fear

343
00:19:03,667 --> 00:19:06,833
throughout the community,
but he eventually threatened

344
00:19:07,042 --> 00:19:08,958
to murder
schoolchildren on a bus.

345
00:19:09,042 --> 00:19:11,750
He also said he was
gonna use a bomb.

346
00:19:11,875 --> 00:19:14,833
He threatened to kill dozens
of people over a weekend.

347
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:16,333
So, there were a lot of threats

348
00:19:16,542 --> 00:19:18,375
that sent fear through
the community.

349
00:19:19,792 --> 00:19:22,458
His name really
got out there, and on top of that,

350
00:19:22,583 --> 00:19:25,708
Zodiac's victims were
selected presumably randomly.

351
00:19:25,875 --> 00:19:29,000
And so, people felt like,
"Well, he could be around

352
00:19:29,167 --> 00:19:31,333
the corner ready
to kill me or us."

353
00:19:31,458 --> 00:19:33,792
So, it became kind
of like a boogeyman

354
00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:36,667
waiting to kill somebody
out of the blue.

355
00:19:37,875 --> 00:19:40,333
The Zodiac's reign
of terror became national news,

356
00:19:40,542 --> 00:19:42,182
not only because of
the frightening nature

357
00:19:42,333 --> 00:19:44,208
of his crimes,

358
00:19:44,375 --> 00:19:47,708
but also because some
of his mysterious letters

359
00:19:47,875 --> 00:19:50,375
were written in code.

360
00:19:50,542 --> 00:19:53,875
The Zodiac, as
macabre as this sounds,

361
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,833
turned his killings into a game,

362
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,250
not just for law enforcement
to try to figure out,

363
00:19:59,417 --> 00:20:00,792
but for the average citizen.

364
00:20:00,958 --> 00:20:04,583
These ciphers sort of
served as a way for people

365
00:20:04,708 --> 00:20:06,583
to play his game.

366
00:20:08,042 --> 00:20:09,667
Can you figure out who I am?

367
00:20:09,833 --> 00:20:15,167
So, using these codes, while
it made Zodiac incredibly scary,

368
00:20:15,375 --> 00:20:17,625
it also made him
intriguing because

369
00:20:17,833 --> 00:20:21,208
anybody could figure out
who the Zodiac Killer is,

370
00:20:21,375 --> 00:20:23,500
if you know how to
play his game correctly.

371
00:20:24,750 --> 00:20:27,250
The Zodiac's
claim that the ciphers revealed

372
00:20:27,417 --> 00:20:32,042
his true identity taunted
the police and the public.

373
00:20:32,208 --> 00:20:35,083
Both the authorities
and amateurs alike

374
00:20:35,250 --> 00:20:37,417
pored over the
encrypted letters,

375
00:20:37,583 --> 00:20:42,167
hoping to crack the
killer's devious codes.

376
00:20:42,375 --> 00:20:44,333
The first cipher of the Zodiac,

377
00:20:44,458 --> 00:20:48,000
it's commonly referred
to as the 408 cipher.

378
00:20:48,208 --> 00:20:50,625
That was actually
solved in a matter of days

379
00:20:50,792 --> 00:20:54,542
by a couple of citizens in
the San Francisco Bay Area.

380
00:20:55,750 --> 00:20:59,167
A local high school
economics teacher and his wife,

381
00:20:59,250 --> 00:21:01,583
Donald and Bettye Harden,

382
00:21:01,792 --> 00:21:04,167
decided to take
the killer's challenge

383
00:21:04,292 --> 00:21:06,875
and spent a weekend
trying to solve that cipher.

384
00:21:08,125 --> 00:21:10,250
And they were able
to find the solution.

385
00:21:10,417 --> 00:21:12,625
Unfortunately, the
Hardens' solution

386
00:21:12,750 --> 00:21:15,500
did not reveal
the killer's identity.

387
00:21:15,708 --> 00:21:18,625
But it did begin
with the phrase...

388
00:21:22,375 --> 00:21:25,958
Then he talked about
collecting slaves for his afterlife.

389
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:29,667
The shocking
content of the first cipher

390
00:21:29,833 --> 00:21:32,500
heightened public
panic about the Zodiac.

391
00:21:32,708 --> 00:21:35,125
But the killer's second cipher,

392
00:21:35,292 --> 00:21:40,667
known as Z-340, would
not be solved so easily.

393
00:21:40,792 --> 00:21:44,958
The Zodiac's
second cipher consisted of 340 symbols.

394
00:21:45,083 --> 00:21:48,250
Unfortunately, that cipher
was very difficult to solve.

395
00:21:48,417 --> 00:21:50,750
And he may have made
it that way deliberately

396
00:21:50,917 --> 00:21:53,042
because he may have
been upset that his first cipher

397
00:21:53,208 --> 00:21:54,792
was solved so quickly.

398
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:57,280
Despite years of effort,

399
00:21:57,375 --> 00:22:00,708
the Z-340 cipher
eluded decryption.

400
00:22:00,875 --> 00:22:05,833
By 1974, the Zodiac had
released more than 20 letters,

401
00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:09,792
in which he claimed to
have killed 37 people.

402
00:22:09,958 --> 00:22:14,167
And then, after a
five-year reign of terror,

403
00:22:14,375 --> 00:22:16,333
his communications
abruptly ceased,

404
00:22:16,542 --> 00:22:19,417
and the case went cold.

405
00:22:21,083 --> 00:22:23,375
It seemed that the
codes and the crimes

406
00:22:23,542 --> 00:22:29,458
of this evil genius were
destined to remain unsolved.

407
00:22:32,500 --> 00:22:34,292
More than 30 years would pass

408
00:22:34,458 --> 00:22:39,000
before software engineer
David Oranchak became inspired

409
00:22:39,167 --> 00:22:42,708
to take on the Z-340 cipher.

410
00:22:42,875 --> 00:22:44,792
I first heard about the
Zodiac ciphers when

411
00:22:44,958 --> 00:22:47,833
the Zodiac movie
came out in 2007.

412
00:22:48,042 --> 00:22:50,792
And so there was already
kind of a vibrant community

413
00:22:50,958 --> 00:22:53,417
of people involved with the
Zodiac cipher specifically.

414
00:22:53,542 --> 00:22:55,000
So when I saw that, I thought,

415
00:22:55,208 --> 00:22:56,750
"Hey, I want to
take a crack at that."

416
00:22:56,958 --> 00:23:00,292
Because I'm a
programmer, I like puzzles,

417
00:23:00,458 --> 00:23:03,958
and it would be very cool
to be able to crack that.

418
00:23:05,292 --> 00:23:08,208
To try and solve the
cipher, David Oranchak teamed up

419
00:23:08,333 --> 00:23:11,000
with Australian
mathematician Sam Blake,

420
00:23:11,167 --> 00:23:15,208
and Belgian computer
programmer Jarl Van Eycke.

421
00:23:15,375 --> 00:23:18,375
The team became kind of
this collaboration of people

422
00:23:18,583 --> 00:23:21,667
that would run experiments,
try out different ideas,

423
00:23:21,792 --> 00:23:24,500
come up with computer programs

424
00:23:24,667 --> 00:23:26,500
and different kind
of specialized tools

425
00:23:26,667 --> 00:23:29,542
in order to try out these ideas

426
00:23:29,708 --> 00:23:32,875
or to just run a bunch of
keys and try to break the code.

427
00:23:34,042 --> 00:23:36,750
In spite of their
combined efforts, the Z-340 cipher

428
00:23:36,875 --> 00:23:40,708
seemed like it might
be an unbreakable code.

429
00:23:40,875 --> 00:23:42,125
But then,

430
00:23:42,292 --> 00:23:45,958
after 15 years of
challenging work,

431
00:23:46,125 --> 00:23:49,083
the team finally cracked it.

432
00:23:49,208 --> 00:23:51,253
It was very
satisfying to decrypt the message.

433
00:23:51,333 --> 00:23:53,000
It was very exciting.

434
00:23:53,208 --> 00:23:54,708
Once we had the solution,

435
00:23:54,875 --> 00:23:57,250
I put together a report
and sent it to my contacts

436
00:23:57,417 --> 00:23:59,250
in the codebreaking
unit of the FBI.

437
00:24:00,292 --> 00:24:02,583
And then very quickly, they
came back to us and said,

438
00:24:02,750 --> 00:24:04,583
"This looks good,
it looks strong,

439
00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:07,125
looks like the real solution,"

440
00:24:07,292 --> 00:24:09,958
and that's when
the media storm hit.

441
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:13,667
The revelation
that the Z-340 cipher

442
00:24:13,875 --> 00:24:16,000
had been broken,
more than 50 years

443
00:24:16,208 --> 00:24:19,000
after it was released, made
headlines around the world.

444
00:24:19,208 --> 00:24:21,250
But, unfortunately,

445
00:24:21,375 --> 00:24:25,333
the decrypted message did
not reveal the killer's identity.

446
00:24:25,417 --> 00:24:29,167
However, the search continues,

447
00:24:29,333 --> 00:24:33,042
because there are
other Zodiac ciphers

448
00:24:33,208 --> 00:24:34,875
that are yet to be solved,

449
00:24:35,042 --> 00:24:40,125
the most fascinating
of which is called Z-13.

450
00:24:40,250 --> 00:24:43,542
This cipher will literally
make you pull your hair out,

451
00:24:43,708 --> 00:24:45,417
because at first glance,

452
00:24:45,583 --> 00:24:46,795
you would think
it's got to be easy.

453
00:24:46,875 --> 00:24:49,000
There's only 13
characters in the cipher.

454
00:24:49,208 --> 00:24:54,792
What's worse, is that it starts
with the phrase, "My name is."

455
00:24:55,750 --> 00:24:58,833
He's literally telling
you, "Here's who I am."

456
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:02,042
And to this day, no one's been
able to figure it out as of yet.

457
00:25:04,042 --> 00:25:07,625
Until cipher Z-13
can finally be solved,

458
00:25:07,792 --> 00:25:10,417
it seems that the
identity of the Zodiac killer

459
00:25:10,583 --> 00:25:12,042
will be a mystery.

460
00:25:12,167 --> 00:25:14,625
And the frustrating
reality is that, sometimes,

461
00:25:14,792 --> 00:25:17,375
a code can remain
uncracked for centuries.

462
00:25:17,542 --> 00:25:22,583
Like in the case of a
series of cryptic hieroglyphs

463
00:25:22,750 --> 00:25:25,500
that might explain
the fate of a civilization

464
00:25:25,667 --> 00:25:28,583
that disappeared from history.

465
00:25:31,542 --> 00:25:35,542
The Phaistos disc comes
from 1700 to 1600 BCE.

466
00:25:35,708 --> 00:25:37,508
What appear
to be just random symbols

467
00:25:37,667 --> 00:25:39,542
appear in a spiral formation.

468
00:25:39,708 --> 00:25:42,833
What do these symbols
mean? It's anybody's guess.

469
00:25:47,708 --> 00:25:51,125
Phaistos, on the
Greek island of Crete, 1908.

470
00:25:52,208 --> 00:25:54,958
Italian archaeologists
excavate the ruins

471
00:25:55,125 --> 00:25:56,375
of an ancient palace

472
00:25:56,542 --> 00:25:59,458
built by a mysterious
lost civilization

473
00:25:59,667 --> 00:26:03,000
referred to as the Minoans.

474
00:26:04,208 --> 00:26:08,583
The Minoan civilization
flourished from about 1900

475
00:26:08,708 --> 00:26:11,292
to about 1450 BCE

476
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:14,417
in an amazingly advanced culture

477
00:26:14,583 --> 00:26:16,458
that was not just
based on Crete,

478
00:26:16,625 --> 00:26:18,333
but it sent its influence out

479
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:21,167
to the various
Greek islands as well.

480
00:26:21,375 --> 00:26:25,750
The Minoans were great
travelers and traders and sailors.

481
00:26:25,958 --> 00:26:28,208
They were trading in things

482
00:26:28,333 --> 00:26:32,417
like perfumed oils that
brought them great riches.

483
00:26:32,542 --> 00:26:35,667
One of the great
mysteries that we have here

484
00:26:35,875 --> 00:26:39,833
really is what happened at
the end of the Minoan culture.

485
00:26:40,042 --> 00:26:43,125
In the end, how they
finally disappeared

486
00:26:43,292 --> 00:26:45,708
is argued about by scholars.

487
00:26:47,917 --> 00:26:50,250
The disappearance
of the Minoan civilization

488
00:26:50,458 --> 00:26:54,000
is one of the great unsolved
mysteries in ancient history.

489
00:26:54,208 --> 00:26:56,917
But some believe
that a clue to their fate

490
00:26:57,083 --> 00:27:01,667
may have been found during
the Italian excavations in 1908.

491
00:27:02,583 --> 00:27:05,667
On the 3rd of July, in 1908,

492
00:27:05,833 --> 00:27:09,125
at approximately 7:00
p.m. in the evening...

493
00:27:10,750 --> 00:27:13,792
the foreman of the site at
the archaeological dig was

494
00:27:13,958 --> 00:27:16,292
doing a final check of the site,

495
00:27:16,375 --> 00:27:18,542
and discovered this amazing,

496
00:27:18,750 --> 00:27:22,083
enigmatic piece of
ceramic wondrousness.

497
00:27:23,208 --> 00:27:27,833
It has a uniqueness to it
that made it very special.

498
00:27:28,042 --> 00:27:31,750
So it generated a huge amount
of interest very, very quickly.

499
00:27:33,250 --> 00:27:36,125
The gold-hued,
5.9 inch in diameter

500
00:27:36,333 --> 00:27:38,500
clay object that the foreman
picked up was covered

501
00:27:38,708 --> 00:27:41,875
in strange,
indecipherable markings,

502
00:27:42,083 --> 00:27:46,000
that looked like some
kind of ancient hieroglyphs.

503
00:27:46,208 --> 00:27:49,542
This curious artifact
came to be known

504
00:27:49,708 --> 00:27:52,292
as the Phaistos Disc.

505
00:27:53,417 --> 00:27:55,792
The Phaistos Disc
is a ceramic disc.

506
00:27:55,958 --> 00:27:59,750
And it's imprinted
with a series of symbols

507
00:27:59,917 --> 00:28:01,958
in a spiral pattern.

508
00:28:03,167 --> 00:28:07,542
It's made of high-quality clay
that's been deliberately fired.

509
00:28:07,750 --> 00:28:09,958
Someone had to make
the symbol on a stamp

510
00:28:10,042 --> 00:28:12,792
and it was imprinted on
the clay when it was wet.

511
00:28:13,875 --> 00:28:17,083
It's got to be one
of the very first

512
00:28:17,208 --> 00:28:20,917
printed artifacts that we
have that survived to this point.

513
00:28:22,042 --> 00:28:25,500
There are 123
symbols on one side

514
00:28:25,625 --> 00:28:28,792
and 119 on the other.

515
00:28:30,042 --> 00:28:33,625
So these seem to
be, perhaps words,

516
00:28:33,792 --> 00:28:38,083
perhaps sentences,
perhaps little concepts

517
00:28:38,208 --> 00:28:40,667
that we're trying to
get to the bottom of.

518
00:28:41,750 --> 00:28:43,310
For decades, the strange symbols

519
00:28:43,417 --> 00:28:46,000
on the Phaistos Disc have
been an unbreakable code

520
00:28:46,167 --> 00:28:48,333
that historians
have tried to crack.

521
00:28:49,875 --> 00:28:52,625
Many have wondered,
could this small disc

522
00:28:52,750 --> 00:28:54,625
actually contain information

523
00:28:54,792 --> 00:28:57,292
about the Minoan civilization?

524
00:28:58,875 --> 00:29:00,292
The Phaistos Disc is

525
00:29:00,458 --> 00:29:02,333
an incredible
archaeological find to be sure.

526
00:29:02,542 --> 00:29:05,583
However, the bigger mystery is

527
00:29:05,708 --> 00:29:10,708
what is embedded
into the clay in that disc.

528
00:29:10,875 --> 00:29:12,583
You have a series

529
00:29:12,750 --> 00:29:16,500
of what appear to be
just random symbols.

530
00:29:16,667 --> 00:29:19,042
What do these symbols mean?

531
00:29:19,208 --> 00:29:21,833
As of right now, it's
anybody's guess.

532
00:29:23,500 --> 00:29:27,292
We don't know
what language the Minoans spoke,

533
00:29:27,417 --> 00:29:29,167
or what they wrote.

534
00:29:29,375 --> 00:29:31,458
We don't know what
they called themselves.

535
00:29:31,667 --> 00:29:34,208
Minoan is the name
that we give them.

536
00:29:35,375 --> 00:29:37,750
People have been
desperately trying to unlock

537
00:29:37,875 --> 00:29:41,208
the information that
might be on this disc.

538
00:29:41,417 --> 00:29:44,542
People have
posited that the Phaistos Disc

539
00:29:44,708 --> 00:29:46,500
is actually a religious text.

540
00:29:46,708 --> 00:29:49,125
A hymn in honor of
a mother goddess,

541
00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:51,167
the goddess of
fertility and love.

542
00:29:52,208 --> 00:29:55,167
But if it turns
out that it's not,

543
00:29:55,333 --> 00:29:57,208
what else could
this disc possibly be?

544
00:29:57,375 --> 00:30:00,417
What other mysteries could
this disc potentially hold for us?

545
00:30:01,583 --> 00:30:03,420
Unlocking the
code to an ancient language

546
00:30:03,500 --> 00:30:08,375
is a very unlikely proposition,
but it has happened before.

547
00:30:09,375 --> 00:30:12,042
When you think of
mysterious ancient languages,

548
00:30:12,208 --> 00:30:16,917
perhaps the most famous
are Egyptian hieroglyphs.

549
00:30:17,042 --> 00:30:20,917
Transcription of these
ornate, pictographic writings

550
00:30:21,042 --> 00:30:25,000
remained a mystery
for almost 1,400 years

551
00:30:25,208 --> 00:30:29,625
until the discovery of
the Rosetta Stone in 1799

552
00:30:29,708 --> 00:30:32,333
changed history forever.

553
00:30:32,542 --> 00:30:35,583
With Egyptian
hieroglyphics, we had the Rosetta Stone,

554
00:30:35,750 --> 00:30:39,833
where there was an inscription
in Egyptian hieroglyphics,

555
00:30:40,042 --> 00:30:43,833
but also one in Greek
that we could read.

556
00:30:43,958 --> 00:30:45,250
So we knew exactly

557
00:30:45,417 --> 00:30:47,833
what the Egyptian one
was supposed to say.

558
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:51,333
So far, no Rosetta
Stone has been uncovered

559
00:30:51,500 --> 00:30:55,292
that would explain the
Phaistos Disc's markings.

560
00:30:56,333 --> 00:30:58,208
It appears that for
now, the truth about both

561
00:30:58,417 --> 00:31:02,000
the disc and the lost
civilization that created it

562
00:31:02,208 --> 00:31:06,167
remains frustratingly
out of reach.

563
00:31:06,375 --> 00:31:10,042
The problem is that
the Minoans have taken away the key

564
00:31:10,250 --> 00:31:12,250
that we need to
unlock their disc.

565
00:31:12,417 --> 00:31:15,167
We haven't yet
deciphered it because

566
00:31:15,333 --> 00:31:18,625
we don't have enough
information to use.

567
00:31:18,792 --> 00:31:22,333
It is right now a
complete mystery.

568
00:31:23,375 --> 00:31:27,792
While this conundrum
continues to perplex historians,

569
00:31:27,958 --> 00:31:29,875
a similar air of mystery

570
00:31:30,042 --> 00:31:33,333
surrounds another
curious ancient text.

571
00:31:33,542 --> 00:31:38,000
It's a strange, 240-page
medieval manuscript,

572
00:31:38,167 --> 00:31:43,167
written in an unknown
language, that is often referred to

573
00:31:43,292 --> 00:31:47,583
as "the world's most
mysterious book."

574
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:51,292
The Voynich Manuscript is

575
00:31:51,458 --> 00:31:53,375
not found anywhere
else in the world.

576
00:31:53,542 --> 00:31:56,500
It looks like Latin script
although you can't read it.

577
00:31:56,708 --> 00:31:59,542
It's quite possible
that Voynichese represents

578
00:31:59,708 --> 00:32:01,417
a lost language.

579
00:32:07,208 --> 00:32:09,833
On the campus
of Yale University stands

580
00:32:09,958 --> 00:32:13,000
the Beinecke Rare Book
and Manuscript Library.

581
00:32:13,167 --> 00:32:17,292
The library's towering shelves
preserve more than one million

582
00:32:17,458 --> 00:32:21,458
literary works and the most
fascinating volume housed there

583
00:32:21,583 --> 00:32:25,542
is a medieval European
text that, curiously,

584
00:32:25,708 --> 00:32:29,000
was written in an
unknown language.

585
00:32:29,167 --> 00:32:31,750
This cryptic book is referred to

586
00:32:31,917 --> 00:32:34,167
as the Voynich Manuscript.

587
00:32:35,583 --> 00:32:40,667
The Voynich Manuscript is
a book written by hand that

588
00:32:40,792 --> 00:32:44,708
is reliably dated to the
early part of the 15th century.

589
00:32:44,875 --> 00:32:47,042
The book consists of

590
00:32:47,208 --> 00:32:50,042
around 102 pages.

591
00:32:50,208 --> 00:32:51,958
And there are quite
a significant amount

592
00:32:52,083 --> 00:32:55,250
of text and illustrations.

593
00:32:55,375 --> 00:33:00,625
The manuscript was written
in an entirely unique language,

594
00:33:00,792 --> 00:33:02,500
which we call "Voynichese."

595
00:33:02,708 --> 00:33:06,833
When you are faced with
a language you can't read,

596
00:33:07,042 --> 00:33:10,458
all we can do is look
at the illustrations.

597
00:33:10,625 --> 00:33:14,583
There are basically five
sections in the manuscript.

598
00:33:15,750 --> 00:33:18,833
About half of it is pictures,

599
00:33:18,958 --> 00:33:21,333
drawings that take
up the entire page

600
00:33:21,458 --> 00:33:24,458
of a plant, an
herb, or a flower.

601
00:33:24,542 --> 00:33:28,417
And this looks like what we see
in medieval herbals of the time

602
00:33:28,542 --> 00:33:32,333
that describe the usages
and the appearance of plants.

603
00:33:32,542 --> 00:33:35,917
And then there is a
cosmological section.

604
00:33:36,083 --> 00:33:40,667
We think it's cosmological,
because there are stars,

605
00:33:40,833 --> 00:33:44,125
and suns and what look

606
00:33:44,292 --> 00:33:47,292
like cosmological objects.

607
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:49,458
But then there are
various pages that are just

608
00:33:49,625 --> 00:33:53,667
entirely paragraphs and
paragraphs of running text.

609
00:33:53,792 --> 00:33:57,542
So we have no other
examples of this script anywhere.

610
00:33:57,708 --> 00:34:00,333
We don't know what it's
about. We can't read any of it.

611
00:34:00,542 --> 00:34:03,167
For centuries,
the Voynich Manuscript

612
00:34:03,375 --> 00:34:06,083
has intrigued and baffled
people around the world.

613
00:34:06,250 --> 00:34:08,792
While we are at a loss
as to what information

614
00:34:08,958 --> 00:34:11,208
these pages contain,
we're not alone.

615
00:34:11,375 --> 00:34:14,375
Because this strange
writing has been a secret code

616
00:34:14,542 --> 00:34:16,792
for hundreds of years.

617
00:34:16,958 --> 00:34:19,167
So why would
anyone choose to write

618
00:34:19,375 --> 00:34:22,167
in a language that
can't be understood?

619
00:34:23,667 --> 00:34:28,000
The fact that the manuscript
is written in a way that

620
00:34:28,208 --> 00:34:30,125
nobody else could read it,

621
00:34:30,250 --> 00:34:32,667
suggests that it is preserving

622
00:34:32,792 --> 00:34:36,042
knowledge that someone
wanted to keep secret.

623
00:34:36,208 --> 00:34:40,417
It could be a known language
that has been enciphered.

624
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:43,333
When you look at the pictures,

625
00:34:43,542 --> 00:34:46,417
it contains drawings that
make it look like an alchemical,

626
00:34:46,542 --> 00:34:50,500
or magical text that
include incantations,

627
00:34:50,708 --> 00:34:54,083
astrological information,
that sort of thing.

628
00:34:55,125 --> 00:34:59,167
And so there's been some
suggestion that Voynichese

629
00:34:59,375 --> 00:35:02,042
represents an attempt to
encipher what is considered

630
00:35:02,208 --> 00:35:05,958
to be sacred and potentially
dangerous knowledge,

631
00:35:06,125 --> 00:35:09,208
because of the
taboos of the day.

632
00:35:10,625 --> 00:35:12,875
We've all heard
tales from the Middle Ages about

633
00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:14,750
secret sorcerer's texts,

634
00:35:14,875 --> 00:35:19,250
filled with forbidden knowledge
about alchemy and magic spells.

635
00:35:19,417 --> 00:35:22,083
Is it possible that the
Voynich Manuscript

636
00:35:22,292 --> 00:35:25,000
is a real-life version of
such legendary books?

637
00:35:25,167 --> 00:35:27,167
For the moment, we
obviously can't say for sure,

638
00:35:27,292 --> 00:35:30,458
because its language
remains indecipherable.

639
00:35:30,625 --> 00:35:35,333
But perhaps further clues
about encoded ancient writings

640
00:35:35,542 --> 00:35:39,250
can be found by examining a
much darker and more disturbing text

641
00:35:39,375 --> 00:35:42,167
from the 16th
century, that is known

642
00:35:42,333 --> 00:35:45,042
as the Book of Soyga.

643
00:35:45,208 --> 00:35:49,375
The Book of Soyga
in total is about 200 pages long.

644
00:35:49,583 --> 00:35:54,292
Inside, you'll find
instructions for magic spells,

645
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:58,833
incantations, talk of
witches, talk of angels

646
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:01,667
and their genealogy,
talk of demons,

647
00:36:01,833 --> 00:36:03,708
how they can possess someone,

648
00:36:03,875 --> 00:36:07,500
and how they might tie
back to our natural world.

649
00:36:07,667 --> 00:36:11,542
It's dark, twisted
stuff to be sure.

650
00:36:12,833 --> 00:36:14,713
The Book of
Soyga was written in Latin,

651
00:36:14,833 --> 00:36:17,792
and its contents are both
fascinating and unsettling.

652
00:36:19,375 --> 00:36:22,000
But the most
enigmatic part of the text

653
00:36:22,167 --> 00:36:26,500
is its final pages which
were all written in code.

654
00:36:28,125 --> 00:36:30,875
The end of the Book
of Soyga is 36 pages.

655
00:36:31,042 --> 00:36:33,000
Each of these pages contains

656
00:36:33,208 --> 00:36:36,542
a 36-by-36 cell grid...

657
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:42,125
with letters in
each of the cells.

658
00:36:42,292 --> 00:36:46,167
We don't know the
significance of those letters.

659
00:36:47,250 --> 00:36:50,417
You've got around what
appears to be 40,000

660
00:36:50,542 --> 00:36:52,542
different letters,
characters, symbols

661
00:36:52,708 --> 00:36:56,375
that seem to be arranged
in just a random order.

662
00:36:56,542 --> 00:36:59,958
But in reality, these
letters all make up

663
00:37:00,083 --> 00:37:01,958
encoded messages.

664
00:37:02,125 --> 00:37:04,083
And so if the parts you can read

665
00:37:04,250 --> 00:37:08,167
talk about some
pretty dark stuff,

666
00:37:08,292 --> 00:37:10,625
what's the stuff that
they couldn't print

667
00:37:10,792 --> 00:37:12,500
in a language that
you could read?

668
00:37:12,708 --> 00:37:14,125
What dark magic
might potentially

669
00:37:14,292 --> 00:37:16,292
be hidden in that
section of the book?

670
00:37:17,542 --> 00:37:20,375
It's intriguing to
speculate about the forbidden

671
00:37:20,542 --> 00:37:23,083
knowledge that may be
contained within the Book of Soyga

672
00:37:23,250 --> 00:37:25,292
and the Voynich Manuscript.

673
00:37:25,458 --> 00:37:27,458
But of course, the more
pressing question is,

674
00:37:27,583 --> 00:37:30,500
will we ever actually decode

675
00:37:30,667 --> 00:37:34,042
these mysterious ancient texts?

676
00:37:34,208 --> 00:37:38,667
I believe that we will be
able to read these manuscripts,

677
00:37:38,875 --> 00:37:43,708
because of new
technologies, new techniques

678
00:37:43,875 --> 00:37:47,375
that our predecessors
didn't have access to.

679
00:37:47,542 --> 00:37:50,667
We have more powerful
computers than they did.

680
00:37:50,833 --> 00:37:55,000
And we have access
to a much larger pool

681
00:37:55,125 --> 00:37:59,250
of theories and
linguistic analysis,

682
00:37:59,458 --> 00:38:02,250
than anyone has had in the past.

683
00:38:02,458 --> 00:38:04,667
And I do believe
that we will get there.

684
00:38:04,833 --> 00:38:07,667
Deciphering either of
these cryptic books would be

685
00:38:07,875 --> 00:38:11,583
fascinating from a
historical perspective.

686
00:38:11,750 --> 00:38:15,167
However, there have been some
codes that needed to be broken,

687
00:38:15,333 --> 00:38:17,458
not just for curiosity's sake,

688
00:38:17,583 --> 00:38:20,750
but rather because
the fate of the free world

689
00:38:20,875 --> 00:38:22,625
depended on it.

690
00:38:39,750 --> 00:38:42,292
Shortly after
the outbreak of World War II,

691
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:45,208
British military
intelligence establishes

692
00:38:45,375 --> 00:38:48,667
a top secret base at this
secluded country estate.

693
00:38:49,583 --> 00:38:51,792
Referred to as "Station X,"

694
00:38:51,958 --> 00:38:55,667
it is home to a handpicked
team of brilliant mathematicians

695
00:38:55,792 --> 00:38:58,417
who are charged with
cracking an infamous

696
00:38:58,583 --> 00:39:01,125
German encoding device called

697
00:39:01,292 --> 00:39:03,708
the Enigma Machine.

698
00:39:03,917 --> 00:39:05,875
The Enigma Machine
is an electromechanical

699
00:39:06,042 --> 00:39:10,833
ciphering device for
encoding a plain text message

700
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:15,708
in such a way that it cannot
be deciphered or decoded.

701
00:39:16,792 --> 00:39:19,333
When communicating
with an Enigma Machine,

702
00:39:19,542 --> 00:39:22,167
an operator can key
in a plain text message

703
00:39:22,375 --> 00:39:24,375
that's encoded by the device,

704
00:39:24,583 --> 00:39:28,708
that can then be transmitted
as alphabet gobbledygook

705
00:39:28,875 --> 00:39:31,167
to the other operator
who receives it.

706
00:39:31,375 --> 00:39:34,292
And through adjusting
a series of rotors

707
00:39:34,417 --> 00:39:36,750
and plug boards, the
receiving end can then

708
00:39:36,917 --> 00:39:41,333
turn that alphabet soup
into a coherent message.

709
00:39:41,458 --> 00:39:44,167
But anybody that's
listening in won't be able

710
00:39:44,333 --> 00:39:46,167
to make sense of the message.

711
00:39:46,333 --> 00:39:48,375
Enigma was such
a successful cipher

712
00:39:48,542 --> 00:39:51,875
that it took a Herculean
effort to break it.

713
00:39:53,708 --> 00:39:55,875
At the peak
of British decryption efforts,

714
00:39:56,042 --> 00:40:00,792
nearly 9,000 personnel worked
tirelessly at Bletchley Park

715
00:40:00,917 --> 00:40:04,167
and its substations to try
and crack German ciphers.

716
00:40:04,333 --> 00:40:07,208
And then finally, a
breakthrough came

717
00:40:07,375 --> 00:40:09,750
when mathematician
Alan Turing realized

718
00:40:09,875 --> 00:40:14,667
that the Enigma
Machine had a critical flaw.

719
00:40:14,875 --> 00:40:17,583
The Enigma Machine
had one big weakness.

720
00:40:17,750 --> 00:40:20,625
And the weakness
was that a letter

721
00:40:20,792 --> 00:40:23,333
cannot be encoded as itself.

722
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:26,500
So if it's the letter
A, no matter what,

723
00:40:26,708 --> 00:40:29,500
the Enigma Machine will
never make it the letter A.

724
00:40:30,833 --> 00:40:33,125
So you automatically
know what letter it is not.

725
00:40:33,292 --> 00:40:34,667
You're able to work from that.

726
00:40:35,708 --> 00:40:37,667
Alan Turing came
up with the idea

727
00:40:37,875 --> 00:40:40,250
of we could automate
the process of running

728
00:40:40,375 --> 00:40:43,500
through all the possibilities
of what letter this might be.

729
00:40:43,708 --> 00:40:47,667
He worked with another person
by the name of Gordan Welchman

730
00:40:47,833 --> 00:40:51,167
to come up with a device that
they called the Bombe device.

731
00:40:51,375 --> 00:40:54,000
And the Bombe device by 1941,

732
00:40:54,208 --> 00:40:58,542
was cracking Enigma-encoded
messages every day.

733
00:40:59,875 --> 00:41:02,458
While the Enigma
Machine was ultimately deciphered

734
00:41:02,583 --> 00:41:04,583
by the more sophisticated
Bombe device,

735
00:41:04,750 --> 00:41:07,583
both contraptions are
prime examples of the power

736
00:41:07,750 --> 00:41:12,000
of the human mind to
create and crack codes.

737
00:41:12,167 --> 00:41:15,500
The Enigma is the
best-known cipher system in history.

738
00:41:15,667 --> 00:41:18,792
Just because Enigma was
broken during World War II,

739
00:41:18,917 --> 00:41:20,958
doesn't mean we have
decrypts of everything.

740
00:41:21,042 --> 00:41:24,000
Every so often, a researcher
finds Enigma messages

741
00:41:24,208 --> 00:41:26,542
in archives where we
just have the cipher text.

742
00:41:26,708 --> 00:41:28,708
And it's an ongoing battle.

743
00:41:28,875 --> 00:41:31,750
So even now we have Enigma
messages that have gone unread.

744
00:41:31,875 --> 00:41:35,333
The ongoing mystery
of the Enigma messages shows

745
00:41:35,542 --> 00:41:38,208
how strongly human
beings are fascinated

746
00:41:38,375 --> 00:41:40,500
by hidden information.

747
00:41:40,667 --> 00:41:44,333
Throughout history, our
curiosity and ingenuity

748
00:41:44,542 --> 00:41:47,458
have been sparked by
everything from military ciphers

749
00:41:47,583 --> 00:41:52,000
to lost languages, because
we relish the challenge

750
00:41:52,167 --> 00:41:55,875
of a seemingly unbreakable code.

751
00:41:56,875 --> 00:42:00,667
Codes and cyphers are utterly
fascinating to so many people

752
00:42:00,833 --> 00:42:04,125
because it's the
allure of the unknown.

753
00:42:04,292 --> 00:42:07,333
This idea of hiding
information in plain sight

754
00:42:07,542 --> 00:42:10,000
is, so intriguing.

755
00:42:10,167 --> 00:42:12,792
And if only we can
get to the bottom of it,

756
00:42:12,917 --> 00:42:16,667
then it can reveal
wonderful truths,

757
00:42:16,792 --> 00:42:19,208
and marvelous facts,
and great secrets.

758
00:42:20,625 --> 00:42:23,167
There's a whole
history around codes and their

759
00:42:23,375 --> 00:42:26,625
kind of associations that I
think really excite people.

760
00:42:28,042 --> 00:42:30,292
I think probably the
simplest explanation is

761
00:42:30,417 --> 00:42:34,083
that if someone put all
of this effort into hiding it,

762
00:42:34,250 --> 00:42:37,000
that there's something
interesting in there.

763
00:42:37,167 --> 00:42:39,667
There's some reason that
this needed to be hidden.

764
00:42:42,458 --> 00:42:46,208
When secrets are locked away
behind an impenetrable cypher,

765
00:42:46,375 --> 00:42:48,708
it can be quite
frustrating, right?

766
00:42:48,875 --> 00:42:50,667
And we have to
accept the possibility

767
00:42:50,833 --> 00:42:53,500
that some codes
will never be cracked.

768
00:42:53,708 --> 00:42:56,917
But if history is any
indication, humanity will keep

769
00:42:57,083 --> 00:43:01,458
striving to decrypt and decipher
these intriguing codes that,

770
00:43:01,625 --> 00:43:04,792
for the moment, remain
unbreakable and...

771
00:43:04,958 --> 00:43:06,667
unexplained.

772
00:43:06,833 --> 00:43:09,167
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