1
00:00:03,013 --> 00:00:05,043
Every story has a beginning,

2
00:00:06,021 --> 00:00:08,032
even the story of the Universe.

3
00:00:09,059 --> 00:00:12,075
Some 13.7 million years ago,

4
00:00:13,005 --> 00:00:16,082
a mysterious event forced the Universe in to motion,

5
00:00:17,055 --> 00:00:19,086
in the Big Bang.

6
00:00:22,033 --> 00:00:26,014
The ultimate creation every atom, every star

7
00:00:26,036 --> 00:00:28,009
and every galaxy.

8
00:00:29,067 --> 00:00:31,070
But this is our story,

9
00:00:32,022 --> 00:00:36,098
how for thousands years we piece together a vision of the Universe,

10
00:00:37,091 --> 00:00:39,094
made sense through science

11
00:00:40,082 --> 00:00:43,040
and discover our place within it.

12
00:00:44,052 --> 00:00:47,038
This is our story of everything,

13
00:00:47,056 --> 00:00:50,018
from Shaman to scientists,

14
00:00:50,034 --> 00:00:53,034
beyond The Big Bang.

15
00:01:17,044 --> 00:01:21,063
For thousands of years we gathered our observations of the heaven

16
00:01:21,073 --> 00:01:26,007
into books that would more than fill a library.

17
00:01:28,028 --> 00:01:32,049
We build a vast body of knowledge about our Universe.

18
00:01:34,028 --> 00:01:35,066
How it all began,

19
00:01:36,051 --> 00:01:37,080
and how it will End

20
00:01:39,028 --> 00:01:40,088
It is a work in progress.

21
00:01:41,057 --> 00:01:43,051
The script still is being written

22
00:01:43,060 --> 00:01:46,009
and the ink still is wet on the page.

23
00:01:48,001 --> 00:01:49,048
Where do we began?

24
00:01:50,074 --> 00:01:51,098
Let's begin

25
00:01:52,013 --> 00:01:53,036
at beginning.

26
00:01:54,023 --> 00:01:55,044
Let's begin

27
00:01:55,074 --> 00:01:57,022
with The Big Bang.

28
00:02:02,004 --> 00:02:05,003
The Big Bang is a theory of cosmic evolution.

29
00:02:05,015 --> 00:02:08,054
It tell us how the Universe evolved, how it changed

30
00:02:08,071 --> 00:02:10,032
from a split second after whatever

31
00:02:10,032 --> 00:02:11,013
brought it to the existence.

32
00:02:11,053 --> 00:02:13,073
And still we do not know what that is

33
00:02:13,077 --> 00:02:15,039
until today.

34
00:02:18,010 --> 00:02:20,014
When you look out the Universe

35
00:02:20,034 --> 00:02:23,095
and look the other distant galaxies,
you see that all is flying away from us

36
00:02:23,095 --> 00:02:26,084
they all moving outward,

37
00:02:26,084 --> 00:02:28,012
at huge velocity.

38
00:02:29,026 --> 00:02:31,081
You string that all the way back.

39
00:02:31,085 --> 00:02:34,036
You see the one time, maybe

40
00:02:34,036 --> 00:02:36,006
13 or 14 billions of years ago,

41
00:02:36,093 --> 00:02:42,039
everything was must be compress
in an inconceivably dense point.

42
00:02:43,039 --> 00:02:45,051
We know we do not have the whole story

43
00:02:45,055 --> 00:02:49,028
but we ever have whole story in
the history of the physics.

44
00:02:49,039 --> 00:02:52,037
We have series better and better of approaches

45
00:02:52,041 --> 00:02:56,049
rebuilding, start building more and more
beautiful and interesting truths.

46
00:02:58,069 --> 00:03:02,032
The Big Bang is ours theory for the beginning of the Universe.

47
00:03:03,047 --> 00:03:05,005
But for a long time,

48
00:03:05,043 --> 00:03:08,028
people neither did not think about the origin of the Universe

49
00:03:09,069 --> 00:03:12,073
or they assumed the universe had always existed

50
00:03:12,078 --> 00:03:14,038
and was ever lasting.

51
00:03:16,010 --> 00:03:18,059
Even the scientists, they were reluctant

52
00:03:18,059 --> 00:03:20,059
at first to embrace the Big Bang.

53
00:03:21,044 --> 00:03:23,085
It was meant to be a derisive term

54
00:03:23,097 --> 00:03:27,016
However, the Big Bang is really a contradiction

55
00:03:27,020 --> 00:03:28,073
because it wasn't big

56
00:03:28,093 --> 00:03:30,020
and it was no Bang.

57
00:03:30,046 --> 00:03:32,092
It wasn't big because we think that the Universe

58
00:03:32,096 --> 00:03:35,029
started of a singularity of some sort

59
00:03:35,051 --> 00:03:39,086
And it was no Bang because
there was no air to carry the vibrations.

60
00:03:40,001 --> 00:03:44,082
So Big Bang is in some sense a misnomer but the name stuck.

61
00:03:45,078 --> 00:03:47,077
And so has the theory.

62
00:03:48,045 --> 00:03:53,078
Right now Big Bang theory is a solid part
of science we understand it.

63
00:03:54,005 --> 00:03:55,035
Anybody who do not accept it will be

64
00:03:55,039 --> 00:03:58,065
regard by most of the community as a crackpot.

65
00:03:59,076 --> 00:04:03,024
But acceptance and understanding
they are two different things.

66
00:04:04,008 --> 00:04:06,041
The Big Bang theory doesn't yet provided

67
00:04:06,041 --> 00:04:08,041
all the answers science seeks,

68
00:04:08,057 --> 00:04:11,020
to explain how our Universe was born.

69
00:04:11,090 --> 00:04:15,082
When cosmologists refer to talk about the Big Band theory,

70
00:04:15,099 --> 00:04:19,009
it is really on description of aftermath The Big Band.

71
00:04:19,053 --> 00:04:22,038
The conventional Big Bang theory say anything about

72
00:04:22,038 --> 00:04:24,038
what Bang, why Bang

73
00:04:24,042 --> 00:04:26,049
or what happened before Bang.

74
00:04:27,023 --> 00:04:29,080
Right now, at this very second

75
00:04:29,093 --> 00:04:32,058
we're in the aftermath of the Big Bang.

76
00:04:33,014 --> 00:04:36,031
Everything what we see, and hear,

77
00:04:36,035 --> 00:04:41,053
and taste, and smell, and touch is aftermath.

78
00:04:43,012 --> 00:04:47,091
The Big Bang is really our evolving, expanding universe.

79
00:04:49,092 --> 00:04:54,002
For us, mostly stuck on our rocky little planet

80
00:04:54,053 --> 00:04:57,072
the view of the Universe begins with the Earth.

81
00:04:58,072 --> 00:05:00,012
This is the Earth.

82
00:05:00,068 --> 00:05:04,055
Silicon and oxygen based with metallic core.

83
00:05:05,039 --> 00:05:07,082
The surface is mostly water.

84
00:05:08,020 --> 00:05:12,033
It teems with life and rotate once every 24 hours

85
00:05:12,037 --> 00:05:15,047
while orbit the star called sun

86
00:05:15,047 --> 00:05:17,097
every 365 days.

87
00:05:21,021 --> 00:05:25,005
This it is the Sun. Mostly hydrogen and helium.

88
00:05:26,002 --> 00:05:30,003
Its surface temperature it is nearly 10,000 degrees F

89
00:05:33,033 --> 00:05:34,083
For energy

90
00:05:34,087 --> 00:05:38,018
our sun convert 700 million tons of hydrogen

91
00:05:38,030 --> 00:05:42,056
into 695 million tons of helium every second.

92
00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:45,054
The Sun is part of the Solar System,

93
00:05:45,055 --> 00:05:48,055
Formed around 4.5 billion years ago,

94
00:05:48,058 --> 00:05:51,092
that includes the Earth and 7 others orbiting planets.

95
00:05:51,096 --> 00:05:54,053
From Mercury to Neptune.

96
00:05:54,091 --> 00:05:57,011
And it isn't a static system.

97
00:05:59,037 --> 00:06:02,029
Our Solar System is spanning,

98
00:06:02,042 --> 00:06:07,001
flying thought space at 134 miles per second.

99
00:06:08,053 --> 00:06:10,023
Turning in circles.

100
00:06:10,023 --> 00:06:14,023
As part of a vast collection of stars and star systems.

101
00:06:14,076 --> 00:06:17,062
There are maybe 200 billion stars

102
00:06:17,062 --> 00:06:20,062
in this collection called Milky Way Galaxy.

103
00:06:21,038 --> 00:06:24,090
And assumed 6 billions of these stars

104
00:06:24,090 --> 00:06:26,090
with planetary system like ours.

105
00:06:27,094 --> 00:06:31,039
Our Solar System orbit the center of the Milky Way,

106
00:06:31,063 --> 00:06:33,063
on one of outer arms.

107
00:06:36,094 --> 00:06:41,071
The Milky Way is one of more than 125 billions of galaxies,

108
00:06:41,075 --> 00:06:43,085
that make up the observable Universe.

109
00:06:51,064 --> 00:06:54,004
This it is the Universe.

110
00:06:55,044 --> 00:06:57,051
It is really really big.

111
00:06:58,047 --> 00:06:59,094
And it's getting greater.

112
00:07:00,082 --> 00:07:02,043
It is expanding.

113
00:07:03,083 --> 00:07:08,078
If the universe is expanding, then it used to be smaller.

114
00:07:08,084 --> 00:07:10,042
Much smaller.

115
00:07:11,031 --> 00:07:16,008
In fact, if we were backing time, we could watch it shrink.

116
00:07:20,065 --> 00:07:22,048
That's far enough,

117
00:07:22,053 --> 00:07:25,034
and Universe would be smaller than a galaxy.

118
00:07:26,065 --> 00:07:30,019
Back, and the Universe smaller than our Solar System.

119
00:07:30,067 --> 00:07:35,000
Further back and everything exists fits inside a studio,

120
00:07:35,031 --> 00:07:36,095
a coffee cup,

121
00:07:37,025 --> 00:07:38,054
an atom.

122
00:07:39,074 --> 00:07:42,044
13.7 billion years ago

123
00:07:43,005 --> 00:07:47,002
the Universal was smaller than the smallest part of an atom.

124
00:07:48,022 --> 00:07:50,000
Unbelievably small.

125
00:07:51,079 --> 00:07:53,097
Then something happened.

126
00:07:59,072 --> 00:08:02,080
In a flash, each thing suddenly expanded.

127
00:08:04,091 --> 00:08:06,065
This was how all began

128
00:08:07,045 --> 00:08:09,067
the first moment of the existence,

129
00:08:10,019 --> 00:08:11,085
what we now called

130
00:08:12,004 --> 00:08:13,051
The Big Bang.

131
00:08:15,018 --> 00:08:18,012
That's what we know it's be true,
not because theories be invented

132
00:08:18,021 --> 00:08:20,071
but because all the observations result.

133
00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,021
We can predict the abundance of light elements

134
00:08:23,025 --> 00:08:27,012
they agree over 10 orders of magnitude over what we see.

135
00:08:28,019 --> 00:08:31,026
So the fundamentals picture of Universe is expanding,

136
00:08:31,045 --> 00:08:33,029
emerging, got a hot,

137
00:08:33,029 --> 00:08:35,029
dense universe, find that time in the past

138
00:08:35,075 --> 00:08:37,063
it is the the Big Bang picture.

139
00:08:38,032 --> 00:08:42,090
The theory of Big Bang isn't sort of thing
you can figure out over night.

140
00:08:43,039 --> 00:08:44,092
It takes years.

141
00:08:45,036 --> 00:08:47,050
Centuries of accumulated wisdom.

142
00:08:49,013 --> 00:08:52,058
Mankind has been thinking about it for a long time.

143
00:08:54,052 --> 00:08:57,054
Even before we realized, we were thinking about it.

144
00:08:58,067 --> 00:09:02,092
Everytime we looked at stars, we will thinking about it.

145
00:09:03,086 --> 00:09:06,033
How do we know what we now know?

146
00:09:07,043 --> 00:09:09,073
How do we figure it all out?

147
00:09:09,082 --> 00:09:12,042
That is the heart of our story.

148
00:09:12,051 --> 00:09:16,080
The story of how ours concept of the Universe evolved.

149
00:09:17,080 --> 00:09:20,068
We stock pilled the discoveries of the most

150
00:09:20,068 --> 00:09:22,098
brilliants members of our species, allowing us

151
00:09:23,007 --> 00:09:28,007
however strain and whatever struggle it involves

152
00:09:28,031 --> 00:09:31,041
to slowly ascend the ladder of knowledge.

153
00:09:32,050 --> 00:09:36,002
Maybe compensating the fact, anyone of us

154
00:09:36,034 --> 00:09:38,099
it's just too stupid to figure it all out

155
00:09:45,029 --> 00:09:47,054
So where do we began?

156
00:09:56,055 --> 00:10:00,044
Today, professional astronomers and physicists
on camps like

157
00:10:00,056 --> 00:10:02,088
the Massachusets Institute of Technology

158
00:10:04,012 --> 00:10:06,053
and Cambridge University in England

159
00:10:06,072 --> 00:10:09,057
wage debate about the Big Bang theory.

160
00:10:11,054 --> 00:10:14,068
But the conversation began a long time ago.

161
00:10:15,049 --> 00:10:18,081
Before anyone ever heard about The Big Bang.

162
00:10:18,090 --> 00:10:22,044
Before anyone knew what heaven is really were.

163
00:10:22,099 --> 00:10:25,017
Away before that science exist

164
00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:28,036
or with even contemplation in the mind of anybody

165
00:10:28,055 --> 00:10:30,076
people asking questions about origin.

166
00:10:35,047 --> 00:10:37,092
When early man look at the sky

167
00:10:38,039 --> 00:10:41,088
He saw dominated it by the warming, life giving sun

168
00:10:47,004 --> 00:10:50,044
At night, he saw the Moon and the stars.

169
00:10:53,016 --> 00:10:57,048
This was the Universe... harsh, hostile and chaotic.

170
00:10:58,035 --> 00:11:01,035
With a drifting sun shifted cross the sky

171
00:11:01,044 --> 00:11:04,008
the season one from warm to cold

172
00:11:06,094 --> 00:11:10,000
The primitive people needed to understand their world

173
00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:12,000
in order to survive it.

174
00:11:12,082 --> 00:11:15,048
People has absolutely no control of the nature.

175
00:11:16,004 --> 00:11:19,090
The balance of expected and unexpected made people

176
00:11:20,028 --> 00:11:22,065
make nature into Gods

177
00:11:22,089 --> 00:11:26,023
in order to establish some kind of relation with them.

178
00:11:28,038 --> 00:11:31,042
Without telescopes as modern observatories

179
00:11:31,097 --> 00:11:34,063
primitive people relies in the simple structures

180
00:11:34,072 --> 00:11:37,071
to help them to understand skies.

181
00:11:39,071 --> 00:11:42,027
At places like Stonehenge, in England

182
00:11:43,015 --> 00:11:45,017
or Chichen Itza, in Mexico

183
00:11:46,071 --> 00:11:49,034
they attemped to connected into heaven

184
00:11:49,075 --> 00:11:52,017
the perceived home of the Gods.

185
00:11:53,092 --> 00:11:56,085
This were simple instruments of observation

186
00:11:57,017 --> 00:11:58,033
and tools of analysis

187
00:11:58,033 --> 00:12:03,033
that help to make sense for dancing universe

188
00:12:04,023 --> 00:12:08,059
We are here is Eastern part of Germany
and 700 km south of Berlin

189
00:12:08,082 --> 00:12:10,070
in a little village, called Gosek.

190
00:12:11,047 --> 00:12:14,020
One of the oldest monuments,
dedicated to the sun and stars

191
00:12:14,020 --> 00:12:15,020
it was found here.

192
00:12:18,077 --> 00:12:21,016
This is the solar observatory of Gosek.

193
00:12:21,041 --> 00:12:23,047
It was build 7000 years ago,

194
00:12:23,082 --> 00:12:26,087
and was used by early farmer to tell the time of the year.

195
00:12:34,037 --> 00:12:39,073
Constructed 2000 years before Stonehenge
and reconstructed here

196
00:12:40,072 --> 00:12:43,084
this is the Europe oldest known calendar.

197
00:12:44,029 --> 00:12:46,035
During the winter and summer solstices

198
00:12:46,035 --> 00:12:49,035
the shortest and longest day of the year

199
00:12:50,009 --> 00:12:53,096
the setting sun lights up with gate in the parlances.

200
00:12:55,050 --> 00:12:56,091
The knowledge of days

201
00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:01,013
helped this people understand the life giving sun.

202
00:13:04,005 --> 00:13:06,029
The nice sky is a clock.

203
00:13:06,048 --> 00:13:10,077
It is a gigantic clock staring you at face that
allowed the ancient

204
00:13:10,086 --> 00:13:13,091
to calculate when to plant, when to harvest.

205
00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:18,011
In other words, they are very livelihood
depended on their understanding

206
00:13:18,020 --> 00:13:20,098
of the motions of the sun and the heavens

207
00:13:23,074 --> 00:13:28,039
This idea of astronomy predicting
the behavior of the natural world

208
00:13:28,057 --> 00:13:30,059
based on the motion of the heavens,

209
00:13:30,068 --> 00:13:33,049
gets mixed with the dogma of the astrology

210
00:13:34,002 --> 00:13:37,097
the belief that the motion of
heavens predetermined our fate.

211
00:13:38,081 --> 00:13:41,078
That meteor signal military victory.

212
00:13:43,071 --> 00:13:46,025
A new star, the birth of a king.

213
00:13:47,043 --> 00:13:50,047
Back there astronomy was predicted
the motion of stars.

214
00:13:50,064 --> 00:13:54,044
Astrology was predicted how
the stars effected us.

215
00:13:54,069 --> 00:13:58,037
And it's real hard in the ancient may to separate this two.

216
00:13:58,090 --> 00:14:04,027
If you understand the clock works on heavens
you understand how our fate are going to be.

217
00:14:06,075 --> 00:14:12,017
The astrologers divide the skies in
regions as early as 6 century B.C.

218
00:14:14,052 --> 00:14:16,056
They saw shapes in the stars

219
00:14:17,024 --> 00:14:20,032
and named the regions after the shapes.

220
00:14:20,077 --> 00:14:22,001
Aries

221
00:14:22,065 --> 00:14:23,085
Taurus

222
00:14:24,063 --> 00:14:25,036
and Geminis

223
00:14:25,047 --> 00:14:27,046
among others.

224
00:14:29,037 --> 00:14:33,096
But the astrologers give a story sky to divied their fate.

225
00:14:34,013 --> 00:14:37,066
They also watched and learned
how the heaven moved.

226
00:14:38,081 --> 00:14:41,005
From superstitious models comes to baby steps

227
00:14:41,005 --> 00:14:43,055
of the scientific observation.

228
00:14:45,090 --> 00:14:48,028
I see science as a journey

229
00:14:48,069 --> 00:14:52,000
that ours species has been on for

230
00:14:52,024 --> 00:14:54,086
roughly 2500 years to try to contiguous

231
00:14:54,098 --> 00:14:57,076
deep way as possible with the universe

232
00:14:58,022 --> 00:15:02,002
the laws of the universe,
structure of the universe, what make things up

233
00:15:02,006 --> 00:15:06,089
how they evolve and what's their
force, their govern changes.

234
00:15:08,007 --> 00:15:11,000
But sometimes, the simple observation

235
00:15:11,004 --> 00:15:14,013
can leave fundamental worry conclusions.

236
00:15:16,002 --> 00:15:17,039
When you look out the Universe

237
00:15:17,043 --> 00:15:20,008
the first sight you get is we are the center of the earth,

238
00:15:20,012 --> 00:15:22,095
that universe is revolved around us,

239
00:15:23,014 --> 00:15:25,074
Stars goes cross the night sky,
the sun goes cross the day,

240
00:15:25,080 --> 00:15:31,035
and the sight was the Earth was fixed
and the heaven was rotated about us.

241
00:15:32,050 --> 00:15:35,047
But that perception is completely wrong.

242
00:15:35,047 --> 00:15:40,005
Earth is not fixed, it is not the center of anything.

243
00:15:40,046 --> 00:15:42,076
The whole history of cosmology

244
00:15:43,035 --> 00:15:47,056
it is the relentless retreat of Earth from center stage.

245
00:15:49,003 --> 00:15:53,006
Nevertheless, the gathering of knowledge move forward.

246
00:15:54,048 --> 00:15:56,028
Using the mathematics

247
00:15:56,032 --> 00:15:59,073
The ancient Greeks provided more detailed information

248
00:15:59,077 --> 00:16:04,021
about our dominant celestial neighbors
the Sun and the Moon.

249
00:16:04,083 --> 00:16:09,015
Even back then, 2000 years ago, they knew the Earth curves.

250
00:16:09,033 --> 00:16:13,037
By look at the shades, they calculated
the size of the Earth

251
00:16:13,041 --> 00:16:16,006
to within about 10% accuracy.

252
00:16:16,031 --> 00:16:20,001
They actually calculated the distance from
the Earth to the Moon

253
00:16:20,007 --> 00:16:24,009
and rough dimension of the distance from the Earth to the Sun

254
00:16:24,023 --> 00:16:26,094
so in other words, the ancient were no fools.

255
00:16:29,046 --> 00:16:34,029
The ancient Greeks also recognized 2 types of stars.

256
00:16:34,074 --> 00:16:38,090
The most was fixed and small and moved together.

257
00:16:40,090 --> 00:16:46,045
A few were larger and moved half-hazardly
so was seem.

258
00:16:46,082 --> 00:16:48,061
This were the planets

259
00:16:48,065 --> 00:16:52,084
And predict thire motion become centuries long goal.

260
00:16:54,056 --> 00:16:58,001
With just the naked eye to scan the skies.

261
00:16:58,030 --> 00:17:00,094
The Greeks saw only 5 planets

262
00:17:01,025 --> 00:17:04,011
naming each their Gods.

263
00:17:06,029 --> 00:17:09,018
Today we more familiar with the Roman denominations:

264
00:17:10,038 --> 00:17:12,071
Mercury, Venus

265
00:17:13,071 --> 00:17:18,009
Mars, Saturn and Jupiter.

266
00:17:19,028 --> 00:17:23,049
Ancient astronomy assumed a concept of the universe

267
00:17:23,069 --> 00:17:28,063
proposed by the 4 century B.C. Greek philosopher Aristotle

268
00:17:29,021 --> 00:17:33,010
who imagined the Earth at center of the Universe,

269
00:17:33,098 --> 00:17:39,004
with a sun, moon, stars and planets

270
00:17:39,027 --> 00:17:42,013
all revolved elegant around it

271
00:17:42,018 --> 00:17:45,019
in perfect crystalline spheres.

272
00:17:45,040 --> 00:17:48,080
Aristotle's universe was finite, it was a big sphere

273
00:17:48,094 --> 00:17:53,041
actually was like an onion,
was like an onion with many concept spheres

274
00:17:53,091 --> 00:17:56,058
First century astronomy Tolomeo

275
00:17:56,084 --> 00:17:59,006
Improved on Aristotle

276
00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:03,049
by actually trace path of planets.

277
00:18:03,069 --> 00:18:07,036
Which don't move half-hazardly at all

278
00:18:07,099 --> 00:18:12,017
Using complex circular motion calls epicitios

279
00:18:12,023 --> 00:18:17,029
Tolomeo could predict proscribe patterns
and changing velocitys.

280
00:18:18,045 --> 00:18:22,018
In other words Tolomeo's system reliably predicted

281
00:18:22,022 --> 00:18:24,072
the future behavior of the planets.

282
00:18:24,087 --> 00:18:26,086
Another step in man's journey

283
00:18:26,090 --> 00:18:30,088
to understand and control the Universe.

284
00:18:31,092 --> 00:18:34,068
The Tolomeo's system was extremely complex

285
00:18:34,078 --> 00:18:37,027
it had all this planets goin loops

286
00:18:37,031 --> 00:18:39,096
and works builtfuly but was just worry.

287
00:18:40,007 --> 00:18:44,000
The idea that you can predict something

288
00:18:44,008 --> 00:18:47,078
doesn't mean you understand
fundamental principles behind that.

289
00:18:48,084 --> 00:18:53,022
Tolomeo's system did not actually review the universe

290
00:18:53,040 --> 00:18:55,048
but it did try.

291
00:18:56,085 --> 00:19:00,060
He essentially showed that the positions of planets

292
00:19:00,073 --> 00:19:05,074
could be calculated for any time past or future

293
00:19:05,093 --> 00:19:10,066
It was a tour de force of the mathematics understanding.

294
00:19:11,007 --> 00:19:13,007
Interestingly

295
00:19:13,007 --> 00:19:17,063
the astronomy seemed to stand still for centuries after that.

296
00:19:18,081 --> 00:19:23,092
In fact after the claps of Rome in the 476 A.D.

297
00:19:24,011 --> 00:19:26,076
The astronomy actually lose the ground.

298
00:19:27,085 --> 00:19:31,042
Europe fragmented into smaller powers

299
00:19:31,050 --> 00:19:34,099
and a lot of wisdom of Greek was lost.

300
00:19:35,058 --> 00:19:40,068
Thousand years later, a new theory
would confront the accepted beliefs

301
00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:43,008
about how the heaven worked

302
00:19:43,062 --> 00:19:49,048
and would move man kind one step closer to the
theory of the Big Bang

303
00:19:51,082 --> 00:19:54,027
During 15 century A.D.

304
00:19:54,048 --> 00:19:57,011
An idea called heliocentrism,

305
00:19:57,017 --> 00:20:02,015
claimed the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Universe.

306
00:20:04,026 --> 00:20:06,074
This horrified the Christian clergy

307
00:20:06,078 --> 00:20:09,086
who felt contradicted the word of God.

308
00:20:10,035 --> 00:20:14,013
If God created the Earth and man his own image

309
00:20:14,038 --> 00:20:17,075
then Earth and its devotee inhabitants

310
00:20:17,088 --> 00:20:20,019
must be the center of everything.

311
00:20:22,061 --> 00:20:26,044
Ironically, the champion of the sun center universe

312
00:20:26,049 --> 00:20:29,068
was devotee church deacon from Frombork, Poland.

313
00:20:29,074 --> 00:20:32,034
Name Nicolas Copernicus.

314
00:20:33,098 --> 00:20:37,008
He was a cathedral administrator.

315
00:20:37,035 --> 00:20:41,059
Working to help collect the rents,
helping people who were sick.

316
00:20:41,073 --> 00:20:45,047
But in between he was working on astronomy.

317
00:20:46,050 --> 00:20:51,070
Copernicus was troubled by Tolomeo's
complex heavenly mechanics.

318
00:20:53,054 --> 00:20:56,030
But he found an elegant solution.

319
00:20:58,020 --> 00:21:01,085
When he moved the Earth from center
of the Solar System

320
00:21:08,038 --> 00:21:13,009
And replaced it with the Sun at heart at all.

321
00:21:17,094 --> 00:21:21,080
When Copernicus put the planets
going around the sun

322
00:21:22,011 --> 00:21:27,077
He discovered that planet Mercury,
which goes around about 3 months

323
00:21:28,001 --> 00:21:30,090
Ultimately fell close to the sun.

324
00:21:31,011 --> 00:21:36,081
Saturn, the slowest planet,
which goes around about 30 years,

325
00:21:36,089 --> 00:21:40,064
ultimately fell the outside edge.

326
00:21:40,084 --> 00:21:43,059
Copernicus wrote: In no other way

327
00:21:43,066 --> 00:21:46,036
do we find such harmonious connection

328
00:21:47,005 --> 00:21:50,096
between the size of the orbit and its period.

329
00:21:51,035 --> 00:21:54,058
That seemed almost magic.

330
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,079
Copernicus also insisted that the Earth was rotated

331
00:22:01,091 --> 00:22:07,020
that it spun completely around its axis every 24 hours.

332
00:22:09,039 --> 00:22:13,012
The heaven did not move, we did.

333
00:22:14,060 --> 00:22:17,078
The stars chasing across sky each night,

334
00:22:18,015 --> 00:22:22,065
was mearly an illusion created by the rotating Earth.

335
00:22:25,021 --> 00:22:28,021
Likely, afraid of Church reprisals.

336
00:22:28,029 --> 00:22:30,097
Copernicus abstained from to publish his theory

337
00:22:31,001 --> 00:22:34,067
until he was on his death bed in 1543.

338
00:22:35,063 --> 00:22:40,041
But his book "Concerning the revolution of celestial orbit"

339
00:22:40,081 --> 00:22:43,021
paved the way for Johannes Kepler,

340
00:22:43,071 --> 00:22:45,069
born in 1571

341
00:22:46,038 --> 00:22:49,064
the champion of observational science.

342
00:22:50,049 --> 00:22:56,046
Kepler was the true hero here, because he was
the one really come out, trumpeted to the world

343
00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:59,064
the Sun has to be the center.

344
00:23:02,082 --> 00:23:08,003
Kepler had his disposition a trove of astronomical data,

345
00:23:08,032 --> 00:23:11,064
collected through years staring of sky

346
00:23:13,061 --> 00:23:18,053
When he checked his observations
and did calculations, and realized

347
00:23:18,081 --> 00:23:23,064
that's not only was the sun center of the Solar System

348
00:23:23,086 --> 00:23:27,050
but the perfect circles were a figment also.

349
00:23:27,091 --> 00:23:33,008
Maybe it's uglyer philosophically, but it really match the data.

350
00:23:35,024 --> 00:23:38,021
Kepler improved on Copernicus's system

351
00:23:38,092 --> 00:23:42,035
by hypothesis that planets traveled

352
00:23:42,035 --> 00:23:44,035
not in perfect circles,

353
00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:48,083
but in ellipses around the sun.

354
00:23:50,055 --> 00:23:53,097
Kepler's data also pointed a strange phenomenon

355
00:23:54,001 --> 00:23:57,004
struggled but fault to understand.

356
00:23:57,074 --> 00:24:01,092
As the planets approached the Sun, they speed up.

357
00:24:02,041 --> 00:24:05,042
For their away, they slow down.

358
00:24:11,026 --> 00:24:14,045
Together, the sun centered Universe

359
00:24:15,013 --> 00:24:17,098
and the variable speed of the planets,

360
00:24:18,078 --> 00:24:22,037
best explained what we see here in the Earth.

361
00:24:24,023 --> 00:24:28,055
Suddenly and for the first time, the sun centered pictures,

362
00:24:28,062 --> 00:24:32,098
gives better predictions than Earth centered pictures.

363
00:24:33,006 --> 00:24:36,033
And you have normal something trace by data,

364
00:24:36,037 --> 00:24:38,063
but does something scientist suppose to do

365
00:24:38,063 --> 00:24:40,003
which is make predictions, which is good.

366
00:24:41,091 --> 00:24:46,035
But it's a cosmic riddle seemed solved, another remained.

367
00:24:47,066 --> 00:24:51,038
Kepler saw that the sun influenced speed of planets

368
00:24:51,042 --> 00:24:54,067
as they traveled through the space. But how?

369
00:24:55,087 --> 00:24:58,046
Before anyone address this mystery,

370
00:24:58,050 --> 00:25:00,079
dogma and science collided.

371
00:25:00,083 --> 00:25:04,055
In a conflict revibration to this very day.

372
00:25:10,005 --> 00:25:15,082
At the turning of 17 century,
Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei

373
00:25:16,057 --> 00:25:19,084
would take the theories of Copernicus and Kepler

374
00:25:20,037 --> 00:25:23,033
that the sun was center of the Solar System

375
00:25:23,060 --> 00:25:27,054
And prove them right beyond any shade of doubts.

376
00:25:28,051 --> 00:25:31,058
He did it with a new technology,

377
00:25:32,011 --> 00:25:35,019
that would change the course of history.

378
00:25:36,009 --> 00:25:39,046
The telescope, in a some sense, is most blasphemous

379
00:25:39,050 --> 00:25:44,057
most seditious, most revolutionary and most

380
00:25:44,057 --> 00:25:46,057
splendorous instrument of science.

381
00:25:48,010 --> 00:25:52,097
All science received a greatest gift

382
00:25:53,008 --> 00:25:56,049
in this tool bring distant objects close.

383
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:00,088
Once the idea get out,

384
00:26:01,017 --> 00:26:04,059
you can take 2 lenses, one open in such a way

385
00:26:04,065 --> 00:26:08,067
put them in a tube and make a spyglass out of it.

386
00:26:09,035 --> 00:26:13,084
That's bright like wild fire around world as it did.

387
00:26:14,063 --> 00:26:18,086
So the issure now is not who got the telescope,

388
00:26:18,097 --> 00:26:20,057
but you now knew what to do with it.

389
00:26:21,039 --> 00:26:23,009
Would you looking people's windows?

390
00:26:23,013 --> 00:26:26,072
Would you look up and out of the Universe.

391
00:26:32,035 --> 00:26:36,080
Galileo improved the design in 1609

392
00:26:37,026 --> 00:26:42,008
by grinding his own lenses, and creating one that

393
00:26:42,019 --> 00:26:45,037
could magnify in unprecedent 30 times.

394
00:26:50,035 --> 00:26:54,091
And with that telescope for some resaen,
he decided to look at sky,

395
00:26:54,095 --> 00:26:58,010
that suppose to in come the sharp of republic of Venice

396
00:26:58,014 --> 00:27:02,004
and what he saw complate changed scope of astronomy.

397
00:27:03,087 --> 00:27:08,033
Galileo was treated to the clearest and most detailed

398
00:27:08,037 --> 00:27:10,066
view of heaven that any person had ever know.

399
00:27:11,073 --> 00:27:16,055
Through its telescope, Galileo saw thousands more stars

400
00:27:17,074 --> 00:27:19,085
a Moon populate with craters

401
00:27:20,066 --> 00:27:23,023
satellites circleing Jupiter

402
00:27:23,081 --> 00:27:26,054
Saturn with giant ears.

403
00:27:26,088 --> 00:27:30,063
Greatest of all, Galileo plainly saw

404
00:27:30,063 --> 00:27:34,063
that Venus went through phases like our moon.

405
00:27:36,012 --> 00:27:39,067
Clear evidence that Venus orbited the sun.

406
00:27:40,064 --> 00:27:44,040
Proved the sun centered system.

407
00:27:45,068 --> 00:27:49,098
This show in first time that Copernicus was right

408
00:27:50,005 --> 00:27:53,067
the Earth was not the center
of the Solar System, the Sun was.

409
00:27:53,074 --> 00:27:56,049
So Galileo with its telescope

410
00:27:56,053 --> 00:28:01,098
push earth away from center of the Universe,
said: "We are not the center of everything.

411
00:28:02,028 --> 00:28:06,009
We are one planet among others.

412
00:28:06,065 --> 00:28:10,075
And could be much larger universe than we known."

413
00:28:11,025 --> 00:28:15,001
With Copernicus had assumed for aesthetic reasons

414
00:28:15,012 --> 00:28:18,097
With Kepler had deduced
measurement and mathematical

415
00:28:19,081 --> 00:28:21,063
Galileo proved.

416
00:28:22,050 --> 00:28:24,035
Galileo saw.

417
00:28:24,095 --> 00:28:27,024
Galileo reviewed.

418
00:28:28,007 --> 00:28:33,063
The ancient had seen everything could
possible seen through naked eye.

419
00:28:33,078 --> 00:28:38,048
It's really take a new instrument to get beyond that.

420
00:28:38,090 --> 00:28:41,086
The telescope that was the break point was

421
00:28:41,087 --> 00:28:43,087
between ancient and the modern's.

422
00:28:44,093 --> 00:28:47,060
Centuries of church dogmas

423
00:28:47,060 --> 00:28:49,060
claiming the Earth was the center of the Universe,

424
00:28:49,064 --> 00:28:52,029
with now clearly worry.

425
00:28:52,033 --> 00:28:55,068
With the Catholic Church still waving

426
00:28:55,068 --> 00:28:57,068
for schism of protestant reformation

427
00:28:57,073 --> 00:29:01,025
Galileo discovery seemed to undermine scripture.

428
00:29:02,051 --> 00:29:06,041
Dangerous for a Church they felt under siege

429
00:29:06,064 --> 00:29:10,048
Dangerous for the scientist who posting it.

430
00:29:11,002 --> 00:29:14,046
Nevertheless, Galileo, a devotee catholic

431
00:29:14,056 --> 00:29:20,031
published his observations in the book
called The story Messenger in 1610.

432
00:29:20,093 --> 00:29:22,019
Surprisingly

433
00:29:22,023 --> 00:29:26,096
the Church welcomed Galileo's findings, at the first.

434
00:29:27,085 --> 00:29:31,071
Had Galileo been a little more careful

435
00:29:31,071 --> 00:29:34,011
with his approach, may got no way with it.

436
00:29:34,026 --> 00:29:39,063
A famous quotation from cardinal Baroni,
a predecessor, was

437
00:29:39,087 --> 00:29:43,070
"The Bible tell us how to go to heaven,
not how the heaven's go."

438
00:29:45,087 --> 00:29:49,055
Ultimately, Galileo's downfall was not his inability

439
00:29:49,059 --> 00:29:52,027
to sway the Church to his way of thinking

440
00:29:52,064 --> 00:29:55,071
but rather his attempt at interpreting scripture

441
00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:59,049
all by himself, independent of the Church.

442
00:30:00,024 --> 00:30:02,081
Galileo credits St Augustin,

443
00:30:03,029 --> 00:30:06,074
who said that: "If you find interpretation of scriptures

444
00:30:07,002 --> 00:30:09,099
which same to be contradicted established knowledge

445
00:30:10,003 --> 00:30:13,037
then you should reconsider that
interpretation of scriptures".

446
00:30:13,073 --> 00:30:17,035
But the Church concent with perceived

447
00:30:17,035 --> 00:30:18,035
frash its own power,

448
00:30:18,084 --> 00:30:22,073
could not concent the biblical interpretation to Galileo.

449
00:30:26,065 --> 00:30:30,096
In 1633, after Galileo publish a new book

450
00:30:31,008 --> 00:30:33,004
champion in the sun centered system.

451
00:30:33,078 --> 00:30:37,037
The Pope saw him for standing trial for heresy.

452
00:30:40,032 --> 00:30:43,042
He forced to giveup all his copernican ideas,

453
00:30:43,046 --> 00:30:47,019
which apparently he did kneeling in front of the tribunal.

454
00:30:52,024 --> 00:30:57,040
In spite of its confession, Galileo quietly
hold fast for his beliefs

455
00:30:57,061 --> 00:31:00,059
throw out his final years under house arrest

456
00:31:00,059 --> 00:31:02,059
at Siena outside of Florence.

457
00:31:06,010 --> 00:31:09,096
Galileo is the first modern scientist, in the sense that

458
00:31:10,006 --> 00:31:13,038
he actively in gage observations with the telescope

459
00:31:13,071 --> 00:31:16,073
he actively proposed theories consistent with telescope

460
00:31:16,093 --> 00:31:21,034
and he dared, he dared to challenge
the Orthodoxy at the moment.

461
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:26,020
Shortly before his death in 1642

462
00:31:26,078 --> 00:31:31,003
Galileo inadvertently steped over a clues to Kepler puzzle

463
00:31:31,087 --> 00:31:35,079
about the Sun strange influence on planetary motion.

464
00:31:37,042 --> 00:31:40,045
It was a cluse would help pointed future generations

465
00:31:40,084 --> 00:31:43,028
pull the theory of Big Bang.

466
00:31:44,032 --> 00:31:46,069
Galileo's last published work

467
00:31:46,069 --> 00:31:49,069
dialogue on the properties of the falling bodies.

468
00:31:50,058 --> 00:31:54,013
Which he noticed always accelerated to same rate

469
00:31:54,013 --> 00:31:56,013
no matter what their mass.

470
00:31:58,087 --> 00:32:01,009
But would take other genius

471
00:32:01,009 --> 00:32:03,009
to connect this two puzzle pieces together

472
00:32:03,053 --> 00:32:06,051
in a theory of the gravity.

473
00:32:07,087 --> 00:32:11,004
Isaac Newton, born in 1643

474
00:32:11,052 --> 00:32:14,077
he explained the mechanism by which the planets moved.

475
00:32:16,010 --> 00:32:21,045
And not just how the planets moved,
but how everything moved. From planets

476
00:32:24,017 --> 00:32:25,046
to apples.

477
00:32:38,023 --> 00:32:42,018
Newton was a towering intellect.
It is astonishing what he did.

478
00:32:43,003 --> 00:32:46,061
His moment in the history of science is a sharp break

479
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:49,022
in which the power of the mathematics

480
00:32:49,034 --> 00:32:53,037
it really brought to bear on aspects of the physicial universe.

481
00:32:53,082 --> 00:32:57,010
He is what set us down this path of using mathematics

482
00:32:57,022 --> 00:32:59,099
to describe Universe, showing the maths for some reason

483
00:32:59,099 --> 00:33:01,099
is the language of the cosmos.

484
00:33:06,018 --> 00:33:10,059
Kepler observed through these data,
the tracked effects the Sun

485
00:33:11,043 --> 00:33:13,075
it acted like a giant magnet.

486
00:33:15,099 --> 00:33:20,006
Might the planets could also be like magnets?

487
00:33:20,018 --> 00:33:25,002
Galileo's theorized about the rate
acceleration of the falling bodies.

488
00:33:25,045 --> 00:33:28,017
And he realize is regardless their mass.

489
00:33:28,093 --> 00:33:31,097
Falling objects always fall at same rate.

490
00:33:33,006 --> 00:33:38,024
But years later, Newton had something
to add to Kepler and Galileo.

491
00:33:38,036 --> 00:33:41,056
The great inside Newton had was

492
00:33:41,068 --> 00:33:44,058
bring Galileo and Kepler together and to realize that

493
00:33:44,070 --> 00:33:47,080
the things that make project goes moving
falling the Earth

494
00:33:47,092 --> 00:33:51,045
it is same things makes the planets
going around the Sun in the skies.

495
00:33:53,017 --> 00:33:57,027
In a sense, the planets are falling towards the Sun,

496
00:33:59,038 --> 00:34:02,085
just as Galileo's falling bodies fall towards the earth.

497
00:34:06,041 --> 00:34:08,074
The crack at all is the gravity

498
00:34:09,010 --> 00:34:13,045
that strange action at distance that hold everything together.

499
00:34:15,062 --> 00:34:21,016
Newton didn't just observed the gravity,
he draw it up as a provable equation

500
00:34:22,032 --> 00:34:24,085
showing that gravity was the energy

501
00:34:25,036 --> 00:34:30,036
the catcher that capture matter,
objects like the Earth and the planets

502
00:34:31,047 --> 00:34:34,097
from flying head long into interstellar space.

503
00:34:36,054 --> 00:34:41,031
Gravity, the attractive force that
affects all the matter in the Universe.

504
00:34:41,085 --> 00:34:43,051
Give the universe order.

505
00:34:44,024 --> 00:34:48,049
And the gravity is described by the science of the Physics.

506
00:34:51,090 --> 00:34:54,016
Newton created the physics.

507
00:34:54,074 --> 00:34:58,027
He was the person who first saw the fundamental laws,

508
00:34:58,063 --> 00:35:00,050
underneath all these observations.

509
00:35:01,013 --> 00:35:04,096
The Newton's laws explained almost everything.

510
00:35:06,098 --> 00:35:12,071
Newton postulated the laws of the motion,
the universal rules of the gravity.

511
00:35:13,080 --> 00:35:16,030
He begin a new area in science.

512
00:35:16,084 --> 00:35:19,092
Using observations and the mathematics

513
00:35:19,092 --> 00:35:21,092
to describe the laws of the nature.

514
00:35:24,017 --> 00:35:27,021
He could show the way which apple fell to the Earth

515
00:35:27,033 --> 00:35:29,063
which directly related the way the Moon follow

516
00:35:29,064 --> 00:35:30,064
around the Earth.

517
00:35:31,001 --> 00:35:33,078
Because he understood that same laws

518
00:35:33,078 --> 00:35:35,078
let the motion of the planets around the Sun

519
00:35:35,099 --> 00:35:38,050
let the motion of the Moon around the Earth.

520
00:35:41,034 --> 00:35:44,032
Newton's great book, The Principia

521
00:35:45,002 --> 00:35:50,000
it revealed the tides, the velocity of orbiting planets

522
00:35:51,054 --> 00:35:53,023
even the shape of Earth

523
00:35:53,061 --> 00:35:56,020
could be explained through pulling of the gravity

524
00:35:57,010 --> 00:35:59,053
because everything with mass

525
00:35:59,053 --> 00:36:03,053
it exerts pulling force on everything else with mass.

526
00:36:06,008 --> 00:36:08,010
The Moon pulls the oceans,

527
00:36:09,030 --> 00:36:11,050
the Earth pulls the Moon,

528
00:36:12,029 --> 00:36:15,011
the Sun pulls the Earth, and closer

529
00:36:15,020 --> 00:36:20,022
this objects all to each other, the stronger gravit pulls.

530
00:36:20,090 --> 00:36:24,072
Newton's principia is such a engulfing work of genius

531
00:36:25,027 --> 00:36:28,092
that almost makes up a disconcert fact.

532
00:36:29,004 --> 00:36:32,035
Although Newton formulated the laws
that they govern the gravity

533
00:36:32,093 --> 00:36:36,075
He never explained or even understood why it works.

534
00:36:37,018 --> 00:36:40,064
And gravity, when you think about it, is bizarre.

535
00:36:41,019 --> 00:36:43,069
Understanding how the Earth knew where the Sun was?

536
00:36:44,032 --> 00:36:46,070
To go around it, what's happen if the sun suddenly move?

537
00:36:46,070 --> 00:36:47,099
What did the Earth do?

538
00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,054
This actually distants something with, he give up on it,

539
00:36:50,058 --> 00:36:52,070
say I'm just not going worry about that question

540
00:36:53,029 --> 00:36:54,077
because the laws work.

541
00:36:56,034 --> 00:36:59,062
Although the physicists still stuggle to define the gravity.

542
00:37:00,036 --> 00:37:02,062
Newton had going far in reviewing it.

543
00:37:04,022 --> 00:37:05,070
Two hundred years later

544
00:37:06,033 --> 00:37:09,020
Albert Einstein would arrive Newton's genius.

545
00:37:09,078 --> 00:37:12,023
Not only creat new laws at physics

546
00:37:13,003 --> 00:37:15,068
but re-inventing the Universe.

547
00:37:19,031 --> 00:37:23,050
Albert Einstein born in Germany in 1879.

548
00:37:24,052 --> 00:37:27,061
Maybe is most famous scientist to ever lived.

549
00:37:28,002 --> 00:37:33,020
Because what he did here, in Bern, Switzerland, in 1905.

550
00:37:34,002 --> 00:37:38,030
Fearing secure teaching position after his years as student.

551
00:37:39,010 --> 00:37:42,066
Einstein took a job at this Patents office.

552
00:37:42,073 --> 00:37:45,033
And then he begin to think.

553
00:37:45,037 --> 00:37:49,079
In fact, he thought about revolution in space and time.

554
00:37:53,081 --> 00:37:58,059
Without Einstein, we may still be strugglling to understand

555
00:37:58,064 --> 00:38:02,011
how the Universe really works.

556
00:38:03,010 --> 00:38:06,045
I think if you asked who was
the greatest scientist of 20 century.

557
00:38:06,049 --> 00:38:08,022
Mostly would say: Einstein

558
00:38:08,026 --> 00:38:12,045
I think that is a partly
because of the fact just a natural fascination

559
00:38:12,049 --> 00:38:16,039
with the space and time, in mysteries he solved.

560
00:38:16,039 --> 00:38:17,039
But also I think it's partly because

561
00:38:17,043 --> 00:38:23,020
He fitted in the arqueotipica public perception of scientist.

562
00:38:24,070 --> 00:38:28,095
Einstein didn't mean to lead us to
the origin of the Universe.

563
00:38:28,099 --> 00:38:31,073
He didn't like even think about it

564
00:38:31,077 --> 00:38:37,046
The idea of the beginning suggested a dynamic,
finite universe.

565
00:38:38,002 --> 00:38:41,073
And Einstein preferred static and infinite one.

566
00:38:41,091 --> 00:38:45,075
Philosophically, he belive that the universe was eternal,

567
00:38:45,084 --> 00:38:49,070
and the universe had have a beginning and a ending,

568
00:38:49,076 --> 00:38:52,098
was aesthetic, was not pretty.

569
00:38:54,066 --> 00:38:59,035
The idea that the Universe was
infinitely and eternal was old one.

570
00:38:59,053 --> 00:39:02,036
It embraced by scientists like Einstein.

571
00:39:02,040 --> 00:39:06,038
Because it was easier to think the
universe as always existing,

572
00:39:06,081 --> 00:39:09,034
rather then its having been created.

573
00:39:09,042 --> 00:39:12,043
Created? How? By what?

574
00:39:14,064 --> 00:39:16,082
Unfortunately for Einstein,

575
00:39:16,086 --> 00:39:20,021
his new understanding of forces like the gravity

576
00:39:20,029 --> 00:39:24,034
would ultimately suggest the Universe was not eternal.

577
00:39:25,009 --> 00:39:27,095
Einstein's ideas was so bizarre

578
00:39:28,036 --> 00:39:34,013
It's almost easy to think them
to apply some other crazy carnival world.

579
00:39:43,047 --> 00:39:45,050
But strangers may seem

580
00:39:45,054 --> 00:39:48,086
our world is Einstein's world.

581
00:39:49,070 --> 00:39:53,086
Gather around, gather around! Don't push!
Don't shove! Make sure you get good view.

582
00:39:53,090 --> 00:39:56,092
The show is about start, you don't want to miss a thing.

583
00:39:56,096 --> 00:40:02,072
Hurry, Ladies and Gentlemen,
step right up to Einstein's world.

584
00:40:02,078 --> 00:40:04,095
Where things are always what they appear to be

585
00:40:04,099 --> 00:40:07,080
but not always what you expect.

586
00:40:07,089 --> 00:40:11,013
First, the wonderous Einstein in himself.

587
00:40:11,018 --> 00:40:14,009
Born missing the region of the brain
that influences the speech

588
00:40:14,013 --> 00:40:16,067
He did not speak until the age three.

589
00:40:16,071 --> 00:40:20,057
However, his parietal lobe,
responsible for mathematical thought

590
00:40:20,061 --> 00:40:23,054
and space relationships, too large,

591
00:40:23,074 --> 00:40:28,012
making his entire brain 15% wider.

592
00:40:28,016 --> 00:40:31,089
Notice the enlarged brain...

593
00:40:32,041 --> 00:40:35,079
Einstein was the master of what we call
the thought experiment.

594
00:40:35,085 --> 00:40:38,094
Thinking through an experiment that you can't
literally carry out,

595
00:40:38,098 --> 00:40:42,054
but based upon your insight thinking about it.

596
00:40:42,062 --> 00:40:46,099
Sometimes result a revolution at
how we think about the Universe.

597
00:40:48,068 --> 00:40:53,097
In 1905, Einstein published his
theory of special relativity

598
00:40:54,004 --> 00:40:57,072
which explored the link between space and time.

599
00:40:58,039 --> 00:41:03,087
Einstein's theory isn't really separated thing
space and time.

600
00:41:03,097 --> 00:41:08,004
But just one thing, space-time we all lived in.

601
00:41:09,039 --> 00:41:12,092
He thought this new space-time as fabric,

602
00:41:12,096 --> 00:41:15,052
waving together space and time.

603
00:41:16,087 --> 00:41:21,097
In 1915, Einstein developed his
theory about general relativity

604
00:41:22,001 --> 00:41:24,020
which modified special relativity,

605
00:41:24,027 --> 00:41:29,054
to include the gravity and it effects
in this fabric space-time.

606
00:41:31,088 --> 00:41:35,097
Welcomes to the bounce trampoline of the gravity!

607
00:41:36,079 --> 00:41:39,071
We take our fabric space-time,

608
00:41:40,028 --> 00:41:42,011
stretched it,

609
00:41:42,077 --> 00:41:45,076
and placed heavy weight on it.

610
00:41:48,023 --> 00:41:52,093
See how this worked on fabric space-time!

611
00:42:09,017 --> 00:42:11,088
When we rolled the ball cross the fabric

612
00:42:11,092 --> 00:42:14,027
it's magically seem to be drew

613
00:42:14,031 --> 00:42:18,041
or tracked to the mass weight of the center.

614
00:42:24,016 --> 00:42:27,074
The general theory of relativity was
a new theory of the gravity

615
00:42:27,074 --> 00:42:28,074
When they told us the gravity worked

616
00:42:28,078 --> 00:42:31,042
because space and time are curved
in the presence of the matter

617
00:42:31,050 --> 00:42:32,070
and could respond dynamically,

618
00:42:32,070 --> 00:42:36,030
space in itself, expand, contracted
in the presence of the matter.

619
00:42:36,037 --> 00:42:39,035
A crazy but ture idea.

620
00:42:40,028 --> 00:42:43,062
Mass is a term used to describe
the energy and the matter

621
00:42:43,066 --> 00:42:45,035
the objects contain.

622
00:42:46,044 --> 00:42:48,044
The larger the mass of object,

623
00:42:48,087 --> 00:42:52,043
the greater restoration of the space time fabric,

624
00:42:53,009 --> 00:42:55,099
the stronger effects of the gravity.

625
00:42:58,081 --> 00:43:00,073
Gravity is not really a force,

626
00:43:01,006 --> 00:43:03,058
it is a fabric.

627
00:43:05,023 --> 00:43:08,046
It is a shape of space and time.

628
00:43:09,040 --> 00:43:13,056
And we just move on the curve of shapes.

629
00:43:13,064 --> 00:43:19,036
And the act to do so, takes what otherwise
be a straight line to you

630
00:43:19,040 --> 00:43:22,038
bends it into which now you described like orbits,

631
00:43:22,045 --> 00:43:26,056
as trajectories, as path ways through the cosmos.

632
00:43:27,084 --> 00:43:30,057
Einstein said not even light

633
00:43:30,061 --> 00:43:33,021
could escape of the effects of the gravity.

634
00:43:34,023 --> 00:43:36,050
As crazy as it sounds,

635
00:43:36,057 --> 00:43:40,016
prove conveniently arrived in 1919,

636
00:43:40,029 --> 00:43:44,012
in the form of astronomical large experiment

637
00:43:44,084 --> 00:43:47,066
based on a solar eclipse.

638
00:43:48,064 --> 00:43:51,097
General relativity said if you look at a star

639
00:43:52,067 --> 00:43:56,046
on the path of light goes right path the sun,

640
00:43:56,055 --> 00:44:01,034
you would see a shift a little bit
because the gravity of the sun.

641
00:44:01,042 --> 00:44:06,009
So Arthur Eddington actually went out to test that theory

642
00:44:06,013 --> 00:44:11,067
during the solar eclipse in 1919,
actually photograph stars.

643
00:44:11,078 --> 00:44:14,020
When the sun was blocked by the Moon

644
00:44:14,020 --> 00:44:16,020
you could see the stars behind it.

645
00:44:17,070 --> 00:44:22,030
The ability to see objects
they were actually behind the sun

646
00:44:22,036 --> 00:44:25,095
proved that objets could work space-time.

647
00:44:27,070 --> 00:44:30,055
Einstein became a superstar overnight.

648
00:44:31,026 --> 00:44:35,067
He received the Nobel prize of physics at 1921.

649
00:44:36,071 --> 00:44:41,048
But general relativity open Pandora box for Einstein.

650
00:44:43,004 --> 00:44:45,057
One of the consequences of the Einstein theory

651
00:44:45,061 --> 00:44:51,048
was that the universe must either be
expanding or must be contracting.

652
00:44:52,025 --> 00:44:57,008
But setting still be eternal it's not a valid solution.

653
00:44:57,097 --> 00:44:59,096
And that was a problem.

654
00:45:02,098 --> 00:45:08,048
A problem, because if you introduce mass
in the Einstein static universe,

655
00:45:10,045 --> 00:45:15,000
all that mass will through gravity draw together.

656
00:45:15,093 --> 00:45:18,053
What was preventing this for happened?

657
00:45:20,019 --> 00:45:24,055
When you place matter in the fabric universe,
you know matter attract echo other,

658
00:45:24,060 --> 00:45:26,086
and the thing is unstable.

659
00:45:27,047 --> 00:45:30,085
To keep the gravity for clapping the universe

660
00:45:30,092 --> 00:45:36,056
Einstein postulated a force equal to and opposite gravity.

661
00:45:36,083 --> 00:45:40,093
This constant force perfectly contra gravity

662
00:45:40,098 --> 00:45:43,014
to achieve a static universe.

663
00:45:44,079 --> 00:45:48,053
Einstein seached for this cosmological constant

664
00:45:49,058 --> 00:45:52,082
convinced it's hiding in his equations

665
00:45:53,069 --> 00:45:55,088
but he was worry.

666
00:45:56,009 --> 00:45:58,095
If Einstein had the anger of his convictions, some sense

667
00:45:58,099 --> 00:46:03,095
he was recognized that the static universe believed in

668
00:46:03,099 --> 00:46:06,071
was not compatible with the theory come out with.

669
00:46:08,038 --> 00:46:14,021
In fact, relativity pointed a
idea that universe wasn't static.

670
00:46:15,013 --> 00:46:17,060
But expanding.

671
00:46:19,080 --> 00:46:24,059
Site right down, focus,
and enjoy magical space-time projector.

672
00:46:26,056 --> 00:46:30,051
Watch the universe link by 4 dimensions

673
00:46:30,061 --> 00:46:33,099
move forward in space time.

674
00:46:36,076 --> 00:46:42,071
Einstein himself didn't want make that prediction,
that his own theory was sort of screaming make.

675
00:46:42,075 --> 00:46:47,084
I suppose is one time on sense career,
his career failed him.

676
00:46:47,089 --> 00:46:49,072
He did make it, the both directions was actually

677
00:46:49,072 --> 00:46:52,042
staring him in the face.

678
00:46:54,069 --> 00:47:00,006
Einstein's theory inevitably leaved to the idea of

679
00:47:00,018 --> 00:47:01,073
a moment of creation.

680
00:47:04,093 --> 00:47:09,003
Now breath youself for
the part that Einstein couldn't watch!

681
00:47:09,012 --> 00:47:12,098
Stay back everyone as we rolled
projector backwards.

682
00:47:17,038 --> 00:47:19,087
In spite of when Einstein believed

683
00:47:19,094 --> 00:47:23,041
his theory pointed at dynamic universe

684
00:47:23,069 --> 00:47:26,055
that was once much smaller.

685
00:47:27,079 --> 00:47:33,027
The Universe shirks down to the size of an atom.

686
00:47:35,009 --> 00:47:38,085
Einstein couldn't make that leap, but others would.

687
00:47:38,098 --> 00:47:41,089
A dynamic and expanding universe fitted nicely

688
00:47:41,093 --> 00:47:44,094
in the theory called Big Bang.

689
00:47:51,002 --> 00:47:53,042
At dawn to 20 century

690
00:47:53,053 --> 00:47:56,042
Albert Einstein may have inadvertently

691
00:47:56,046 --> 00:48:00,008
let us to consider the scientific possibility

692
00:48:00,008 --> 00:48:02,008
that our universe begun.

693
00:48:03,046 --> 00:48:06,068
But the idea of a beginning for everything

694
00:48:06,074 --> 00:48:09,067
has strong religious overtones.

695
00:48:11,055 --> 00:48:14,012
A culture will ask itself:"where did I come from?"

696
00:48:14,024 --> 00:48:16,047
It is a very important question for the humans.

697
00:48:16,093 --> 00:48:21,073
Because if we don't know where we came from,
we don't know who we are.

698
00:48:22,014 --> 00:48:25,042
For thousands of years the origin of our world

699
00:48:25,046 --> 00:48:29,033
it was matter for religion scholar, not scientists.

700
00:48:31,012 --> 00:48:32,088
There is different between science and religion,

701
00:48:32,092 --> 00:48:37,018
they are looking at world in different way,
they ask different question.

702
00:48:37,023 --> 00:48:40,059
Science is asking how things happen, what's process.

703
00:48:40,065 --> 00:48:43,041
While religion is asking,
as I think is different, interest question.

704
00:48:43,045 --> 00:48:48,007
Why things happen? Is something going on.
Some meaning of purpose in the world.

705
00:48:49,078 --> 00:48:53,093
Religion and science have been uneasy companions.

706
00:48:54,032 --> 00:48:59,038
If only because they seem motivated
by same quest for truth.

707
00:49:01,009 --> 00:49:02,084
So it was ironic.

708
00:49:03,004 --> 00:49:07,028
That early champion of objective scientific theory

709
00:49:07,032 --> 00:49:12,003
for the origin of the Universe,
was the ordinary catholic priest.

710
00:49:13,069 --> 00:49:15,044
And what a strange twist,

711
00:49:15,077 --> 00:49:20,072
the science based solutions was appear so religious.

712
00:49:22,072 --> 00:49:25,088
That the Universe didn't always existed.

713
00:49:28,014 --> 00:49:32,014
But there was once end in the beginning.

714
00:49:32,072 --> 00:49:37,056
Father George Lemaitre argued
that the Universe was born.

715
00:49:40,010 --> 00:49:43,079
Lemaitre is one of my ideals.

716
00:49:43,084 --> 00:49:47,075
For few years late 20's and early 30's

717
00:49:47,079 --> 00:49:50,054
he was the one who better understood

718
00:49:51,039 --> 00:49:53,019
the concept of expanding Universe

719
00:49:53,023 --> 00:49:56,065
and introduced many of ideas that still are exploring.

720
00:49:57,018 --> 00:50:01,043
Lemaitre studied the Einsein's theories during 1920's

721
00:50:01,047 --> 00:50:03,092
and proposed a radical idea

722
00:50:04,004 --> 00:50:07,055
One even the great Einstein would reject,

723
00:50:08,030 --> 00:50:11,025
he said the Universe wasn't static

724
00:50:11,040 --> 00:50:14,042
but was actually expanding.

725
00:50:17,043 --> 00:50:21,074
Lemaitre studied the Einstein's equations
kind of without prejudices

726
00:50:22,039 --> 00:50:28,032
when he find this equations suggested
the Universe that would be expanding today

727
00:50:28,070 --> 00:50:31,039
and for ever smaller in the past

728
00:50:31,049 --> 00:50:35,004
he decided take that solution seriously.

729
00:50:35,071 --> 00:50:39,056
If the Universe was expanding, Lemaitre reasoned

730
00:50:40,005 --> 00:50:43,057
it was smaller yesterday than it is today.

731
00:50:44,003 --> 00:50:49,040
Therefor it must been ultimaclly, unimaginably small.

732
00:50:55,067 --> 00:51:00,043
Lemaitre belived the universe begun
look what he dubed

733
00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:02,096
the primitive atom.

734
00:51:03,045 --> 00:51:07,066
A infinitely dense, hot cosmic egg

735
00:51:07,078 --> 00:51:11,073
that some time in the past exploded,

736
00:51:14,023 --> 00:51:16,070
Setting the Universe into motion,

737
00:51:16,092 --> 00:51:21,018
and leading the formation of everything we know.

738
00:51:23,028 --> 00:51:27,052
When Lemaitre told Einstein about this solution

739
00:51:27,053 --> 00:51:28,084
Einstein reportedly said

740
00:51:28,088 --> 00:51:32,082
"Your mathematical is correct,
but your physics is abominable ".

741
00:51:34,038 --> 00:51:36,045
But this abomination

742
00:51:36,065 --> 00:51:41,000
soon receive compacting corroboration in 1925.

743
00:51:44,021 --> 00:51:49,038
In mountains above the Los Angels,
astronomer Edwin Hubble saw something

744
00:51:49,042 --> 00:51:53,097
in his telescope that destroyed
the Einstein's cosmological constant

745
00:51:54,018 --> 00:51:57,036
and it altered our image of the Universe.

746
00:51:57,046 --> 00:52:01,098
In the 1920's we had very comfortable
picture of the Universe.

747
00:52:02,007 --> 00:52:05,032
The Universe is the Milky Way galaxy.

748
00:52:05,046 --> 00:52:09,065
We saw this huge slope of milk
that it cuts across the night sky

749
00:52:09,069 --> 00:52:13,092
called Milky Way, consisted of about 100 billion stars.

750
00:52:13,097 --> 00:52:17,037
It's about 100 thousands light years cross.

751
00:52:17,041 --> 00:52:21,075
That was the Universe in the 1920's, very comfortable.

752
00:52:22,082 --> 00:52:25,059
Hubble pure deeper into the Universe

753
00:52:25,059 --> 00:52:27,059
that Galileo couldn't imagined

754
00:52:27,069 --> 00:52:31,083
using the more fastigiate telescope in his day.

755
00:52:32,049 --> 00:52:38,049
He revealed our Sun as one star amount
billion within the Milky Way galaxy.

756
00:52:41,054 --> 00:52:44,075
But, was the Milky Way all there is?

757
00:52:44,095 --> 00:52:49,004
If so, exactly how big was it?

758
00:52:50,045 --> 00:52:52,085
Since sprouted powerful telescopes

759
00:52:52,085 --> 00:52:54,085
the astronomers looking in the sky

760
00:52:54,095 --> 00:52:58,061
but they had no could measures of
how far a way things were

761
00:52:58,065 --> 00:53:01,029
exception for very close stars.

762
00:53:01,033 --> 00:53:06,044
Edwin Hubble solved that problem by come up
what's that called standard candle.

763
00:53:06,080 --> 00:53:09,053
A star of known brightness.

764
00:53:09,078 --> 00:53:15,028
And if you know how bright it is,
you can measure how far away it is.

765
00:53:15,032 --> 00:53:18,067
Because the dimer something appear,
the farer way it is.

766
00:53:18,071 --> 00:53:22,058
Just like a train in the distance
the light seems dimer,

767
00:53:22,062 --> 00:53:25,027
comes brighter, brighter it's approach to you.

768
00:53:25,031 --> 00:53:28,019
Hubble found one of this standard candle,

769
00:53:28,023 --> 00:53:33,076
within a spiral swirl of stars called
Andromeda Nebula.

770
00:53:33,089 --> 00:53:37,053
People saw Andromeda with just visable dust

771
00:53:37,057 --> 00:53:39,096
inside the Milky Way.

772
00:53:40,080 --> 00:53:43,033
Then Hubble calculated distance.

773
00:53:43,043 --> 00:53:48,088
Then he realized that galaxy is
a million light years away.

774
00:53:48,097 --> 00:53:54,037
That was the Eureka moment,
and he had this epiphany.

775
00:53:54,049 --> 00:53:59,011
He realized that Andrmoeda galaxy was island Universe

776
00:53:59,015 --> 00:54:01,060
just like the Milky Way galaxy.

777
00:54:01,091 --> 00:54:05,005
So, in one instant, the Universe

778
00:54:05,009 --> 00:54:10,067
from be a comfortable Milky Way galaxy,
100 thousand light years cross

779
00:54:10,071 --> 00:54:13,063
to become this fantastic universe

780
00:54:13,063 --> 00:54:15,063
perhaps billions light years cross,

781
00:54:15,098 --> 00:54:19,074
and all happened, in just one night.

782
00:54:21,032 --> 00:54:25,006
This alone would have assured Hubble's immortality.

783
00:54:25,039 --> 00:54:28,056
He singlehandedly grew the universe

784
00:54:28,056 --> 00:54:30,056
from a quaint, one galaxy town,

785
00:54:30,060 --> 00:54:34,026
to potentially billions galaxies metropolis.

786
00:54:35,002 --> 00:54:37,071
But Hubble was went further.

787
00:54:38,091 --> 00:54:43,019
He also measured the behavior
of those galaxies in 1929

788
00:54:43,029 --> 00:54:47,092
He come a concluded the most of
galaxies moving away from us.

789
00:54:48,011 --> 00:54:51,002
Not just a lot of them but actually
they moving away of the Milky Way

790
00:54:51,006 --> 00:54:55,012
and in fact they moving away from each other.

791
00:54:55,051 --> 00:54:59,070
In other words, the Universe is expanding.

792
00:54:59,099 --> 00:55:02,048
Getting bigger every second.

793
00:55:03,029 --> 00:55:08,041
If you went back in the time,
the Universe must been smaller.

794
00:55:10,014 --> 00:55:13,084
Based on the speed of expansion that Hubble measured

795
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:18,022
He could calculate the age of the Universe.

796
00:55:19,084 --> 00:55:23,061
Hubble actually come out a measurement
for that using his data

797
00:55:23,065 --> 00:55:26,082
he said the Universe about 2 billions years old.

798
00:55:27,035 --> 00:55:31,050
That was bad because we already knew the
Earth was old then that.

799
00:55:31,086 --> 00:55:34,025
Hubble was on correct track.

800
00:55:34,029 --> 00:55:38,066
His formula for determine the
age of the Universal was correct,

801
00:55:38,070 --> 00:55:41,054
but his measurement wasn't accurate.

802
00:55:42,044 --> 00:55:46,055
And this discrepancy gave some scientists room

803
00:55:46,064 --> 00:55:48,087
to quibble with Lemaitre theory.

804
00:55:50,033 --> 00:55:53,050
But other less scientific reasons

805
00:55:53,054 --> 00:55:57,048
also may has contributed to Lemaitre's super atom

806
00:55:57,055 --> 00:56:00,035
be a strange of the physics community

807
00:56:00,039 --> 00:56:03,048
through while at first half of 20 century.

808
00:56:04,007 --> 00:56:08,002
I think there was some distants to having somebody

809
00:56:08,006 --> 00:56:11,080
in the scientific compaign and in
religious compaign, but

810
00:56:12,053 --> 00:56:15,091
did that made difficult for some scientists
perhaps embrace them as much as

811
00:56:15,095 --> 00:56:18,066
they would, someone not in that position?

812
00:56:18,066 --> 00:56:19,066
Probably.

813
00:56:20,073 --> 00:56:25,087
Lemaitre's proposal may have
left him astranged from that follow scientists

814
00:56:26,006 --> 00:56:29,002
but the Pope Pius the 12th

815
00:56:29,006 --> 00:56:32,017
interpreted the theory as defective prove

816
00:56:32,021 --> 00:56:34,094
of the biblical story of the Genesis.

817
00:56:35,007 --> 00:56:38,014
Lemaitre wrote to the Pope and said stop saying that

818
00:56:38,018 --> 00:56:39,094
this is scientific theory,

819
00:56:39,098 --> 00:56:43,077
that makes prediction you can measure,
makes many predictions you can test.

820
00:56:43,093 --> 00:56:46,055
But your beliefs was independent those predictions.

821
00:56:46,070 --> 00:56:50,097
Lemaitre's theory could be measured, but proved?

822
00:56:52,060 --> 00:56:56,063
It seems unlikely billion's years after the fact

823
00:56:56,067 --> 00:57:00,078
the Big Bang's smoking gun will turn up.

824
00:57:00,088 --> 00:57:03,066
And unless this smoking gun was find,

825
00:57:03,070 --> 00:57:06,083
other theories of the Universe could be proposed

826
00:57:06,087 --> 00:57:12,015
and the Lemaitre's cosmic egg would remain unhatched.

827
00:57:14,007 --> 00:57:19,005
By middle of 20 century, it seemed that
the primitive atom theory

828
00:57:19,009 --> 00:57:22,047
with Universe expanding violently outward

829
00:57:22,047 --> 00:57:24,047
form the infinitely small

830
00:57:24,050 --> 00:57:26,043
would never give wide acceptance.

831
00:57:27,024 --> 00:57:30,072
Hubble incorrect estimation for the age of the Universe

832
00:57:30,081 --> 00:57:33,014
it allowed a competing theory

833
00:57:33,018 --> 00:57:36,093
to emerge for house of the Trinity College, Cambridge.

834
00:57:38,038 --> 00:57:42,085
There was a tannable alternative to Big Bang theory

835
00:57:43,014 --> 00:57:44,083
the Steady state theory,

836
00:57:45,016 --> 00:57:48,049
which allowed the Universe to exist
never lasting to never lasting.

837
00:57:50,066 --> 00:57:53,096
The steady state theory champion

838
00:57:53,097 --> 00:57:55,097
the static universe,

839
00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:58,045
that the primitive atom concept rejected

840
00:57:59,005 --> 00:58:02,085
Proposal by astronomer Fred Hoyle

841
00:58:02,085 --> 00:58:04,085
It was build part of a theory
of the origin of the elements

842
00:58:04,093 --> 00:58:09,054
Nitrogen, Carbon and more then
100 others in the periodic table.

843
00:58:10,019 --> 00:58:15,008
Under extreme temperatures, Hydrogen
fuses to form Helium

844
00:58:15,081 --> 00:58:20,001
and the Helium fuses in entire different heavier elements.

845
00:58:21,045 --> 00:58:26,028
Fred Hoyle belive this nucleosynthesis creation of new elements

846
00:58:26,032 --> 00:58:30,020
took place in the cores of very hot stars.

847
00:58:31,086 --> 00:58:36,058
That was an absolutely staggering achievement at that time.

848
00:58:36,084 --> 00:58:39,029
Hoyle's achievement was to teach us,

849
00:58:39,033 --> 00:58:44,004
everything after Helium in the periodic table

850
00:58:44,008 --> 00:58:45,094
it's actually star dust.

851
00:58:45,098 --> 00:58:48,084
It is in the stars when this things were made.

852
00:58:50,001 --> 00:58:53,072
But the theory couldn't count
for the formation of Hydrogen

853
00:58:54,006 --> 00:58:56,053
and most of Helium of the Universe,

854
00:58:57,016 --> 00:59:02,066
because the first stars must be made
by Hydrogen already in existing.

855
00:59:04,002 --> 00:59:10,002
This existing Hydrogen makes up
more of the 74% of the detectable Universe.

856
00:59:12,015 --> 00:59:14,017
Hoyle side-stepped this problem

857
00:59:14,021 --> 00:59:16,038
by adopting a widly holy belief

858
00:59:16,042 --> 00:59:19,074
that Hydrogen and Helium had always existed.

859
00:59:20,093 --> 00:59:25,094
In fact, according to Hoyle,
the entire Universe had always existed.

860
00:59:25,098 --> 00:59:31,064
No beginning, no end, just a steady state.

861
00:59:35,042 --> 00:59:39,044
In a nutshell, stationary state universe is
universe always been there

862
00:59:39,056 --> 00:59:43,067
always looks like it does now,
always has same average density,

863
00:59:43,084 --> 00:59:45,050
has same temperature.

864
00:59:46,021 --> 00:59:48,008
There was just a little problem unknow

865
00:59:48,017 --> 00:59:51,053
which was people knew Universe was already expanding,

866
00:59:51,060 --> 00:59:55,081
when the distribution of matter expands, because more dilute.

867
00:59:56,070 --> 01:00:00,049
Now, if the Universal very old, it would be infinitely diluted.

868
01:00:01,099 --> 01:00:04,073
Hoyle fixed this fault by assuming that somewhere

869
01:00:05,014 --> 01:00:09,043
matter was always being created in the universe.

870
01:00:11,033 --> 01:00:13,056
But the wholesale creation of the matter

871
01:00:13,065 --> 01:00:16,033
was a hard pill to physicists to swallow.

872
01:00:19,061 --> 01:00:24,085
And Hoyle had a nemesis source
in the Russian physicist George Gamow

873
01:00:25,009 --> 01:00:28,040
an admirer of Lemetrie's primitive atom.

874
01:00:29,066 --> 01:00:32,063
Gamow usually present in these discussions.

875
01:00:32,087 --> 01:00:38,005
And he always product disloyal questions
for Hoyle's considered.

876
01:00:39,025 --> 01:00:44,040
Questions that the steady state is difficulty dealing with.

877
01:00:45,014 --> 01:00:48,001
Gamow turn to atoms as Hoyle did,

878
01:00:48,013 --> 01:00:50,038
to supporting his contending theory.

879
01:00:51,038 --> 01:00:55,062
Gamow suggested the Hydrogen,
the Helium and other elements

880
01:00:55,080 --> 01:01:00,013
were created in first fiery minutes of the Universe

881
01:01:00,074 --> 01:01:02,054
in the Big Bang,

882
01:01:03,010 --> 01:01:06,008
when the temperatures were thousands degrees hotter

883
01:01:06,012 --> 01:01:08,089
than they are in the core of any star.

884
01:01:09,045 --> 01:01:13,053
But Gamow was better idea man than
he was a mathematics.

885
01:01:15,075 --> 01:01:19,042
And he had to turn to this

886
01:01:19,042 --> 01:01:21,042
phenomenally talented graduated student, Ralph Alpher

887
01:01:21,070 --> 01:01:24,096
and it was really Alpher
who's really able to push this idea through

888
01:01:25,005 --> 01:01:26,096
and come to a conclusion.

889
01:01:27,015 --> 01:01:31,008
That if indeed the Universe had
synthesized the early elements,

890
01:01:31,017 --> 01:01:34,069
it's should be roughly 10 times much Hydrogen as Helium.

891
01:01:34,081 --> 01:01:37,069
And that match the observations. Fantastic moment.

892
01:01:38,098 --> 01:01:41,075
Alpher with colleague Robert Herman

893
01:01:41,098 --> 01:01:44,071
refined Lemaitre's prediction of

894
01:01:44,071 --> 01:01:46,071
detectable random heat from creation.

895
01:01:47,049 --> 01:01:50,033
A strong cluse supporting the Big Bang.

896
01:01:51,078 --> 01:01:55,013
George Gamow and his student asked a simple question:

897
01:01:55,022 --> 01:01:57,049
If Big Bang was so hot then,

898
01:01:57,085 --> 01:02:01,041
then the after the shock, after glare the echo

899
01:02:01,050 --> 01:02:04,051
of Big Bang can't be so cold now.

900
01:02:05,026 --> 01:02:08,089
So the residual should be mesurable today.

901
01:02:11,070 --> 01:02:16,036
Unfortunately, noone had the right telescopes in 1949

902
01:02:16,045 --> 01:02:20,096
to measure the radiation or heat
left over from the moment of the creation.

903
01:02:21,089 --> 01:02:26,032
And that time there were other
problem with the Big Bang theory.

904
01:02:26,089 --> 01:02:29,019
It offer no explanation

905
01:02:29,020 --> 01:02:32,020
to the origin of elements beyond Hydrogen and Helium.

906
01:02:34,006 --> 01:02:37,016
At the same time, the steady state

907
01:02:37,016 --> 01:02:39,046
goes on wide bright media coverage.

908
01:02:40,012 --> 01:02:43,050
The steady state theory was popular with general public,

909
01:02:43,071 --> 01:02:47,030
because Fred Hoyle was master of the popularization

910
01:02:47,047 --> 01:02:50,049
just going on, marketing his wacky idea.

911
01:02:52,053 --> 01:02:57,068
Ironically, the term Big Bang was coined by Hoyle in 1949

912
01:02:58,023 --> 01:03:01,033
during one of this popular radio broadcasts.

913
01:03:03,081 --> 01:03:06,082
He later used it as the term dirision.

914
01:03:09,033 --> 01:03:12,052
I think he was dislike in their relationship.

915
01:03:12,092 --> 01:03:18,021
They did not see eye to eye on
most things will thinking about it.

916
01:03:19,015 --> 01:03:22,077
So I think Hoyle come out worse battles

917
01:03:23,077 --> 01:03:27,069
And I think he did more fighting for

918
01:03:27,076 --> 01:03:30,085
his views than was merrited, that is a personal opinion.

919
01:03:31,070 --> 01:03:36,053
Fred was very brilliant and innovating person.
I just did point out him.

920
01:03:37,008 --> 01:03:40,031
"Someone were good, someone were bad,
you just didn't know which was which."

921
01:03:41,024 --> 01:03:42,094
By the 1960's

922
01:03:43,035 --> 01:03:46,080
Hubble's inaccurate estimate for the age of the Universe

923
01:03:47,000 --> 01:03:50,035
had been corrected to reflect more accurate data.

924
01:03:51,089 --> 01:03:55,039
Resolving one challenges to the Big Bang theory.

925
01:03:57,028 --> 01:04:01,087
Still it seemed the battle between
the Steady state and Big Bang

926
01:04:02,008 --> 01:04:04,003
would ended draw.

927
01:04:06,021 --> 01:04:10,080
But then, all of suddenly, scientists found the somking gun,

928
01:04:11,092 --> 01:04:15,039
a nearly old as universe as itself.

929
01:04:18,024 --> 01:04:23,048
This discovery condemn one of
the theories to the dust bin of the history.

930
01:04:26,080 --> 01:04:31,071
For 500 years, science has been on
quest discover where we belong.

931
01:04:34,096 --> 01:04:39,034
Now astronomers stuggle to solve
the riddle of how it all began.

932
01:04:41,058 --> 01:04:46,030
Little did they know the cosmos was
whispering the answer back.

933
01:04:48,060 --> 01:04:50,077
We just couldn't hear it.

934
01:04:53,085 --> 01:04:56,078
That whisper took forms of the left over heat

935
01:04:57,013 --> 01:05:00,023
generated when the Universe exploded in to being

936
01:05:01,028 --> 01:05:04,053
The radiation George Lemaitre predicted was out there

937
01:05:05,020 --> 01:05:07,050
but they had no tools to hear.

938
01:05:09,037 --> 01:05:13,033
By 1965, scientists had those tools.

939
01:05:14,087 --> 01:05:19,001
The residual, the echo, the after shocks after Big Bang

940
01:05:19,010 --> 01:05:21,026
should be mesurable today.

941
01:05:21,072 --> 01:05:23,070
But it took about 2 decades

942
01:05:23,079 --> 01:05:26,060
before instruments be come powerful enough

943
01:05:26,069 --> 01:05:30,059
to clench George Gamow and his students theory

944
01:05:30,080 --> 01:05:33,023
of this background radiation.

945
01:05:35,069 --> 01:05:38,089
The story on this radiation, it is like the keystone cards.

946
01:05:38,098 --> 01:05:41,045
First we had George Gamow and its students.

947
01:05:41,054 --> 01:05:44,049
They had the theory, they had the numbers

948
01:05:44,049 --> 01:05:46,049
but they didn't had experimental apparatus.

949
01:05:46,080 --> 01:05:48,070
Than we had group of Princeton.

950
01:05:48,088 --> 01:05:53,021
Well, they knew the work George Gamow,
but they had very primitive instruments

951
01:05:53,030 --> 01:05:55,027
not sensitive enough.

952
01:05:55,080 --> 01:05:59,027
The group of Princeton included
to the physicist Robert Dicke

953
01:05:59,049 --> 01:06:03,045
and some colleagues who supported
the theory of Lemaitre

954
01:06:03,054 --> 01:06:06,023
and wanted to look for some solid prove.

955
01:06:08,035 --> 01:06:13,040
My teacher, Bob Dicke, had the idea
to look for this radiation

956
01:06:13,044 --> 01:06:16,030
be left over from hot Big Band.

957
01:06:16,080 --> 01:06:20,014
He had two brilliant young people working with him

958
01:06:20,047 --> 01:06:22,040
Dave Wilkinson and Peter Roll.

959
01:06:22,052 --> 01:06:27,035
He persuaded them to build a deca-radiometer
to look this radiation.

960
01:06:27,044 --> 01:06:29,036
It was a shoot at the dark.

961
01:06:31,017 --> 01:06:34,017
So this two young colleagues built one,

962
01:06:34,026 --> 01:06:36,000
point it in to air

963
01:06:36,097 --> 01:06:38,067
and started to looking.

964
01:06:38,076 --> 01:06:42,099
When the news of experiment reached
at Bob Wilson and Arno Penzias.

965
01:06:44,048 --> 01:06:48,033
Penzias and Wilson were two scientists

966
01:06:48,033 --> 01:06:49,033
working not on the Big Bang theory

967
01:06:49,042 --> 01:06:52,038
but on satellite communications for the Bell labs

968
01:06:52,047 --> 01:06:54,033
in Holmdel, New Jersey.

969
01:06:54,070 --> 01:06:58,005
They were using Bell's huge radio telescope

970
01:06:58,010 --> 01:07:01,034
only they couldn't get clear reading.

971
01:07:01,083 --> 01:07:05,096
Instead they got static nosie.

972
01:07:07,078 --> 01:07:10,063
The nature stuff it is a random noise.

973
01:07:11,030 --> 01:07:14,019
And that nosie was very much like what's you hear

974
01:07:14,023 --> 01:07:19,013
if you tuned the TV set or the FM
reciver to unuse channel.

975
01:07:20,060 --> 01:07:22,019
We don't see we expected.

976
01:07:22,056 --> 01:07:27,056
The antenna actually get more radiation
than it should have.

977
01:07:27,091 --> 01:07:31,057
Our clear respanse to that was there
must be something worry here.

978
01:07:31,062 --> 01:07:33,082
We get all extraordinary noise.

979
01:07:35,020 --> 01:07:37,050
What was this strange noise?

980
01:07:37,066 --> 01:07:39,066
And where it came from?

981
01:07:41,018 --> 01:07:44,042
Aera interference from nearby New York city?

982
01:07:44,098 --> 01:07:46,058
Airplane signals?

983
01:07:47,067 --> 01:07:50,092
Pigeon dropping inside the horn of the telescope?

984
01:07:52,026 --> 01:07:54,053
We didn't doubts physics.

985
01:07:54,082 --> 01:07:57,055
Whatever was, had to come from somewhere.

986
01:07:57,064 --> 01:08:02,066
But we are real running out ideas, where it may be.

987
01:08:04,031 --> 01:08:09,047
In fact, this mysterious radiations was
coming from everywhere.

988
01:08:09,080 --> 01:08:13,023
Every directions and every corner of the space.

989
01:08:14,021 --> 01:08:18,015
To Penzias and Wilson that's just crazy.

990
01:08:19,073 --> 01:08:22,080
But Penzias and Wilson had unknowing they find

991
01:08:22,084 --> 01:08:25,069
what Dicke and his colleagues were seeking.

992
01:08:27,010 --> 01:08:30,031
What Gamow, Alpher and Lemaitre had predicted.

993
01:08:32,072 --> 01:08:35,026
They had found the somking gun,

994
01:08:35,075 --> 01:08:39,001
that proved Universe wasn't eternal.

995
01:08:47,014 --> 01:08:51,031
The source was the creation of the Universe,
the Big Bang.

996
01:08:52,067 --> 01:08:55,057
Penzias and Wilson and the Princeton team

997
01:08:55,060 --> 01:08:58,032
published their findings in separated paper

998
01:08:58,060 --> 01:09:02,013
in the Astrophysics Journey in 1965.

999
01:09:03,008 --> 01:09:07,029
Their reseach crashed Hoyle's
steady state theory over night.

1000
01:09:07,081 --> 01:09:12,023
Finally, thr Big Bang fitted in
the puzzle of the Universe.

1001
01:09:13,063 --> 01:09:16,053
Our modern theory of the Big Bang is
a remarkable achievement,

1002
01:09:16,057 --> 01:09:19,045
and it allows us to make a model of

1003
01:09:19,067 --> 01:09:22,055
what the Universe look like.

1004
01:09:22,059 --> 01:09:26,049
Rough back to ran everything was only
a tiny fraction second old.

1005
01:09:26,064 --> 01:09:29,048
And was squeeze to immense densies and temperatures.

1006
01:09:29,058 --> 01:09:33,017
And from that very early dense state,

1007
01:09:33,028 --> 01:09:35,042
we can understand and broad outline

1008
01:09:35,051 --> 01:09:37,082
how the Universe expanded, cooled

1009
01:09:37,089 --> 01:09:40,046
how some stage, the first atoms formed

1010
01:09:40,051 --> 01:09:43,080
how some late stage the first structures formed

1011
01:09:43,084 --> 01:09:48,024
made early stars, galaxies, advencely planets and people.

1012
01:09:49,011 --> 01:09:52,051
In a hospital in Belgium in 1966

1013
01:09:52,085 --> 01:09:56,036
The dying George Lemaitre rejoiced with the news.

1014
01:09:57,053 --> 01:09:58,080
It was not alone.

1015
01:09:59,063 --> 01:10:02,053
Gamow and his team also felt justified.

1016
01:10:04,058 --> 01:10:07,094
We had been arguing for different view of the Universe

1017
01:10:08,094 --> 01:10:12,099
and allow behold that different view seemed to be the correct one.

1018
01:10:13,085 --> 01:10:16,016
So that's always a vindication.

1019
01:10:18,097 --> 01:10:20,097
For the part of the discovery,

1020
01:10:21,040 --> 01:10:25,069
Penzias and Wilson won the Nobel prize in 1978.

1021
01:10:26,054 --> 01:10:29,036
The Hoyle steady state theory,

1022
01:10:29,036 --> 01:10:30,066
had fallen out of favour.

1023
01:10:31,079 --> 01:10:35,038
Hls theory of the nucleosynthesis was not rejected.

1024
01:10:38,003 --> 01:10:40,066
While most scientists agree that Hydrogen

1025
01:10:40,070 --> 01:10:45,015
and most of the Helium were created
at first the moment of Big Bang

1026
01:10:45,019 --> 01:10:46,093
as Gamow believed.

1027
01:10:48,089 --> 01:10:52,058
All other heavy elements like Nitrogen and Carbon,
were ceart later,

1028
01:10:55,031 --> 01:10:59,031
in the hot center of stars, in supernovas explosions,

1029
01:10:59,092 --> 01:11:01,060
as Hoyle suggested.

1030
01:11:02,058 --> 01:11:07,045
So essence, both Gamow and Hoyle were correct.

1031
01:11:09,006 --> 01:11:12,071
Despite this partial vindication of nucleosynthesis,

1032
01:11:13,058 --> 01:11:15,095
Hoyle, who dead in 2001,

1033
01:11:16,040 --> 01:11:18,096
never accepted the Big Bang.

1034
01:11:19,061 --> 01:11:23,005
He could not understand why
people were so enthusiastic

1035
01:11:23,022 --> 01:11:27,054
about Universe which had a finite beginning
in what I supposed he thought was a

1036
01:11:27,058 --> 01:11:30,031
recent pasted a few billion years.

1037
01:11:30,046 --> 01:11:32,049
He just never accepted it.

1038
01:11:34,014 --> 01:11:38,009
But the rest of the physical community,
with almost total unanimous

1039
01:11:38,032 --> 01:11:39,073
did accepted it.

1040
01:11:41,021 --> 01:11:43,078
The fact we discoveied it has beginning

1041
01:11:43,098 --> 01:11:48,009
allow you to know ask whole series
questions about how it began.

1042
01:11:48,097 --> 01:11:51,016
That's kind interesting, that's kind cool.

1043
01:11:51,024 --> 01:11:53,004
Because you can say when did it began?

1044
01:11:53,010 --> 01:11:55,026
How was different there and today?

1045
01:11:55,044 --> 01:11:58,060
What changes the influenced between there and now

1046
01:11:58,075 --> 01:12:00,096
to creat the Universe we now know?

1047
01:12:03,014 --> 01:12:07,028
But accepting the Big Bang theory and thinking it fluence,

1048
01:12:07,033 --> 01:12:09,033
are two different things.

1049
01:12:09,058 --> 01:12:12,022
There were problems with the details of the theory,

1050
01:12:12,088 --> 01:12:14,098
expanding problems.

1051
01:12:20,026 --> 01:12:23,014
During the last days of 20 century

1052
01:12:23,025 --> 01:12:26,060
scientists examined problems with the Big Bang

1053
01:12:27,003 --> 01:12:29,088
even the theory generally accepted.

1054
01:12:30,057 --> 01:12:32,069
One of the biggest problems was

1055
01:12:32,073 --> 01:12:36,074
the temperature in outer space are strangely uniform.

1056
01:12:38,086 --> 01:12:42,073
Physicists didn't expanect the
Universe would had same temperature

1057
01:12:42,077 --> 01:12:44,074
roughly everywhere they looked.

1058
01:12:49,031 --> 01:12:51,061
The universe is simply too large for

1059
01:12:51,065 --> 01:12:54,064
one end has same temperature as the other.

1060
01:12:55,066 --> 01:12:56,088
Yet it is.

1061
01:12:58,008 --> 01:13:01,084
It is same thing happen if you had a bath full of cold water

1062
01:13:02,003 --> 01:13:04,091
and you pour in some hot water in one extreme.

1063
01:13:05,021 --> 01:13:08,098
It's going be a while before the whole bath
has steady water

1064
01:13:09,002 --> 01:13:12,091
because it's take time to hot molecules to properly get cross

1065
01:13:12,095 --> 01:13:15,015
and to normalized whole distribution.

1066
01:13:17,006 --> 01:13:19,062
The universe doesn't appear to old enough

1067
01:13:19,066 --> 01:13:22,030
for its temperature to has equalize yet.

1068
01:13:24,061 --> 01:13:28,042
The Big Bang could not explain why which far away points

1069
01:13:28,065 --> 01:13:30,026
have the same temperature.

1070
01:13:32,072 --> 01:13:36,040
In the early 80's, Alan Guth come up this idea,

1071
01:13:36,090 --> 01:13:42,062
that perhaps universe came for very tiny volume.

1072
01:13:43,010 --> 01:13:46,008
So tiny that within this volume

1073
01:13:46,044 --> 01:13:48,074
early on there was time enough for these different points

1074
01:13:48,078 --> 01:13:50,078
communicate normalized the temperature.

1075
01:13:52,032 --> 01:13:55,031
Right after this moment Guth theorized that

1076
01:13:55,035 --> 01:13:58,029
the universe expanded even faster

1077
01:13:58,044 --> 01:13:59,065
than light.

1078
01:14:01,041 --> 01:14:04,033
Faster than the cosmic speed limit.

1079
01:14:04,063 --> 01:14:07,054
The ultima speed according to Einstein.

1080
01:14:08,018 --> 01:14:11,012
What Inflation refer to it is a theory?

1081
01:14:11,017 --> 01:14:13,083
What propelled the expansion of Big Bang.

1082
01:14:14,001 --> 01:14:16,089
Guth called to his theory inflation.

1083
01:14:17,067 --> 01:14:20,096
At the earlyest moment of the creation, for instance

1084
01:14:21,000 --> 01:14:24,025
scientists believe that the 4 forces of the nature

1085
01:14:24,048 --> 01:14:27,017
including the gravity and electromagnetism

1086
01:14:27,060 --> 01:14:31,099
they were acctually combined into a single super force.

1087
01:14:32,060 --> 01:14:34,069
During Big Bang

1088
01:14:34,073 --> 01:14:39,006
this superforce split into 4 known forces.

1089
01:14:40,020 --> 01:14:42,014
But before the split

1090
01:14:42,018 --> 01:14:44,097
when the Universal was incredibly small

1091
01:14:45,025 --> 01:14:47,032
Einstein's laws of the phyics

1092
01:14:47,036 --> 01:14:51,012
including the one that is nothing
moves faster than the light

1093
01:14:51,020 --> 01:14:52,084
didn't apply yet.

1094
01:14:52,088 --> 01:14:56,009
Maybe at that moment something happen,

1095
01:14:56,013 --> 01:15:01,090
that cause the Universe to expanding
even faster than the light.

1096
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:06,093
So fast that locked in the uniformity they had

1097
01:15:06,093 --> 01:15:08,093
when the Universe still small.

1098
01:15:09,001 --> 01:15:11,042
We do not know exactly when the Inflation happened.

1099
01:15:11,046 --> 01:15:14,037
Most likely it happened

1100
01:15:14,037 --> 01:15:17,037
when the gravity had splited from other 3 forces

1101
01:15:17,046 --> 01:15:19,002
but at that time other 3 forces

1102
01:15:19,003 --> 01:15:21,003
would still likely unified.

1103
01:15:22,084 --> 01:15:25,081
This hiper-expansion, if it happened

1104
01:15:25,088 --> 01:15:29,033
would locked in a certain uniformity of temperature.

1105
01:15:41,053 --> 01:15:45,091
On June 3, 2001 NASA lunched a satellite

1106
01:15:45,095 --> 01:15:49,061
that could potentially determine one way or the other

1107
01:15:49,065 --> 01:15:52,067
the truth about the Guth inflation theory.

1108
01:15:55,027 --> 01:16:00,061
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
or WMAP mission

1109
01:16:00,065 --> 01:16:05,015
plan to photograph the fossil random heat of Big Bang

1110
01:16:05,019 --> 01:16:07,058
that Penzias and Wilson were found.

1111
01:16:09,097 --> 01:16:11,017
In other words

1112
01:16:11,089 --> 01:16:15,027
NASA wanted to take a baby picture of the Universe.

1113
01:16:16,007 --> 01:16:20,005
They could then compare it with
how the Universe looks today.

1114
01:16:22,026 --> 01:16:27,011
In February 2003, the scientists got their first glimpse

1115
01:16:27,015 --> 01:16:30,055
of WMAP picture of the baby universe.

1116
01:16:31,007 --> 01:16:34,044
When it near 380 thousand years old.

1117
01:16:37,030 --> 01:16:41,038
The clarity of the data astonished the scientists.

1118
01:16:41,077 --> 01:16:44,029
The reaction people had when saw this was:

1119
01:16:44,039 --> 01:16:45,070
Well!

1120
01:16:46,035 --> 01:16:50,061
It really was the way people had speculating early on.

1121
01:16:50,080 --> 01:16:52,096
The Inflation probably happened.

1122
01:16:53,055 --> 01:16:57,013
To the untrained eye the WMAP image

1123
01:16:57,020 --> 01:16:59,085
looks like speckled robin's egg.

1124
01:17:00,021 --> 01:17:04,077
But scientists, it is a stellar rosetta stone.

1125
01:17:06,049 --> 01:17:10,053
These pattern represent the seeds that later grow

1126
01:17:10,057 --> 01:17:14,090
into vast expensions of stars and galaxies of today.

1127
01:17:17,021 --> 01:17:21,022
Aside strongly supporting Guth's inflation theory

1128
01:17:21,026 --> 01:17:24,090
the data also gave us concrete cluses

1129
01:17:26,004 --> 01:17:31,090
to the age, composition, shapes
and evolution of the Universe.

1130
01:17:33,062 --> 01:17:38,020
Up to few years ago, cosmology
was quite think from the other sciences

1131
01:17:38,077 --> 01:17:40,036
simply because

1132
01:17:41,012 --> 01:17:44,068
there were more theories on them around than data.

1133
01:17:46,073 --> 01:17:52,073
And it not until these satellites measured
what was going on,

1134
01:17:53,045 --> 01:17:56,028
shortly after Big Bang with such high precision

1135
01:17:56,032 --> 01:18:00,019
that you can describing one cosmological model
from another

1136
01:18:00,052 --> 01:18:03,014
and you can produced numerical results

1137
01:18:03,018 --> 01:18:05,019
about the size of the Universe,
the age of the Universe

1138
01:18:05,030 --> 01:18:08,005
the expansion rate of the Universe,
the content of the Universe.

1139
01:18:08,050 --> 01:18:11,011
You couldn't do that before
these data be come available.

1140
01:18:11,063 --> 01:18:16,084
Before there was a mixture mythology
and clever thinking.

1141
01:18:18,020 --> 01:18:24,013
Thanks to modern tools such as WMAP satellite,

1142
01:18:24,055 --> 01:18:26,003
physicists now have a model of events

1143
01:18:26,003 --> 01:18:27,083
just after Big Bang.

1144
01:18:29,092 --> 01:18:33,062
Less than billionth of second after Big Bang

1145
01:18:35,040 --> 01:18:39,057
a bubbled much small than
a fraction of atom formes.

1146
01:18:40,088 --> 01:18:43,018
This is the Universe.

1147
01:18:43,060 --> 01:18:46,013
It is unimaginably small

1148
01:18:46,065 --> 01:18:48,099
and unimaginably hot.

1149
01:18:49,052 --> 01:18:54,015
Within this bubble, the 4 known forces the nature

1150
01:18:54,067 --> 01:18:57,065
gravity, electromagnetism

1151
01:18:57,065 --> 01:19:01,059
plus strong and weak nuclear force.

1152
01:19:01,069 --> 01:19:04,070
Were combined a super force.

1153
01:19:06,030 --> 01:19:09,070
Gravity suddenly separated of the super force,

1154
01:19:09,074 --> 01:19:11,087
as the Universe expands.

1155
01:19:13,028 --> 01:19:16,019
As the Universe expands, it cools

1156
01:19:16,030 --> 01:19:19,038
which somehow, sends out a burst of energy,

1157
01:19:19,042 --> 01:19:25,023
feelling the hyperinflation of Universe,
suggested by Alan Guth.

1158
01:19:26,027 --> 01:19:30,036
This inflation locks in uniformity of the Universe,

1159
01:19:30,040 --> 01:19:33,011
picture by WMAP satellite.

1160
01:19:34,089 --> 01:19:37,081
The Universe still less than a second old

1161
01:19:37,085 --> 01:19:42,087
when the super force decaies
separated forces of the nature.

1162
01:19:44,041 --> 01:19:49,022
Roughly 3 minutes after the Big Bang
the temperature of the Universe

1163
01:19:49,033 --> 01:19:53,055
had droped to near 1 million degrees F.

1164
01:19:53,077 --> 01:19:56,054
Colder enough for atomic nucleus to form.

1165
01:19:58,020 --> 01:20:01,014
The element Hydrogen forms.

1166
01:20:02,037 --> 01:20:05,072
Some Hydrogen atoms fuse to cerat the Helium,

1167
01:20:05,076 --> 01:20:08,093
that's proposed by Gamow and Alpher.

1168
01:20:12,044 --> 01:20:15,072
380 thousand years later

1169
01:20:16,010 --> 01:20:19,028
and light travel through the darkness.

1170
01:20:20,028 --> 01:20:24,047
The burst of radiation that Penzias and Wilson find

1171
01:20:24,047 --> 01:20:25,077
happens now.

1172
01:20:28,057 --> 01:20:31,019
A billions years after Big Bang,

1173
01:20:31,076 --> 01:20:33,068
stars took shape.

1174
01:20:34,035 --> 01:20:39,036
Producing the heavier elements
like Nitrogen, Oxygen and Carbon

1175
01:20:39,040 --> 01:20:41,037
as Hoyle predicted.

1176
01:20:44,060 --> 01:20:47,044
Roughly 9 billion years out,

1177
01:20:47,048 --> 01:20:50,057
matter and gravity combined,

1178
01:20:50,057 --> 01:20:52,057
to form a perfectly typical star.

1179
01:20:54,002 --> 01:20:56,027
Pressure created heat at its core.

1180
01:20:56,059 --> 01:21:00,046
This heat trigge thermonuclear fusion.

1181
01:21:01,005 --> 01:21:03,012
A star was born.

1182
01:21:03,054 --> 01:21:07,057
The stellar outflow clears away residual gases.

1183
01:21:07,089 --> 01:21:11,065
A circunestelar disc of dust remains

1184
01:21:12,022 --> 01:21:17,061
that eventually excrete into an entourage of planets and moons.

1185
01:21:18,037 --> 01:21:20,090
One of these lumps of star dust

1186
01:21:20,094 --> 01:21:25,016
after being pummeled for eons by residual solar debris

1187
01:21:25,064 --> 01:21:29,032
has tempture warm enough to allow

1188
01:21:29,036 --> 01:21:33,050
hydrogen dioxide, water to build up the atmosphere.

1189
01:21:34,068 --> 01:21:37,096
Liquid water gathers on planet surface.

1190
01:21:38,072 --> 01:21:44,057
Under water mysterious chemical reactions
ultimaclly form life.

1191
01:21:46,026 --> 01:21:50,059
13.7 billion years after Big Bang,

1192
01:21:50,063 --> 01:21:55,058
our Universe is now 156 billions light years cross.

1193
01:21:55,087 --> 01:21:58,054
The sky full of stars.

1194
01:21:58,090 --> 01:22:02,052
Our Solar System has eight planets, more or less.

1195
01:22:02,084 --> 01:22:07,022
The third planet is nearly covered in carbon based life form.

1196
01:22:07,034 --> 01:22:11,067
Some are just realizing what infinitely small spects they are

1197
01:22:11,079 --> 01:22:14,082
in the great scheme of the things.

1198
01:22:16,092 --> 01:22:20,050
If you don't understand this process, that's ok.

1199
01:22:20,080 --> 01:22:25,080
It is the culmination of million of human
brains struggling for thousands of years

1200
01:22:25,092 --> 01:22:28,022
to figure it out how the Universe began

1201
01:22:28,079 --> 01:22:31,002
and where man fits with in it.

1202
01:22:32,017 --> 01:22:35,085
It is enough to overran to any one human brain.

1203
01:22:36,027 --> 01:22:39,026
If I take seriously the idea that my brain was evolved, be able

1204
01:22:39,030 --> 01:22:43,057
to throw rocks and take bananas and
things thus, it's pretty remarkable

1205
01:22:44,020 --> 01:22:46,075
that we humans would be able
to figure out much about physics

1206
01:22:46,082 --> 01:22:50,035
figure out much about things that didn't
have survival value to our ancestors.

1207
01:22:50,082 --> 01:22:53,072
Ya, I think it's quite stunning how well

1208
01:22:53,072 --> 01:22:56,002
we humans have been able to make progress in this regard.

1209
01:22:56,002 --> 01:22:59,088
And not go completely bananas in the process.

1210
01:23:02,061 --> 01:23:05,011
This is our story of everything.

1211
01:23:05,035 --> 01:23:09,042
Our world, our solar system, our Universe.

1212
01:23:09,054 --> 01:23:11,011
And how what all began.

1213
01:23:12,053 --> 01:23:14,082
It is what we thought we know.

1214
01:23:16,061 --> 01:23:20,077
It is a work in progress, the script still is being written.

1215
01:23:20,089 --> 01:23:23,056
Let's see how it ends.

1216
01:23:29,095 --> 01:23:31,022
New York city.

1217
01:23:33,030 --> 01:23:36,025
A beautiful but unremarkable autumn day,

1218
01:23:36,092 --> 01:23:40,054
like thousands before it and thousands to come

1219
01:23:41,070 --> 01:23:44,068
until there aren't anymore autumn days.

1220
01:23:54,072 --> 01:23:59,027
Imagine for a moment imagine travel
in the future for billions of years.

1221
01:24:17,045 --> 01:24:20,094
Pass the end of the human civilization

1222
01:24:20,094 --> 01:24:22,094
and the lives all living creatures on earth.

1223
01:24:24,099 --> 01:24:29,003
Imagine we are 5 billion years in the future.

1224
01:24:42,057 --> 01:24:47,045
The Sun is running out the nuclear fuel that give its fire.

1225
01:24:49,044 --> 01:24:52,064
As it cools and it expands and it reddens

1226
01:24:53,059 --> 01:24:56,068
coming closer and closer to Earth.

1227
01:24:58,037 --> 01:25:00,097
It swallows Mercury and Venus.

1228
01:25:03,036 --> 01:25:08,042
Water on Earth evaporates
and the Earth be come melt again.

1229
01:25:11,080 --> 01:25:16,032
When the fuel was gone, the sun's core
ultimately contracted

1230
01:25:16,044 --> 01:25:20,084
as transform from a white giant to a white dwarf.

1231
01:25:24,033 --> 01:25:29,012
The expanding outal layers of the Sun
called planetary nebulae.

1232
01:25:29,066 --> 01:25:35,009
Drifting in the space as ghostly shrouds of glowing gas.

1233
01:25:38,086 --> 01:25:41,029
The planets that's survive the process

1234
01:25:41,065 --> 01:25:44,015
the outer one like Saturn and Neptune

1235
01:25:44,027 --> 01:25:46,073
are utterly changed by it.

1236
01:25:48,031 --> 01:25:52,026
The planetary nebulae blows away
their gaseous atmospheres

1237
01:25:53,056 --> 01:25:57,051
leaving small, rocky and metallic core behind.

1238
01:26:00,008 --> 01:26:01,060
The distant planets

1239
01:26:01,060 --> 01:26:05,030
no longer hold by less massive sun's gravity

1240
01:26:05,042 --> 01:26:08,007
drift in to the vastness of the space.

1241
01:26:10,053 --> 01:26:12,088
Travel billions of years after that

1242
01:26:13,057 --> 01:26:17,019
and all remaining heat from sun has radiated out.

1243
01:26:17,075 --> 01:26:19,095
And its small, dark surface

1244
01:26:20,061 --> 01:26:23,096
is same frigid temperature as
the rest of the space.

1245
01:26:25,069 --> 01:26:28,047
The Sun is now a black dwarf.

1246
01:26:31,015 --> 01:26:33,039
Now billions of years later

1247
01:26:33,043 --> 01:26:38,030
prepared by a mysterious, only recently
discoved dark energy

1248
01:26:38,042 --> 01:26:40,001
the Universe expands, ever faster

1249
01:26:40,002 --> 01:26:43,002
flying apart everywhere.

1250
01:26:45,009 --> 01:26:51,009
On a grand scale and at a molecular one,
the expansion overwhelms of the gravity.

1251
01:26:51,089 --> 01:26:53,098
And everything rips a part

1252
01:26:55,028 --> 01:26:58,057
not just galaxies, Solar System and stars

1253
01:26:59,051 --> 01:27:01,017
but even atoms.

1254
01:27:02,024 --> 01:27:06,002
Finally, matter itself is torn sunder.

1255
01:27:06,079 --> 01:27:12,023
This it is the big rip, the big restting
piece of our Universe

1256
01:27:12,027 --> 01:27:17,043
the legacy of the dark energy, that
stuff we still haven't figure it out.

1257
01:27:18,084 --> 01:27:23,014
Rightnow, dark energy is mostly a code
word of our ignorance.

1258
01:27:23,017 --> 01:27:27,043
What this substance it is, some people
think is sort of stuff, somepeople think

1259
01:27:27,071 --> 01:27:31,042
it is a constant should be in Einstein's equations

1260
01:27:31,054 --> 01:27:33,039
some people think is just a reflection of fact

1261
01:27:33,039 --> 01:27:35,039
we may got that gravity worry again.

1262
01:27:37,074 --> 01:27:42,048
Right now the Big Rip theory of the end
of the Universe leads the pack.

1263
01:27:42,088 --> 01:27:46,042
Who can say if it is remain our theory

1264
01:27:46,042 --> 01:27:48,042
or some new discovery will challenge.

1265
01:27:51,008 --> 01:27:55,031
The stuff we haven't figure out yet,
goes on for ever.

1266
01:27:55,061 --> 01:28:00,020
One more blow to our centrality
in the great scheme of the things.

1267
01:28:01,054 --> 01:28:04,019
But that does not mean
that we do not know anything.

1268
01:28:04,075 --> 01:28:07,097
Copernicus, Newton, Einstein

1269
01:28:08,068 --> 01:28:12,051
even Alpher, Wilson and Guth

1270
01:28:13,010 --> 01:28:16,008
they have given pieces us of
endless puzzle.

1271
01:28:17,017 --> 01:28:20,067
They help tell us how we fit in the picture.

1272
01:28:21,013 --> 01:28:24,071
Recognize the very molecules
that make up your body

1273
01:28:24,096 --> 01:28:27,098
the atoms that construct molecules, a traceable

1274
01:28:28,053 --> 01:28:31,078
to the crucibles that were once
to center of high mass star

1275
01:28:32,007 --> 01:28:36,007
and exploded there chemically enrich
goods in the galaxy

1276
01:28:37,009 --> 01:28:40,016
enriching the pristine gas clouds

1277
01:28:40,085 --> 01:28:42,047
which chemistry of the life.

1278
01:28:43,082 --> 01:28:48,042
So we are connected, to each other by biologically,

1279
01:28:49,039 --> 01:28:51,032
to the Earth, chemically,

1280
01:28:51,088 --> 01:28:55,015
and to the rest of the Universe, atomically.

1281
01:28:57,024 --> 01:28:58,047
That's kind cool.

1282
01:29:00,041 --> 01:29:01,064
That makes me smile.

1283
01:29:02,052 --> 01:29:05,005
And I actually feel quite large in the end of that.

1284
01:29:05,099 --> 01:29:07,083
It is not that we are better than the Universe,

1285
01:29:07,095 --> 01:29:09,028
We are part of the universe.

1286
01:29:10,063 --> 01:29:13,035
We are in the Universe and the Universe is in us.

1287
01:29:17,026 --> 01:29:19,057
We are not the center of the Universe,

1288
01:29:19,069 --> 01:29:22,025
we are in it and of it,

1289
01:29:22,084 --> 01:29:25,013
try to figure it all out.

1290
01:29:25,083 --> 01:29:27,052
So much we know,

1291
01:29:27,074 --> 01:29:29,090
and yet so much we still don't know.

1292
01:29:30,068 --> 01:29:33,005
We hold on tightly our little planet

1293
01:29:33,005 --> 01:29:35,005
goes hurries through space.

1294
01:29:35,010 --> 01:29:39,056
Around the sun, around the galaxy, around the Universe.

1295
01:29:40,096 --> 01:29:42,055
Don't forget to look up,

1296
01:29:43,064 --> 01:29:45,004
so much to see,

1297
01:29:45,088 --> 01:29:47,043
so much to know.

1298
01:29:48,066 --> 01:29:50,054
By where we began?