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Almost 200 years ago,
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00:00:22,023 --> 00:00:26,235
whilst walking these very paths
in the English countryside
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00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:29,196
and observing the banks
and meadows near his home,
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00:00:29,321 --> 00:00:32,324
Charles Darwin developed
his ground-breaking ideas
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00:00:32,450 --> 00:00:33,784
about evolution,
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casting a new light
on the natural world
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and opening our eyes
to its true wonder.
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Since then, we've explored
almost every part of the planet
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and seen nature
in its astounding variety.
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00:00:49,842 --> 00:00:52,511
But there's still much to discover.
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00:00:56,098 --> 00:00:59,477
In this new series of Planet Earth,
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we travel to the most
astonishing wild places...
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...see mysterious creatures...
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...witness
spectacular wonders...
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...and reveal
breathtaking animal dramas.
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The natural world
continues to surprise us.
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00:01:46,440 --> 00:01:51,987
But since Darwin's time, it has
changed beyond recognition...
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...transformed
by a powerful force - us.
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We will see how animals are
adapting in extraordinary ways
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00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:09,130
to survive the new challenges
they face.
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At this crucial time in our history,
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we must now look at the world
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through a new lens.
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This is Planet Earth III.
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Tasmania,
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Shipstern's Bluff,
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where two worlds collide.
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These waves have crossed
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00:03:40,387 --> 00:03:43,349
more than a thousand miles
of open ocean...
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...building in strength.
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It's here that they meet
their explosive end.
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00:04:34,942 --> 00:04:40,114
Coasts are dangerous
and dynamic frontiers.
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To succeed here, life must
adapt to constant change.
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00:04:51,917 --> 00:04:54,586
South Africa's Robberg Peninsula.
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00:04:58,841 --> 00:05:02,636
Thousands of Cape fur seals
gather here to breed.
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00:05:16,275 --> 00:05:20,612
This pup was born
into a crowded world.
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00:05:24,616 --> 00:05:27,328
But now, at nearly a year old,
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he can escape to the water.
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He just has to get there.
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00:06:12,331 --> 00:06:17,795
There is no question
as to where this pup belongs.
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00:06:26,678 --> 00:06:31,350
In the water, he's fast and agile...
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...and he needs to be.
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The rolling surf conceals
life-threatening dangers.
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A great white shark.
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This young pup has had
a very lucky escape.
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00:08:12,576 --> 00:08:14,995
Here on Africa's southern coast,
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seals risk their lives every time
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they set out to eat.
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00:08:25,672 --> 00:08:31,094
Powerful ocean currents
attract huge shoals of fish.
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00:08:40,062 --> 00:08:42,564
But in recent years,
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00:08:42,689 --> 00:08:45,692
this stretch has attracted
increased numbers
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00:08:45,817 --> 00:08:47,778
of great whites, too.
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00:08:50,989 --> 00:08:53,575
The great whites are shrewd hunters
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and use whatever cover is available.
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This shark won't need to eat
for another few days.
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00:09:35,367 --> 00:09:37,494
But he's not alone.
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These usually solitary hunters
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are gathering
in unprecedented numbers...
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...a dozen at a time.
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00:10:05,188 --> 00:10:07,065
The seals are nimble...
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00:10:13,196 --> 00:10:15,282
...but great whites
are patient...
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00:10:22,289 --> 00:10:24,666
...and have
explosive acceleration...
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00:10:28,003 --> 00:10:32,215
...hitting top speed with just
five swipes of their tails.
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Cornered, the seals keep close
to the jagged cliffs.
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They're trapped.
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But as the great whites
move in for the kill...
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...the seals do something
astonishing.
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Together, they turn on their enemy.
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As more join, the mob grows...
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...in both number
and confidence.
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00:12:36,673 --> 00:12:39,217
The tables are turning.
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00:13:06,077 --> 00:13:08,705
By sheer force of numbers,
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these fur seals drive
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the world's most notorious predator...
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...back out to sea.
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00:13:25,555 --> 00:13:30,227
Here, animals are adapting
to new challenges
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00:13:30,352 --> 00:13:32,896
in a rapidly changing world.
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00:13:41,738 --> 00:13:43,990
In the Arctic,
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monumental change is a regular event.
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00:13:56,211 --> 00:14:00,465
Summer. Visitors are arriving
en masse...
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...attracted by the biggest
seasonal transformation
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on any coast on Earth.
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Over 300 billion tons
of ice are melting...
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...releasing
nutrient-rich water.
85
00:14:36,793 --> 00:14:40,130
Extraordinary newcomers
appear from the depths.
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A sea angel...
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...no bigger
than your little finger.
88
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It's eaten little for months.
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Its empty stomach glows orange.
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And there are other hungry arrivals.
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A sea butterfly...
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...a snail with wings.
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Both angel and butterfly are blind...
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...but each monitors
minute changes in the water
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as they search for a meal.
96
00:16:17,227 --> 00:16:20,480
This angel has a devilish side.
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00:16:23,692 --> 00:16:27,028
Its mouthparts invert...
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...to form a deadly trap
of tentacles...
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...from which there is
little chance of escape.
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With a stomach full of prey,
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this angel has lost its glow...
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...but not its appetite.
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It feasts while it can.
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Both predator and prey
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will soon return to the depths...
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00:17:54,949 --> 00:17:58,787
...before the ice transforms
this coast once again.
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Namibia,
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where desert lions
roam across vast territories.
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00:18:33,863 --> 00:18:39,244
These desert cats are on
a never-ending search for food.
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00:18:45,667 --> 00:18:48,336
And that has brought
these young sisters...
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00:18:49,796 --> 00:18:51,548
...here...
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...Africa's infamous
Skeleton Coast.
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00:19:11,401 --> 00:19:13,653
Following years of persecution,
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00:19:13,778 --> 00:19:16,823
Namibia's lions are now protected,
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and their range
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is expanding again.
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These are the first to be seen
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on these shores for 40 years.
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By day, there is little for them here.
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But at night, it's a different story.
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Sea birds come here to roost
in their thousands.
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These hungry sisters have never
seen an opportunity like this.
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But no cats, certainly no desert cats,
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enjoy getting their paws wet.
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These roosting cormorants
are sitting ducks
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for hunters with good night vision...
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...in theory.
128
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Birds are not a big cat's usual prey,
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let alone sea birds...
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00:21:15,733 --> 00:21:19,070
...and these sisters
need to get their eye in.
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00:21:53,354 --> 00:21:57,358
Catching flying prey
in the dark is not easy...
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...but these lions
have acquired the knack.
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Coasts can not only provide food...
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...they can also be
a sanctuary.
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This female southern
right whale is nearing the end
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of a 5,000-mile journey
across open ocean.
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She's kept a steady course...
138
00:23:04,675 --> 00:23:08,846
...to a special place
she has known all her life...
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...Peninsula Valdés, Argentina.
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In these calm, shallow waters,
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her behaviour starts to change.
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She rolls and shifts her great body.
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Perhaps she's trying
to get comfortable.
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Other females are close by.
145
00:24:37,852 --> 00:24:41,355
Some have been coming here
for five decades...
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...seeking the shelter
of this bay
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at a key time in their lives.
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This whale is here
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to give birth.
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A new life begins.
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The calf is totally dependent
on its mother.
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She's producing as much
as 200 litres of milk a day.
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The strength she loses,
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the calf gains...
155
00:26:21,789 --> 00:26:27,128
...and it becomes more and more
independent and playful.
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In this nursery bay,
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there are plenty of playmates.
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00:26:52,695 --> 00:26:56,616
But a mother never
lets her calf stray too far...
159
00:27:04,332 --> 00:27:08,836
...and will always offer
a welcome embrace.
160
00:27:22,642 --> 00:27:27,855
The family keeps in constant
contact with whispered calls.
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New research has revealed
that in shallow coastal waters
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their calls not only fade quickly,
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but are also concealed
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by the sound of waves
breaking on the shore...
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...so they won't attract
the attention of predators.
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00:27:58,094 --> 00:28:02,348
Not so long ago, these whales
faced a graver threat.
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They were hunted to near extinction.
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But 40 years ago,
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00:28:13,442 --> 00:28:16,362
commercial whaling was banned.
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Today, their population
is 12,000 strong,
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and this bay now attracts
one of the largest gatherings
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of these whales anywhere on Earth.
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There are over a million miles
of coastline around the world.
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Together, they constitute
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the most varied habitat on the planet.
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Here, on Canada's west coast,
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some of the most powerful
of all ocean currents
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deliver a constant supply of nutrients
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to the shores of countless islands.
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And those that live here
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take full advantage.
182
00:29:48,579 --> 00:29:53,584
This is the aptly named
wandering garter snake.
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00:30:12,686 --> 00:30:14,480
He may seem out of place,
184
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but he's here to eat.
185
00:30:29,829 --> 00:30:33,165
The water here is more
than ten degrees colder
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than the air.
187
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But that doesn't deter
this intrepid hunter
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00:30:45,886 --> 00:30:47,847
from taking the plunge.
189
00:30:53,602 --> 00:30:58,023
Under the water, there is
an abundance of food...
190
00:30:59,567 --> 00:31:01,527
...if you can catch it.
191
00:31:29,430 --> 00:31:31,348
Snakes are cold-blooded,
192
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so he can't stay in
these chilly waters for long.
193
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Back in the sunshine,
he warms his head,
194
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perhaps sharpening his senses.
195
00:31:52,453 --> 00:31:54,914
And then, with a gulp of air...
196
00:31:56,290 --> 00:31:58,500
...he continues his hunt.
197
00:32:05,925 --> 00:32:07,968
It's thought that garter snakes
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00:32:08,093 --> 00:32:11,055
can use their forked tongue
underwater,
199
00:32:11,180 --> 00:32:16,185
as they do in air, smelling in stereo,
200
00:32:16,310 --> 00:32:19,355
detecting prey wherever it hides.
201
00:32:35,496 --> 00:32:37,414
He's got something.
202
00:32:38,916 --> 00:32:40,876
A small fish.
203
00:32:46,256 --> 00:32:48,509
Now he has to land it.
204
00:32:52,638 --> 00:32:54,431
Success.
205
00:32:59,353 --> 00:33:02,022
For those animals
able to cross the divide
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00:33:02,147 --> 00:33:06,735
between land and sea,
there are surprising rewards.
207
00:33:13,701 --> 00:33:16,787
Raja Ampat in Indonesia.
208
00:33:20,833 --> 00:33:23,877
Here, there's a greater variety
of animals
209
00:33:24,003 --> 00:33:26,714
than on any other coast on Earth.
210
00:33:33,095 --> 00:33:36,140
The corals are protected by mangroves,
211
00:33:36,265 --> 00:33:39,143
salt-tolerant trees
212
00:33:39,268 --> 00:33:43,022
that prop themselves
on curving aerial roots.
213
00:33:56,577 --> 00:33:59,580
These fish have learned
how to catch prey
214
00:33:59,705 --> 00:34:02,082
from high in the trees.
215
00:34:08,547 --> 00:34:12,760
Archerfish use jets of water
like arrows.
216
00:34:17,598 --> 00:34:20,142
This pinpoint accuracy
217
00:34:20,267 --> 00:34:23,228
requires some complex calculations.
218
00:34:25,564 --> 00:34:29,109
The hunter first estimates
the range of its target...
219
00:34:32,946 --> 00:34:35,824
...then loads with
a precise amount of water.
220
00:34:38,744 --> 00:34:42,915
Aiming, they allow for
the refraction and distortion
221
00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:46,001
created by the water's moving surface.
222
00:34:50,172 --> 00:34:52,007
And then...
223
00:34:52,132 --> 00:34:54,009
...release...
224
00:34:57,012 --> 00:34:59,348
...an arrow of water.
225
00:35:01,308 --> 00:35:03,852
They can hit prey
226
00:35:03,977 --> 00:35:06,939
up to two metres above them.
227
00:35:15,948 --> 00:35:19,201
But they're not born with this skill.
228
00:35:21,328 --> 00:35:22,913
They have to learn it.
229
00:35:25,332 --> 00:35:28,460
And they do that by studying others.
230
00:35:33,674 --> 00:35:38,971
This youngster is watching
a master at work.
231
00:35:55,779 --> 00:35:58,615
It's time for the apprentice
to have a go.
232
00:36:01,743 --> 00:36:04,621
First, he must select a target.
233
00:36:08,083 --> 00:36:10,961
This seems rather ambitious.
234
00:36:19,720 --> 00:36:21,054
Missed.
235
00:36:22,472 --> 00:36:25,642
Others watch to learn
from his mistakes...
236
00:36:36,111 --> 00:36:38,030
...or...
237
00:36:39,948 --> 00:36:41,867
...to steal his prize.
238
00:37:20,530 --> 00:37:22,908
Enough is enough.
239
00:37:25,077 --> 00:37:27,371
There is one way to beat the thieves.
240
00:37:32,668 --> 00:37:35,671
The archer himself
241
00:37:35,796 --> 00:37:37,756
becomes the arrow.
242
00:38:00,487 --> 00:38:04,449
Mangroves are unusually
stable coastal environments,
243
00:38:04,574 --> 00:38:08,912
where an archerfish can focus
on beating the competition.
244
00:38:29,641 --> 00:38:33,854
But on the exposed coast
of Mexico's Yucatán,
245
00:38:33,979 --> 00:38:36,023
life is precarious.
246
00:38:38,650 --> 00:38:41,820
Concentrated by the tropical sunshine,
247
00:38:41,945 --> 00:38:44,614
the brine in these shallow lagoons
248
00:38:44,740 --> 00:38:47,659
cannot be tolerated by most animals.
249
00:38:52,164 --> 00:38:55,792
And yet these Caribbean flamingos
250
00:38:55,917 --> 00:38:59,296
have flown hundreds of miles
to gather here.
251
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:41,797
These hypersaline waters
keep many predators at bay...
252
00:39:44,591 --> 00:39:48,053
...so it's here
they choose to nest.
253
00:39:51,014 --> 00:39:53,975
There are more than 10,000 pairs here.
254
00:39:54,101 --> 00:39:57,562
It's the largest breeding
colony in North America.
255
00:40:12,327 --> 00:40:15,789
Nest mounds keep chicks
clear of the brine
256
00:40:15,914 --> 00:40:18,667
while they're still
at their most vulnerable.
257
00:40:56,663 --> 00:40:59,666
But this generation faces a problem.
258
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:10,469
The storms that come each season
259
00:41:10,594 --> 00:41:13,472
are arriving earlier every year...
260
00:41:17,309 --> 00:41:22,355
...and the colony
lies directly in their path.
261
00:41:32,115 --> 00:41:35,994
Rising winds create a storm surge
262
00:41:36,119 --> 00:41:39,748
that overwhelms
the most exposed nests.
263
00:42:04,105 --> 00:42:07,442
And then... it rains.
264
00:42:16,660 --> 00:42:20,914
The adults do what they can,
bailing out their nests.
265
00:42:28,171 --> 00:42:30,840
But they can only do so much.
266
00:42:48,191 --> 00:42:53,613
The storm passes... but leaves
devastation in its wake.
267
00:42:58,410 --> 00:43:00,745
Most nests are submerged.
268
00:43:18,054 --> 00:43:20,807
The chicks are soaked and cold...
269
00:43:22,559 --> 00:43:25,562
...and will soon perish
270
00:43:25,687 --> 00:43:28,398
unless they can get out of the water.
271
00:43:42,746 --> 00:43:45,665
The adults are unable to help.
272
00:43:50,337 --> 00:43:53,089
A chick must save itself.
273
00:44:20,492 --> 00:44:22,035
Some years,
274
00:44:22,160 --> 00:44:25,413
no chicks survive in this colony.
275
00:44:29,417 --> 00:44:33,797
Our coasts are vulnerable places,
276
00:44:33,922 --> 00:44:37,592
increasingly so
as rising global temperatures
277
00:44:37,717 --> 00:44:39,844
create bigger storms.
278
00:44:44,307 --> 00:44:47,769
The biggest are hurricanes.
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00:44:51,231 --> 00:44:54,401
They form over warm tropical water,
280
00:44:54,526 --> 00:44:57,028
building in strength at sea.
281
00:45:00,490 --> 00:45:04,536
But their full force
is unleashed on our coasts...
282
00:45:07,580 --> 00:45:11,376
...where 40%
of the world's human population
283
00:45:11,501 --> 00:45:13,128
have made their homes.
284
00:45:26,725 --> 00:45:28,977
In this changing world...
285
00:45:30,812 --> 00:45:33,398
...coasts are
on the front line.
286
00:45:50,582 --> 00:45:53,209
Raine Island,
287
00:45:53,334 --> 00:45:56,504
one of the planet's
most important breeding sites
288
00:45:56,629 --> 00:45:59,924
for one particularly precious species.
289
00:46:14,564 --> 00:46:16,566
The green turtle.
290
00:46:20,862 --> 00:46:23,782
On a few special nights each year,
291
00:46:23,907 --> 00:46:27,911
as many as 20,000 females
come ashore here.
292
00:46:30,789 --> 00:46:33,249
Their instinct to nest is strong...
293
00:46:35,710 --> 00:46:39,923
...and many haul themselves
far inland
294
00:46:40,048 --> 00:46:41,674
in search of nesting space.
295
00:46:44,552 --> 00:46:46,346
In a single night,
296
00:46:46,471 --> 00:46:49,974
they may lay as many
as two million eggs.
297
00:47:03,947 --> 00:47:05,281
Dawn.
298
00:47:08,243 --> 00:47:11,663
This exhausted female has nested,
299
00:47:11,788 --> 00:47:14,165
but now she faces
a long return journey
300
00:47:14,290 --> 00:47:17,502
through the dunes to the sea.
301
00:47:31,224 --> 00:47:32,934
As the sun rises...
302
00:47:35,144 --> 00:47:38,773
...she is at risk
of being baked alive.
303
00:47:47,198 --> 00:47:51,244
Every inch she travels is gruelling.
304
00:47:59,836 --> 00:48:04,007
And the ebbing tide
has exposed a rocky reef.
305
00:48:09,846 --> 00:48:12,682
It has already claimed many lives...
306
00:48:17,437 --> 00:48:21,900
...other females overcome
by heat and exhaustion.
307
00:48:32,577 --> 00:48:34,829
Her temperature is rising.
308
00:48:34,954 --> 00:48:37,248
She has to keep going.
309
00:49:03,441 --> 00:49:07,195
As many as 2,000 female turtles
310
00:49:07,320 --> 00:49:09,948
may die here each year.
311
00:49:32,303 --> 00:49:35,556
But the coast is always changing.
312
00:49:45,108 --> 00:49:49,821
And the turning tide may yet save her.
313
00:50:20,018 --> 00:50:23,271
Half of all the green turtles
in the Pacific
314
00:50:23,396 --> 00:50:25,231
come here to nest,
315
00:50:25,356 --> 00:50:29,110
as they have done
for at least 1,000 years.
316
00:50:38,244 --> 00:50:40,663
But for how much longer?
317
00:50:46,753 --> 00:50:49,464
If sea levels rise as predicted,
318
00:50:49,589 --> 00:50:52,050
within the next 30 years
319
00:50:52,175 --> 00:50:57,138
Raine Island will disappear
beneath the waves.
320
00:51:04,979 --> 00:51:08,608
Coasts are dynamic,
dangerous frontiers.
321
00:51:11,027 --> 00:51:13,780
And they are changing faster
than ever before
322
00:51:13,905 --> 00:51:15,615
in human history.
323
00:51:19,452 --> 00:51:23,414
Life is remarkably resilient
324
00:51:23,539 --> 00:51:26,209
and adapts to new challenges.
325
00:51:29,003 --> 00:51:31,506
But there is a limit
326
00:51:31,631 --> 00:51:34,467
on how fast it can do so.