1 00:00:38,465 --> 00:00:41,965 65 million years ago. 2 00:00:42,623 --> 00:00:45,556 Upper Cretaceous. 3 00:00:46,412 --> 00:00:50,179 10 years to impact. 4 00:01:28,239 --> 00:01:30,239 Subtitle created after the soundtrack 5 00:01:30,743 --> 00:01:32,843 by Dan Ibanescu 6 00:01:33,309 --> 00:01:35,442 Synchronization: Dan Ibănescu 7 00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:38,900 ibanescu.dan@gmail.com 8 00:02:29,506 --> 00:02:32,839 Dinosaurs have haunted our imaginations for a long time. 9 00:02:34,717 --> 00:02:39,050 But, most things we know about dinosaurs are wrong... 10 00:02:40,193 --> 00:02:42,460 T-Rex may have been good parents, 11 00:02:43,178 --> 00:02:45,944 their young might have had feathers, 12 00:02:46,553 --> 00:02:51,486 and some dinosaurs might have survived asteroid apocalypse... 13 00:02:51,928 --> 00:02:56,294 One of the things I learned, like paleontologist, is that never say never... 14 00:02:56,967 --> 00:03:01,767 I found it hard to believe that all the dinosaurs they perished as a result of a singular event. 15 00:03:03,068 --> 00:03:08,435 The dinosaur revolution radically changed the way we understanding of dinosaurs and that in more ways than one. 16 00:03:09,303 --> 00:03:15,569 T-Rex probably had a social behavior much more complex than we thought. 17 00:03:16,108 --> 00:03:20,308 T-Rex, as we now understand it, it's not the same one I grew up with. 18 00:03:20,670 --> 00:03:25,037 And frankly, he is a much more impressive being ... 19 00:03:25,404 --> 00:03:30,271 No one will ever look at it again on T-Rex in the same way... 20 00:03:42,995 --> 00:03:46,062 REVOLUTION OF THE DINOSAURS 21 00:03:46,496 --> 00:03:49,863 THE END OF THE GAME 22 00:04:09,021 --> 00:04:10,621 Montana. 23 00:04:11,310 --> 00:04:13,044 Upper Cretaceous. 24 00:04:15,646 --> 00:04:19,346 A pair of T-Rex parents they have a free afternoon. 25 00:04:27,727 --> 00:04:28,927 the chickens are playing 26 00:04:29,321 --> 00:04:30,887 even T-Rex ones. 27 00:04:37,253 --> 00:04:41,320 Like many young animals, they play for a reason: 28 00:04:42,292 --> 00:04:44,692 to improve their hunting techniques. 29 00:06:25,379 --> 00:06:31,446 Cannibalism has a purpose and it is surprising common to many modern species. 30 00:07:10,615 --> 00:07:13,248 It's a thrilling moment for the study of dinosaurs. 31 00:07:13,584 --> 00:07:17,684 And on top of that, the T-Rex is the one more interesting "field" of study... 32 00:07:18,146 --> 00:07:28,146 And that's because, over the past 10 years, I've carried out, on T-Rex, more new studies than any other dinosaur species. 33 00:07:29,334 --> 00:07:34,700 One thing I have learned would be that a apex predator is vulnerable to attack. 34 00:07:35,568 --> 00:07:38,568 As a rule, from another apex predator... 35 00:07:38,959 --> 00:07:41,159 Every dinosaur had a hard life. 36 00:07:41,560 --> 00:07:44,827 But a predator like T-Rex, he had an extremely hard life. 37 00:07:45,318 --> 00:07:51,385 If we look at the fossilized remains, on many skeletons of the T-Rex you can see the traces of the wounds. 38 00:07:52,209 --> 00:07:56,042 The evidence can be found on this bone of a T-Rex upper limb. 39 00:07:57,521 --> 00:08:00,455 Along the bone se I see massive damage, 40 00:08:00,951 --> 00:08:04,451 which suggests that the arm was almost torn off, 41 00:08:04,974 --> 00:08:07,541 most likely by another T-Rex. 42 00:08:09,153 --> 00:08:13,886 There were times when the greatest enemy of a T-Rex was probably another T-Rex. 43 00:08:16,138 --> 00:08:21,905 As the "day of reckoning" approaches, The T-Rex work together to kill… 44 00:08:23,062 --> 00:08:25,362 And an old enemy returns... 45 00:08:26,348 --> 00:08:28,981 And the revolution continues... 46 00:08:36,612 --> 00:08:42,779 A pair of T-Rex parents lose their chickens after the attack of a cannibal rival. 47 00:08:44,006 --> 00:08:46,073 But life goes on... 48 00:08:57,170 --> 00:09:03,036 Like most dinosaurs, very few T-Rex survived to adulthood. 49 00:09:05,915 --> 00:09:08,515 Chance did not favor this mother... 50 00:09:49,248 --> 00:09:53,181 These T-Rex teamed up to to increase their chances of success. 51 00:13:56,951 --> 00:14:02,418 The Dinosaur Revolution Taught Us T-Rex things I didn't think I could find out. 52 00:14:02,873 --> 00:14:04,639 We know a lot about how they grew up... 53 00:14:05,060 --> 00:14:09,527 we know that the T-Rex had a profile of human-like growth. 54 00:14:09,834 --> 00:14:12,067 That is, after the juvenile phase, 55 00:14:12,638 --> 00:14:14,705 there was a period of adolescence, 56 00:14:15,342 --> 00:14:17,875 reached maturity around 20 years old, 57 00:14:18,474 --> 00:14:22,474 and most probably not they reached the age of 30. 58 00:14:23,219 --> 00:14:26,986 New discoveries have us showed that the T-Rex was a cannibal. 59 00:14:30,813 --> 00:14:37,080 There are pieces of T-Rex bones marked by tracks teeth that could only be made by another T-Rex. 60 00:14:37,537 --> 00:14:42,337 There is pretty compelling evidence that T-Rex he fed on other T-Rex from time to time. 61 00:14:43,271 --> 00:14:45,205 It's a fight for survival 62 00:14:45,310 --> 00:14:50,843 when a pair of T-Rex parents try to give life in a world on the brink of destruction... 63 00:14:51,331 --> 00:14:55,731 I think it's very possible that the T-Rex would be capable of parental care. 64 00:14:56,375 --> 00:15:00,208 And the revolution continues... 65 00:15:07,365 --> 00:15:11,832 It's hard to imagine a T-Rex restless nesting ... 66 00:15:13,162 --> 00:15:17,195 ... unless participate in the dinosaur revolution. 67 00:15:17,490 --> 00:15:22,790 Since the 80s, I've discovered everything more dinosaur nests and eggs. 68 00:15:23,278 --> 00:15:27,711 Now we can say, enough certainty, that they were taking care of their young. 69 00:15:28,170 --> 00:15:29,770 In fact, we have evidence. 70 00:15:30,209 --> 00:15:38,476 In the mid-1990s, in Mongolia, paleontologists they found the skeleton of an Oviraptorosaur, sitting on the nest. 71 00:15:38,787 --> 00:15:42,720 I think there is solid evidence that dinosaurs hatched their eggs, 72 00:15:43,214 --> 00:15:46,914 but also proof that they cared and chickens, to some extent. 73 00:15:47,873 --> 00:15:52,073 We know that crocodiles, which are distant relatives of dinosaurs, are capable of parental care, 74 00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:54,740 so are many birds today, 75 00:15:55,090 --> 00:15:59,657 so, it is very possible that the T-Rex also took care of its young... 76 00:16:00,167 --> 00:16:07,034 A 6-ton T-Rex sitting, like a bird, on a nest of fragile eggs, seems unlikely. 77 00:16:07,581 --> 00:16:10,981 It is much more likely that it is been covered with a protective coating. 78 00:16:11,435 --> 00:16:15,002 And it's just the beginning the dangerous journey... 79 00:16:15,717 --> 00:16:17,417 It's really sad to think... 80 00:16:17,998 --> 00:16:23,664 that most baby dinosaurs were born to die and still very young. 81 00:16:24,163 --> 00:16:28,263 A mother dinosaur could have hatched, maybe 10 nests in her life, 82 00:16:28,678 --> 00:16:35,411 and yet in nature, on average, only one chicks per parent reach maturity. 83 00:16:36,178 --> 00:16:39,778 It wasn't enough that the chickens could be killed by predators at will, 84 00:16:40,318 --> 00:16:43,818 but even hatching eggs it was a dangerous process... 85 00:16:46,028 --> 00:16:48,428 MONTANA. 86 00:16:51,205 --> 00:16:55,005 65 million years ago. 87 00:16:57,318 --> 00:17:00,418 8 years to impact. 88 00:17:10,201 --> 00:17:14,768 The more eggs, the more chances are at least one will survive... 89 00:17:25,271 --> 00:17:30,705 Eggs are easy targets for predators, of course during the many weeks they are in the nest. 90 00:17:55,464 --> 00:17:59,497 And the nests must be built from available materials. 91 00:18:05,423 --> 00:18:07,657 The forest is full of dangers, 92 00:18:07,994 --> 00:18:11,094 by creatures who do not have the courage to attack an adult T-Rex, 93 00:18:11,502 --> 00:18:14,468 but he wouldn't have the same restraints in front of a chick... 94 00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:48,267 The eggs are porous, allowing the embryo to breathe through the shell. 95 00:18:49,310 --> 00:18:51,643 Rising water can lead to drowning. 96 00:19:28,967 --> 00:19:31,867 This T-Rex is half way… 97 00:19:35,388 --> 00:19:37,788 But he's not out of the woods yet... 98 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:37,666 A new life begins... 99 00:22:38,474 --> 00:22:42,541 just in time to witness it at the end of his world... 100 00:22:55,685 --> 00:22:57,352 A day coming soon... 101 00:22:59,792 --> 00:23:02,125 Effect of impact with this asteroid 102 00:23:02,412 --> 00:23:06,478 is close to what humanity does not have seen yet, since nuclear winter. 103 00:23:07,521 --> 00:23:09,921 But life still goes on... 104 00:23:10,567 --> 00:23:12,900 And the revolution continues... 105 00:23:25,553 --> 00:23:28,919 Impact day. 106 00:23:32,662 --> 00:23:36,929 T-Rex, which symbolizes everything meaning ferocious and predatory, 107 00:23:37,263 --> 00:23:41,930 shared the planet with beings who did not they had none of these attributes. 108 00:23:43,373 --> 00:23:46,373 Although the sight of the old man Ankylosaurus was weak, 109 00:23:46,763 --> 00:23:49,097 highly developed sense of smell, 110 00:23:50,953 --> 00:23:52,520 - once uncorked - 111 00:23:52,888 --> 00:23:54,955 it represents his window to the world. 112 00:25:54,808 --> 00:25:57,508 The baby T-Rex is now a teenager. 113 00:26:00,699 --> 00:26:03,866 But he still has the curiosity specific to young people. 114 00:26:09,996 --> 00:26:13,463 And this new toy with armor is irresistible. 115 00:28:24,936 --> 00:28:29,603 The asteroid, 10 km wide, hit the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, 116 00:28:29,974 --> 00:28:33,041 with the speed of 19.95 kilometers per second. 117 00:28:33,661 --> 00:28:39,661 He created in the Earth's crust a pit of almost 140 km in diameter and 30 km deep. 118 00:28:40,285 --> 00:28:45,285 The power of the explosion was equivalent to that of 1 billion Hiroshima bombs. 119 00:28:47,115 --> 00:28:51,548 The impact created megatsunamis that they reached hundreds of meters high, 120 00:28:51,906 --> 00:28:57,206 while the superheated debris stirred huge fires throughout the northern hemisphere. 121 00:28:57,990 --> 00:29:01,723 The shock waves from the impact have caused massive earthquakes... 122 00:29:02,535 --> 00:29:04,435 and volcanic eruptions. 123 00:29:05,349 --> 00:29:09,216 Certainly, everything that was in the path of the asteroid would have been incinerated, 124 00:29:09,467 --> 00:29:15,067 it would have been terrible to be in "ground zero" when this huge rock was falling from the sky. 125 00:29:15,577 --> 00:29:19,443 For plants and animals in immediate proximity to the impact area, 126 00:29:19,795 --> 00:29:22,428 it would have been a slow and agonizing death. 127 00:29:22,943 --> 00:29:26,210 The object raised in air a lot of dust, 128 00:29:26,570 --> 00:29:28,703 the dust gradually surrounded the globe, 129 00:29:29,021 --> 00:29:34,221 and in a short time, almost the whole Earth it was enveloped in a cloud of dust. 130 00:29:34,676 --> 00:29:36,976 The effect of impact with this asteroid, 131 00:29:37,428 --> 00:29:41,461 it is close to what mankind has not seen and hopefully he'll never see 132 00:29:41,771 --> 00:29:43,071 of nuclear winter, 133 00:29:43,467 --> 00:29:48,967 of what scientists predict it to be the consequences of a global thermonuclear war. 134 00:29:51,412 --> 00:29:57,045 But extinction could have been a slow process, not a sudden event. 135 00:29:58,193 --> 00:30:03,560 Now the last dinosaurs are trying to survive an endless winter... 136 00:30:03,857 --> 00:30:06,490 And the revolution continues... 137 00:30:12,482 --> 00:30:14,682 65 million years ago. 138 00:30:15,753 --> 00:30:19,020 The earth is enveloped by ash and darkness... 139 00:30:19,637 --> 00:30:22,837 The darkness destroyed planet's food chain, 140 00:30:23,388 --> 00:30:27,188 because the vegetation a died, in the absence of light. 141 00:30:27,753 --> 00:30:30,487 All dinosaurs feed with sunlight. 142 00:30:30,984 --> 00:30:32,251 It sounds a bit strange... 143 00:30:32,865 --> 00:30:35,665 However, the plants nourish with the light of the Sun, 144 00:30:36,053 --> 00:30:38,053 herbivores feed on plants, 145 00:30:38,365 --> 00:30:40,832 and carnivores eat herbivores... 146 00:30:41,451 --> 00:30:44,984 As the light of the Sun disappears, the world sinks into darkness. 147 00:30:45,498 --> 00:30:48,598 And the longer the darkness lasts, 148 00:30:49,084 --> 00:30:51,151 the longer the hunger lasts. 149 00:30:51,459 --> 00:30:55,725 An interesting thing about extinction is the fact that the best adapted animals often disappear. 150 00:30:56,162 --> 00:31:00,262 So if you only have to eat one certain type of animal or plant, 151 00:31:00,748 --> 00:31:05,648 or if you are part of a certain ecosystem and that ecosystem is destroyed, 152 00:31:05,982 --> 00:31:08,015 then you will be the first which will disappear. 153 00:31:08,335 --> 00:31:13,368 It happened overnight or within a period of days, weeks, years or thousands and millions of years? 154 00:31:14,060 --> 00:31:19,693 I find it hard to believe that all the dinosaurs apart of birds, perished as a result of a singular event. 155 00:31:20,130 --> 00:31:24,197 One creature in particular could be one of the last survivors. 156 00:31:24,506 --> 00:31:29,872 If we think about dinosaurs, except birds, who lived at the end of the Mesozoic, 157 00:31:30,396 --> 00:31:35,430 which of them could have survived the one longest and largest extinction event? 158 00:31:35,717 --> 00:31:37,517 I think that would probably be the Troodon. 159 00:31:38,185 --> 00:31:40,552 Troodon is an animal very interesting... 160 00:31:40,990 --> 00:31:44,790 It was discovered everywhere from Alaska to the southern United States, 161 00:31:45,164 --> 00:31:50,298 it is a strange beast because the teeth they don't tell us if he was only a carnivore, 162 00:31:50,641 --> 00:31:54,274 and many paleontologists say now that he was probably an omnivore. 163 00:31:54,685 --> 00:32:02,885 Troodon has a number of anatomical adaptations that suggest that it was relatively well adapted to survive the asteroid impact. 164 00:32:03,270 --> 00:32:06,203 First of all, he had big eyes, which means he probably saw in the dark. 165 00:32:06,527 --> 00:32:09,960 Second, his teeth suggest the fact that he had a varied diet. 166 00:32:10,224 --> 00:32:15,557 And thirdly, he had feathers, so he was protected from the cold of the nuclear winter. 167 00:32:16,443 --> 00:32:26,443 Of all the dinosaurs that lived at the end of the Cretaceous, I would expect that Troodon and its kin have the best chance of survival. 168 00:34:11,240 --> 00:34:14,707 Catastrophe tends to favor them those who don't care about anything... 169 00:34:16,092 --> 00:34:18,359 and the followers of improvisation... 170 00:34:35,888 --> 00:34:39,522 There is solid evidence that, at like penguins and ostriches, 171 00:34:39,942 --> 00:34:43,809 male Troodos were involved in the process of taking care of the chicks. 172 00:34:46,686 --> 00:34:49,486 The eggs may even have hatched. 173 00:34:50,528 --> 00:34:53,461 But first there had to be eggs... 174 00:34:54,357 --> 00:34:57,491 These nesting pairs are full of life 175 00:34:57,998 --> 00:35:00,698 a life that is fast flowing... 176 00:35:50,069 --> 00:35:52,402 The female goes in search of food. 177 00:35:54,232 --> 00:35:56,465 The male guards the nest. 178 00:37:14,776 --> 00:37:16,909 The male calls his mate. 179 00:37:19,543 --> 00:37:21,676 But she can't hear him... 180 00:37:53,935 --> 00:37:56,335 As the long winter sets in, 181 00:37:56,662 --> 00:37:59,662 fight for survival it's getting weirder... 182 00:38:01,293 --> 00:38:04,393 And the revolution continues... 183 00:38:15,084 --> 00:38:19,750 The reign of the dinosaurs ends with a catastrophic impact. 184 00:38:21,545 --> 00:38:25,578 But though the reign is over, Troodons could have survived, 185 00:38:25,857 --> 00:38:28,157 not just because they had the right size 186 00:38:28,513 --> 00:38:30,580 and ate a wide variety of food, 187 00:38:30,842 --> 00:38:35,508 but also because he would have been one among the most intelligent dinosaurs. 188 00:38:35,826 --> 00:38:40,426 Troodon was one of the first dinosaurs whose brain has been measured quite accurately. 189 00:38:40,801 --> 00:38:43,068 One of the first and the only predatory dinosaur. 190 00:38:43,537 --> 00:38:47,070 Brain to body size ratio is quite high for Troodon, 191 00:38:47,344 --> 00:38:49,411 one of the biggest from the world of dinosaurs. 192 00:38:49,771 --> 00:38:55,238 In the modern world, intelligence is generally correlated with the ratio of brain to body size. 193 00:38:55,576 --> 00:38:57,876 So if this was also valid in the age of dinosaurs, 194 00:38:58,060 --> 00:39:02,794 it is possible that Troodon is one of the most intelligent dinosaurs we have discovered so far... 195 00:39:04,035 --> 00:39:05,369 From stealing the eggs, 196 00:39:06,435 --> 00:39:08,102 until taking care of the chicks 197 00:39:08,888 --> 00:39:10,088 and hunting, 198 00:39:10,821 --> 00:39:15,154 The Troodon could have shown itself intelligence in many ways. 199 00:39:16,381 --> 00:39:18,747 But nevertheless 200 00:39:19,170 --> 00:39:20,636 The Troodon failed. 201 00:39:21,381 --> 00:39:25,914 Personally, I think he survived the most among dinosaurs, except for birds, 202 00:39:26,435 --> 00:39:29,735 but I say it with sadness: Troodons no longer exist. 203 00:39:34,098 --> 00:39:36,898 The day of the dinosaurs is over... 204 00:39:37,709 --> 00:39:41,042 But the night still has a few hours left. 205 00:39:44,342 --> 00:39:49,309 The former masters of the planet they are now just frozen corpses. 206 00:39:57,809 --> 00:40:03,476 In the endless winter, the last dinosaurs try to survive... 207 00:42:40,576 --> 00:42:44,143 We saw a lot of things in Dinosaur Revolution. 208 00:42:45,170 --> 00:42:46,770 One of the most great discoveries 209 00:42:47,068 --> 00:42:51,535 is the fact that at least one dinosaur survived that most terrible event the Earth has seen. 210 00:42:51,928 --> 00:42:53,328 It's about birds. 211 00:42:54,631 --> 00:42:57,564 In this sense, the dinosaurs did not disappear ... 212 00:42:58,037 --> 00:43:02,704 We eat them at Thanksgiving. I mean, dinosaurs are all around us. 213 00:43:03,342 --> 00:43:08,408 From any point of view, without exaggeration, dinosaurs were a success story. 214 00:43:09,154 --> 00:43:12,954 We believe that if we are here and now, we are the best. 215 00:43:13,693 --> 00:43:19,426 But that's like criticizing yourself great-great-great-grandmothers because they are gone and so are you! 216 00:43:20,705 --> 00:43:22,772 Everything dies with time... 217 00:43:24,646 --> 00:43:25,846 Mankind? 218 00:43:27,297 --> 00:43:29,730 In the end, it all goes away...