1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,000 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 2 00:00:04,001 --> 00:00:08,001 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 3 00:00:08,002 --> 00:00:12,002 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 2 00:00:12,303 --> 00:00:17,725 (narrator) Berlin in the summer of 1940 welcomed victory beyond belief. 3 00:00:23,189 --> 00:00:28,318 The soldiers of the Third Reich came home after only a year of war. 4 00:00:28,403 --> 00:00:30,446 They had conquered France. 5 00:00:30,530 --> 00:00:33,449 Central and northern Europe had fallen, too. 6 00:00:33,533 --> 00:00:37,786 These crowds were delirious with exultation and relief. 7 00:00:40,123 --> 00:00:44,710 They turned to their Führer in a frenzy of gratitude. 8 00:00:55,972 --> 00:00:59,516 They had not fancied war. They had feared defeat. 9 00:00:59,601 --> 00:01:02,728 Now they thought the war was over 10 00:01:02,812 --> 00:01:05,272 and they rejoiced. 11 00:02:05,458 --> 00:02:07,292 (narrator) The men came home. 12 00:02:07,377 --> 00:02:10,879 They were brown and fit and only a few of them had died. 13 00:02:18,388 --> 00:02:20,139 (woman) l just went shopping 14 00:02:20,223 --> 00:02:23,725 when somebody told me, "Don't you hear the noise?" 15 00:02:23,810 --> 00:02:28,313 And there l saw this part of the army coming back just near us. 16 00:02:28,398 --> 00:02:33,318 So l bought a bowl of cherries and ran there. 17 00:02:36,406 --> 00:02:38,907 We all were so glad. 18 00:02:38,992 --> 00:02:43,662 We heard so much of the First World War with those dreadful battles 19 00:02:43,746 --> 00:02:46,123 and those many dead. 20 00:02:46,207 --> 00:02:52,171 l felt a sort of national pride we ended the war so quick. 21 00:02:55,884 --> 00:02:58,093 (narrator) ln cities untouched by war, 22 00:02:58,178 --> 00:03:01,805 the German people had hardly begun to give up the ways of peace. 23 00:03:01,890 --> 00:03:04,099 There was rationing, even shortages, 24 00:03:04,184 --> 00:03:08,604 but to make up for it, the regime preached enjoyment, luxury. 25 00:03:08,688 --> 00:03:11,940 (♪ "Rosamunde") 26 00:03:22,619 --> 00:03:25,579 While the British had declared frivolous things immoral, 27 00:03:25,663 --> 00:03:28,790 the Nazis tried to show that luxury flourished. 28 00:03:28,875 --> 00:03:30,876 Promises were their propaganda. 29 00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:34,630 Those who ran the war eftort came to believe their own promises. 30 00:03:34,714 --> 00:03:36,840 Only a few saw further. 31 00:03:36,925 --> 00:03:40,177 Just about August it was ordered 32 00:03:40,261 --> 00:03:43,096 that a lot of production was stopped 33 00:03:43,181 --> 00:03:47,059 or minimised or things like that. 34 00:03:47,143 --> 00:03:53,649 And there was a kind of euphoria that the war was, so to say, over. 35 00:03:53,733 --> 00:03:55,817 l didn't believe in that at all. 36 00:03:55,902 --> 00:03:59,196 No, l thought l knew the British 37 00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:04,451 and l had the opinion that they would see this thing through 38 00:04:04,535 --> 00:04:07,246 and that the United States would join the war, 39 00:04:07,330 --> 00:04:11,541 and therefore every eftort should be made 40 00:04:11,626 --> 00:04:14,836 to prepare for a long blockade. 41 00:04:14,921 --> 00:04:17,005 (crowd cheers) 42 00:04:18,758 --> 00:04:21,718 (narrator) Hitler had no plans for a long struggle, 43 00:04:22,220 --> 00:04:26,515 no preparations for the total mobilisation of all productive capacity. 44 00:04:26,599 --> 00:04:30,060 German industry had been geared to a blitzkrieg war. 45 00:04:30,144 --> 00:04:35,482 The regime still let the factories turn out peacetime goods. 46 00:04:37,443 --> 00:04:40,862 The workers, subjugated but not fully converted, 47 00:04:40,947 --> 00:04:45,909 watched the comings and goings of the Nazi princes without enthusiasm. 48 00:04:52,041 --> 00:04:55,794 Wanting to be loved, the Nazis gave and gave. 49 00:04:55,878 --> 00:05:00,424 For 1940, propaganda minister Dr Goebbels was Father Christmas. 50 00:05:02,176 --> 00:05:04,970 He gave to children. He gave to mothers. 51 00:05:05,054 --> 00:05:09,266 (newsreeI) In BerIin wurde der neue FiIm "Mutterliebe" uraufgefürht. 52 00:05:09,350 --> 00:05:12,185 Auf VeranIassung by Reich Minister Dr. Goebbels 53 00:05:12,270 --> 00:05:14,146 The NSV invited 1,200 wearers... 54 00:05:14,230 --> 00:05:16,273 (narrator) Ladies with larger broods 55 00:05:16,357 --> 00:05:19,568 were invited to the film premiere of Mother's Love, 56 00:05:19,652 --> 00:05:24,281 the regime's hymn to family and folk community. 57 00:05:24,407 --> 00:05:29,036 That means he will come to us from heaven help out as best he can. 58 00:05:29,120 --> 00:05:31,288 He will speak to the good Lord. 59 00:05:31,372 --> 00:05:35,042 And because he's so funny and makes all the angels laugh... 60 00:05:35,126 --> 00:05:39,379 (narrator) On their breasts they wore the Nazi Mother Cross. 61 00:05:42,133 --> 00:05:44,968 The pram was the tank of the home front. 62 00:05:45,053 --> 00:05:48,680 The government hoped for a breakthrough on the birth rate. 63 00:05:48,806 --> 00:05:50,891 Happy babies, happy future mothers 64 00:05:50,975 --> 00:05:54,770 and very specially happy music soused the nation. 65 00:05:54,896 --> 00:06:01,068 (♪ march) 66 00:06:01,152 --> 00:06:03,820 The big smile glued across the face of the people, 67 00:06:03,905 --> 00:06:08,241 still often dubious and nerVous, was stretched even wider. 68 00:06:11,037 --> 00:06:13,163 (singing in German) 69 00:06:25,301 --> 00:06:31,598 Everybody must learn to enjoy the happy teamwork of Hitler's folk community. 70 00:06:37,271 --> 00:06:41,483 Vierzehn Uhr und eine Minute. Der Wehrmachtsbericht. 71 00:06:41,567 --> 00:06:43,735 (narrator) Radio was the instrument 72 00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:46,905 which the Nazis made their own from the beginning. 73 00:06:46,989 --> 00:06:49,157 Their foreign-language broadcasts, 74 00:06:49,242 --> 00:06:52,619 technically marVellous but grotesquely unconvincing, 75 00:06:52,703 --> 00:06:56,415 reached greedily out to minds abroad. 76 00:06:56,499 --> 00:06:59,751 Today's ofticial German war communiqué reads as follows. 77 00:07:00,878 --> 00:07:04,714 (narrator) But listening to foreign radio was forbidden. 78 00:07:04,799 --> 00:07:08,009 Many, like the propaganda comics Tran and Helle, 79 00:07:08,094 --> 00:07:11,763 argued the toss between getting a glimpse of the outside world 80 00:07:11,848 --> 00:07:14,891 and the risk of a jail sentence. 81 00:08:03,691 --> 00:08:08,445 (woman) lf we listened to foreign radio, which we always did, 82 00:08:08,529 --> 00:08:14,409 we turned it very low and we used to sit right up close against it. 83 00:08:14,494 --> 00:08:19,915 And l remember one particular moment when my son, 84 00:08:19,999 --> 00:08:23,168 who was a little schoolboy, 85 00:08:23,252 --> 00:08:27,547 told me that he had a very funny story to tell me, 86 00:08:27,673 --> 00:08:31,134 that his friend's mother also listened to the radio 87 00:08:31,219 --> 00:08:34,346 with her ear right up against it the same as we did. 88 00:08:34,430 --> 00:08:37,682 l suddenly realised that l could have her imprisoned 89 00:08:37,808 --> 00:08:39,809 and she could have me imprisoned, 90 00:08:39,894 --> 00:08:43,939 because these two children had been talking about it. 91 00:08:45,650 --> 00:08:48,235 (narrator) As well as geography and the rest, 92 00:08:48,319 --> 00:08:51,321 Nazi schools were obliged to add a special subject. 93 00:08:51,405 --> 00:08:54,574 Children were taught with pictures and measurements 94 00:08:54,659 --> 00:08:58,245 the dimensions of a healthy Aryan race. 95 00:08:58,329 --> 00:09:00,497 Ofticial films prepared the Germans 96 00:09:00,581 --> 00:09:03,124 for the consequences of keeping the race pure. 97 00:09:03,251 --> 00:09:06,628 The mentally incurable, condemned as the bad seed, 98 00:09:06,712 --> 00:09:10,215 went to experimental gas chambers. 99 00:09:11,050 --> 00:09:13,134 (man speaks German) 100 00:09:55,511 --> 00:09:57,345 (narrator) But now, for once, 101 00:09:57,430 --> 00:10:00,432 the Germans learnt what was going on and protested. 102 00:10:00,516 --> 00:10:04,894 Bishop Galen of Münster attacked euthanasia from the pulpit. 103 00:10:04,979 --> 00:10:08,356 For a time, the programme was stopped. 104 00:10:09,025 --> 00:10:12,902 A controlled press avoided such misgivings. 105 00:10:12,987 --> 00:10:16,865 Some newspapers were mere party sheets of hate and lies. 106 00:10:16,949 --> 00:10:20,035 Some slipped criticism between the lines. 107 00:10:20,119 --> 00:10:25,373 None of them satisfied a people which was still highly educated. 108 00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:27,959 (man) lt was terribly frustrating 109 00:10:28,044 --> 00:10:32,797 never to be allowed to say your opinion openly. 110 00:10:32,923 --> 00:10:35,008 l myself was quite happy 111 00:10:35,092 --> 00:10:36,801 when l was called up, 112 00:10:36,927 --> 00:10:39,929 early 1940, to the army, 113 00:10:40,056 --> 00:10:44,976 and that suddenly left behind 114 00:10:45,102 --> 00:10:47,771 all the oppression l had every day. 115 00:10:47,855 --> 00:10:51,441 Being a soldier, you don't read newspapers. 116 00:10:51,525 --> 00:10:53,943 You don't listen to the radio. 117 00:10:54,028 --> 00:10:59,032 You're not always under the stress of the propaganda 118 00:10:59,116 --> 00:11:01,785 which was pointed at you every hour. 119 00:11:06,749 --> 00:11:10,293 (narrator) European war became world war in June 1941 . 120 00:11:10,378 --> 00:11:14,923 The Nazi leaders had secretly resolved that the conquest of Russia must come. 121 00:11:15,007 --> 00:11:19,177 (newsreel) Reichsminister Dr. Goebbels verliest die Proklamation des Führers. 122 00:11:19,261 --> 00:11:21,137 Deutsches Volk. 123 00:11:21,222 --> 00:11:26,059 ln diesem Augenblick vollzieht sich ein Aufmarsch, der... 124 00:11:26,519 --> 00:11:29,562 (narrator) For many, the attack on the Soviet Union 125 00:11:29,647 --> 00:11:33,024 brought fear and bewilderment. 126 00:11:33,109 --> 00:11:39,572 Of course l'd heard of certain preparations 127 00:11:39,657 --> 00:11:44,577 but it was all... well, hushed up, 128 00:11:44,662 --> 00:11:48,957 and till the last moment, 129 00:11:49,041 --> 00:11:52,043 l didn't think that the war would come about. 130 00:11:54,588 --> 00:11:56,464 (narrator) For a long war, 131 00:11:56,549 --> 00:12:00,385 Germany would need to have the south Russian oil fields for her own. 132 00:12:01,470 --> 00:12:04,764 Russia had delivered a million tons of oil the previous year 133 00:12:04,849 --> 00:12:08,601 under the Nazi-Soviet Pact, now flung away. 134 00:12:08,686 --> 00:12:10,270 (Kehrl) As a matter of fact 135 00:12:10,354 --> 00:12:13,982 we had the greatest trade agreements with them that we ever had 136 00:12:14,066 --> 00:12:16,192 and they delivered promptly, 137 00:12:16,277 --> 00:12:23,616 and from an economic point of view everything seemed to be in order. 138 00:12:23,701 --> 00:12:30,415 l personally had, through my men, 139 00:12:30,499 --> 00:12:37,422 negotiations with them of putting up a synthetic fibre mill in Russia 140 00:12:37,506 --> 00:12:43,553 and the treaty was signed on 15 June, 1941 , 141 00:12:43,637 --> 00:12:47,849 and the first ten million marks in gold 142 00:12:47,933 --> 00:12:52,020 should be shipped on July 1 , 1941 . 143 00:12:52,104 --> 00:12:54,189 (woman sings in German) 144 00:12:59,862 --> 00:13:04,407 (narrator) The Germans drove eastwards over disintegrating Russian armies. 145 00:13:08,412 --> 00:13:11,706 Victory looked like a matter of weeks, another blitzkrieg, 146 00:13:11,832 --> 00:13:14,959 and morale at home revived. 147 00:13:25,596 --> 00:13:29,182 Göring inspected what was now the German colony of Ukraine, 148 00:13:29,266 --> 00:13:32,644 intended to be a serf region of agriculture. 149 00:13:32,728 --> 00:13:36,231 Nazi experts on the Slavs hoped that this simple folk 150 00:13:36,315 --> 00:13:40,819 with simple customs would enjoy this prospect. 151 00:13:40,903 --> 00:13:44,864 Six months later, in the blinding snow before Moscow, 152 00:13:44,949 --> 00:13:46,825 the Germans were stopped. 153 00:13:53,207 --> 00:13:54,874 They lacked winter clothing 154 00:13:54,959 --> 00:13:58,336 and the government appealed for furs and warm coats. 155 00:13:59,547 --> 00:14:01,756 In the last days urge the collection 156 00:14:01,841 --> 00:14:04,801 crowd in front of the acceptance points the giving ones, 157 00:14:04,885 --> 00:14:06,344 to deliver their donations. 158 00:14:06,428 --> 00:14:10,723 Aren't you sorry? One like that beautiful fur? Oh, it's warm in there. 159 00:14:10,850 --> 00:14:13,393 (narrator) No amount of rehearsed enthusiasm 160 00:14:13,477 --> 00:14:18,398 could conceal that this was the Reich's first military reverse. 161 00:14:25,656 --> 00:14:29,450 The minister of ammunition and head of the war effort Fritz Todt 162 00:14:29,535 --> 00:14:33,872 flew to inspect the construction work on the Eastern Front. 163 00:14:33,956 --> 00:14:37,834 One of the men who should have been on the plane was Hitler's architect, 164 00:14:37,918 --> 00:14:41,921 the producer of the Nuremberg rallies, Albert Speer. 165 00:14:42,006 --> 00:14:47,260 l heard in the headquarters that Todt's plane crashed. 166 00:14:47,344 --> 00:14:53,182 He was dead. And half an hour afterwards l was asked to come to Hitler 167 00:14:53,267 --> 00:14:56,060 and to my great surprise he told me, 168 00:14:56,145 --> 00:15:00,023 "You shall be his successor in all his oftices." 169 00:15:04,320 --> 00:15:07,530 Todt got the funeral of a National Socialist hero. 170 00:15:23,881 --> 00:15:27,592 By now nearly 250,000 Germans had been killed on the battle fronts, 171 00:15:27,676 --> 00:15:32,180 but Todt was the first of Hitler's close comrades to meet death in the war. 172 00:15:32,306 --> 00:15:36,768 Hitler was shaken. The war had reached him personally. 173 00:15:48,906 --> 00:15:52,116 Speer had already seen the chaotic, disconnected way 174 00:15:52,201 --> 00:15:54,118 that Nazi war industry worked. 175 00:15:54,203 --> 00:16:00,500 Transport, munitions - all had to be brought under a single control. 176 00:16:05,339 --> 00:16:09,217 One of his first targets was the labour supply. 177 00:16:09,301 --> 00:16:13,304 Nazi Germany had never mobilised its full workforce. 178 00:16:13,389 --> 00:16:18,351 (Speer) l tried to get the women in the war production machinery, 179 00:16:18,435 --> 00:16:23,564 but it was opposed by Sauckel who was in charge of all the labour. 180 00:16:23,649 --> 00:16:27,151 And the thing came to Göring and Göring flatly denied, too. 181 00:16:27,236 --> 00:16:29,487 Then it came to the decision of Hitler, 182 00:16:29,571 --> 00:16:33,157 and Hitler also said, "No, the women must be preserVed." 183 00:16:33,242 --> 00:16:38,121 "They have other tasks. They are for the family. They have to bear children 184 00:16:38,205 --> 00:16:43,710 and it would spoil their health and their morale 185 00:16:43,794 --> 00:16:45,920 if they are working in the factories." 186 00:16:48,048 --> 00:16:51,551 (narrator) But Ukrainian women were being imported as maids - 187 00:16:51,635 --> 00:16:54,929 foreign conscripts for slave labour. 188 00:16:55,014 --> 00:16:57,515 Under Speer, a great irony was fulfilled, 189 00:16:57,599 --> 00:17:02,395 for Germany was becoming exactly what the Nazis said it would not become. 190 00:17:02,479 --> 00:17:07,066 They had promised a return to the land, an end to great capitalism. 191 00:17:07,151 --> 00:17:09,444 lnstead, the armaments drive 192 00:17:09,528 --> 00:17:12,447 was strengthening the vast industrial monopolies 193 00:17:12,531 --> 00:17:17,535 and swelling the cities with German and foreign labour. 194 00:17:17,619 --> 00:17:19,078 ln two and a half years, 195 00:17:19,163 --> 00:17:23,082 Speer multiplied armament production nearly four times. 196 00:17:23,167 --> 00:17:26,669 80% of industry came under his control. 197 00:17:26,754 --> 00:17:32,133 He brushed aside bureaucracies and worked through his own experts. 198 00:17:32,217 --> 00:17:38,014 (Kehrl) He had ideas and he put all his energy 199 00:17:38,098 --> 00:17:40,266 behind these ideas 200 00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:44,228 and put them through with very much success. 201 00:17:44,313 --> 00:17:46,606 He didn't know how things 202 00:17:46,732 --> 00:17:48,941 had been done in the past. 203 00:17:49,026 --> 00:17:51,277 He hadn't anything to do with it, 204 00:17:51,361 --> 00:17:55,531 so he didn't know what was impossible and what was possible, 205 00:17:55,616 --> 00:17:59,535 and he succeeded sometimes in doing the impossible, too. 206 00:18:00,996 --> 00:18:03,956 (Speer) lt is astounding for everybody 207 00:18:04,083 --> 00:18:07,168 who didn't live in our authoritarian system 208 00:18:07,252 --> 00:18:12,882 to hear that it was difticult to get through with orders. 209 00:18:12,966 --> 00:18:14,509 But it was difticult 210 00:18:14,593 --> 00:18:20,515 because Germany was divided into many districts, 32 districts. 211 00:18:20,599 --> 00:18:23,309 At the head of every district was a Gauleiter. 212 00:18:23,435 --> 00:18:28,564 He was strong political man and had absolute power in his district. 213 00:18:28,649 --> 00:18:32,777 He was only subordinated to Hitler himself. 214 00:18:32,861 --> 00:18:37,198 So when my orders didn't please one of the Gauleiters, 215 00:18:37,282 --> 00:18:40,409 possibly they weren't carried out. 216 00:18:42,913 --> 00:18:48,334 (narrator) Tank production showed how even Speer failed to get all of his way. 217 00:18:48,418 --> 00:18:51,379 He could not slice through the competing hierarchies 218 00:18:51,463 --> 00:18:53,798 in Hitler's chosen style of government. 219 00:18:53,882 --> 00:18:57,093 There were too many types of tanks. Too few tanks in all. 220 00:18:57,177 --> 00:19:00,680 Too many calibres of gun and difterent sizes of ammunition. 221 00:19:01,181 --> 00:19:04,851 (Speer) Hitler thought he was far superior to such problems 222 00:19:04,935 --> 00:19:08,813 and what for others would have been discussions of weeks and weeks 223 00:19:08,897 --> 00:19:13,109 for him was a decision of just a fraction of a minute. 224 00:19:13,193 --> 00:19:15,027 Of course, there was a change, too. 225 00:19:15,112 --> 00:19:18,447 One can never say that a man is always the same person, 226 00:19:18,532 --> 00:19:21,951 and Hitler changed a lot from '42 to '43. 227 00:19:22,035 --> 00:19:25,204 ln '43 he was more and more convinced 228 00:19:25,289 --> 00:19:27,957 that he didn't need any more advice of anybody 229 00:19:28,041 --> 00:19:32,253 and he made the decisions by himself without listening. 230 00:19:34,423 --> 00:19:37,967 (narrator) Hitler spent more and more time at the Wolf's Lair, 231 00:19:38,051 --> 00:19:40,887 his melancholy, remote encampment at Rastenburg 232 00:19:40,971 --> 00:19:43,556 in the East Prussian forest. 233 00:19:43,640 --> 00:19:46,642 Those around him were obsequious. 234 00:19:46,727 --> 00:19:49,520 The better advisers lost touch. 235 00:19:52,941 --> 00:19:58,279 Hitler's personal SS adjutant was Richard Schulze-Kossens. 236 00:19:58,363 --> 00:20:02,783 (Schulze-Kossens) Nearly all ministers were stationed at Berlin 237 00:20:02,868 --> 00:20:09,165 and some of them had contact ofticers in the headquarters. 238 00:20:09,291 --> 00:20:14,045 Only Ribbentrop, Himmler and sometimes Göring had their own headquarters, 239 00:20:14,129 --> 00:20:17,131 not so far from our headquarters. 240 00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:21,093 Speer was very often in the headquarters 241 00:20:21,178 --> 00:20:26,182 because his ministry was very important for the war. 242 00:20:26,266 --> 00:20:30,228 Only Bormann was always in the headquarters 243 00:20:30,312 --> 00:20:35,316 where there was the only direct contact to Hitler. 244 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:38,778 (Speer) Bormann, as the secretary, was the most powerful man - 245 00:20:38,904 --> 00:20:43,824 more powerful, l think, than Hitler, because when the power was divided, 246 00:20:43,951 --> 00:20:49,622 all those men who were in power had to go via him to Hitler. 247 00:20:49,706 --> 00:20:54,669 Except me. l had direct access to Hitler. 248 00:20:54,753 --> 00:20:56,921 There wasn't much cooperation. 249 00:20:57,005 --> 00:21:02,218 The cooperation was in the lower levels of the smaller technocrats. 250 00:21:02,344 --> 00:21:05,388 We didn't have anything like a cabinet. 251 00:21:05,472 --> 00:21:09,517 Ministers met, if at all, very seldom 252 00:21:09,601 --> 00:21:12,895 and didn't talk about very important matters - 253 00:21:12,980 --> 00:21:15,523 so was my impression. 254 00:21:15,607 --> 00:21:18,943 Every ministry worked for itself 255 00:21:19,027 --> 00:21:24,824 and sometimes they got orders from Hitler, but very, very seldom. 256 00:21:26,285 --> 00:21:29,954 (narrator) Foreign visitors like Mannerheim, the Finnish leader, 257 00:21:30,038 --> 00:21:33,040 could see that Hitler was living in a world of illusion. 258 00:21:33,125 --> 00:21:37,253 He still trusted the reassurances of Göring, head of the Luftwafte. 259 00:21:37,337 --> 00:21:39,005 Göring, a few months later, 260 00:21:39,089 --> 00:21:42,300 claimed that his aircraft could supply the Eastern Front 261 00:21:42,384 --> 00:21:45,428 even when a whole army was cut oft at Stalingrad. 262 00:21:46,013 --> 00:21:49,473 (man I call Stalingrad again. 263 00:21:49,558 --> 00:21:53,477 (man Here is the front on the Volga. 264 00:21:53,979 --> 00:21:57,148 (man the submariners in the Atlantic. 265 00:21:57,274 --> 00:21:59,775 (narrator) Christmas 1942. 266 00:22:01,278 --> 00:22:03,779 (man 267 00:22:03,864 --> 00:22:06,574 (man and Africa. 268 00:22:06,658 --> 00:22:08,492 (narrator) The man at Stalingrad 269 00:22:08,577 --> 00:22:11,287 had come through on the radio link-up loud and clear, 270 00:22:11,371 --> 00:22:15,958 but the brave words were faked in a Berlin studio. 271 00:22:17,961 --> 00:22:20,046 (♪ "Silent Night") 272 00:22:28,263 --> 00:22:31,557 For the last time the cathedral stood undamaged 273 00:22:31,641 --> 00:22:34,018 as the Christmas fair took place in Berlin. 274 00:22:34,770 --> 00:22:37,813 But Stalingrad was still cut oft 275 00:22:37,898 --> 00:22:41,484 and deep down the nation sensed what was to happen. 276 00:22:41,568 --> 00:22:44,111 (man) Dritter Februar. 277 00:22:44,196 --> 00:22:48,366 Das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht gibt bekannt: 278 00:22:48,450 --> 00:22:51,160 Der Kampf um Stalingrad ist zu Ende. 279 00:22:51,286 --> 00:22:55,956 (narrator) "The Battle of Stalingrad has come to an end." 280 00:22:56,041 --> 00:23:00,252 For once the radio spoke the truth, and with some dignity. 281 00:23:00,337 --> 00:23:04,298 91 ,000 surVivors surrendered. 282 00:23:04,383 --> 00:23:08,677 Only a few thousand ever saw Germany again. 283 00:23:08,762 --> 00:23:11,722 l was not long in the headquarters 284 00:23:11,807 --> 00:23:17,269 but l felt very significant the atmosphere on this day. 285 00:23:18,563 --> 00:23:21,899 All people were depressed 286 00:23:21,983 --> 00:23:26,529 and Hitler himself was very serious 287 00:23:26,613 --> 00:23:31,158 and he started on his soup 288 00:23:31,243 --> 00:23:35,579 without saying any word, and... 289 00:23:36,665 --> 00:23:40,918 He was... He was very depressed. 290 00:23:50,595 --> 00:23:52,471 (narrator) The world realised 291 00:23:52,556 --> 00:23:56,934 and the Germans realised that this was the turning point. 292 00:23:57,018 --> 00:24:01,063 This was the tragedy which could not be hidden. 293 00:24:07,821 --> 00:24:11,824 And Stalingrad did not come alone. A week before the city fell, 294 00:24:11,908 --> 00:24:18,164 the Germans learned that the Allies would demand unconditional surrender. 295 00:24:20,333 --> 00:24:23,502 There was, then, to be no mercy for the Germans. 296 00:24:23,587 --> 00:24:27,131 Nazi and non-Nazi both lost some illusions 297 00:24:27,215 --> 00:24:29,508 and drew a little closer together. 298 00:24:29,593 --> 00:24:31,969 The escape hatches had been bolted. 299 00:24:32,095 --> 00:24:35,931 This was to be a total war, fought to the finish. 300 00:24:38,018 --> 00:24:41,604 (Bieienberg) The general feeling was, well, we can do nothing. 301 00:24:41,688 --> 00:24:45,566 lt doesn't matter what we do. We'd better stick it out. 302 00:24:45,650 --> 00:24:49,987 Ausharren was the word, l remember, on everyone's lips. 303 00:24:50,071 --> 00:24:55,075 There's no alternative. We've got to fight to the bitter end. 304 00:24:55,160 --> 00:25:00,456 And this Goebbels used to the uttermost in his propaganda. 305 00:25:04,294 --> 00:25:06,378 (cheering) 306 00:25:06,963 --> 00:25:09,173 (narrator) Two weeks after Stalingrad, 307 00:25:09,257 --> 00:25:12,801 Goebbels brought a picked Nazi audience to a last mass frenzy. 308 00:25:31,112 --> 00:25:34,782 (narrator) lt was his supreme moment, the proclaiming of total war 309 00:25:34,866 --> 00:25:38,911 and the invoking of the nation's hidden power. 310 00:26:02,394 --> 00:26:06,605 (narrator) "Now, folk, rise up and storm, break loose." 311 00:26:06,690 --> 00:26:09,316 They were the words of 1812, 312 00:26:09,401 --> 00:26:13,654 of the national uprising against Napoleon. 313 00:26:13,738 --> 00:26:15,489 They were empty now. 314 00:26:19,077 --> 00:26:21,328 (♪ fanfare) 315 00:26:29,212 --> 00:26:33,549 ln 1943 it was better listening to music than to news. 316 00:26:37,178 --> 00:26:39,305 (sings in German) 317 00:26:46,021 --> 00:26:49,273 (narrator) lt was total war and retreat on all fronts. 318 00:26:49,357 --> 00:26:53,360 Total war meant that even German women must work. 319 00:26:57,991 --> 00:27:00,492 lt brought its own sour humour. 320 00:27:00,577 --> 00:27:05,956 (Tucking) There was a slogan, "Do enjoy war. Peace will be dreadful." 321 00:27:07,917 --> 00:27:09,960 (narrator) There was a new equality 322 00:27:10,045 --> 00:27:12,755 among the boys drafted to the mines and factories. 323 00:27:12,839 --> 00:27:18,260 The Hitler Youth was mobilised into production and eventually into battle. 324 00:27:18,345 --> 00:27:23,641 The barriers between people crumbled as they had crumbled in the London Blitz. 325 00:27:25,685 --> 00:27:29,855 People wanted to huddle together, to sing and forget. 326 00:27:29,939 --> 00:27:32,608 By the morning, they might be dead. 327 00:27:37,947 --> 00:27:40,240 (gunfire) 328 00:27:44,162 --> 00:27:47,831 By day the American bomber fleets ranged over the Reich. 329 00:27:47,916 --> 00:27:50,042 At night came the British. 330 00:27:50,126 --> 00:27:52,461 ln the shelters the people waited for dawn 331 00:27:52,545 --> 00:27:55,255 and wondered if their cities would still be there. 332 00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:01,220 (Tucking) When we had the first bombs, we were shocked. 333 00:28:01,304 --> 00:28:06,350 We saw all the sky lighted up from the fire. 334 00:28:06,434 --> 00:28:10,396 lt was an enormous and a dreadful sight. 335 00:28:11,564 --> 00:28:13,982 We were very angry when we saw 336 00:28:14,109 --> 00:28:19,238 that so many residential areas were destroyed. 337 00:28:19,322 --> 00:28:22,032 There were so few men left 338 00:28:22,117 --> 00:28:27,079 that everybody who had the strength was firefighting. 339 00:28:37,674 --> 00:28:42,177 (narrator) One by one the German cities were incinerated by firestorms. 340 00:28:42,262 --> 00:28:46,432 Ten days' raids on Hamburg left 40,000 dead. 341 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:55,274 Goebbels noted, "The people in the west 342 00:28:55,358 --> 00:28:58,026 are gradually beginning to lose courage." 343 00:28:58,111 --> 00:29:01,405 "Hell like that is hard to bear." 344 00:29:05,660 --> 00:29:07,870 (Bieienberg) l think that the bombing 345 00:29:07,954 --> 00:29:10,456 hadn't the eftect one would have thought. 346 00:29:10,540 --> 00:29:14,293 lt had the eftect of bringing people together. 347 00:29:14,377 --> 00:29:16,712 lf you were all under the same bombs, 348 00:29:16,796 --> 00:29:19,631 it didn't matter whether your neighbour was a Nazi 349 00:29:19,716 --> 00:29:21,633 or what they were. 350 00:29:27,474 --> 00:29:29,683 (narrator) To avoid seeing the ruins, 351 00:29:29,768 --> 00:29:32,686 Hitler's rare visits to Berlin were made by night. 352 00:29:32,771 --> 00:29:36,690 And yet banners were ordered for his birthday. 353 00:29:36,775 --> 00:29:42,112 They read, "Our walls have broken, but not our hearts." 354 00:29:42,947 --> 00:29:48,285 (Junge) Hitler lost more and more his sense of reality. 355 00:29:48,369 --> 00:29:51,163 He never, never had the will 356 00:29:51,247 --> 00:29:56,502 that he must see with his own eyes what the war was. 357 00:29:58,838 --> 00:30:02,466 We had no information from outside 358 00:30:02,550 --> 00:30:08,388 and so l had the feeling to live in a monastery, 359 00:30:08,473 --> 00:30:13,435 in a concentration camp. 360 00:30:13,520 --> 00:30:18,106 One of the generals once said, "l feel like a concentration camp." 361 00:30:18,191 --> 00:30:20,984 "We are included 362 00:30:21,069 --> 00:30:25,697 and we all use the same phrases." 363 00:30:25,782 --> 00:30:29,201 "We are all thinking the same. We are all hearing the same." 364 00:30:29,285 --> 00:30:33,956 "We are all led in our thoughts 365 00:30:34,040 --> 00:30:36,708 and our feelings by Hitler." 366 00:30:37,794 --> 00:30:42,339 We all were playing in a play, each his role 367 00:30:42,423 --> 00:30:46,343 and he was the only one who knew the script. 368 00:30:46,427 --> 00:30:51,265 He made us all do our play and speak our text. 369 00:30:51,349 --> 00:30:55,143 Nobody else knew how it would end. 370 00:30:59,691 --> 00:31:05,779 Neither Hitler nor Göring nor Himmler were seen in public. Only Goebbels. 371 00:31:07,991 --> 00:31:11,201 Whenever there was a very heavy bombing, 372 00:31:11,327 --> 00:31:16,164 Goebbels stood there on the marketplace and held his speeches 373 00:31:16,249 --> 00:31:20,377 and tried to say ausharren. 374 00:31:21,129 --> 00:31:24,131 l personally had respect, 375 00:31:24,215 --> 00:31:28,260 because there was a sort of inspiring. 376 00:31:28,803 --> 00:31:31,471 You were sort of in a trance. 377 00:31:33,892 --> 00:31:37,144 (♪ "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg" - Wagner) 378 00:31:42,817 --> 00:31:47,863 (narrator) A strained, exhausted nation could still lose itself in music. 379 00:31:52,243 --> 00:31:55,662 The orchestras still gave what was great and true 380 00:31:55,747 --> 00:31:57,539 in the tradition of German art. 381 00:31:59,792 --> 00:32:02,669 ln the galleries there was only the empty grimacing 382 00:32:02,754 --> 00:32:06,048 of Nazi painting, Nazi sculpture. 383 00:32:14,766 --> 00:32:17,017 True Aryan models simpered and scowled, 384 00:32:17,101 --> 00:32:22,105 their features carefully designed to portray the victorious Nordic race. 385 00:32:29,489 --> 00:32:32,866 Race was the empire of Himmler and the SS. 386 00:32:34,369 --> 00:32:36,703 But now the SS was itself an empire. 387 00:32:36,788 --> 00:32:38,997 Himmler, the ex-chicken-farmer, 388 00:32:39,082 --> 00:32:42,334 ruled the death camps and the concentration camps. 389 00:32:43,044 --> 00:32:47,547 The SS had its own schools and factories and courts. 390 00:32:47,632 --> 00:32:51,343 lt administered huge tracts of the occupied east. 391 00:32:51,427 --> 00:32:56,056 lt was the instrument of German dominion over Europe. lt was even an army. 392 00:32:56,182 --> 00:32:58,058 The generals had little control 393 00:32:58,184 --> 00:33:02,938 over the hundreds of thousands of elite troops in the Waften-SS. 394 00:33:03,481 --> 00:33:07,275 lnto the SS training schools were drawn Aryan-looking volunteers 395 00:33:07,360 --> 00:33:09,111 from the occupied countries, 396 00:33:09,195 --> 00:33:13,657 for the SS state was to be not merely German but European. 397 00:33:13,741 --> 00:33:18,328 (Schulze-Kossens) All had volunteered for active serVice in the Waften-SS 398 00:33:18,413 --> 00:33:22,708 because they regarded the fight against Bolshevism 399 00:33:22,792 --> 00:33:25,711 as the most important task in Europe. 400 00:33:25,837 --> 00:33:32,134 New was the point of European education 401 00:33:32,218 --> 00:33:35,303 because we were of the opinion 402 00:33:35,388 --> 00:33:40,308 that only an imaginary contrast 403 00:33:40,393 --> 00:33:43,979 existed between the nations 404 00:33:44,105 --> 00:33:48,859 who had the same or were from the same origin, yes. 405 00:33:52,572 --> 00:33:56,158 (narrator) For those of difterent race origin, there was no place. 406 00:33:56,284 --> 00:33:59,619 For the Jews there was deportation to eastern ghettos 407 00:33:59,704 --> 00:34:03,081 and then the gas chambers of the SS. 408 00:34:03,166 --> 00:34:05,917 The ofticial word was "resettlement". 409 00:34:06,002 --> 00:34:10,672 Most Germans preferred to believe that it meant no more than that. 410 00:34:10,757 --> 00:34:15,886 (Speer) Hitler often mentioned that he is hating the Jews 411 00:34:15,970 --> 00:34:21,725 and he gave many examples already in an early time when l was with him, 412 00:34:21,809 --> 00:34:27,314 and l should have been warned that he is serious about it 413 00:34:27,398 --> 00:34:32,027 because he proved to be serious about other things he predicted too. 414 00:34:32,153 --> 00:34:34,321 (speaks German) 415 00:34:36,532 --> 00:34:41,286 (translator) One night, it must have been around midnight, the doorbell rang. 416 00:34:41,370 --> 00:34:43,497 l opened it and in front of me 417 00:34:43,581 --> 00:34:45,874 there stood a Jewish couple. 418 00:34:45,958 --> 00:34:49,961 This was how l began to help persecuted Jews. 419 00:34:50,046 --> 00:34:53,924 All of a sudden l'd entered into an invisible circle 420 00:34:54,008 --> 00:34:56,968 of people who smuggled Jews about. 421 00:34:57,053 --> 00:35:00,138 As soon as one hiding place had been detected, 422 00:35:00,223 --> 00:35:02,140 they were quickly passed on. 423 00:35:02,225 --> 00:35:05,143 They'd always move about at night. 424 00:35:05,228 --> 00:35:09,064 That's how l came to belong to a group who had to put up Jews 425 00:35:09,148 --> 00:35:11,691 when they were passed on like this. 426 00:35:11,776 --> 00:35:16,863 l've never found out who it was who'd sent them to me in the first place. 427 00:35:16,948 --> 00:35:19,491 Decent people, l'm sure. 428 00:35:19,575 --> 00:35:23,411 The problems started with the feeding of the Jewish people. 429 00:35:23,496 --> 00:35:28,291 They neither had food rationing cards nor did they have any money, 430 00:35:28,376 --> 00:35:31,920 so we in our turn made use of friends 431 00:35:32,046 --> 00:35:34,506 who exchanged their cigarette ration cards 432 00:35:34,590 --> 00:35:38,301 for the odd potato or some bread. 433 00:35:43,474 --> 00:35:49,646 One day a friend of ours who used to collect food cards for these Jews 434 00:35:49,730 --> 00:35:55,569 came to me and she came with another woman 435 00:35:55,653 --> 00:35:58,280 with dyed blonde hair. 436 00:35:58,948 --> 00:36:03,660 l can see her sitting there now twisting her wedding ring 437 00:36:03,744 --> 00:36:07,706 and telling me that it wouldn't be for long, 438 00:36:07,790 --> 00:36:13,587 that she would help me in the house and her husband need never go out. 439 00:36:13,671 --> 00:36:16,840 He could live in the cellar or wherever. 440 00:36:16,924 --> 00:36:20,051 (narrator) But Christabel Bielenberg's husband was away 441 00:36:20,136 --> 00:36:22,971 and was involved in a plot to overthrow Hitler. 442 00:36:23,055 --> 00:36:26,892 She consulted her trusted neighbour and friend Carl Langbehn, 443 00:36:26,976 --> 00:36:28,393 another conspirator. 444 00:36:28,477 --> 00:36:31,396 Langbehn told her compassionately but firmly 445 00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:37,652 that the risks to herself and her family and to the conspiracy were too great. 446 00:36:37,737 --> 00:36:41,031 l was astonished - overcome, really - 447 00:36:41,115 --> 00:36:44,034 at the response that l got from my neighbour 448 00:36:44,118 --> 00:36:49,706 who told me that under no circumstances whatsoever could l house these people, 449 00:36:49,790 --> 00:36:52,709 that housing of Jews meant concentration camp 450 00:36:52,793 --> 00:36:57,756 not only for myself but for my husband, possibly also for my children. 451 00:36:58,883 --> 00:37:02,510 l can remember going through and out into the road 452 00:37:02,637 --> 00:37:08,892 and out of the darkness came a voice - l knew there was somebody there - 453 00:37:08,976 --> 00:37:11,061 came a voice saying: 454 00:37:11,145 --> 00:37:15,190 "Frau Doktor... Frau Bielenberg, 455 00:37:15,274 --> 00:37:17,525 haben Sie einen Schluss gefasst?" 456 00:37:17,610 --> 00:37:20,528 which means, "Have you decided?" 457 00:37:21,572 --> 00:37:25,617 And l simply couldn't say no. 458 00:37:25,701 --> 00:37:31,748 l just said, "Well, l can't for longer than two days." 459 00:37:34,835 --> 00:37:40,382 And l let him into the cellar. 460 00:37:42,009 --> 00:37:46,179 They stayed for two days 461 00:37:46,264 --> 00:37:51,142 and on the second day 462 00:37:51,227 --> 00:37:53,853 or rather in the evening, they must have left 463 00:37:53,938 --> 00:37:57,315 because in the morning she was gone, 464 00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:59,526 the cellar was empty, 465 00:37:59,610 --> 00:38:03,822 the little bed l'd put up all tidily arranged 466 00:38:03,906 --> 00:38:06,157 and they had gone. 467 00:38:07,702 --> 00:38:11,746 l knew later that they were caught 468 00:38:11,831 --> 00:38:15,458 buying a ticket at a railway station 469 00:38:15,543 --> 00:38:18,670 and were transported to Auschwitz. 470 00:38:19,714 --> 00:38:24,092 And why l say this is the most painful and terrible story 471 00:38:24,176 --> 00:38:25,677 for me to have to tell 472 00:38:25,761 --> 00:38:28,471 is because after they left 473 00:38:28,556 --> 00:38:34,644 l realised that Hitler had turned me into a murderer. 474 00:38:36,856 --> 00:38:40,233 One day in '44, 475 00:38:40,318 --> 00:38:44,946 Gauleiter Hanke came in my oftice and told me 476 00:38:45,031 --> 00:38:50,869 that he was visiting a concentration camp in Upper Silesia 477 00:38:50,953 --> 00:38:55,915 and warned me never to go in a concentration camp there 478 00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:59,085 because horrible things would happen. 479 00:38:59,170 --> 00:39:03,381 This together with other hints l got 480 00:39:03,466 --> 00:39:09,095 should have made my decision 481 00:39:09,180 --> 00:39:12,307 to go to Hitler immediately or to Himmler 482 00:39:12,391 --> 00:39:15,185 and to ask them what is going on 483 00:39:15,269 --> 00:39:19,189 and to take my own steps. 484 00:39:19,273 --> 00:39:24,944 But l didn't do it and not doing it was, l think nowadays, 485 00:39:25,029 --> 00:39:28,448 the biggest fault in my life. 486 00:39:28,532 --> 00:39:32,077 We felt that people should know 487 00:39:32,161 --> 00:39:34,704 what was going on, 488 00:39:34,789 --> 00:39:37,749 and maybe typical is this little experience 489 00:39:37,833 --> 00:39:39,667 which l had one day 490 00:39:39,752 --> 00:39:43,880 standing in the line for vegetables or something like that. 491 00:39:43,964 --> 00:39:47,258 l told my neighbours standing around me 492 00:39:47,343 --> 00:39:53,264 that now they start to kill the Jews in the concentration camps, 493 00:39:53,349 --> 00:39:56,434 that it is not true that they only are brought there 494 00:39:56,519 --> 00:40:00,438 and can live there as they live here, as it was told them. 495 00:40:00,523 --> 00:40:04,567 They are killed and they even make soap out of them. 496 00:40:04,652 --> 00:40:07,737 l know that. 497 00:40:07,822 --> 00:40:13,034 And they said, "Frau Bonhoefter, if you don't stop telling such horror stories 498 00:40:13,119 --> 00:40:16,996 you will end in a concentration camp too and nobody of us can help you." 499 00:40:17,081 --> 00:40:19,082 "lt's not true what you're telling." 500 00:40:19,208 --> 00:40:23,878 "You shouldn't believe these things. You heard them from foreign broadcasts." 501 00:40:23,963 --> 00:40:27,799 "They tell these things to make enemies against Germany." 502 00:40:27,883 --> 00:40:32,762 l said, "No, that's not from broadcasts. l know that directly from first hand." 503 00:40:32,847 --> 00:40:35,974 "You can be sure it is that way." 504 00:40:36,058 --> 00:40:39,978 And coming home l told my husband in the evening 505 00:40:40,062 --> 00:40:45,066 and he was not at all applauding to me - on the very contrary. 506 00:40:45,151 --> 00:40:48,820 He said, "My dear, sorry to say, 507 00:40:48,904 --> 00:40:52,782 but you are absolutely idiotic, what you are doing." 508 00:40:52,908 --> 00:40:55,452 "Please understand, 509 00:40:55,536 --> 00:41:00,123 a dictatorship is like a snake." 510 00:41:00,207 --> 00:41:03,209 "lf you put your foot on its tail, 511 00:41:03,294 --> 00:41:07,046 as you do it, it will just bite you 512 00:41:07,131 --> 00:41:10,049 and nobody will be helped." 513 00:41:10,134 --> 00:41:12,093 "You have to strike the head." 514 00:41:14,305 --> 00:41:16,681 (narrator) Only the commanders of the army 515 00:41:16,765 --> 00:41:19,100 could strike eftectively at the head. 516 00:41:19,185 --> 00:41:23,229 Others had struck bravely at the tail and perished. 517 00:41:23,355 --> 00:41:26,858 ln Munich, a few students around the Scholl brother and sister 518 00:41:26,942 --> 00:41:29,736 had protested with leaflets and been slaughtered. 519 00:41:29,820 --> 00:41:31,988 ln Berlin a communist spy team 520 00:41:32,072 --> 00:41:37,327 led by Harro Schulze-Boysen and the Harnacks had been crushed. 521 00:41:37,411 --> 00:41:41,039 Communists, socialists, Christians, anonymous men and women 522 00:41:41,123 --> 00:41:43,708 defied the dictator in tiny groups. 523 00:41:43,834 --> 00:41:50,131 150,000 Germans suftered prison or worse for political resistance. 524 00:41:50,216 --> 00:41:53,134 The plot against the snake's head was a federation. 525 00:41:53,219 --> 00:41:57,055 There were conserVatives like Goerdeler, aristocrats like Moltke, 526 00:41:57,139 --> 00:42:01,476 churchmen like Bonhoefter, diplomats like Trott. 527 00:42:01,560 --> 00:42:05,939 Faced with defeat, many staft ofticers joined in. 528 00:42:06,023 --> 00:42:09,442 All were slow to accept that to strike at the head 529 00:42:09,527 --> 00:42:12,362 demanded the physical murder of Hitler. 530 00:42:12,863 --> 00:42:16,783 But in 1944, there appeared a man for action - 531 00:42:16,867 --> 00:42:20,620 Colonel Count Claus von Stauftenberg. 532 00:42:20,704 --> 00:42:23,498 (man) All the difterence was brought in, of course, 533 00:42:23,582 --> 00:42:25,500 when Stauftenberg came to Berlin. 534 00:42:25,584 --> 00:42:28,586 He had lost his left eye, 535 00:42:28,671 --> 00:42:30,505 his left hand, 536 00:42:30,631 --> 00:42:32,757 or three fingers of his left hand, 537 00:42:32,841 --> 00:42:35,635 and his right hand altogether. 538 00:42:35,719 --> 00:42:39,264 Originally he was only the planner of the coup d'état, 539 00:42:39,348 --> 00:42:42,433 but he had to report to Hitler's headquarters 540 00:42:42,518 --> 00:42:44,435 and to attend conferences there. 541 00:42:44,520 --> 00:42:48,273 This enabled him to get near to Hitler and then to make an attempt, 542 00:42:48,357 --> 00:42:51,234 which he did on July 20, '44. 543 00:42:51,318 --> 00:42:53,403 (explosion) 544 00:42:54,363 --> 00:43:00,243 (Junge) Suddenly there was a very alarming bang. 545 00:43:00,327 --> 00:43:03,496 We heard voices crying for a doctor 546 00:43:03,581 --> 00:43:08,876 and we saw some generals with bloodstained uniforms. 547 00:43:09,920 --> 00:43:11,838 Then came one of the adjutants 548 00:43:11,922 --> 00:43:16,843 and said, "There was a bomb explosion, but the Führer is not hurt." 549 00:43:16,927 --> 00:43:18,886 "He's still alive." 550 00:43:18,971 --> 00:43:22,181 We went towards Hitler's bunker 551 00:43:22,266 --> 00:43:24,642 and we met him. 552 00:43:24,727 --> 00:43:29,439 Maybe it was an hour after this explosion. 553 00:43:29,523 --> 00:43:33,818 He looked funny 554 00:43:33,902 --> 00:43:39,949 because his hair stood up like a brush 555 00:43:40,034 --> 00:43:43,620 and his trousers were slit 556 00:43:43,704 --> 00:43:46,456 in small stripes. 557 00:43:46,540 --> 00:43:52,253 He said, "You see, fate has saved me for my mission." 558 00:43:52,338 --> 00:43:55,632 "l am to do what l must do." 559 00:43:57,843 --> 00:44:00,345 (narrator) At the War Ministry in Berlin, 560 00:44:00,429 --> 00:44:04,724 the plotting generals believed that Hitler was dead. 561 00:44:05,184 --> 00:44:09,771 (John) When l came to the headquarters, Stauftenberg was busy with telephoning 562 00:44:09,855 --> 00:44:14,984 the various army commands, and Haeften informed me of what had happened, 563 00:44:15,069 --> 00:44:20,031 how they'd thrown the bomb, and then he said, "Hitler's dead." 564 00:44:20,115 --> 00:44:23,159 We did believe it because Stauftenberg then came in. 565 00:44:23,243 --> 00:44:26,579 We had a short talk with him - he was much too busy to give details. 566 00:44:26,664 --> 00:44:29,499 He said, "Hitler's dead. Leave everything alone." 567 00:44:29,583 --> 00:44:31,334 "We'll see what can be done." 568 00:44:33,087 --> 00:44:37,382 (narrator) The man the plotters ordered to occupy the city was Major Otto Remer, 569 00:44:37,466 --> 00:44:41,094 a fanatical soldier programmed to obey any superior order. 570 00:44:41,178 --> 00:44:46,182 At first he obeyed the plotters, then Goebbels got hold of him. 571 00:44:46,266 --> 00:44:48,309 (Remer speaks German) 572 00:44:53,565 --> 00:44:58,152 (translator) Goebbels was really very pleased to see me. He was beaming. 573 00:44:58,237 --> 00:45:01,906 He said, "Remer, what do you know about all this?" 574 00:45:01,990 --> 00:45:05,827 "What's going on here? What orders have you got?" 575 00:45:05,911 --> 00:45:12,041 l said, "Minister, l have come to you so that you can clarify the situation." 576 00:45:12,126 --> 00:45:15,962 Goebbels replied, "They're trying to pull the wool over your eyes." 577 00:45:16,046 --> 00:45:20,049 "Hitler's alive. l've just spoken to him." 578 00:45:20,134 --> 00:45:24,887 l was so astonished that l said, "Please, let me speak to the Führer," 579 00:45:24,972 --> 00:45:27,724 and this was done. 580 00:45:27,850 --> 00:45:33,146 On the other end of the line Hitler said, "Herr Remer, you see l am alive." 581 00:45:33,230 --> 00:45:37,817 "l am Adolf Hitler. You recognise my voice." 582 00:45:37,901 --> 00:45:40,403 "Now do you believe l'm alive?" 583 00:45:52,499 --> 00:45:54,959 (narrator) Now Remer was reprogrammed. 584 00:45:55,043 --> 00:45:58,796 He marched back to the War Ministry and arrested everyone he found. 585 00:45:58,881 --> 00:46:04,427 The plot collapsed. The wavering army returned to its oath. 586 00:46:05,137 --> 00:46:07,180 (man) Der Angeklagte von Witzleben. 587 00:46:07,264 --> 00:46:10,767 (narrator) Many of the plotters, after prison and torture, 588 00:46:10,851 --> 00:46:12,810 were to face a ghastly sham trial 589 00:46:12,895 --> 00:46:18,524 conducted by Roland Freisler, the star judge of Nazi Germany. 590 00:46:18,609 --> 00:46:23,446 Their families were seized and their children sent to orphanages. 591 00:46:23,530 --> 00:46:26,491 The luckier conspirators, among them Stauftenberg, 592 00:46:26,575 --> 00:46:29,660 had been shot out of hand in the War Ministry courtyard. 593 00:46:29,745 --> 00:46:32,747 Some attempted to explain their motives in court. 594 00:46:32,831 --> 00:46:36,709 Count von Schwerin was an ofticer who had serVed in Poland. 595 00:46:57,481 --> 00:47:09,200 (judge) 596 00:47:20,712 --> 00:47:25,299 (narrator) The condemned were hanged slowly on meat hooks. 597 00:47:25,384 --> 00:47:29,804 A film of their agony was made and shown later to Hitler. 598 00:47:29,888 --> 00:47:33,558 But the plot left Hitler a frightened, damaged man. 599 00:47:34,393 --> 00:47:38,729 The repression after 20 July broke the power of the aristocracy 600 00:47:38,814 --> 00:47:41,607 and of the Prussian tradition forever. 601 00:47:41,692 --> 00:47:45,945 But there was no ruling class to take their place. 602 00:47:47,614 --> 00:47:51,951 To Hitler, all generals now seemed suspect. 603 00:47:52,035 --> 00:47:57,123 Only Goebbels, Bormann and Himmler could get close to him. 604 00:48:03,046 --> 00:48:08,301 (Junge) Slowly but steadily he became weak. 605 00:48:08,385 --> 00:48:14,348 The doctors went in and out and he became totally apathetic. 606 00:48:14,433 --> 00:48:16,934 Not interested in anything. 607 00:48:17,019 --> 00:48:22,106 lt was a very critical situation on the West Front 608 00:48:22,190 --> 00:48:24,483 and on the East Front, too. 609 00:48:26,361 --> 00:48:31,866 And some days it was like Hitler didn't exist. 610 00:48:32,784 --> 00:48:37,330 He was deteriorating suddenly in his health, 611 00:48:37,414 --> 00:48:40,082 but l wouldn't go so far as to say 612 00:48:40,167 --> 00:48:44,170 that he was no more responsible for what he was doing. 613 00:48:45,547 --> 00:48:47,840 ln some ways he was... 614 00:48:47,925 --> 00:48:50,593 l have the experience of a prisoner of 20 years. 615 00:48:50,677 --> 00:48:53,387 ln some ways he was behaving like a prisoner. 616 00:49:03,482 --> 00:49:08,486 (narrator) Through the devastation the Germans somehow kept going. 617 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:14,408 Down ruined streets, the workers made their way to ruined factories 618 00:49:14,493 --> 00:49:17,620 where a few machines could still be made to turn. 619 00:49:29,508 --> 00:49:32,259 Life retreated to the cellars. 620 00:49:33,762 --> 00:49:38,557 People learned that eight bombs fell in a row and then you were safe. 621 00:49:38,642 --> 00:49:41,644 They learned to live a day at a time. 622 00:49:55,784 --> 00:49:58,953 (Tucking) lt was really dreadful to endure it. 623 00:49:59,746 --> 00:50:02,164 We were so tired. 624 00:50:02,249 --> 00:50:04,625 You were always in a hurry. 625 00:50:05,752 --> 00:50:10,881 All the railways were destroyed and the lorries had no petrol. 626 00:50:10,966 --> 00:50:14,135 We had rations from the beginning 627 00:50:14,219 --> 00:50:18,431 and step by step it was worse and worse. 628 00:50:19,933 --> 00:50:23,769 (narrator) Germany itself was near the end of its tether. 629 00:50:23,854 --> 00:50:27,982 Seven million foreign forced labourers were not enough. 630 00:50:28,066 --> 00:50:32,695 Everything - oil, metal, food - was running out. 631 00:50:32,779 --> 00:50:38,117 Everything from clothes to planes was patched and made to serVe again. 632 00:50:38,201 --> 00:50:40,286 Men, too. 633 00:50:43,498 --> 00:50:46,751 The war cripples were recycled for the factories. 634 00:50:46,835 --> 00:50:50,463 The brain-damaged soldiers were taught to speak again. 635 00:50:50,547 --> 00:50:54,091 Now let's breathe that. 636 00:50:54,176 --> 00:50:57,553 What is that sound? 637 00:50:57,637 --> 00:50:58,846 A 638 00:50:58,930 --> 00:51:04,560 If we breathe the A, then it says? 639 00:51:04,644 --> 00:51:06,103 Ha. 640 00:51:06,188 --> 00:51:10,357 Now I will give you show this book here. 641 00:51:10,442 --> 00:51:13,944 What should we breathe? 642 00:51:14,029 --> 00:51:17,114 Ha, ha, ha. 643 00:51:17,199 --> 00:51:20,242 - Quickly one after the other. - Ha, ha, ha. 644 00:51:21,620 --> 00:51:25,915 (narrator) Now the enemy was approaching the very frontiers of the Reich. 645 00:51:25,999 --> 00:51:28,000 The Volkssturm, the home guard 646 00:51:28,085 --> 00:51:32,546 of the elderly, the underaged and the unfit, was sworn in. 647 00:51:47,354 --> 00:51:49,438 (men repeat oath) 648 00:52:11,628 --> 00:52:17,091 Men of the Berlin Volkssturm, you have just... 649 00:52:17,217 --> 00:52:21,011 (narrator) They listened with closed faces to oratory from Goebbels 650 00:52:21,096 --> 00:52:24,014 about fighting to the bitter end. 651 00:52:24,558 --> 00:52:31,397 (Goebbels) ..ready for defense and men determined to defend themselves, 652 00:52:32,149 --> 00:52:36,777 those who are firm and unshakable have will... 653 00:53:07,642 --> 00:53:12,188 (narrator) The Volkssturm trudged out through that same Brandenburg Gate 654 00:53:12,272 --> 00:53:16,025 which had seen the soldiers march back from Paris four years ago. 655 00:53:22,949 --> 00:53:25,534 They went towards the Russians, 656 00:53:25,619 --> 00:53:28,996 keeping their thoughts to themselves. 520 00:53:56,593 --> 00:53:59,888 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 521 00:53:59,889 --> 00:54:03,889 © anoXmous @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud 522 00:54:03,890 --> 00:54:07,890 © anoXmous