1
00:00:01,369 --> 00:00:03,480
Currently, there is a race
to get off the planet.

2
00:00:03,504 --> 00:00:06,137
This is what all
of human history is about,

3
00:00:06,173 --> 00:00:09,942
this present moment
where we migrate into space.

4
00:00:11,044 --> 00:00:15,045
It's a special
two-hour<i> Ancient Aliens</i> event.

5
00:00:15,080 --> 00:00:17,359
This is very much
about humanity setting up

6
00:00:17,384 --> 00:00:20,018
a permanent outpost
on another planet.

7
00:00:20,053 --> 00:00:23,321
Either we prepare
to leave the Earth,

8
00:00:23,356 --> 00:00:25,356
or we prepare to die.

9
00:00:25,391 --> 00:00:30,060
When humans become the
alien visitors on other planets,

10
00:00:30,096 --> 00:00:33,564
what, or whom, will they encounter?

11
00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,533
What if we arrive on Mars,

12
00:00:36,569 --> 00:00:39,871
and there are
artificial structures?

13
00:00:39,905 --> 00:00:42,472
There is alien intelligence,

14
00:00:42,575 --> 00:00:44,520
and our government knows about it.

15
00:00:44,543 --> 00:00:49,012
And that has to break out if
we're going to go beyond Earth.

16
00:00:49,048 --> 00:00:52,182
As a new generation of astronauts

17
00:00:52,218 --> 00:00:55,085
prepares for life on other worlds,

18
00:00:55,121 --> 00:00:59,057
are they simply realizing
mankind's future,

19
00:00:59,091 --> 00:01:03,694
or returning
to its extraterrestrial past?

20
00:01:03,729 --> 00:01:05,996
We're very near a discovery

21
00:01:06,099 --> 00:01:08,599
where we're gonna understand
that everything

22
00:01:08,635 --> 00:01:12,936
that ancient astronaut theorists
have been talking about is true.

23
00:01:13,072 --> 00:01:34,039
<font color=
Resync by TEDI for WEB.x264-TBS

24
00:01:42,801 --> 00:01:45,936
The Mojave Desert, California.

25
00:01:45,972 --> 00:01:49,106
May 29, 2018.

26
00:01:49,141 --> 00:01:52,242
Virgin Galactic's
<i>SpaceShipTwo Unity</i>

27
00:01:52,277 --> 00:01:55,045
lifts off from
the Mojave Air and Space Port

28
00:01:55,147 --> 00:01:59,616
under the power of a carrier jet
named<i> VMS Eve.</i>

29
00:01:59,652 --> 00:02:02,019
Three, two, one. Release.

30
00:02:02,121 --> 00:02:04,421
At 50,000 feet above the Earth,

31
00:02:04,456 --> 00:02:06,790
the<i> Unity</i> is dropped

32
00:02:06,825 --> 00:02:09,293
from its mother ship
and rockets upward

33
00:02:09,329 --> 00:02:13,931
to an altitude of 114,500 feet,

34
00:02:13,967 --> 00:02:16,400
before descending back to Earth.

35
00:02:16,502 --> 00:02:18,582
The<i> Unity</i> is the brainchild

36
00:02:18,670 --> 00:02:22,772
of billionaire entrepreneur
Richard Branson.

37
00:02:22,808 --> 00:02:26,110
It represents a new era
in space exploration,

38
00:02:26,146 --> 00:02:30,281
as it is designed to carry
not only astronauts,

39
00:02:30,316 --> 00:02:33,718
but civilians.

40
00:02:33,819 --> 00:02:37,822
Right now is an amazing time
to see what's happening

41
00:02:37,856 --> 00:02:40,557
with the world's space exploration.

42
00:02:40,659 --> 00:02:45,062
You have commercial entities
that are building rockets

43
00:02:45,164 --> 00:02:47,343
that we're actually using
to get to the Space Station,

44
00:02:47,366 --> 00:02:50,001
and maybe even to Mars
in the very near future.

45
00:02:50,036 --> 00:02:53,003
We've got people talking about
putting colonies on the Moon

46
00:02:53,038 --> 00:02:54,972
and on Mars.

47
00:02:55,008 --> 00:02:57,741
And we also are now
talking about a Space Force

48
00:02:57,843 --> 00:03:01,012
that's very similar to what you
might have heard in the old days

49
00:03:01,046 --> 00:03:03,224
of, uh, like the
Starfleet Academy in<i> Star Trek</i>

50
00:03:03,248 --> 00:03:05,060
and other science fiction stories.

51
00:03:05,084 --> 00:03:09,653
Within a few short generations,
we're likely to have people

52
00:03:09,688 --> 00:03:11,822
that are being born as Martians.

53
00:03:11,858 --> 00:03:15,026
We will soon be the Martians.

54
00:03:15,061 --> 00:03:17,194
So we are really reaching
a point where

55
00:03:17,229 --> 00:03:22,400
space is right there, right
for us to reach out and grab.

56
00:03:25,237 --> 00:03:28,673
Today, a new
21st-century space race

57
00:03:28,707 --> 00:03:32,310
has captured mankind's
collective imagination.

58
00:03:32,412 --> 00:03:36,646
Not since the Apollo program's
history-making Moon landings

59
00:03:36,748 --> 00:03:39,917
has there been such interest in
and hope for

60
00:03:39,953 --> 00:03:43,187
a return to manned missions
to explore other places

61
00:03:43,223 --> 00:03:45,823
in our solar system.

62
00:03:45,925 --> 00:03:50,694
Although only the United States,
Russia and China

63
00:03:50,729 --> 00:03:53,230
currently have human
space flight capabilities,

64
00:03:53,265 --> 00:03:55,399
dozens of other nations,

65
00:03:55,435 --> 00:03:58,168
in addition to
well-funded corporations,

66
00:03:58,271 --> 00:04:00,248
are committing
unprecedented resources

67
00:04:00,272 --> 00:04:02,673
to join this exclusive club.

68
00:04:04,776 --> 00:04:08,378
I'm old enough to remember
that first small step

69
00:04:08,413 --> 00:04:10,046
that Neil Armstrong took.

70
00:04:10,082 --> 00:04:13,016
And, at the time, I think
we all believed it was

71
00:04:13,118 --> 00:04:15,919
the first step on a stairway
to the stars.

72
00:04:15,955 --> 00:04:18,889
That's one small step for man,

73
00:04:18,925 --> 00:04:22,860
one giant leap for mankind.

74
00:04:22,961 --> 00:04:24,572
And then, after a few years,

75
00:04:24,596 --> 00:04:28,466
everything seemed to stall,
people lost interest.

76
00:04:28,500 --> 00:04:30,500
What we're seeing in recent years

77
00:04:30,603 --> 00:04:33,737
is other nations
getting into this, and so...

78
00:04:33,773 --> 00:04:36,139
particularly China,
and also India...

79
00:04:36,175 --> 00:04:38,420
with the prospect that we'll be
blazing a new trail

80
00:04:38,444 --> 00:04:40,644
to the stars.

81
00:04:40,680 --> 00:04:45,048
We're entering the second
golden age of space exploration.

82
00:04:45,151 --> 00:04:49,420
Even Silicon Valley billionaires
are jumping into the game,

83
00:04:49,454 --> 00:04:52,223
funding their own fleet of rockets.

84
00:04:52,324 --> 00:04:54,470
NTS is ready for launch.

85
00:04:54,494 --> 00:04:57,927
There's<i> Falcon Heavy.</i>

86
00:04:57,963 --> 00:05:01,966
Elon Musk shot that
<i>Falcon Heavy</i> rocket

87
00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,267
from Cape Canaveral.

88
00:05:04,303 --> 00:05:08,072
Millions watched it online. Why?

89
00:05:08,173 --> 00:05:11,274
Because that was a Moon rocket.

90
00:05:11,310 --> 00:05:14,144
For the first time in 50 years,

91
00:05:14,180 --> 00:05:17,648
a Moon rocket, capable of
putting astronauts on the Moon,

92
00:05:17,684 --> 00:05:20,817
took off from Cape Canaveral.

93
00:05:20,853 --> 00:05:24,588
And now, Jeff Bezos,
the richest man on the planet,

94
00:05:24,690 --> 00:05:29,259
has funded his own private
space port in Texas,

95
00:05:29,362 --> 00:05:32,096
with a fleet of rockets, one
of which we think is designed

96
00:05:32,197 --> 00:05:33,831
to go to the Moon.

97
00:05:33,865 --> 00:05:38,502
Many experts have
suggested that space exploration

98
00:05:38,538 --> 00:05:41,605
slowed down after the initial
Apollo Moon missions

99
00:05:41,707 --> 00:05:44,375
because of the staggering costs.

100
00:05:44,409 --> 00:05:49,146
So, what is driving humankind
to once again undertake

101
00:05:49,182 --> 00:05:52,682
such an expensive endeavor?

102
00:05:52,718 --> 00:05:55,286
It is a law of nature

103
00:05:55,387 --> 00:06:00,124
that organisms have to either
leave, adapt or perish.

104
00:06:00,225 --> 00:06:05,396
99.9% of all living forms
on the Earth

105
00:06:05,430 --> 00:06:07,865
have gone extinct.

106
00:06:07,899 --> 00:06:10,834
Extinction is the norm.

107
00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:14,204
If you don't believe me, simply
drill right under your feet

108
00:06:14,240 --> 00:06:16,173
until you hit the bones.

109
00:06:16,209 --> 00:06:18,519
Backing up
the biosphere, so to speak,

110
00:06:18,543 --> 00:06:21,345
backing up humanity into a
multitude of different locations

111
00:06:21,380 --> 00:06:23,314
makes a lot of sense.

112
00:06:23,415 --> 00:06:26,384
One of the quotes I love
comes from Tsiolkovsky,

113
00:06:26,418 --> 00:06:27,930
who's one of the Russian founders

114
00:06:27,954 --> 00:06:29,398
of the whole space movement,
and he goes,

115
00:06:29,422 --> 00:06:32,523
"Humanity was born
in the cradle of Earth,

116
00:06:32,557 --> 00:06:36,326
and we should not always remain
in the cradle."

117
00:06:36,428 --> 00:06:38,862
I think that it's an inevitability.

118
00:06:38,898 --> 00:06:42,199
As humans, we love to explore.

119
00:06:42,235 --> 00:06:45,069
We started in the savannahs
of Africa

120
00:06:45,103 --> 00:06:47,805
and moved out throughout
the entire planet,

121
00:06:47,906 --> 00:06:50,274
and that made us a robust species.

122
00:06:50,308 --> 00:06:53,244
And so that will continue
as we move off the planet.

123
00:06:56,449 --> 00:06:58,915
It would appear

124
00:06:58,951 --> 00:07:03,319
that there is a genetic
survival mechanism we have

125
00:07:03,423 --> 00:07:08,192
which says that we must explore,
and we must move on

126
00:07:08,293 --> 00:07:10,093
beyond the next horizon.

127
00:07:10,129 --> 00:07:13,764
I think that's built into us.

128
00:07:15,334 --> 00:07:17,701
For humans to thrive
on alien worlds,

129
00:07:17,803 --> 00:07:21,771
they must first learn to
overcome profound technological,

130
00:07:21,807 --> 00:07:26,709
physiological and even
psychological challenges.

131
00:07:26,812 --> 00:07:30,880
But they must also face
something even more daunting:

132
00:07:30,983 --> 00:07:34,552
What if they encounter
other intelligent beings?

133
00:07:36,988 --> 00:07:39,355
The idea of intelligent life,
of sentient life

134
00:07:39,459 --> 00:07:43,060
being confined to the Earth is
just a human-centered,

135
00:07:43,161 --> 00:07:46,329
anthropocentric idea that
we've got to get rid of.

136
00:07:48,800 --> 00:07:51,935
In our Milky Way alone,
there is reckoned to be

137
00:07:51,971 --> 00:07:57,341
140 billion planetary systems

138
00:07:57,375 --> 00:07:59,742
that are not too dissimilar
to the Earth

139
00:07:59,846 --> 00:08:01,911
and the solar system.

140
00:08:03,882 --> 00:08:06,649
The Kepler satellite has
allowed us to create a census

141
00:08:06,685 --> 00:08:08,886
of the Milky Way galaxy.

142
00:08:08,987 --> 00:08:12,322
We now know that, on average,
every single star has

143
00:08:12,358 --> 00:08:14,925
a planet going around it.

144
00:08:15,026 --> 00:08:17,862
And of them, we know that
a fraction of them...

145
00:08:17,896 --> 00:08:19,362
maybe one out of 20 or so...

146
00:08:19,398 --> 00:08:23,167
have Earth-like planets
going around them.

147
00:08:23,201 --> 00:08:25,802
In other words, the Earth could
have a doppelganger.

148
00:08:25,838 --> 00:08:28,505
The Earth could have a twin
in outer space.

149
00:08:28,540 --> 00:08:30,074
And how many of them?

150
00:08:30,175 --> 00:08:33,576
Billions. Billions
of Earth-like planets.

151
00:08:33,678 --> 00:08:37,213
And so, for us to assume that
we are the only game in town,

152
00:08:37,250 --> 00:08:40,116
I think, is ridiculous.

153
00:08:40,219 --> 00:08:42,485
As far as ancient
astronaut theorists

154
00:08:42,522 --> 00:08:46,023
are concerned, evidence that
there is other intelligent life

155
00:08:46,057 --> 00:08:48,525
in the universe
has already been found

156
00:08:48,561 --> 00:08:50,860
on every corner of the globe.

157
00:08:50,897 --> 00:08:55,399
They believe Earth has been
visited by intelligent beings

158
00:08:55,433 --> 00:08:59,003
for thousands of years,
and that it most likely began

159
00:08:59,038 --> 00:09:03,006
during the time of the ancient
Sumerian kings.

160
00:09:07,279 --> 00:09:12,316
Khorsabad, Iraq. March 23, 1843.

161
00:09:12,418 --> 00:09:15,985
While excavating for
archaeological treasures,

162
00:09:16,087 --> 00:09:20,356
a group of men, led by French
scientist Paul-Emile Botta,

163
00:09:20,393 --> 00:09:23,961
came upon the remains
of a huge Assyrian palace,

164
00:09:24,062 --> 00:09:29,832
and within it, an abundance of
Sumerian cuneiform inscriptions.

165
00:09:29,936 --> 00:09:33,336
When translated,
the inscriptions told

166
00:09:33,438 --> 00:09:35,216
of what archaeologists
believe to be

167
00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:37,374
the world's oldest civilization,

168
00:09:37,409 --> 00:09:42,178
and a group of powerful beings
called the Anunnaki.

169
00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:46,716
"Anunnaki" was a term of the gods

170
00:09:46,751 --> 00:09:50,086
used by the ancient Sumerians.

171
00:09:50,121 --> 00:09:52,423
But the original form of it,
it simply meant,

172
00:09:52,457 --> 00:09:54,091
"the sky people."

173
00:09:54,125 --> 00:09:57,561
It meant those that were
connected with the stars.

174
00:09:57,596 --> 00:10:01,498
The Anunnaki were seen to be

175
00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:05,602
the givers of civilization
to mortal kind.

176
00:10:05,638 --> 00:10:08,871
And they are described as having
these shining eyes,

177
00:10:08,975 --> 00:10:14,544
and having a radiance and an
otherworldly feeling about them.

178
00:10:15,981 --> 00:10:17,759
Based on 30 years of studying

179
00:10:17,783 --> 00:10:20,317
the Sumerian cuneiform tablets,

180
00:10:20,352 --> 00:10:24,687
in 1976, author and researcher
Zecharia Sitchin

181
00:10:24,789 --> 00:10:27,791
published a book called
<i>The 12th Planet,</i>

182
00:10:27,826 --> 00:10:31,729
in which he proposed that the
Sumerian gods were, in fact,

183
00:10:31,831 --> 00:10:34,398
refugees from another world.

184
00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:38,034
According to Sitchin's
interpretation of the tablets,

185
00:10:38,136 --> 00:10:43,474
these alien visitors, the
Anunnaki, created humankind.

186
00:10:45,311 --> 00:10:47,630
It appears to be
that gods came down

187
00:10:47,679 --> 00:10:50,213
and literally started
a colonization project

188
00:10:50,316 --> 00:10:53,116
here on Earth,
creating us in their image

189
00:10:53,152 --> 00:10:55,019
and after their likeness.

190
00:10:55,053 --> 00:10:57,855
It also might stand to reason,
then, that they've infused us

191
00:10:57,889 --> 00:11:01,158
with a desire to then spread
this colonization project

192
00:11:01,192 --> 00:11:02,625
beyond Earth.

193
00:11:02,662 --> 00:11:05,294
I think if you look

194
00:11:05,331 --> 00:11:08,131
at what we've been doing
in our space program,

195
00:11:08,167 --> 00:11:12,369
it's a blueprint
for what may have happened here

196
00:11:12,404 --> 00:11:14,349
a long time ago
with extraterrestrials.

197
00:11:14,373 --> 00:11:17,640
But I think we're on the same path.

198
00:11:17,677 --> 00:11:19,942
We're beginning to understand

199
00:11:20,046 --> 00:11:24,213
that the Anunnaki gods
that were actually ETs

200
00:11:24,250 --> 00:11:27,451
could be still out
throughout the universe,

201
00:11:27,552 --> 00:11:29,620
that we could now,

202
00:11:29,721 --> 00:11:32,855
as we are starting
to head out into space,

203
00:11:32,892 --> 00:11:37,126
be encountering
the prime intelligence

204
00:11:37,229 --> 00:11:41,398
that originally had
civilizations on Earth

205
00:11:41,433 --> 00:11:44,168
and were working
throughout this solar system.

206
00:11:44,202 --> 00:11:47,336
Are today's astronauts
simply repeating

207
00:11:47,373 --> 00:11:49,173
an ancient pattern,

208
00:11:49,207 --> 00:11:50,908
that of exploring the universe

209
00:11:50,942 --> 00:11:54,010
with an eye
toward future colonization?

210
00:11:54,046 --> 00:11:55,546
But, if so,

211
00:11:55,581 --> 00:11:58,981
what will become of the planet
they leave behind?

212
00:11:59,085 --> 00:12:02,318
Perhaps further clues
can be found by taking

213
00:12:02,421 --> 00:12:06,155
a closer look
at our most likely destinations.

214
00:12:12,495 --> 00:12:14,996
Houston, Texas.

215
00:12:15,032 --> 00:12:18,200
June 7, 2017.

216
00:12:18,335 --> 00:12:20,335
At Johnson Space Center,

217
00:12:20,370 --> 00:12:22,471
Vice President Mike Pence

218
00:12:22,505 --> 00:12:26,741
announces NASA's
2017 astronaut class.

219
00:12:26,844 --> 00:12:29,378
As American astronauts,
you may yet return

220
00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:30,879
our nation to the Moon.

221
00:12:31,014 --> 00:12:32,625
You may be the first
to travel to Mars.

222
00:12:32,649 --> 00:12:35,216
You may have experiences that...

223
00:12:35,351 --> 00:12:36,618
we can only imagine,

224
00:12:36,653 --> 00:12:39,321
those of us
who walk on terra firma.

225
00:12:39,355 --> 00:12:41,657
These 12 men and women were chosen

226
00:12:41,692 --> 00:12:45,494
from a record 18,300 applicants,

227
00:12:45,528 --> 00:12:48,330
more than doubling
the previous record of 8,000

228
00:12:48,365 --> 00:12:52,334
set four decades earlier in 1978.

229
00:12:52,369 --> 00:12:55,003
Today,

230
00:12:55,038 --> 00:12:57,739
humankind's desire
to travel to space

231
00:12:57,841 --> 00:12:59,908
has never been greater,

232
00:13:00,009 --> 00:13:01,822
and establishing colonies off Earth

233
00:13:01,846 --> 00:13:05,413
is not only a possibility
but a priority.

234
00:13:05,548 --> 00:13:07,249
The only question is,

235
00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:10,586
where will we go first?

236
00:13:10,721 --> 00:13:13,322
In the near term,
there are three basic locations:

237
00:13:13,356 --> 00:13:16,258
There is going to the Moon,

238
00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:17,926
there is going to Mars,

239
00:13:18,062 --> 00:13:20,696
and then there is free space.

240
00:13:20,730 --> 00:13:22,264
This is going to the asteroids,

241
00:13:22,365 --> 00:13:26,735
and using the asteroidal
materials to build colonies.

242
00:13:26,769 --> 00:13:29,971
I think you can look
at all three of those as options

243
00:13:30,073 --> 00:13:32,274
in the near term.

244
00:13:32,375 --> 00:13:34,442
I firmly believe that, um,

245
00:13:34,577 --> 00:13:38,480
a single-planet species
is not long to survive

246
00:13:38,581 --> 00:13:40,649
and that we really have to be able

247
00:13:40,750 --> 00:13:42,711
to move out into the solar system.

248
00:13:43,921 --> 00:13:47,054
Early on in the evolution
of the solar system,

249
00:13:47,091 --> 00:13:50,192
we believe Venus, Earth, and Mars

250
00:13:50,226 --> 00:13:52,038
had a significant amount of water.

251
00:13:52,062 --> 00:13:54,696
And they all evolved differently.

252
00:13:54,731 --> 00:13:57,832
Venus went through
a runaway greenhouse effect.

253
00:13:57,868 --> 00:13:59,334
The water evaporated,

254
00:13:59,436 --> 00:14:01,736
and now the temperature is so high

255
00:14:01,772 --> 00:14:03,371
and the pressure is so high,

256
00:14:03,407 --> 00:14:05,974
it's a place we just can't inhabit.

257
00:14:06,110 --> 00:14:07,576
And when you think about that,

258
00:14:07,610 --> 00:14:10,578
what is the next place
for humankind to go?

259
00:14:10,614 --> 00:14:12,014
It's Mars.

260
00:14:12,115 --> 00:14:14,716
It's smaller than the Earth,

261
00:14:14,751 --> 00:14:18,052
but it's got a lot
of the basic characteristics

262
00:14:18,087 --> 00:14:21,756
and it's a great place
to start and work from.

263
00:14:21,792 --> 00:14:24,860
I think the most common
misconception about Mars

264
00:14:24,961 --> 00:14:28,163
is that it's going to be easier
than it actually is.

265
00:14:28,264 --> 00:14:30,599
Right now,
the International Space Station

266
00:14:30,634 --> 00:14:33,335
is orbiting 250 miles above us.

267
00:14:33,470 --> 00:14:35,903
The Moon is 250,000 miles away,

268
00:14:35,940 --> 00:14:37,338
a factor of a thousand.

269
00:14:37,474 --> 00:14:40,008
The trip to Mars
will take you on a trip

270
00:14:40,144 --> 00:14:43,879
that's 250 million miles away.

271
00:14:43,980 --> 00:14:46,213
This is not a simple rocket trip.

272
00:14:46,317 --> 00:14:49,017
Wernher von Braun built
the Saturn V rocket

273
00:14:49,153 --> 00:14:51,886
to get astronauts to the Moon.

274
00:14:51,989 --> 00:14:55,591
We took three days to go there
in the Saturn V.

275
00:14:55,625 --> 00:14:59,327
Going to Mars is at least 240 days,

276
00:14:59,363 --> 00:15:01,395
given current technology.

277
00:15:01,498 --> 00:15:04,131
And that's not an easy trip.

278
00:15:04,168 --> 00:15:06,634
While a manned mission
to the Red Planet

279
00:15:06,669 --> 00:15:08,903
will be a long
and perilous journey,

280
00:15:09,005 --> 00:15:12,341
experts say
Mars has many advantages

281
00:15:12,375 --> 00:15:14,375
for human colonization.

282
00:15:14,510 --> 00:15:17,613
Temperature fluctuations
are less extreme

283
00:15:17,648 --> 00:15:19,815
than those of the Moon,
for example,

284
00:15:19,850 --> 00:15:23,085
and its gravity is more Earth-like.

285
00:15:23,187 --> 00:15:24,931
People don't seem
to be terraforming the Moon.

286
00:15:24,955 --> 00:15:26,321
Mars is a little easier.

287
00:15:26,356 --> 00:15:28,155
Mars already has an atmosphere.

288
00:15:28,192 --> 00:15:29,625
There's a lot of real estate.

289
00:15:29,659 --> 00:15:32,293
I mean, you could do this.

290
00:15:32,328 --> 00:15:34,462
For thousands of years,

291
00:15:34,498 --> 00:15:38,366
Mars has practically been
a human obsession.

292
00:15:38,402 --> 00:15:41,003
Even before
it was known to be a planet,

293
00:15:41,038 --> 00:15:43,739
it was distinguished
from the other nearby stars

294
00:15:43,874 --> 00:15:45,974
by its deep amber color.

295
00:15:46,009 --> 00:15:48,342
Mars was referred to

296
00:15:48,379 --> 00:15:49,945
as Nergal by the Babylonians,

297
00:15:50,047 --> 00:15:52,447
the great hero, also a god of war.

298
00:15:52,548 --> 00:15:57,619
In Greece, they referred to Mars
as Ares, the god of war.

299
00:15:57,721 --> 00:16:01,490
The god Mars, the god of war,
the god of aggression

300
00:16:01,524 --> 00:16:05,994
comes from this particularly
visible heavenly body.

301
00:16:06,029 --> 00:16:09,464
And I wonder
if the desire, the quest,

302
00:16:09,566 --> 00:16:11,832
the yearning to explore Mars

303
00:16:11,869 --> 00:16:14,302
has an aggressive
or competitive element to it,

304
00:16:14,404 --> 00:16:19,374
if Mars himself is not somehow
involved in the project.

305
00:16:19,409 --> 00:16:22,844
The ancient Egyptians had a very
particular interest in Mars.

306
00:16:22,879 --> 00:16:27,048
Cairo was named after Mars:
<i>Al Qahirah.</i>

307
00:16:27,083 --> 00:16:30,152
It means the vanquisher,
or the conqueror.

308
00:16:30,254 --> 00:16:32,065
Even the Sphinx itself was believed

309
00:16:32,088 --> 00:16:34,288
to have originally
been painted red,

310
00:16:34,390 --> 00:16:37,459
perhaps an homage to Mars.

311
00:16:37,561 --> 00:16:41,863
Over the centuries,
humans have conceived numerous...

312
00:16:41,899 --> 00:16:45,167
and often humorous...
notions of what Mars

313
00:16:45,269 --> 00:16:46,712
and its possible
Martian inhabitants

314
00:16:46,736 --> 00:16:49,504
might look like up close.

315
00:16:49,605 --> 00:16:52,307
It has been the subject
of countless books,

316
00:16:52,442 --> 00:16:56,311
motion pictures
and even video games.

317
00:16:56,413 --> 00:16:58,424
But what if some
of the creative depictions

318
00:16:58,448 --> 00:17:00,347
of our interplanetary neighbor

319
00:17:00,451 --> 00:17:02,750
don't come from human imagination,

320
00:17:02,785 --> 00:17:05,220
but from human memory?

321
00:17:05,255 --> 00:17:07,489
Carl Jung theorized

322
00:17:07,590 --> 00:17:10,759
that mankind had
a collective consciousness,

323
00:17:10,794 --> 00:17:13,828
and this is
a kind of genetic memory,

324
00:17:13,963 --> 00:17:16,131
or inherited memory.

325
00:17:16,165 --> 00:17:20,535
For instance,
if our ancestors perceived

326
00:17:20,636 --> 00:17:24,038
that lightening was dangerous,
we might inherit, then,

327
00:17:24,074 --> 00:17:26,340
a fear of lightening.

328
00:17:26,477 --> 00:17:29,111
And so it's possible
in the same way

329
00:17:29,145 --> 00:17:33,515
that our ancient
associations with Mars

330
00:17:33,650 --> 00:17:38,953
are actually within our genes
and embedded in our neurons

331
00:17:38,989 --> 00:17:42,758
as part of our DNA.

332
00:17:42,792 --> 00:17:45,059
If our ancestors
experienced something,

333
00:17:45,095 --> 00:17:47,295
it goes into our genome.

334
00:17:47,330 --> 00:17:50,464
It goes into our DNA.

335
00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:53,501
What if humanity originated on Mars

336
00:17:53,537 --> 00:17:57,873
and we are still answering
to that call unknowingly?

337
00:17:59,175 --> 00:18:02,243
Could there be
a profound connection

338
00:18:02,278 --> 00:18:04,078
that links humans to Mars

339
00:18:04,114 --> 00:18:07,414
deeply embedded
in our subconsciousness?

340
00:18:07,518 --> 00:18:10,585
Ancient astronaut theorists
say yes,

341
00:18:10,686 --> 00:18:14,256
and suggest the answer
is slowly being revealed

342
00:18:14,357 --> 00:18:19,059
as we get closer to colonizing
the so-called Red Planet.

343
00:18:22,865 --> 00:18:25,634
Amersfoort, the Netherlands.

344
00:18:25,669 --> 00:18:27,803
2012.

345
00:18:27,837 --> 00:18:31,673
A private Dutch organization
known as Mars One

346
00:18:31,708 --> 00:18:33,808
announces a global mission

347
00:18:33,844 --> 00:18:37,479
to establish a permanent
human settlement on Mars.

348
00:18:37,513 --> 00:18:40,749
The following year, they
begin accepting applications

349
00:18:40,884 --> 00:18:43,518
from would-be colonists
for a manned expedition

350
00:18:43,554 --> 00:18:46,086
scheduled for 2023.

351
00:18:46,190 --> 00:18:50,525
But while the opportunity to be
among the first humans on Mars

352
00:18:50,560 --> 00:18:52,394
is an exciting one,

353
00:18:52,429 --> 00:18:55,462
one aspect of the mission
seems certain to turn away

354
00:18:55,499 --> 00:18:57,965
many would-be applicants.

355
00:18:58,067 --> 00:19:01,469
It will be a one-way trip.

356
00:19:01,505 --> 00:19:04,972
Nevertheless,
thousands of people apply.

357
00:19:06,210 --> 00:19:08,054
By the time I heard about Mars One,

358
00:19:08,077 --> 00:19:09,556
I had been telling all my friends,

359
00:19:09,579 --> 00:19:11,156
"I don't care what it's gonna take,

360
00:19:11,181 --> 00:19:13,714
I'm gonna make it to space
in my lifetime."

361
00:19:13,750 --> 00:19:16,785
And it felt like there was
a calling, a destiny there.

362
00:19:16,886 --> 00:19:19,653
I get asked
if it's worth the sacrifice

363
00:19:19,756 --> 00:19:22,156
of leaving everything
I've known on Earth...

364
00:19:22,259 --> 00:19:24,792
family, friends, sunshine...

365
00:19:24,894 --> 00:19:28,730
rain, the beach... and I think...

366
00:19:28,765 --> 00:19:31,098
to live the first half of my life

367
00:19:31,134 --> 00:19:33,535
as an earthling, and
the second half as a Martian,

368
00:19:33,569 --> 00:19:38,038
what an amazing way
to kind of give your life to...

369
00:19:38,075 --> 00:19:39,974
the greater cause of humanity.

370
00:19:40,109 --> 00:19:45,913
This is a defining point
in the human time line.

371
00:19:45,949 --> 00:19:48,516
So, I suppose the biggest thing
that draws people to Mars One,

372
00:19:48,618 --> 00:19:50,363
the thing that
kind of hooks their attention,

373
00:19:50,386 --> 00:19:52,265
is the fact that it's
a one-way mission.

374
00:19:52,288 --> 00:19:54,355
This is very much about humanity

375
00:19:54,391 --> 00:19:58,359
setting up a permanent outpost
on another planet, and that's...

376
00:19:58,394 --> 00:20:01,863
I suppose, the thing that drew
me to it in the first place.

377
00:20:01,964 --> 00:20:05,200
Mars and Earth have to be

378
00:20:05,301 --> 00:20:07,469
in a very synchronous place

379
00:20:07,503 --> 00:20:10,638
in order to make
the shortest trip to Mars.

380
00:20:11,775 --> 00:20:13,240
When you get there,

381
00:20:13,277 --> 00:20:16,278
Earth and Mars
are gonna be very far apart...

382
00:20:16,313 --> 00:20:19,381
and you will not be able
to leave and come back

383
00:20:19,415 --> 00:20:21,415
for at least 400 days.

384
00:20:21,451 --> 00:20:24,551
In fact, it would
take you longer to get back

385
00:20:24,587 --> 00:20:26,721
if you left right away

386
00:20:26,823 --> 00:20:30,258
than if you waited 400 days
to come back.

387
00:20:30,294 --> 00:20:33,394
So once you get there,
you're stuck,

388
00:20:33,497 --> 00:20:35,730
and you have to stay there.

389
00:20:35,832 --> 00:20:39,567
And the truth is that it's so
expensive to get people to Mars

390
00:20:39,670 --> 00:20:41,614
and to establish the first colonies

391
00:20:41,637 --> 00:20:46,641
that this is always,<i> always</i>
gonna be a one-way trip.

392
00:20:46,676 --> 00:20:48,788
I don't like the idea
that we do the same thing

393
00:20:48,811 --> 00:20:50,278
that we did with the Moon

394
00:20:50,314 --> 00:20:53,080
50 years ago,
where we go there, walk around,

395
00:20:53,182 --> 00:20:55,450
explore it a little bit,
and then come back,

396
00:20:55,484 --> 00:20:57,551
and then sort of ask the question:

397
00:20:57,688 --> 00:21:01,088
Why bother going there?
We've been there before.

398
00:21:01,191 --> 00:21:03,892
The most common attribute
through all of the candidates

399
00:21:03,993 --> 00:21:06,961
is this idea that we're all
interested in serving something

400
00:21:06,997 --> 00:21:08,974
that's bigger than ourselves
as an individual.

401
00:21:08,999 --> 00:21:12,433
It's very much about doing
something for the species.

402
00:21:14,003 --> 00:21:16,604
The journey
to get to Mars is very similar

403
00:21:16,707 --> 00:21:20,375
to the first settlers arriving
in the Americas.

404
00:21:21,377 --> 00:21:23,444
Mars One plans to send

405
00:21:23,547 --> 00:21:26,780
teams of four at a time,
and every two years afterwards,

406
00:21:26,883 --> 00:21:29,416
there will be a new team to arrive

407
00:21:29,519 --> 00:21:31,685
and join the community.

408
00:21:31,721 --> 00:21:34,055
Eventually, probably,

409
00:21:34,090 --> 00:21:37,291
we're gonna see tens
of thousands of people arrive.

410
00:21:37,394 --> 00:21:40,060
I think for us right now,
if we make the leap

411
00:21:40,096 --> 00:21:42,931
and start to create
colonies off planet,

412
00:21:43,066 --> 00:21:46,934
we're looking at the next
giant leap of humankind.

413
00:21:47,037 --> 00:21:51,205
Are current efforts to
leave Earth and travel to Mars

414
00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:53,508
simply based on a desire

415
00:21:53,542 --> 00:21:56,277
to explore and colonize
a new world?

416
00:21:56,380 --> 00:22:00,949
Or could it be based
on something even more profound?

417
00:22:01,050 --> 00:22:04,885
Is it possible
that we wish to return home

418
00:22:04,921 --> 00:22:07,689
to humankind's place of origin?

419
00:22:07,723 --> 00:22:10,858
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,

420
00:22:10,894 --> 00:22:14,328
further clues
still need to be examined,

421
00:22:14,431 --> 00:22:16,998
starting with recent discoveries
made on Mars

422
00:22:17,034 --> 00:22:19,733
that point to evidence of life.

423
00:22:25,539 --> 00:22:29,407
July 20, 1976.

424
00:22:29,443 --> 00:22:32,845
NASA's unmanned<i> Viking 1</i>
orbiter and lander

425
00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:35,815
touches down
on the surface of Mars.

426
00:22:35,916 --> 00:22:39,285
Three weeks later it is joined
by its companion,

427
00:22:39,386 --> 00:22:40,819
the<i> Viking 2.</i>

428
00:22:40,922 --> 00:22:42,954
For the first time ever,

429
00:22:43,057 --> 00:22:47,026
humanity has established
a presence on another planet.

430
00:22:48,730 --> 00:22:51,830
The<i> Viking</i> landers
actually landed on Mars

431
00:22:51,932 --> 00:22:54,532
and took a sample.
But they landed in one spot

432
00:22:54,568 --> 00:22:56,067
and they stayed in one spot.

433
00:22:56,104 --> 00:22:59,337
We've since sent
the Pathfinder Sojourner.

434
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,608
And for the first time,
we have a system on Mars that,

435
00:23:03,644 --> 00:23:05,778
if we see something
shiny over there

436
00:23:05,813 --> 00:23:08,346
and we want to go check it out,
we'll send the rover

437
00:23:08,449 --> 00:23:10,715
and get a very close look
at it, take samples,

438
00:23:10,751 --> 00:23:14,686
get high-definition video
from it. And, uh, that

439
00:23:14,788 --> 00:23:17,490
is a very good start
for figuring out

440
00:23:17,592 --> 00:23:20,358
where people need to go when we
get ready to send them there.

441
00:23:20,461 --> 00:23:23,095
In 2012,

442
00:23:23,131 --> 00:23:27,432
the Curiosity rover
landed on Mars' Gale Crater.

443
00:23:27,468 --> 00:23:31,903
It was the most ambitious Mars
mission flown by NASA to date.

444
00:23:35,108 --> 00:23:37,576
One of its objectives
was to gather data

445
00:23:37,612 --> 00:23:40,211
that will help scientists
determine what is needed

446
00:23:40,315 --> 00:23:43,883
to make the planet more
habitable for human exploration.

447
00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:56,828
In June 2018, scientist
and aerospace engineer

448
00:23:56,864 --> 00:24:00,598
Dr. Travis Taylor traveled
to Johnson Space Center

449
00:24:00,634 --> 00:24:02,434
in Houston, Texas.

450
00:24:02,470 --> 00:24:07,073
There, he met with NASA
exploration mission scientist

451
00:24:07,174 --> 00:24:09,075
Dr. Elizabeth Rampe.

452
00:24:09,176 --> 00:24:14,380
Dr. Rampe analyzes data obtained
by the Mars Curiosity rover,

453
00:24:14,481 --> 00:24:16,981
which, six years into its mission,

454
00:24:17,018 --> 00:24:22,922
is sending back some of its most
extraordinary findings yet.

455
00:24:23,023 --> 00:24:25,357
So there was very late
breaking news recently

456
00:24:25,393 --> 00:24:26,791
from the Curiosity rover,

457
00:24:26,827 --> 00:24:30,061
and some interesting
information came out

458
00:24:30,163 --> 00:24:33,365
of the sample analysis at Mars...
or SAM... instrument.

459
00:24:33,401 --> 00:24:35,835
- Okay.
- So, SAM can measure gases

460
00:24:35,869 --> 00:24:37,815
in the atmosphere,
and it can also measure gases

461
00:24:37,838 --> 00:24:40,772
that are evolved from samples.

462
00:24:40,875 --> 00:24:42,607
So basically, we drill a rock,

463
00:24:42,710 --> 00:24:46,545
deliver that powder
to the instrument,

464
00:24:46,580 --> 00:24:49,548
and then that instrument
heats up the sample

465
00:24:49,584 --> 00:24:51,951
and measures the gases
that are coming off.

466
00:24:52,052 --> 00:24:54,030
Whatever outgasses,
it can tell you what this...

467
00:24:54,055 --> 00:24:55,566
- what that is, right? Okay.
- Exactly.

468
00:24:55,589 --> 00:24:59,125
So a big piece of information
from the atmosphere

469
00:24:59,227 --> 00:25:01,326
is that we've been tracking methane

470
00:25:01,362 --> 00:25:04,195
over the last few Martian years.

471
00:25:04,231 --> 00:25:09,134
And what we see is that there is
a cycle to it, where it spikes

472
00:25:09,237 --> 00:25:12,570
late summer, early autumn,
and then dips again.

473
00:25:12,606 --> 00:25:14,807
- Wow. Yeah.
- Yeah, so the big question is:

474
00:25:14,909 --> 00:25:17,041
- Why is that happening?
- Right.

475
00:25:17,077 --> 00:25:21,180
So that could possibly be due
to an organic material, right?

476
00:25:21,214 --> 00:25:22,925
- Or a biological source?
- Exactly.

477
00:25:22,950 --> 00:25:24,361
- Meaning life.
- So that's... right. I know.

478
00:25:24,384 --> 00:25:25,863
- Right. Wow.
- So huge.

479
00:25:25,886 --> 00:25:28,119
I-It's not the only hypothesis
out there.

480
00:25:28,221 --> 00:25:29,989
- Sure.
- But, you know,

481
00:25:30,090 --> 00:25:33,992
there is the possibility that
there is extant life on Mars

482
00:25:34,095 --> 00:25:35,594
that is creating this methane.

483
00:25:35,630 --> 00:25:37,829
Wow.

484
00:25:37,932 --> 00:25:40,109
The fact that NASA has now
released information

485
00:25:40,134 --> 00:25:43,635
that they've measured
a cycle of methane

486
00:25:43,738 --> 00:25:46,672
that goes up in the summer
and down in the winter,

487
00:25:46,773 --> 00:25:48,673
it sounds very similar

488
00:25:48,776 --> 00:25:52,744
to how biological processes
create methane here on Earth.

489
00:25:52,779 --> 00:25:54,380
That could be evidence

490
00:25:54,414 --> 00:25:57,682
that there's life, right now,
on Mars.

491
00:25:57,785 --> 00:26:01,186
Life on Mars?

492
00:26:01,288 --> 00:26:02,922
According to NASA,

493
00:26:02,957 --> 00:26:07,026
such a profound notion
is a distinct possibility.

494
00:26:07,127 --> 00:26:10,028
But although the space agency
is still working

495
00:26:10,131 --> 00:26:12,096
to confirm their findings,

496
00:26:12,133 --> 00:26:16,535
ancient astronaut theorists
remain confident of the outcome.

497
00:26:16,636 --> 00:26:18,938
They have maintained for decades

498
00:26:18,972 --> 00:26:22,474
that not only does
the Red Planet contain life,

499
00:26:22,509 --> 00:26:24,108
but that it was once home

500
00:26:24,144 --> 00:26:28,113
to a highly advanced
extraterrestrial civilization.

501
00:26:28,148 --> 00:26:31,083
And for their proof,
they point to the existence

502
00:26:31,117 --> 00:26:36,087
of possible structures found
on its surface.

503
00:26:36,123 --> 00:26:40,826
There are lots of claims
of photographs

504
00:26:40,862 --> 00:26:45,130
showing different features
on the surface of Mars.

505
00:26:45,165 --> 00:26:47,900
These have come from the orbiters

506
00:26:48,001 --> 00:26:50,469
that are obviously taking pictures

507
00:26:50,505 --> 00:26:53,005
as they go around, all the time.

508
00:26:53,039 --> 00:26:55,441
And some people will find
different features,

509
00:26:55,476 --> 00:27:00,645
and interpret them as geometric
or rectilinear structures

510
00:27:00,681 --> 00:27:03,082
that suggest civilization.

511
00:27:03,183 --> 00:27:05,317
You see everything
you would expect to see

512
00:27:05,353 --> 00:27:08,287
if you went to someplace
on Planet Earth

513
00:27:08,321 --> 00:27:12,090
50,000 years from now, when the
human race have been wiped out.

514
00:27:12,192 --> 00:27:14,926
They clearly are
technological objects

515
00:27:15,028 --> 00:27:16,628
that have become fossilized.

516
00:27:16,663 --> 00:27:20,833
While the notion
that an ancient civilization

517
00:27:20,867 --> 00:27:24,002
once existed on Mars
may sound farfetched,

518
00:27:24,038 --> 00:27:26,905
NASA has continued
to make discoveries

519
00:27:27,008 --> 00:27:29,842
that could reveal something
even more incredible:

520
00:27:29,876 --> 00:27:36,281
That life on Earth actually
originated on Mars.

521
00:27:36,384 --> 00:27:38,362
So what is this?
Tell me what this is.

522
00:27:38,385 --> 00:27:40,986
Okay, so this is
a Martian meteorite.

523
00:27:41,021 --> 00:27:44,289
So this is a rock
that came from Mars.

524
00:27:44,392 --> 00:27:46,036
How long ago?

525
00:27:46,059 --> 00:27:49,127
The rock itself is about
180 million years old,

526
00:27:49,230 --> 00:27:51,008
so that's when
it crystallized on Mars.

527
00:27:51,031 --> 00:27:53,065
And to give you some context,

528
00:27:53,099 --> 00:27:55,534
180 million years ago, dinosaurs
were roaming the Earth.

529
00:27:55,569 --> 00:27:59,805
Right. Well, we know that
this rock came from Mars.

530
00:27:59,906 --> 00:28:01,718
So if there was
organic material on Mars

531
00:28:01,741 --> 00:28:03,420
three and a half billion years ago,

532
00:28:03,443 --> 00:28:05,388
something could have caused
that organic material

533
00:28:05,413 --> 00:28:07,346
to go from there to here, right?

534
00:28:07,381 --> 00:28:10,348
Right. And what's interesting
about, you know,

535
00:28:10,384 --> 00:28:12,061
"three and a half
billion years ago"

536
00:28:12,086 --> 00:28:16,121
is that's when life
was taking hold on Earth.

537
00:28:16,222 --> 00:28:18,390
- Right.
- So... and, and Mars was

538
00:28:18,425 --> 00:28:22,528
once very Earth-like
with, uh, rivers and lakes.

539
00:28:22,563 --> 00:28:24,296
So why not Mars?

540
00:28:24,397 --> 00:28:25,909
We've got all the building blocks

541
00:28:25,932 --> 00:28:27,911
for life on Mars,
so why couldn't it happen there?

542
00:28:27,934 --> 00:28:31,202
So it's very possible that
we're descendants of Martians.

543
00:28:31,238 --> 00:28:33,305
I, it... I'm not
gonna rule that out.

544
00:28:34,976 --> 00:28:37,875
There have been a lot of changes
in my lifetime

545
00:28:37,912 --> 00:28:40,913
about speaking about life
on other planets.

546
00:28:40,948 --> 00:28:44,516
"Is it possible that humanity
evolved from Mars?"

547
00:28:44,618 --> 00:28:46,430
If I would have said that
ten years ago,

548
00:28:46,453 --> 00:28:48,097
people would have thought
I was crazy.

549
00:28:48,122 --> 00:28:51,155
And what that tells me, though,
is the conversation has changed.

550
00:28:51,258 --> 00:28:54,559
While NASA's most
recent findings suggest

551
00:28:54,595 --> 00:28:57,363
that there may be life on Mars,

552
00:28:57,464 --> 00:28:59,798
and that life has potentially
existed there

553
00:28:59,834 --> 00:29:03,035
for billions of years,
is it also possible

554
00:29:03,136 --> 00:29:07,405
that Mars was the original
source of life here on Earth?

555
00:29:07,441 --> 00:29:12,744
Since 1974,
Dr. Chandra Wickramasinghe

556
00:29:12,779 --> 00:29:16,882
has advanced an intriguing
theory known as panspermia.

557
00:29:16,983 --> 00:29:20,051
He maintains
that carbon-based matter

558
00:29:20,153 --> 00:29:23,422
exists amidst space dust
and can be carried,

559
00:29:23,457 --> 00:29:25,923
via asteroids and comets.

560
00:29:29,864 --> 00:29:32,664
The standard position is that
life started on the Earth

561
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:34,644
in the very small primordial soup.

562
00:29:34,669 --> 00:29:36,902
And the Earth
is a very small place,

563
00:29:37,003 --> 00:29:40,605
in terms of cosmic distances
and cosmic sizes.

564
00:29:40,641 --> 00:29:42,540
It's a, a speck of dust.

565
00:29:42,643 --> 00:29:46,144
So to argue that the most
complicated system

566
00:29:46,180 --> 00:29:49,248
that we can ever know about,
which is life,

567
00:29:49,349 --> 00:29:51,083
started here on the Earth,

568
00:29:51,184 --> 00:29:53,951
is almost a travesty
of common sense.

569
00:29:53,988 --> 00:29:55,499
I think the first life
is certainly...

570
00:29:55,522 --> 00:29:57,667
there's no question
that it came from space.

571
00:29:57,692 --> 00:30:01,527
The first thing to say about
the origin of life on Earth

572
00:30:01,561 --> 00:30:06,330
is that we really have no idea
how, where or when it happened.

573
00:30:06,366 --> 00:30:08,767
But there's one scenario
that does work,

574
00:30:08,868 --> 00:30:12,671
in my view, very well,
and that is, uh, impact ejector.

575
00:30:12,707 --> 00:30:16,141
Mars takes a hit,
Mars rocks come here to Earth

576
00:30:16,176 --> 00:30:18,844
and Mars material is raining
down on Earth all the time.

577
00:30:18,878 --> 00:30:20,778
If there were any life on Mars,

578
00:30:20,881 --> 00:30:24,782
it would be conveyed to Earth
in this impact ejector.

579
00:30:24,884 --> 00:30:26,997
And so it's entirely possible,
in my view,

580
00:30:27,020 --> 00:30:30,989
that life started on Mars
and came to Earth only later,

581
00:30:31,025 --> 00:30:32,836
when conditions here settled down.

582
00:30:32,859 --> 00:30:36,295
In 1953,

583
00:30:36,396 --> 00:30:38,931
British geneticist Francis Crick

584
00:30:39,032 --> 00:30:42,201
along with American biologist
James Watson

585
00:30:42,236 --> 00:30:45,837
discovered that the shape
of human DNA resembles that

586
00:30:45,873 --> 00:30:48,707
of a three-dimensional
double helix.

587
00:30:48,742 --> 00:30:52,344
But as Crick learned more
about our genetic code,

588
00:30:52,378 --> 00:30:55,012
he came to the conclusion
that it was so complex,

589
00:30:55,048 --> 00:30:59,351
it could not have developed
by mere evolutionary chance.

590
00:30:59,385 --> 00:31:04,088
He also believed
it did not originate on Earth.

591
00:31:05,925 --> 00:31:08,326
When we hear terms like panspermia,

592
00:31:08,429 --> 00:31:11,329
this really resonates with
the ancient astronaut theory

593
00:31:11,432 --> 00:31:13,365
because it confirms the idea

594
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,201
that life has arrived on Earth
whole and complete,

595
00:31:16,237 --> 00:31:20,005
and that the evolutionary
process for life even to begin

596
00:31:20,106 --> 00:31:22,840
would take a much longer lifespan

597
00:31:22,942 --> 00:31:24,421
than even Earth
was able to provide.

598
00:31:24,444 --> 00:31:26,845
This raises the question,
is it possible

599
00:31:26,946 --> 00:31:29,515
that life doesn't
just randomly arrive,

600
00:31:29,616 --> 00:31:31,750
but is actually sent here to Earth?

601
00:31:31,786 --> 00:31:35,586
If, as ancient
astronaut theorists believe,

602
00:31:35,623 --> 00:31:39,023
life on Earth was seeded here
by extraterrestrials

603
00:31:39,125 --> 00:31:44,028
millions of years ago, did they
have a plan for humanity?

604
00:31:44,131 --> 00:31:47,365
Perhaps further clues can be found

605
00:31:47,468 --> 00:31:50,335
by examining the ancient
Sumerian stories

606
00:31:50,436 --> 00:31:55,473
about the earthly activities
of the gods.

607
00:31:59,958 --> 00:32:02,392
In 2017,

608
00:32:02,493 --> 00:32:06,695
NASA's Advanced Exploration
Systems division asserted

609
00:32:06,798 --> 00:32:10,633
that identifying and extracting
mineral resources in space...

610
00:32:10,667 --> 00:32:14,903
such as iron, tungsten and
titanium... would be essential

611
00:32:15,006 --> 00:32:18,273
for future space exploration
and colonization.

612
00:32:18,308 --> 00:32:20,910
The Moon and the near-Earth objects

613
00:32:21,011 --> 00:32:22,744
that are not too far from Earth,

614
00:32:22,780 --> 00:32:26,048
they're loaded with minerals
and-and raw materials.

615
00:32:26,183 --> 00:32:27,416
You can look at the Moon

616
00:32:27,519 --> 00:32:29,919
and where the, uh,
Sea of Tranquility

617
00:32:30,020 --> 00:32:32,587
and the other seas, they have
a different coloration,

618
00:32:32,690 --> 00:32:34,468
because there's titanium oxide
covering the surface.

619
00:32:34,491 --> 00:32:35,892
We know there's uranium there

620
00:32:35,993 --> 00:32:38,461
because we've detected radon gas.

621
00:32:38,496 --> 00:32:40,455
So there's all sorts of materials.

622
00:32:40,531 --> 00:32:43,932
One of the companies
I'm proud of having cofounded,

623
00:32:44,035 --> 00:32:45,813
uh, is a company called
Planetary Resources,

624
00:32:45,836 --> 00:32:49,137
who's got a vision of going
to near-Earth asteroids

625
00:32:49,173 --> 00:32:51,941
to mine those asteroids for fuel,

626
00:32:52,042 --> 00:32:54,810
and ultimately, precious metals...

627
00:32:54,846 --> 00:32:58,047
platinum-group metals,
or construction metals.

628
00:32:59,851 --> 00:33:01,810
But as NASA makes plans

629
00:33:01,853 --> 00:33:03,952
to mine essential space minerals,

630
00:33:04,055 --> 00:33:07,123
is it possible that other
advanced civilizations

631
00:33:07,224 --> 00:33:11,227
came to Earth... centuries ago...
for the same reason?

632
00:33:11,261 --> 00:33:14,963
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,

633
00:33:15,066 --> 00:33:17,200
the answer is yes,

634
00:33:17,234 --> 00:33:19,701
and they believe
the evidence can be found

635
00:33:19,737 --> 00:33:22,672
in the Sumerian stories
of the Anunnaki,

636
00:33:22,707 --> 00:33:25,807
written more than 5,000 years ago.

637
00:33:25,844 --> 00:33:28,711
When we analyze the story

638
00:33:28,746 --> 00:33:31,146
of the Anunnaki's creation
of humanity,

639
00:33:31,249 --> 00:33:33,382
some very interesting nuances
come out

640
00:33:33,417 --> 00:33:35,377
that might lead into understanding

641
00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:36,885
what humans might face

642
00:33:36,921 --> 00:33:39,689
in their own eventual
colonization of another planet.

643
00:33:39,723 --> 00:33:42,991
When famed
ancient astronaut theorist

644
00:33:43,027 --> 00:33:44,993
Zecharia Sitchin

645
00:33:45,096 --> 00:33:47,730
studied the Sumerian tablets
in the 1970s,

646
00:33:47,765 --> 00:33:50,365
he not only reached the conclusion

647
00:33:50,401 --> 00:33:54,036
that the Anunnaki came to Earth
to escape a dying planet,

648
00:33:54,072 --> 00:33:56,739
but also noted that, while here,

649
00:33:56,773 --> 00:34:00,308
they used humans to mine for gold.

650
00:34:00,411 --> 00:34:02,570
When we look at
the creation stories

651
00:34:02,614 --> 00:34:04,145
of biblical tales,

652
00:34:04,249 --> 00:34:07,983
we understand that God created
the Earth in seven days.

653
00:34:08,085 --> 00:34:10,246
It turns out that
this consolidated version

654
00:34:10,288 --> 00:34:12,889
of seven days can be translated to

655
00:34:12,923 --> 00:34:15,557
a much earlier story
in Sumerian form,

656
00:34:15,592 --> 00:34:17,092
called the "Atra-Hasis,"

657
00:34:17,128 --> 00:34:20,228
where there is actually
seven tablets of creation,

658
00:34:20,264 --> 00:34:23,398
telling how the Anunnaki
came to Earth

659
00:34:23,434 --> 00:34:26,202
and genetically engineered us
in their image,

660
00:34:26,237 --> 00:34:29,739
and in their likeness, to mine
the gold for them here on Earth.

661
00:34:29,773 --> 00:34:34,043
Is it possible
that when the ancient Sumerians

662
00:34:34,144 --> 00:34:37,413
wrote about giant beings
coming down from the sky

663
00:34:37,447 --> 00:34:40,215
and digging for gold,
they were, in fact,

664
00:34:40,318 --> 00:34:42,617
documenting a visitation
by extraterrestrials

665
00:34:42,653 --> 00:34:45,655
who were mining for resources...

666
00:34:45,690 --> 00:34:49,992
just as NASA is planning to do
in the not-too-distant future?

667
00:34:52,163 --> 00:34:56,565
June, 2018.

668
00:34:56,668 --> 00:35:00,235
Scientist and aerospace engineer
Dr. Travis Taylor

669
00:35:00,271 --> 00:35:03,306
is at Johnson Space Center's
Building 9,

670
00:35:03,340 --> 00:35:06,108
the astronaut training facility.

671
00:35:06,143 --> 00:35:09,679
He is meeting with robotics
engineer Lucien Junkin,

672
00:35:09,713 --> 00:35:12,280
who is eager to show him the latest

673
00:35:12,317 --> 00:35:14,916
in extraterrestrial transportation.

674
00:35:15,018 --> 00:35:17,887
I see this is a-a rover.
Tell me a little bit about it.

675
00:35:17,989 --> 00:35:19,666
Yeah, this is basically
an off-roading RV

676
00:35:19,690 --> 00:35:21,690
for Moon and Mars.

677
00:35:21,726 --> 00:35:24,527
And what-what is it that makes
this so much better than, say,

678
00:35:24,561 --> 00:35:25,728
the lunar rover?

679
00:35:25,829 --> 00:35:27,228
It can go out and explore.

680
00:35:27,364 --> 00:35:29,965
So the concept is
if you have a habitat,

681
00:35:30,001 --> 00:35:32,268
you're gonna take
two of these rovers

682
00:35:32,369 --> 00:35:36,271
and they'll go out for a week
to two weeks and explore,

683
00:35:36,373 --> 00:35:38,518
come back, refuel and then
we'll be back out exploring.

684
00:35:38,543 --> 00:35:40,487
Can-can we look inside
or maybe go for a ride?

685
00:35:40,510 --> 00:35:41,844
Absolutely. Let's go for a ride.

686
00:35:41,878 --> 00:35:43,778
- Oh, that'll be awesome.
- Okay.

687
00:35:43,880 --> 00:35:45,858
Just put your foot there,
jump on up.

688
00:35:45,882 --> 00:35:47,416
All right.

689
00:35:47,518 --> 00:35:50,119
Pilot's on, power's on.

690
00:35:50,221 --> 00:35:51,498
- Go to low gear.
- Low gear.

691
00:35:51,521 --> 00:35:54,255
Push forward on the stick.

692
00:35:57,695 --> 00:35:59,172
The Planetary Analog Test Site,

693
00:35:59,197 --> 00:36:02,797
also known as The Rock Yard,

694
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:06,635
is a multi-acre simulation
of lunar and Martian terrain.

695
00:36:06,737 --> 00:36:09,704
It is here that
the Space Exploration Vehicle

696
00:36:09,740 --> 00:36:12,974
endures rigorous testing
to determine its readiness

697
00:36:13,077 --> 00:36:15,644
for eventual off-Earth deployment.

698
00:36:15,746 --> 00:36:17,947
- Let's go through that crater first.
- Okay.

699
00:36:18,081 --> 00:36:19,860
- Just go up and over?
- Yeah.

700
00:36:19,884 --> 00:36:22,985
Can it handle that kind of a...?

701
00:36:23,021 --> 00:36:24,565
- Yeah, if you put your foot right up there...
- All right.

702
00:36:24,588 --> 00:36:26,233
That'll brace you in your seat.

703
00:36:26,257 --> 00:36:28,891
So, like, on a tank,

704
00:36:28,925 --> 00:36:31,126
- you would typically feel it tip over.
- Yeah.

705
00:36:31,228 --> 00:36:34,664
So, active suspension,
each one of the wheel modules,

706
00:36:34,699 --> 00:36:35,864
it senses it.

707
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:37,199
Right. I see that.

708
00:36:37,235 --> 00:36:39,735
How about that?

709
00:36:39,771 --> 00:36:41,715
It's all right
to ride across these?

710
00:36:41,739 --> 00:36:43,699
Yeah, drive over...
across anything.

711
00:36:44,708 --> 00:36:47,076
Wow, this is amazing.

712
00:36:47,110 --> 00:36:48,755
When it sees a big rock like that,

713
00:36:48,780 --> 00:36:50,278
it just goes right over it?

714
00:36:50,313 --> 00:36:53,648
Yeah, it just goes right over it.

715
00:36:53,751 --> 00:36:55,728
- Let me show you something.
- All right.

716
00:36:55,753 --> 00:36:57,931
So you're gonna pick out a rock
and we're gonna explore the rock

717
00:36:57,954 --> 00:37:00,021
- in this.
- Okay.

718
00:37:00,123 --> 00:37:03,092
- Yeah, let's look at that rock right over there.
- Okay, that one.

719
00:37:03,126 --> 00:37:06,195
- So, look at this rock right here.
- Uh-huh.

720
00:37:06,297 --> 00:37:09,097
We can bow down to it.
And now, another cool feature:

721
00:37:09,132 --> 00:37:12,268
You twist this way...

722
00:37:12,302 --> 00:37:15,938
Oh, that crabs. Yeah,
yeah. I got you, I got you.

723
00:37:15,972 --> 00:37:18,117
That crabs.
See how we can just rotate

724
00:37:18,141 --> 00:37:20,710
- all the way around?
- That-that's amazing.

725
00:37:20,744 --> 00:37:22,422
You're doing perfect.

726
00:37:22,447 --> 00:37:24,079
And then we're gonna shoot

727
00:37:24,114 --> 00:37:25,458
straight up that hill right there.

728
00:37:25,483 --> 00:37:26,449
- All right. Straight?
- It'll take you... yeah.

729
00:37:26,483 --> 00:37:28,184
All right.

730
00:37:30,153 --> 00:37:32,166
So it is a rock-climbing fool.

731
00:37:32,190 --> 00:37:34,623
- You could climb up a wall in this thing.
- Yeah.

732
00:37:34,659 --> 00:37:37,393
We want the vehicle to go places
where they're like,

733
00:37:37,494 --> 00:37:39,894
"This is my life support system."

734
00:37:39,996 --> 00:37:41,474
- Right. Yeah, right.
- "I'm not going there."

735
00:37:41,498 --> 00:37:43,733
- But the vehicle would go...
- Will do it,

736
00:37:43,835 --> 00:37:45,512
- if they had to.
- Will do it, if they have to.

737
00:37:45,536 --> 00:37:50,072
If ancient astronaut
theorists are correct,

738
00:37:50,108 --> 00:37:52,875
and extraterrestrials
came to our planet

739
00:37:53,010 --> 00:37:55,643
thousands of years ago
in search of gold

740
00:37:55,679 --> 00:37:59,614
and other precious minerals,
wouldn't there be evidence?

741
00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:01,884
Some telltale sign that the Earth

742
00:38:01,985 --> 00:38:06,387
was once the site of a vast,
global mining operation?

743
00:38:06,523 --> 00:38:09,759
There was a place
in Peru called Cajamarquilla,

744
00:38:09,793 --> 00:38:15,030
and at this spot there are
thousands of shallow pits

745
00:38:15,065 --> 00:38:19,802
that are going up the ridge of
a mountain, and they're in-line.

746
00:38:19,836 --> 00:38:21,369
They're quite uniform.

747
00:38:21,405 --> 00:38:25,507
They are only say, two,
three feet deep, these pits.

748
00:38:25,543 --> 00:38:28,710
And they are baffling.

749
00:38:28,746 --> 00:38:32,148
What these pits might actually be

750
00:38:32,182 --> 00:38:35,451
is the result of
some kind of mining probe

751
00:38:35,552 --> 00:38:38,286
that was going up this mountain,

752
00:38:38,389 --> 00:38:42,291
digging these holes, and then
sampling for valuable minerals.

753
00:38:42,393 --> 00:38:46,362
Today,
Cajamarquilla is mined for zinc,

754
00:38:46,396 --> 00:38:50,833
a mineral used in metal alloys
and electrical equipment.

755
00:38:50,867 --> 00:38:55,003
But if Earth may have provided a
treasure trove of raw materials

756
00:38:55,039 --> 00:38:57,039
for extraterrestrial
space travelers,

757
00:38:57,074 --> 00:39:00,809
what resources would Mars
have to offer?

758
00:39:00,911 --> 00:39:04,880
Recent NASA findings
suggest the Red Planet

759
00:39:04,916 --> 00:39:07,315
could be capable
of supporting human life,

760
00:39:07,418 --> 00:39:10,351
and in ways never before imagined.

761
00:39:17,409 --> 00:39:19,608
After decades of searching,

762
00:39:19,710 --> 00:39:22,344
scientists believe they have
recently found something

763
00:39:22,380 --> 00:39:26,782
incredible on Mars: Water.

764
00:39:26,885 --> 00:39:30,286
On July 25, 2018,

765
00:39:30,389 --> 00:39:33,856
the European Space Agency's
Mars Express spacecraft

766
00:39:33,891 --> 00:39:37,260
reported the discovery
of a subglacial lake

767
00:39:37,295 --> 00:39:42,599
located a mile or so beneath the
planet's otherwise arid surface.

768
00:39:42,634 --> 00:39:47,369
If confirmed, it would be the
most significant evidence yet

769
00:39:47,405 --> 00:39:50,407
that Mars either did...
or perhaps still does...

770
00:39:50,442 --> 00:39:55,077
provide a habitat
for living organisms.

771
00:39:55,114 --> 00:39:58,981
We know that evidence for life
occurs almost as soon

772
00:39:59,117 --> 00:40:02,085
as you have a liquid water
environment on Earth.

773
00:40:02,121 --> 00:40:04,588
We could anticipate that, you know,

774
00:40:04,623 --> 00:40:06,101
there would be scenarios
where people

775
00:40:06,125 --> 00:40:08,291
could have seeded the Earth
with life

776
00:40:08,327 --> 00:40:12,195
so that life would develop
very similarly on Mars.

777
00:40:12,231 --> 00:40:15,065
The existence of water on Mars

778
00:40:15,099 --> 00:40:19,536
would also be of huge benefit
to colonization efforts.

779
00:40:19,637 --> 00:40:23,005
And while scientists are still
confirming the presence

780
00:40:23,141 --> 00:40:25,275
of this subglacial lake,

781
00:40:25,309 --> 00:40:27,911
they are now certain
that in the distant past,

782
00:40:27,945 --> 00:40:30,579
the Red Planet was once blue,

783
00:40:30,615 --> 00:40:35,619
and boasting
a more robust atmosphere.

784
00:40:35,653 --> 00:40:38,221
One of the most fantastic things
that we've discovered

785
00:40:38,257 --> 00:40:42,893
with our orbiters and our rovers
on Mars is about its history.

786
00:40:42,994 --> 00:40:45,561
And a number of really
spectacular surprises

787
00:40:45,597 --> 00:40:47,164
have come out.

788
00:40:47,199 --> 00:40:51,467
The first one is that Mars,
at one time in its past,

789
00:40:51,503 --> 00:40:53,903
looked more like the Earth.

790
00:40:54,005 --> 00:40:57,239
It was a blue ocean world,

791
00:40:57,342 --> 00:41:00,476
with a significant amount of water.

792
00:41:00,512 --> 00:41:02,590
We know for a fact
that billions of years ago,

793
00:41:02,614 --> 00:41:06,483
when we were first
getting started here on Earth,

794
00:41:06,518 --> 00:41:09,318
then Mars was a much more
clement place.

795
00:41:09,353 --> 00:41:11,820
We know that it had
a thick atmosphere

796
00:41:11,856 --> 00:41:14,757
to shield and blanket the planet.

797
00:41:14,793 --> 00:41:16,670
And it would have had
organic molecules,

798
00:41:16,695 --> 00:41:19,061
the building blocks
of all life as we know it.

799
00:41:19,164 --> 00:41:23,400
So it stands to reason that
maybe Mars had its own genesis,

800
00:41:23,501 --> 00:41:25,101
its own origin of life.

801
00:41:25,204 --> 00:41:27,570
Was Mars a fertile planet,

802
00:41:27,706 --> 00:41:30,340
teaming with life, thousands...

803
00:41:30,375 --> 00:41:32,742
or perhaps millions...
of years ago?

804
00:41:32,844 --> 00:41:36,246
And if so, could the planet
be modified

805
00:41:36,380 --> 00:41:40,050
in such a way that it could
sustain human life?

806
00:41:41,719 --> 00:41:43,586
It is NASA's stated goal

807
00:41:43,688 --> 00:41:47,356
to send astronauts to Mars
in the 2030s.

808
00:41:47,391 --> 00:41:50,193
But while humanity's efforts
to colonize space

809
00:41:50,228 --> 00:41:52,929
are well underway, there is still

810
00:41:53,065 --> 00:41:55,505
a tremendous amount of planning
and scientific groundwork

811
00:41:55,534 --> 00:42:00,670
to be done before we can truly
begin to populate alien planets

812
00:42:00,706 --> 00:42:02,938
with large numbers of humans.

813
00:42:04,409 --> 00:42:06,675
Right now, we're...

814
00:42:06,711 --> 00:42:08,856
we're basically just tourists
in the... in space.

815
00:42:08,880 --> 00:42:11,514
We take everything we need with us.

816
00:42:11,550 --> 00:42:15,318
And in order to make
the next giant leap,

817
00:42:15,420 --> 00:42:17,786
you're gonna actually have
to start using the materials

818
00:42:17,889 --> 00:42:20,009
that you find in space
to help you explore.

819
00:42:20,092 --> 00:42:23,159
Okay? As soon as you make
that step to use the materials

820
00:42:23,195 --> 00:42:25,206
that are available to you
on the surface,

821
00:42:25,230 --> 00:42:26,963
now you're truly a pioneer.

822
00:42:27,099 --> 00:42:28,998
There's a number of resources

823
00:42:29,034 --> 00:42:30,967
that are already available to us.

824
00:42:31,068 --> 00:42:33,202
And then, of course,
we're going to want

825
00:42:33,237 --> 00:42:34,737
to start planting things.

826
00:42:34,773 --> 00:42:36,684
We're going to have to grow food.

827
00:42:36,708 --> 00:42:41,143
We're going to have to live
off the land the best we can.

828
00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:43,813
Live off the land?

829
00:42:43,914 --> 00:42:45,315
On Mars?

830
00:42:45,416 --> 00:42:48,550
According to NASA,
innovations in technology

831
00:42:48,586 --> 00:42:51,521
will be able to make
the Martian landscape

832
00:42:51,623 --> 00:42:55,692
more hospitable to humans
than was previously believed.

833
00:42:55,793 --> 00:42:59,896
But could this same adjustment
to a planet's environment

834
00:42:59,931 --> 00:43:01,909
be similar to what
extraterrestrials

835
00:43:01,932 --> 00:43:05,568
could have accomplished here
on Earth centuries ago?

836
00:43:05,603 --> 00:43:09,204
Ancient astronaut theorists
say yes,

837
00:43:09,240 --> 00:43:12,675
and suggest that stories from
nearly every ancient culture

838
00:43:12,777 --> 00:43:16,746
prove this audacious notion
to be true.

839
00:43:16,782 --> 00:43:20,784
One of the strangest traditions
in South America

840
00:43:20,818 --> 00:43:24,054
is with the Kayapo people
in Brazil.

841
00:43:24,155 --> 00:43:29,059
And they have this legend
of the Bep-Kororoti,

842
00:43:29,161 --> 00:43:31,393
who came down from the sky

843
00:43:31,496 --> 00:43:33,963
in a lot of noise and wind,

844
00:43:33,998 --> 00:43:36,833
and landed his craft.

845
00:43:36,867 --> 00:43:39,902
He then taught the people
knowledge of civilization,

846
00:43:39,938 --> 00:43:41,971
of herbs and medicine,

847
00:43:42,007 --> 00:43:46,608
of building
and agriculture and crops.

848
00:43:46,644 --> 00:43:49,846
And today, the Kayapo people

849
00:43:49,880 --> 00:43:52,414
celebrate him every year,

850
00:43:52,451 --> 00:43:54,884
and a priest dresses up

851
00:43:54,985 --> 00:43:57,920
in this outlandish outfit

852
00:43:58,023 --> 00:44:00,623
that looks like a spacesuit.

853
00:44:00,659 --> 00:44:02,826
So you have to wonder,
where are they getting

854
00:44:02,860 --> 00:44:05,461
these ideas of people in spacesuits

855
00:44:05,496 --> 00:44:08,164
if not from some extraterrestrials

856
00:44:08,199 --> 00:44:11,233
who landed there
in the distant past?

857
00:44:11,369 --> 00:44:15,505
Today we are on the verge
of going to other planets

858
00:44:15,539 --> 00:44:18,440
and seeding them with life.

859
00:44:18,543 --> 00:44:21,344
And it makes complete sense

860
00:44:21,380 --> 00:44:23,780
that something like that
happened on our planet

861
00:44:23,815 --> 00:44:26,949
in the very distant past.

862
00:44:27,052 --> 00:44:29,452
At Johnson Space Center

863
00:44:29,554 --> 00:44:31,454
in Houston, Texas,

864
00:44:31,489 --> 00:44:33,757
NASA exploration mission scientist

865
00:44:33,891 --> 00:44:36,626
Dr. Elizabeth Rampe introduces

866
00:44:36,728 --> 00:44:39,829
- Travis Taylor to John Gruener...
- Nice to meet you.

867
00:44:39,864 --> 00:44:41,630
A space scientist with NASA's

868
00:44:41,666 --> 00:44:45,534
Astromaterials Research and
Exploration Science Division.

869
00:44:45,570 --> 00:44:47,670
Gruener is working to determine

870
00:44:47,706 --> 00:44:50,206
what humans will be able
to grow and eat on Mars,

871
00:44:50,242 --> 00:44:54,777
so that they can live off
the planet's resources.

872
00:44:54,880 --> 00:44:57,045
So what is this?

873
00:44:57,081 --> 00:44:59,416
It's weathered
volcanic ash, or tephra.

874
00:44:59,451 --> 00:45:01,329
And it's very similar
to what's on Mars.

875
00:45:01,353 --> 00:45:04,621
Everybody thinks of Hawaii
as this paradise, right?

876
00:45:04,755 --> 00:45:06,032
- Warm beaches...
- Right, right.

877
00:45:06,056 --> 00:45:08,034
You get up on top
of these volcanoes,

878
00:45:08,059 --> 00:45:10,170
- and it's cold, it's dry.
- That's right, cold. Right.

879
00:45:10,195 --> 00:45:12,561
And so we've been using this
for a number of decades.

880
00:45:12,597 --> 00:45:15,231
It's kind of our
general-purpose Mars simulant.

881
00:45:15,266 --> 00:45:17,699
Uh, we've tried
growing plants in it.

882
00:45:17,735 --> 00:45:19,880
Well, have you been able
to grow plants in it? -Sure.

883
00:45:19,905 --> 00:45:22,739
Because people grow in volcanic
soil all over the Earth.

884
00:45:22,773 --> 00:45:24,418
It's full of minerals, all right?

885
00:45:24,443 --> 00:45:26,019
But what we're lacking on Mars are

886
00:45:26,043 --> 00:45:28,510
- those biological things...
- Well, at least we think

887
00:45:28,547 --> 00:45:30,257
- we are, right?
- At least we think, yeah.

888
00:45:30,282 --> 00:45:32,681
Maybe not.
We're finding this methane.

889
00:45:32,784 --> 00:45:34,929
Well, will we need some
other things, like bacteria

890
00:45:34,952 --> 00:45:36,731
or something that
you have to mix into the soil

891
00:45:36,755 --> 00:45:38,432
- before seeds will germinate and grow?
- Yeah.

892
00:45:38,456 --> 00:45:40,400
Yes, 'cause those roots in the soil

893
00:45:40,425 --> 00:45:43,092
don't just suck up the minerals
by themselves.

894
00:45:43,128 --> 00:45:45,994
And, of course, that makes
the planetary protection people

895
00:45:46,097 --> 00:45:49,599
go crazy, because we
want to bring bacteria

896
00:45:49,634 --> 00:45:51,166
and fungi and microbes to Mars,

897
00:45:51,302 --> 00:45:52,780
and, of course,
we're trying to understand...

898
00:45:52,804 --> 00:45:54,248
- If they're already there...
- if they're

899
00:45:54,271 --> 00:45:55,949
already there or if there ever was.

900
00:45:55,974 --> 00:45:57,574
So I have a theory about that.

901
00:45:57,608 --> 00:46:00,242
And I believe that
we've already contaminated

902
00:46:00,277 --> 00:46:02,378
the rest of the solar system

903
00:46:02,481 --> 00:46:03,925
the way Mars has contaminated Earth

904
00:46:03,949 --> 00:46:05,715
with its organic material.

905
00:46:05,817 --> 00:46:08,952
'Cause we've had
major meteor impacts on Earth,

906
00:46:08,987 --> 00:46:12,755
and it's likely
that an impact meteorite

907
00:46:12,791 --> 00:46:15,135
that's ejected from Earth
with enough escape velocity

908
00:46:15,159 --> 00:46:17,626
to achieve an orbit
that would bring it to Mars.

909
00:46:17,661 --> 00:46:22,231
And absolutely, if a comet
had impacted Mars and Earth,

910
00:46:22,266 --> 00:46:24,478
we all have the same stuff,
so we're all... -Yes.

911
00:46:24,503 --> 00:46:25,902
I think whatever we find here,

912
00:46:26,003 --> 00:46:28,304
we're likely to find there,
and vice versa.

913
00:46:28,340 --> 00:46:30,351
Yeah. And so this stuff's
just sitting there,

914
00:46:30,375 --> 00:46:31,974
waiting for us to use it.

915
00:46:33,978 --> 00:46:37,146
If many of
the minerals that exist on Earth

916
00:46:37,181 --> 00:46:39,615
already exist on Mars,

917
00:46:39,650 --> 00:46:43,719
is it possible that not only did
the planet once support life,

918
00:46:43,855 --> 00:46:46,889
but that it does so even today?

919
00:46:46,992 --> 00:46:50,492
There are scientists
who believe the answer is yes,

920
00:46:50,528 --> 00:46:54,130
and they are even willing
to go one step further.

921
00:46:54,164 --> 00:46:56,766
They suggest
we might be able to use

922
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:59,768
sophisticated
terraforming technology

923
00:46:59,871 --> 00:47:01,804
to transform the Mars environment

924
00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:06,342
so that it more closely
resembles that of Earth.

925
00:47:06,378 --> 00:47:08,143
When we go...

926
00:47:08,179 --> 00:47:10,980
off Earth, whether it's
to the Moon, to Mars,

927
00:47:11,016 --> 00:47:14,117
ultimately we have a choice.

928
00:47:14,152 --> 00:47:18,688
We either evolve ourselves
to meet that environment,

929
00:47:18,722 --> 00:47:23,592
or we turn that environment
to an Earth-like environment.

930
00:47:23,695 --> 00:47:28,463
As we have evolved on the
planet, so has the biosphere.

931
00:47:28,567 --> 00:47:30,967
And indeed,
that's what will happen on Mars.

932
00:47:31,068 --> 00:47:33,335
We'll be using the resources there

933
00:47:33,371 --> 00:47:36,204
and changing that environment.

934
00:47:36,240 --> 00:47:38,340
It's fascinating that right now

935
00:47:38,376 --> 00:47:42,077
there are active talks
by scientists

936
00:47:42,112 --> 00:47:46,815
who are proposing
the terraforming of Mars.

937
00:47:46,851 --> 00:47:49,184
It means that we know

938
00:47:49,219 --> 00:47:52,487
that Mars is a great candidate

939
00:47:52,590 --> 00:47:56,125
to, over time,
develop a similar atmosphere

940
00:47:56,260 --> 00:47:58,561
like here on Earth.

941
00:47:58,597 --> 00:48:00,697
Which is incredible, because...

942
00:48:00,731 --> 00:48:04,032
a planet that can sustain life

943
00:48:04,068 --> 00:48:06,135
is a rare thing

944
00:48:06,271 --> 00:48:08,972
in the billions and billions
of celestial bodies

945
00:48:09,106 --> 00:48:11,574
that we have in the universe.

946
00:48:11,610 --> 00:48:14,177
When the first Earth pioneers

947
00:48:14,211 --> 00:48:17,179
arrive on Mars,
what will they discover?

948
00:48:18,583 --> 00:48:21,050
A barren world devoid of life?

949
00:48:21,085 --> 00:48:24,753
Or will they confront
a profound reality,

950
00:48:24,789 --> 00:48:26,434
one in which
they encounter evidence

951
00:48:26,458 --> 00:48:29,157
of an advanced alien civilization

952
00:48:29,260 --> 00:48:32,494
which once existed
thousands of years ago?

953
00:48:37,916 --> 00:48:39,360
As scientists face

954
00:48:39,385 --> 00:48:42,452
the enormous challenge
of colonizing space,

955
00:48:42,554 --> 00:48:45,188
it is widely believed
that robots equipped

956
00:48:45,224 --> 00:48:49,659
with artificial intelligence
will play a critical role.

957
00:48:49,762 --> 00:48:53,498
Even now,
AI technology has been used

958
00:48:53,599 --> 00:48:55,398
to find alien planets...

959
00:48:55,434 --> 00:48:57,168
classify galaxies...

960
00:48:57,269 --> 00:49:02,340
and even create spacecraft
capable of dodging space debris.

961
00:49:02,442 --> 00:49:06,510
Robotic probes, like
NASA's Cassini, for example,

962
00:49:06,612 --> 00:49:09,012
explored space for nearly 20 years

963
00:49:09,114 --> 00:49:13,384
and was instrumental in the
study of Saturn and its rings.

964
00:49:13,418 --> 00:49:15,652
We always send robots out
ahead of the humans

965
00:49:15,755 --> 00:49:17,889
to find out
a lot of those unknown things,

966
00:49:17,923 --> 00:49:21,893
like, uh, is the radiation,
you know, hazardous to us.

967
00:49:21,927 --> 00:49:24,427
When we get there,
rather than astronauts

968
00:49:24,463 --> 00:49:27,498
going out in spacesuits
by themselves,

969
00:49:27,599 --> 00:49:29,559
it's gonna be astronauts and robots

970
00:49:29,635 --> 00:49:32,737
going out and exploring together.

971
00:49:32,771 --> 00:49:36,039
Most experts agree

972
00:49:36,141 --> 00:49:39,277
that before travel
into deep space can take place

973
00:49:39,311 --> 00:49:42,579
artificially intelligent robots
will need to be able

974
00:49:42,614 --> 00:49:46,250
to harvest mineral resources
to keep operating.

975
00:49:46,286 --> 00:49:48,920
A version of this idea
was first proposed

976
00:49:48,954 --> 00:49:51,255
by Hungarian scientist
and mathematician

977
00:49:51,291 --> 00:49:54,458
John von Neumann in the 1960s.

978
00:49:54,494 --> 00:49:58,563
He came up with the idea of
a self-replicating robotic probe

979
00:49:58,664 --> 00:50:01,065
that could be built and rebuilt

980
00:50:01,166 --> 00:50:03,266
from materials found on asteroids.

981
00:50:03,302 --> 00:50:05,570
Von Neumann envisioned the idea

982
00:50:05,672 --> 00:50:08,806
of self-replicating automatons

983
00:50:08,840 --> 00:50:10,942
using asteroidal rubble

984
00:50:10,976 --> 00:50:12,943
as source material.

985
00:50:12,978 --> 00:50:16,514
Machines could be sent
to another planet,

986
00:50:16,548 --> 00:50:18,661
and it would start
making copies of itself,

987
00:50:18,684 --> 00:50:21,351
and perhaps evolve
from just the original copy

988
00:50:21,387 --> 00:50:23,987
to something more complex.

989
00:50:24,023 --> 00:50:26,023
From one probe, you get a thousand,

990
00:50:26,059 --> 00:50:27,625
then a million,

991
00:50:27,659 --> 00:50:30,360
then a billion, and a trillion.

992
00:50:30,396 --> 00:50:33,831
And pretty soon you have
a sphere of trillions of probes

993
00:50:33,865 --> 00:50:38,302
colonizing the galaxy
at near the speed of light.

994
00:50:39,706 --> 00:50:41,972
NASA has proposed the idea

995
00:50:42,007 --> 00:50:44,474
of self-replicating automata

996
00:50:44,510 --> 00:50:46,322
to be sent out
to the asteroid belt,

997
00:50:46,346 --> 00:50:49,780
which is a place rich
in minerals and materials

998
00:50:49,882 --> 00:50:52,983
that are easy to get to
because they have low gravity.

999
00:50:53,018 --> 00:50:56,721
You don't land on an asteroid,
you dock with it.

1000
00:50:56,755 --> 00:50:59,956
Is it possible that we
are looking at, in the future,

1001
00:51:00,059 --> 00:51:02,293
such self-replicating automata

1002
00:51:02,394 --> 00:51:05,028
building spaceships
out of asteroids,

1003
00:51:05,063 --> 00:51:09,199
going different places,
doing exploration for us?

1004
00:51:09,235 --> 00:51:10,900
It's quite conceivable.

1005
00:51:10,936 --> 00:51:14,005
But if intelligent space robots

1006
00:51:14,039 --> 00:51:17,675
are mankind's best hope
for exploring the galaxy,

1007
00:51:17,710 --> 00:51:19,710
is it possible
that Earth was visited

1008
00:51:19,746 --> 00:51:21,746
by extraterrestrial robots

1009
00:51:21,780 --> 00:51:25,916
hundreds, and perhaps
even thousands, of years ago?

1010
00:51:25,952 --> 00:51:30,153
If so, are we likely
to encounter them again?

1011
00:51:31,556 --> 00:51:34,157
If we go to other planets,

1012
00:51:34,260 --> 00:51:36,994
we would first send
mechanical probes down

1013
00:51:37,096 --> 00:51:39,664
to evaluate the climate
and the minerals

1014
00:51:39,766 --> 00:51:41,076
and the temperature and everything.

1015
00:51:41,099 --> 00:51:42,911
You would think
that extraterrestrials

1016
00:51:42,934 --> 00:51:45,036
would do the same for our planet.

1017
00:51:46,572 --> 00:51:49,005
When you think about it,
it's got to be

1018
00:51:49,108 --> 00:51:52,043
one of the most fundamental
things that they would do first.

1019
00:51:52,077 --> 00:51:56,780
Sending out intelligent
robotic systems to probe.

1020
00:51:56,815 --> 00:52:01,018
They're expendable, and you
can send them everywhere.

1021
00:52:01,119 --> 00:52:02,887
And perhaps we should be looking

1022
00:52:02,922 --> 00:52:06,791
for those systems first as aliens.

1023
00:52:06,826 --> 00:52:09,793
According
to ancient astronaut theorists,

1024
00:52:09,829 --> 00:52:13,097
evidence that extraterrestrials
sent robots to Earth

1025
00:52:13,132 --> 00:52:16,666
can be found in the stories
of ancient cultures.

1026
00:52:16,768 --> 00:52:19,670
In the story of the Argonauts...

1027
00:52:19,771 --> 00:52:22,405
that's an old Greek myth...

1028
00:52:22,442 --> 00:52:25,842
we for the first time hear
about Talos.

1029
00:52:25,945 --> 00:52:29,045
Talos was... today we
would call it a kind of robot.

1030
00:52:29,148 --> 00:52:33,384
Talos was always surrounding
the island of Crete.

1031
00:52:33,485 --> 00:52:36,052
And whenever someone went
to come close

1032
00:52:36,155 --> 00:52:38,922
to the island of Crete,
he shut it down.

1033
00:52:38,958 --> 00:52:40,958
Except they had a certain code

1034
00:52:40,992 --> 00:52:43,159
on which he did not shoot anymore.

1035
00:52:43,195 --> 00:52:46,931
So for us, Talos was like a robot.

1036
00:52:46,965 --> 00:52:48,766
An important figure

1037
00:52:48,835 --> 00:52:51,635
in early Greek mythology
was Cadmus,

1038
00:52:51,670 --> 00:52:54,304
a divine character, the first hero,

1039
00:52:54,340 --> 00:52:58,742
fifth in the lineage
from Zeus of the Greek gods.

1040
00:52:58,844 --> 00:53:02,079
It was Cadmus
that started agriculture,

1041
00:53:02,181 --> 00:53:04,581
who brought civilization,
and he brought

1042
00:53:04,684 --> 00:53:06,250
the making of bronze.

1043
00:53:06,351 --> 00:53:09,286
He knew how to make alloys,
special metals,

1044
00:53:09,322 --> 00:53:12,088
which, in the early days
of civilization,

1045
00:53:12,190 --> 00:53:14,958
was the beginning of technology.

1046
00:53:14,994 --> 00:53:16,893
He was a slayer of monsters.

1047
00:53:16,996 --> 00:53:20,431
And he killed a water dragon,
and he took the dragon's teeth

1048
00:53:20,532 --> 00:53:22,666
and planted them like seeds,

1049
00:53:22,702 --> 00:53:26,402
and great, fierce warriors grew
out of the process.

1050
00:53:26,505 --> 00:53:28,806
We have to wonder if a lot of this

1051
00:53:28,840 --> 00:53:30,541
is, again, depicting machines

1052
00:53:30,576 --> 00:53:33,476
being powered by some type
of extraterrestrial energy.

1053
00:53:33,512 --> 00:53:35,512
When you look at the planet,

1054
00:53:35,547 --> 00:53:37,947
you try to hypothesize

1055
00:53:38,050 --> 00:53:40,583
what came here,
in terms of extraterrestrials,

1056
00:53:40,686 --> 00:53:42,286
and what came here first.

1057
00:53:42,387 --> 00:53:44,054
Look at what we do to Mars.

1058
00:53:44,090 --> 00:53:45,900
We send little rovers
all over the place,

1059
00:53:45,925 --> 00:53:47,324
electronic things.

1060
00:53:47,360 --> 00:53:49,994
Did they do that
to Planet Earth, too?

1061
00:53:50,028 --> 00:53:51,795
Or did they come here directly

1062
00:53:51,898 --> 00:53:55,331
and then come down with occupants?

1063
00:53:55,367 --> 00:53:57,668
I think what probably happened was

1064
00:53:57,702 --> 00:53:59,936
the craft came to the planet,

1065
00:54:00,039 --> 00:54:03,340
and then they sent down robots
or androids

1066
00:54:03,376 --> 00:54:06,177
to explore the planet.

1067
00:54:06,211 --> 00:54:08,144
You must be Julie.

1068
00:54:08,246 --> 00:54:09,980
- I am.
- I'm Travis.

1069
00:54:10,081 --> 00:54:12,193
During his visit
to the Johnson Space Center,

1070
00:54:12,217 --> 00:54:15,485
aerospace engineer
Dr. Travis Taylor

1071
00:54:15,588 --> 00:54:17,922
visited NASA's Robotics Lab,

1072
00:54:17,956 --> 00:54:21,192
where he was shown the latest
in space-faring robots.

1073
00:54:21,226 --> 00:54:24,161
Wow, so this is
the robotics lab, huh?

1074
00:54:24,262 --> 00:54:26,108
Well, this is the Dexterous
Robotics Lab,

1075
00:54:26,132 --> 00:54:27,708
- and this is Robonaut.
- Oh, wow.

1076
00:54:27,733 --> 00:54:29,744
A lot of our
future exploration concepts

1077
00:54:29,768 --> 00:54:32,268
have us sending our assets,
sending our spacecraft,

1078
00:54:32,304 --> 00:54:35,039
sending the food
and logistics first,

1079
00:54:35,074 --> 00:54:37,141
and making sure
everything's set up,

1080
00:54:37,242 --> 00:54:39,054
and then sending our crew members.

1081
00:54:39,077 --> 00:54:41,056
So it's possible that
the robots could actually

1082
00:54:41,079 --> 00:54:43,257
build our habitats and things
before we got there.

1083
00:54:43,282 --> 00:54:44,760
That's the...
That's the thought, yes.

1084
00:54:44,784 --> 00:54:46,851
And what if you needed
to make repairs

1085
00:54:46,952 --> 00:54:48,251
on the outside of the ship?

1086
00:54:48,286 --> 00:54:49,797
Could Robonaut do stuff like that

1087
00:54:49,822 --> 00:54:50,898
instead of you having
to go out and do that?

1088
00:54:50,922 --> 00:54:52,266
Absolutely. Robots are great

1089
00:54:52,291 --> 00:54:53,690
for the dull, dirty, dangerous,

1090
00:54:53,793 --> 00:54:56,092
and the crew members
inside the spacecraft

1091
00:54:56,128 --> 00:54:58,094
could basically be the robot,

1092
00:54:58,130 --> 00:55:00,463
commanding everything about it.

1093
00:55:00,498 --> 00:55:03,199
So, I noticed that Robonaut
looks very human.

1094
00:55:03,302 --> 00:55:05,447
Why make it look human?
It doesn't have to have a head.

1095
00:55:05,471 --> 00:55:07,148
You could put the sensors
anywhere, right?

1096
00:55:07,172 --> 00:55:08,617
Yes. Absolutely.

1097
00:55:08,641 --> 00:55:10,875
However, since we were trying
to make it

1098
00:55:10,976 --> 00:55:13,244
for a human environment,
and to work with humans,

1099
00:55:13,278 --> 00:55:17,547
we thought that, well,
form should follow function.

1100
00:55:17,650 --> 00:55:20,050
So, it's an engineering
decision, but it's also

1101
00:55:20,152 --> 00:55:24,554
kind of a good
human-interaction decision, too.

1102
00:55:24,657 --> 00:55:26,934
We've had one on board
the International Space Station

1103
00:55:26,958 --> 00:55:28,324
for many years.

1104
00:55:28,360 --> 00:55:30,760
And we always,
always get the crew request

1105
00:55:30,795 --> 00:55:33,230
to say, "Hey, can I tweet
this really cool photo"

1106
00:55:33,331 --> 00:55:35,132
"that I took of me and Robonaut,

1107
00:55:35,166 --> 00:55:36,945
and we're doing Tae Bo together"?

1108
00:55:36,969 --> 00:55:40,637
So, it tends to promote bonding
a little bit more.

1109
00:55:40,672 --> 00:55:42,818
There's something
we could learn from that.

1110
00:55:42,842 --> 00:55:45,909
If we ever were to, say,
go to another star system,

1111
00:55:46,012 --> 00:55:49,146
and we found a culture
that were not bipedal...

1112
00:55:49,181 --> 00:55:50,958
- Right.
- We might want to send

1113
00:55:50,983 --> 00:55:54,184
our AI that's got, whatever,
if they were quadrupeds,

1114
00:55:54,219 --> 00:55:57,086
we might want to make
a quadrupedal robot, right?

1115
00:55:57,188 --> 00:55:59,628
Absolutely. I mean, people put
faces on everything, right?

1116
00:55:59,659 --> 00:56:00,990
You'd want to do the same thing

1117
00:56:01,027 --> 00:56:03,159
for an alien culture, if you would.

1118
00:56:03,195 --> 00:56:06,195
Yeah. And what kind of AI,
or whatever, runs its systems?

1119
00:56:06,231 --> 00:56:07,630
We have sound, uh, on board.

1120
00:56:07,666 --> 00:56:09,644
So, we do a lot
of vision processing,

1121
00:56:09,668 --> 00:56:11,768
and we have used neural nets.

1122
00:56:11,871 --> 00:56:13,681
Uh, we're working right now
to connect the Robonaut

1123
00:56:13,706 --> 00:56:15,438
to the spacecraft.

1124
00:56:15,541 --> 00:56:17,719
So, have a smart spacecraft
that knows what's going on

1125
00:56:17,742 --> 00:56:20,978
within its walls
and be able to say,

1126
00:56:21,012 --> 00:56:24,882
"Hey, Robonaut, I need you to go
and change this filter out."

1127
00:56:24,916 --> 00:56:27,684
Well, the other thing that jumps
out at me is, of course,

1128
00:56:27,719 --> 00:56:30,653
the negative scenario, where
they can become smart enough,

1129
00:56:30,690 --> 00:56:32,021
and they want to take over.

1130
00:56:32,057 --> 00:56:34,190
I'm not worried about that yet.

1131
00:56:34,226 --> 00:56:36,038
You're not worried
about that just yet. Okay.

1132
00:56:36,061 --> 00:56:39,563
Is mankind following
in the footsteps

1133
00:56:39,597 --> 00:56:43,233
of its alien ancestors
by using humanoid robots

1134
00:56:43,268 --> 00:56:47,003
in the exploration and
colonization of other worlds?

1135
00:56:47,039 --> 00:56:50,840
Ancient astronaut theorists
say yes.

1136
00:56:50,876 --> 00:56:54,844
But how will mankind fulfill
its own extraterrestrial destiny

1137
00:56:54,880 --> 00:56:59,215
if only robots are able
to function on other planets?

1138
00:56:59,251 --> 00:57:02,619
For many, the answer is simple.

1139
00:57:02,722 --> 00:57:06,923
Surviving on Mars will require
not only new technology,

1140
00:57:06,958 --> 00:57:10,094
but a new breed of humans.

1141
00:57:13,463 --> 00:57:14,608
All right, you want to go to Mars?

1142
00:57:14,632 --> 00:57:16,664
Sure, let's go to Mars.

1143
00:57:16,766 --> 00:57:18,878
At the Johnson Space
Center in Houston, Texas,

1144
00:57:18,902 --> 00:57:22,905
aerospace engineer Dr. Travis
Taylor meets with Paul Valle,

1145
00:57:22,940 --> 00:57:26,842
the project manager for
the Active Response Gravity

1146
00:57:26,943 --> 00:57:30,579
Offload System,
otherwise known as "ARGOS."

1147
00:57:30,614 --> 00:57:33,414
Travis is eager
to experience firsthand

1148
00:57:33,449 --> 00:57:36,684
how space colonists will be
trained in order to survive

1149
00:57:36,786 --> 00:57:40,021
in reduced-gravity environments.

1150
00:57:40,123 --> 00:57:42,224
And now you are on Mars.

1151
00:57:42,259 --> 00:57:43,498
So this is what Mars is like?

1152
00:57:43,594 --> 00:57:44,771
- Yep.
- I can jump...

1153
00:57:44,795 --> 00:57:47,929
oh... a lot higher.

1154
00:57:47,965 --> 00:57:51,532
So, if I were gonna try
and walk across Mars...

1155
00:57:51,635 --> 00:57:53,902
The ARGOS simulator is amazing

1156
00:57:53,938 --> 00:57:56,637
in giving me some insight
in realizing

1157
00:57:56,673 --> 00:57:59,141
it's not easy to work on a planet

1158
00:57:59,175 --> 00:58:01,476
that isn't the planet I came from.

1159
00:58:01,512 --> 00:58:04,713
If I was on Mars or the Moon
or anywhere else,

1160
00:58:04,815 --> 00:58:07,092
I would have to completely
retrain my mind and body

1161
00:58:07,117 --> 00:58:08,483
for working there.

1162
00:58:08,518 --> 00:58:10,585
Wow.

1163
00:58:10,621 --> 00:58:12,487
Whoa, getting up is the hard part.

1164
00:58:12,523 --> 00:58:15,489
So if any civilizations
have done that,

1165
00:58:15,525 --> 00:58:18,293
they would have had to do
the same type of training,

1166
00:58:18,329 --> 00:58:20,628
or when they got here,
they'd be extremely clumsy.

1167
00:58:20,664 --> 00:58:23,632
Yeah. Ah, that's almost impossible.

1168
00:58:23,666 --> 00:58:25,778
- Yeah, now imagine doing it...
- Uh-oh. There we go.

1169
00:58:25,802 --> 00:58:28,503
Now imagine doing it

1170
00:58:28,539 --> 00:58:29,471
with a space suit, life support...

1171
00:58:29,505 --> 00:58:31,005
Yeah, like the Michelin... Yeah.

1172
00:58:31,041 --> 00:58:32,641
You don't realize how much

1173
00:58:32,675 --> 00:58:34,742
you use gravity to do everything.

1174
00:58:34,844 --> 00:58:37,813
- Yeah, you don't realize until it's gone.
- Right.

1175
00:58:40,217 --> 00:58:42,784
Although recent NASA
footage of astronauts

1176
00:58:42,820 --> 00:58:46,989
doing somersaults in midair
and eating floating MandMs

1177
00:58:47,023 --> 00:58:49,490
paints a whimsical picture
of what it's like to live

1178
00:58:49,525 --> 00:58:51,994
in a low-gravity environment,

1179
00:58:52,028 --> 00:58:56,097
the lack of gravity can,
over time, have a devastating

1180
00:58:56,199 --> 00:58:59,166
and profound impact
on the human body.

1181
00:59:00,838 --> 00:59:03,338
What we have to do
when we decide to go to Mars

1182
00:59:03,373 --> 00:59:07,643
is really study all aspects
of human physiology,

1183
00:59:07,677 --> 00:59:11,980
how we're going to operate
in a gravity

1184
00:59:12,016 --> 00:59:13,614
that's much less than the Earth.

1185
00:59:13,717 --> 00:59:16,318
Our body will change
because of that environment.

1186
00:59:16,353 --> 00:59:18,853
We're doing research
in many ways right now,

1187
00:59:18,889 --> 00:59:21,056
studying the effects
of being weightless

1188
00:59:21,090 --> 00:59:23,557
and then coming back to the Earth.

1189
00:59:23,594 --> 00:59:28,797
March 2, 2016. Kazakhstan.

1190
00:59:28,898 --> 00:59:32,333
American Astronaut Scott Kelly
returns to Earth

1191
00:59:32,369 --> 00:59:36,672
after a record-setting
360-day mission

1192
00:59:36,706 --> 00:59:39,807
aboard the International
Space Station.

1193
00:59:39,909 --> 00:59:41,543
The duration of the mission

1194
00:59:41,577 --> 00:59:44,012
was intended
to help researchers understand

1195
00:59:44,047 --> 00:59:47,048
how prolonged periods of time
in zero gravity

1196
00:59:47,083 --> 00:59:49,684
can affect the human body.

1197
00:59:49,719 --> 00:59:54,422
Scott's identical twin brother,
Mark, also an astronaut,

1198
00:59:54,458 --> 00:59:57,492
served as a control subject.

1199
00:59:57,594 --> 00:59:59,527
Because of his twin's DNA,

1200
00:59:59,563 --> 01:00:02,230
which is, in theory,
identical to his,

1201
01:00:02,266 --> 01:00:04,666
they could then determine

1202
01:00:04,768 --> 01:00:07,635
what kind of DNA changes
had happened to him.

1203
01:00:07,737 --> 01:00:11,106
And what they discovered
was that about seven percent

1204
01:00:11,141 --> 01:00:14,242
of his DNA had been altered.

1205
01:00:16,146 --> 01:00:19,081
Extensive post-mission
lab tests confirmed

1206
01:00:19,115 --> 01:00:23,085
the astonishing changes
that had taken place.

1207
01:00:23,119 --> 01:00:27,688
Genes related to Scott Kelly's
immune system, DNA repair,

1208
01:00:27,791 --> 01:00:30,925
bone formation networks,
his bloodstream,

1209
01:00:30,960 --> 01:00:34,695
and numerous other systems
have all been altered.

1210
01:00:36,467 --> 01:00:41,003
The startling results prompt
scientists around the world

1211
01:00:41,105 --> 01:00:43,237
to ask: What are the implications

1212
01:00:43,273 --> 01:00:46,708
for humans who
leave Earth permanently?

1213
01:00:47,945 --> 01:00:50,411
So, I did a lot of my
early medical work

1214
01:00:50,447 --> 01:00:53,614
and medical research on how
the human body adapts to space

1215
01:00:53,650 --> 01:00:55,384
as you go up into orbit.

1216
01:00:55,485 --> 01:00:58,719
So, we are gonna begin to speciate

1217
01:00:58,822 --> 01:01:00,722
and form sub-species of humans

1218
01:01:00,824 --> 01:01:03,324
as we head off towards the stars.

1219
01:01:03,360 --> 01:01:05,505
Perhaps we should genetically
modify ourselves

1220
01:01:05,528 --> 01:01:08,396
to thrive in outer space.

1221
01:01:08,498 --> 01:01:11,599
We're gonna have to modify
ourselves to adjust

1222
01:01:11,635 --> 01:01:15,336
to different atmospheres,
cosmic rays,

1223
01:01:15,371 --> 01:01:18,373
radiation, you name it.

1224
01:01:18,474 --> 01:01:21,143
Do we want to use
gene editing technology

1225
01:01:21,177 --> 01:01:25,914
to evolve ourselves and modify
our DNA, modify our bodies

1226
01:01:26,016 --> 01:01:29,251
to meet the needs of space
as the human race is moving

1227
01:01:29,353 --> 01:01:32,320
irreversibly off the planet?

1228
01:01:34,324 --> 01:01:37,224
February 2017.

1229
01:01:37,327 --> 01:01:41,829
Maverick geneticist Dr. George
Church, of Harvard University,

1230
01:01:41,864 --> 01:01:44,065
makes an announcement
that sounds like

1231
01:01:44,168 --> 01:01:46,268
something out of a Hollywood movie.

1232
01:01:46,369 --> 01:01:51,606
Using a genome editing tool
called CRISPR-Cas9,

1233
01:01:51,708 --> 01:01:55,143
he and his team have combined
DNA from an Asian elephant

1234
01:01:55,179 --> 01:01:58,246
with genetic material from
a species that's been extinct

1235
01:01:58,347 --> 01:02:01,817
for nearly 4,000 years.

1236
01:02:01,851 --> 01:02:05,019
With the substitution
of 45 sections

1237
01:02:05,054 --> 01:02:09,123
of the elephant's genome with
the DNA of a woolly mammoth,

1238
01:02:09,226 --> 01:02:12,793
they insist that a creature from
ancient times could soon be,

1239
01:02:12,896 --> 01:02:15,563
once again, walking the Earth.

1240
01:02:17,733 --> 01:02:22,471
Once you have the technology
to completely decode DNA

1241
01:02:22,572 --> 01:02:26,641
and-and recode it, you also have
the technology, then,

1242
01:02:26,742 --> 01:02:30,911
to genetically alter
any human being,

1243
01:02:30,947 --> 01:02:33,248
or any animal or plant.

1244
01:02:33,282 --> 01:02:37,351
And so, therefore, you're able
to genetically engineer

1245
01:02:37,387 --> 01:02:40,554
a humanoid species that will be

1246
01:02:40,590 --> 01:02:43,257
better adapted to space travel,

1247
01:02:43,293 --> 01:02:47,094
better adapted to life
on a different planet.

1248
01:02:47,130 --> 01:02:50,231
Extraterrestrials coming here
in the ancient past

1249
01:02:50,266 --> 01:02:53,869
could easily have done
exactly the same thing.

1250
01:02:53,903 --> 01:02:57,204
Could extraterrestrials,

1251
01:02:57,240 --> 01:02:59,673
in possession of this same
DNA-altering knowledge,

1252
01:02:59,775 --> 01:03:02,577
have used it to aid
their colonization efforts

1253
01:03:02,612 --> 01:03:05,880
here on Earth
thousands of years ago?

1254
01:03:05,916 --> 01:03:09,384
An idea which once seemed absurd

1255
01:03:09,418 --> 01:03:13,255
now seems remarkably...
and eerily... plausible.

1256
01:03:13,289 --> 01:03:16,423
Could you go
back in time and look at

1257
01:03:16,460 --> 01:03:19,226
something like
the prehuman creatures,

1258
01:03:19,262 --> 01:03:22,264
and genetically modify them
and create

1259
01:03:22,298 --> 01:03:24,331
what has become<i> Homo sapiens?</i>

1260
01:03:24,434 --> 01:03:27,268
With our technology today,
we could pick

1261
01:03:27,304 --> 01:03:30,304
a near-sentient creature,

1262
01:03:30,340 --> 01:03:32,740
and start doing
genetic modifications on it,

1263
01:03:32,775 --> 01:03:35,809
and create a new, sentient race.

1264
01:03:37,813 --> 01:03:39,125
In addition to genetically

1265
01:03:39,148 --> 01:03:40,882
modifying the human body

1266
01:03:40,983 --> 01:03:42,461
in order to make it better suited

1267
01:03:42,485 --> 01:03:44,652
for space travel and colonization,

1268
01:03:44,688 --> 01:03:48,056
many experts propose that
there will also need to be

1269
01:03:48,157 --> 01:03:50,958
a merging of man and machine.

1270
01:03:50,994 --> 01:03:54,762
Genetically modified space
colonists, they argue,

1271
01:03:54,797 --> 01:03:58,266
will have to be fitted
with bio-mechatronic parts

1272
01:03:58,302 --> 01:04:01,335
in order to create a human
that is smarter,

1273
01:04:01,371 --> 01:04:05,273
faster, stronger and more durable.

1274
01:04:05,309 --> 01:04:08,210
I've been talking
with some scientists,

1275
01:04:08,311 --> 01:04:11,813
and they say the next thing
that's going to be coming

1276
01:04:11,847 --> 01:04:16,083
is the cyborg evolution of humanity

1277
01:04:16,186 --> 01:04:19,420
for those that are going
to go into space.

1278
01:04:19,523 --> 01:04:22,090
We have this Hollywood image

1279
01:04:22,192 --> 01:04:24,632
that the aliens are gonna land,
and they're gonna come out

1280
01:04:24,661 --> 01:04:26,260
looking somewhat like us.

1281
01:04:26,362 --> 01:04:29,998
And they'll say, "Take us
to your leader, Earth man."

1282
01:04:30,032 --> 01:04:32,132
But I think it could be
quite different.

1283
01:04:32,168 --> 01:04:33,969
They could be part robotic.

1284
01:04:34,003 --> 01:04:36,637
Realize that they could be
thousands of years

1285
01:04:36,672 --> 01:04:38,472
more advanced than us.

1286
01:04:38,507 --> 01:04:41,809
There is a culture out
there that's more advanced

1287
01:04:41,844 --> 01:04:44,980
than us, that they've already
built these robotic bodies.

1288
01:04:45,014 --> 01:04:47,114
Why wait for them to come to us?

1289
01:04:47,217 --> 01:04:50,318
We have to become
a huge, spacefaring culture,

1290
01:04:50,353 --> 01:04:52,635
a civilization to go out
and answer these questions

1291
01:04:52,688 --> 01:04:56,423
for ourselves instead of just
sitting on our hands

1292
01:04:56,525 --> 01:04:59,360
and waiting for them to give us
the answer someday.

1293
01:04:59,396 --> 01:05:03,164
In finding ways
to modify the human body,

1294
01:05:03,199 --> 01:05:05,967
along with developing
highly advanced methods

1295
01:05:06,068 --> 01:05:08,036
for terraforming other planets,

1296
01:05:08,070 --> 01:05:13,108
is mankind really going
"where no one has gone before"?

1297
01:05:13,210 --> 01:05:17,012
Or are we simply fulfilling
our destiny,

1298
01:05:17,047 --> 01:05:19,648
one that stretches back
to the very beginnings

1299
01:05:19,750 --> 01:05:22,583
of human life here on Earth?

1300
01:05:22,619 --> 01:05:27,155
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,

1301
01:05:27,257 --> 01:05:30,824
the more humans venture into
space, the closer they will be

1302
01:05:30,927 --> 01:05:32,960
to discovering their true origins.

1303
01:05:33,063 --> 01:05:34,996
Not on Earth,

1304
01:05:35,097 --> 01:05:39,199
but on an alien world,
far, far away.

1305
01:05:45,572 --> 01:05:49,175
December 20, 2013.

1306
01:05:49,277 --> 01:05:53,211
Noted ecologist Dr. Ellis Silver
publishes his book

1307
01:05:53,248 --> 01:05:55,748
<i>Humans are not from Earth.</i>

1308
01:05:55,784 --> 01:05:58,918
In it, he proposes
that humans possess

1309
01:05:58,952 --> 01:06:01,219
a multitude of physical
vulnerabilities,

1310
01:06:01,255 --> 01:06:04,056
such as slower
childhood development,

1311
01:06:04,092 --> 01:06:07,860
a heightened susceptibility
to illness,

1312
01:06:07,961 --> 01:06:11,297
spinal problems
and difficulty giving birth.

1313
01:06:11,333 --> 01:06:14,367
He concludes that they most
likely evolved

1314
01:06:14,469 --> 01:06:17,737
on another planet.

1315
01:06:17,771 --> 01:06:20,373
There are a lot of indications
that mankind, the human race,

1316
01:06:20,474 --> 01:06:22,909
actually did not evolve
on the planet Earth.

1317
01:06:22,943 --> 01:06:25,043
For one thing, you know,

1318
01:06:25,146 --> 01:06:27,291
if we go out in the sun
too long, we get sunburned.

1319
01:06:27,315 --> 01:06:29,492
And that doesn't make a lot
of sense unless the conditions

1320
01:06:29,516 --> 01:06:31,429
on Planet Earth have changed
very dramatically

1321
01:06:31,452 --> 01:06:33,385
in the last few thousand years.

1322
01:06:33,487 --> 01:06:35,722
You have to wear
sunglasses outdoors.

1323
01:06:35,824 --> 01:06:37,467
That also indicates that our eyes

1324
01:06:37,492 --> 01:06:39,791
are not properly adapted
to the planet.

1325
01:06:39,827 --> 01:06:42,628
Some recent studies
in sports medicine

1326
01:06:42,664 --> 01:06:47,199
have shown us that the human
body creates two types of fat.

1327
01:06:47,302 --> 01:06:50,402
One is isn't a good type of fat,
and the other one is.

1328
01:06:50,505 --> 01:06:52,771
And interestingly enough,
the studies show

1329
01:06:52,806 --> 01:06:55,273
that if you bring
the temperature down

1330
01:06:55,309 --> 01:06:58,010
to about 67 degrees Fahrenheit,

1331
01:06:58,045 --> 01:07:00,646
you create the good fat
and not the bad fat.

1332
01:07:00,681 --> 01:07:04,751
Near the equator on Mars
in the summertime,

1333
01:07:04,853 --> 01:07:07,085
it's about 67 degrees Fahrenheit.

1334
01:07:07,188 --> 01:07:10,889
Now, that's Mars today,
with very little atmosphere.

1335
01:07:10,992 --> 01:07:14,159
Imagine, in the past
where Mars had an atmosphere,

1336
01:07:14,195 --> 01:07:16,929
the average temperature
on the surface

1337
01:07:17,030 --> 01:07:19,931
might be around 67 degrees.

1338
01:07:21,702 --> 01:07:23,735
Another factor is that

1339
01:07:23,838 --> 01:07:26,304
when astronauts actually go
into space,

1340
01:07:26,340 --> 01:07:29,175
their circadian rhythms,
their body clocks,

1341
01:07:29,210 --> 01:07:34,480
change from 24-hour days
to a 24.9-hour day,

1342
01:07:34,516 --> 01:07:37,115
and that happens to be
the exact rotational period

1343
01:07:37,217 --> 01:07:40,052
of a single day on the planet Mars.

1344
01:07:40,088 --> 01:07:42,355
Given the fact that our body clocks

1345
01:07:42,389 --> 01:07:44,856
are tuned to the planet Mars,
not to the planet Earth,

1346
01:07:44,893 --> 01:07:49,161
that indicates to me that we
actually came here from there.

1347
01:07:49,197 --> 01:07:54,500
Some have suggested that at some
point, Mars had an atmosphere,

1348
01:07:54,536 --> 01:08:00,039
and due to some cataclysmic
events on Mars,

1349
01:08:00,074 --> 01:08:05,445
the Martians had to find a new
home within our solar system.

1350
01:08:05,547 --> 01:08:07,480
And they came to Earth.

1351
01:08:07,581 --> 01:08:10,483
So what if we are the Martians?

1352
01:08:10,585 --> 01:08:14,519
Could it be that the human race

1353
01:08:14,556 --> 01:08:17,323
actually evolved on Mars?

1354
01:08:17,425 --> 01:08:21,761
And if so, what might have
caused our ancient ancestors

1355
01:08:21,796 --> 01:08:26,865
to come to Earth so many years ago?

1356
01:08:26,900 --> 01:08:28,900
At some point,
billions of years ago,

1357
01:08:28,936 --> 01:08:33,840
Mars, it suffered a kind
of environmental catastrophe.

1358
01:08:33,942 --> 01:08:38,411
Its atmosphere started bleeding
away into outer space

1359
01:08:38,445 --> 01:08:41,581
'cause it had no magnetic field
to help shield the planet.

1360
01:08:41,615 --> 01:08:47,052
In 1976, author
and researcher Zecharia Sitchin

1361
01:08:47,087 --> 01:08:51,591
proposed that a 12th planet once
existed in our solar system

1362
01:08:51,626 --> 01:08:55,293
just beyond Mars
that was somehow destroyed.

1363
01:08:55,329 --> 01:08:58,296
Although his declaration
was based on his study

1364
01:08:58,332 --> 01:09:00,765
of ancient Sumerian texts,

1365
01:09:00,801 --> 01:09:03,970
it was largely dismissed
by the academic community,

1366
01:09:04,005 --> 01:09:06,572
who thought the idea absurd.

1367
01:09:06,608 --> 01:09:09,307
But recent physical evidence
has come to light

1368
01:09:09,344 --> 01:09:11,287
that may prove Sitchin more correct

1369
01:09:11,311 --> 01:09:15,413
than even he believed possible.

1370
01:09:17,819 --> 01:09:21,253
October 7, 2008.

1371
01:09:21,288 --> 01:09:24,422
An 80-ton asteroid enters
the Earth's atmosphere

1372
01:09:24,458 --> 01:09:30,563
and explodes 23 miles above
the Nubian Desert in Sudan.

1373
01:09:30,664 --> 01:09:33,666
That day, an estimated
600 meteorites

1374
01:09:33,701 --> 01:09:38,470
literally showered the landscape.

1375
01:09:38,506 --> 01:09:40,706
But when examined,
the meteorites were found

1376
01:09:40,807 --> 01:09:44,644
to contain something
incredible: Diamonds.

1377
01:09:44,679 --> 01:09:47,947
They also contained something else:

1378
01:09:47,981 --> 01:09:51,117
Evidence that they came from
what scientists now believe

1379
01:09:51,152 --> 01:09:54,921
to have been a lost planet
in our solar system,

1380
01:09:55,023 --> 01:09:58,990
one which was destroyed
thousands of years ago.

1381
01:10:02,829 --> 01:10:08,167
The asteroid belt in our solar
system, it's a strange thing.

1382
01:10:08,202 --> 01:10:11,337
And some have suggested that
these are the remnants

1383
01:10:11,372 --> 01:10:15,440
of a planet that exploded
at some point.

1384
01:10:15,542 --> 01:10:18,344
And the inhabitants of that
planet either went to Mars

1385
01:10:18,378 --> 01:10:21,046
or they came to Earth.

1386
01:10:21,082 --> 01:10:22,693
I am convinced that the reason why

1387
01:10:22,716 --> 01:10:25,685
there's such a huge fascination
with space travel

1388
01:10:25,720 --> 01:10:29,121
is because that's
where we come from.

1389
01:10:30,725 --> 01:10:33,006
If there really were
an additional planet

1390
01:10:33,060 --> 01:10:36,729
in our solar system that was
destroyed by a cosmic collision,

1391
01:10:36,764 --> 01:10:40,632
as Zecharia Sitchin suggested,
could its displacement

1392
01:10:40,734 --> 01:10:43,202
have had a calamitous effect
on other,

1393
01:10:43,237 --> 01:10:47,640
nearby planets, perhaps Mars?

1394
01:10:47,742 --> 01:10:52,043
And how would the ancient
Sumerians have known about it?

1395
01:10:52,079 --> 01:10:56,314
Between Mars and Jupiter today,
we have the asteroid belt,

1396
01:10:56,417 --> 01:10:58,484
and the asteroid belt,
in my opinion,

1397
01:10:58,586 --> 01:11:02,320
was once a planet which exploded.

1398
01:11:02,422 --> 01:11:05,056
Which exploded
because there was a war.

1399
01:11:05,092 --> 01:11:08,894
There was a war in space,
a war in heaven.

1400
01:11:08,930 --> 01:11:11,930
Many mythologies speak about
this war in heaven,

1401
01:11:11,966 --> 01:11:14,867
including our Christian religion,

1402
01:11:14,902 --> 01:11:17,235
where they speak
that the archangel Lucifer

1403
01:11:17,270 --> 01:11:19,838
fighted against
the archangel Michael.

1404
01:11:19,940 --> 01:11:23,074
Greek mythology, every mythology
around the world

1405
01:11:23,110 --> 01:11:26,177
begins with the war in space,
the war in heaven.

1406
01:11:26,279 --> 01:11:29,547
In my opinion, Mars was inhabited.

1407
01:11:32,819 --> 01:11:36,220
Could the human race
actually be populated

1408
01:11:36,256 --> 01:11:39,858
by the descendants
of refugees from Mars?

1409
01:11:39,960 --> 01:11:41,960
And could this be the basis

1410
01:11:41,994 --> 01:11:44,863
not only for
our longstanding fascination

1411
01:11:44,965 --> 01:11:46,664
with the so-called Red Planet,

1412
01:11:46,766 --> 01:11:50,100
but why we are so compelled
to return there?

1413
01:11:54,273 --> 01:11:57,841
June 20, 2018.

1414
01:11:57,976 --> 01:12:01,110
The White House Office
of Science and Technology

1415
01:12:01,145 --> 01:12:03,779
releases an 18-page report.

1416
01:12:03,815 --> 01:12:06,248
It outlines what NASA and FEMA,

1417
01:12:06,284 --> 01:12:08,385
the Federal Emergency
Management Agency,

1418
01:12:08,487 --> 01:12:12,255
must do in the next decade
to prevent deadly asteroids

1419
01:12:12,291 --> 01:12:14,256
from crashing into Earth.

1420
01:12:14,292 --> 01:12:18,761
The document covers everything
from earlier detection

1421
01:12:18,796 --> 01:12:21,230
and possible deflection
to ways of dealing

1422
01:12:21,332 --> 01:12:26,136
with the fallout
from a catastrophic impact.

1423
01:12:26,171 --> 01:12:29,372
We have a lot
of these small bodies,

1424
01:12:29,475 --> 01:12:32,809
these things that are coming out
of the asteroid belt,

1425
01:12:32,845 --> 01:12:37,381
these rocky meteors
that then impact the Earth.

1426
01:12:37,483 --> 01:12:39,983
So over the last 15 years,

1427
01:12:40,019 --> 01:12:43,886
we've studied how many are
there, how many cross our orbit.

1428
01:12:44,023 --> 01:12:46,890
And we find that there are
some really big ones.

1429
01:12:47,025 --> 01:12:48,725
They are gonna hit the Earth.

1430
01:12:48,827 --> 01:12:52,762
It's not a matter of if,
it's only a matter of when.

1431
01:12:55,868 --> 01:12:58,835
We get a single hit
from an asteroid

1432
01:12:58,871 --> 01:13:01,015
that's as big as the one
that took out the dinosaurs...

1433
01:13:01,039 --> 01:13:03,939
and, that by the way,
is a 100% probability

1434
01:13:03,975 --> 01:13:06,842
that that is gonna happen,
sooner or later.

1435
01:13:06,878 --> 01:13:10,479
When that happens, all human
life on Earth comes to a halt

1436
01:13:10,515 --> 01:13:12,983
and we go extinct.

1437
01:13:13,018 --> 01:13:15,886
All of our proverbial eggs
are in this one basket.

1438
01:13:15,921 --> 01:13:20,256
If anything happens to us, if
there is an asteroid incident,

1439
01:13:20,391 --> 01:13:25,362
if there is,
a human disaster created,

1440
01:13:25,396 --> 01:13:30,867
every element of our culture
can get wiped out instantly.

1441
01:13:30,903 --> 01:13:32,969
In recent years,

1442
01:13:33,005 --> 01:13:35,471
more and more experts
have come forward

1443
01:13:35,506 --> 01:13:37,807
to stress the importance
of establishing

1444
01:13:37,909 --> 01:13:40,277
human settlements off Earth

1445
01:13:40,412 --> 01:13:44,547
in order to insure
the continuation of the species.

1446
01:13:44,582 --> 01:13:48,652
But is humankind still
many years away

1447
01:13:48,686 --> 01:13:52,689
from having the capability
to realize this ambitious goal?

1448
01:13:52,724 --> 01:13:57,461
Or could efforts to colonize
Mars be much further along

1449
01:13:57,563 --> 01:14:00,930
than the government
is willing to reveal?

1450
01:14:02,434 --> 01:14:07,002
Boulder, Colorado, August 8, 2018.

1451
01:14:07,038 --> 01:14:10,841
Tech titan and SpaceX founder
Elon Musk

1452
01:14:10,876 --> 01:14:14,010
convenes a secret meeting
of high-level scientists,

1453
01:14:14,113 --> 01:14:18,081
engineers and
space colonization experts.

1454
01:14:18,117 --> 01:14:20,951
The 60 attendees are warned

1455
01:14:20,985 --> 01:14:23,286
not to publicize anything
about the meeting

1456
01:14:23,322 --> 01:14:26,655
or even acknowledge
their participation.

1457
01:14:26,792 --> 01:14:29,225
But news of the meeting leaks,

1458
01:14:29,261 --> 01:14:31,360
sparking widespread speculation.

1459
01:14:31,462 --> 01:14:34,764
Why such secrecy
from its organizer,

1460
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:38,033
a man who rarely shies away
from the spotlight?

1461
01:14:38,069 --> 01:14:40,936
Some have suggested
there could be a connection

1462
01:14:40,972 --> 01:14:44,507
to an event that happened
seven weeks earlier...

1463
01:14:44,609 --> 01:14:48,377
President Donald Trump's call
for the establishment

1464
01:14:48,412 --> 01:14:50,846
of a new branch
of the U.S. military,

1465
01:14:50,948 --> 01:14:54,618
the Space Force.

1466
01:14:54,653 --> 01:14:57,686
So, recently, President Trump
announced a Space Force.

1467
01:14:57,823 --> 01:15:00,856
Basically, what he's saying is,
we are going to develop

1468
01:15:00,958 --> 01:15:04,027
an outer space initiative,
a deep space program...

1469
01:15:04,128 --> 01:15:06,863
that's gonna be started
from the military,

1470
01:15:06,965 --> 01:15:08,430
controlled by the military

1471
01:15:08,466 --> 01:15:09,978
and apparently will have
militaristic aims.

1472
01:15:10,002 --> 01:15:11,979
Now, some people
may find this alarming,

1473
01:15:12,003 --> 01:15:14,270
but others may look at it and say,

1474
01:15:14,305 --> 01:15:15,905
what's really happening here

1475
01:15:16,007 --> 01:15:18,118
is a very, very crucial moment
in human history

1476
01:15:18,143 --> 01:15:19,988
and in the history
of the United States,

1477
01:15:20,011 --> 01:15:24,247
where we are stepping into space
in a real, real serious way.

1478
01:15:24,349 --> 01:15:27,117
In relation to the space program,

1479
01:15:27,152 --> 01:15:29,418
the private sector players...

1480
01:15:29,453 --> 01:15:32,255
the billionaires, the Elon Musks...

1481
01:15:32,356 --> 01:15:35,792
they're increasingly the people
making the decisions on this.

1482
01:15:35,827 --> 01:15:39,996
It's almost as if government
is losing control of this.

1483
01:15:40,032 --> 01:15:44,833
Or it might be now wholly
in the private sector.

1484
01:15:44,869 --> 01:15:46,836
Maybe being deliberately moved.

1485
01:15:46,872 --> 01:15:48,783
It is, I think,
sometimes more difficult

1486
01:15:48,806 --> 01:15:52,641
for people to find out what's
going on in the private sector

1487
01:15:52,677 --> 01:15:55,045
than actually what's
going on in government.

1488
01:15:55,079 --> 01:15:57,913
I had an interview once
with an astronaut

1489
01:15:58,050 --> 01:16:02,085
about the fact that
if we don't get ourselves,

1490
01:16:02,220 --> 01:16:05,287
get some contingency
of humans off...

1491
01:16:05,390 --> 01:16:08,091
some on the Moon,

1492
01:16:08,226 --> 01:16:11,228
some on Mars and going beyond...

1493
01:16:11,262 --> 01:16:13,128
that eventually,

1494
01:16:13,164 --> 01:16:16,298
<i>homo sapiens sapiens,</i> as a species,

1495
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:18,868
if confined only to Earth,

1496
01:16:18,904 --> 01:16:22,037
might face an existential crisis.

1497
01:16:22,073 --> 01:16:25,841
We deserve to know the truth,

1498
01:16:25,877 --> 01:16:28,078
that there is alien intelligence,

1499
01:16:28,113 --> 01:16:30,646
and our government
knows about it in great detail.

1500
01:16:30,748 --> 01:16:35,885
And now we're finally
at the intersection, in time,

1501
01:16:35,921 --> 01:16:38,954
where that has to break out

1502
01:16:39,056 --> 01:16:42,225
if we're going to grow
and go beyond Earth

1503
01:16:42,261 --> 01:16:47,229
and start moving out
into our own solar system.

1504
01:16:47,265 --> 01:16:49,032
Is it possible

1505
01:16:49,067 --> 01:16:51,246
that there are people within
the United States government

1506
01:16:51,270 --> 01:16:55,971
who already know that the
first astronauts to land on Mars

1507
01:16:56,108 --> 01:17:00,377
will encounter intelligent
extraterrestrial life?

1508
01:17:00,412 --> 01:17:03,880
And are they secretly working
with billionaires

1509
01:17:03,914 --> 01:17:06,582
in order to help
carry out preparations

1510
01:17:06,618 --> 01:17:10,654
for this inevitability
outside of the public eye?

1511
01:17:10,756 --> 01:17:14,724
As far as ancient astronaut
theorists are concerned,

1512
01:17:14,760 --> 01:17:18,028
whatever the government does
or does not know,

1513
01:17:18,130 --> 01:17:21,163
as we begin to migrate off Earth,

1514
01:17:21,265 --> 01:17:24,400
all of humanity
will soon learn the truth:

1515
01:17:24,435 --> 01:17:28,104
That we are not alone
in the universe.

1516
01:17:30,609 --> 01:17:35,177
I think what we're very near
is an event, a discovery.

1517
01:17:35,314 --> 01:17:38,180
Could be on the Moon,
could be Mars,

1518
01:17:38,317 --> 01:17:42,551
could be maybe Proxima Centauri
or any of our local stars,

1519
01:17:42,654 --> 01:17:44,354
where we're gonna understand

1520
01:17:44,488 --> 01:17:46,756
that everything
that ancient astronaut theorists

1521
01:17:46,792 --> 01:17:50,393
have been talking about is true.

1522
01:17:50,494 --> 01:17:53,796
We human beings,
we fancy ourselves as, you know,

1523
01:17:53,832 --> 01:17:56,765
being pioneers
and wanting to be the first.

1524
01:17:56,801 --> 01:18:00,036
And that's wonderful.
We<i> are</i> pioneers.

1525
01:18:00,171 --> 01:18:02,149
We are the first
on many, many things.

1526
01:18:02,173 --> 01:18:04,073
But...

1527
01:18:04,176 --> 01:18:08,110
what if we arrive on Mars,

1528
01:18:08,145 --> 01:18:10,779
we actually land there,

1529
01:18:10,815 --> 01:18:14,250
and there are
artificial structures?

1530
01:18:14,353 --> 01:18:17,619
It's just the closing
of a gigantic circle.

1531
01:18:17,655 --> 01:18:20,756
Is it possible
that ancient stories,

1532
01:18:20,792 --> 01:18:23,225
involving everything
from angels and gods

1533
01:18:23,328 --> 01:18:24,894
descending to the Earth

1534
01:18:24,996 --> 01:18:28,597
to miracles and extraordinary
extraterrestrial events,

1535
01:18:28,699 --> 01:18:32,635
were handed down
from generation to generation

1536
01:18:32,671 --> 01:18:37,806
in order to prepare mankind
for interplanetary exploration?

1537
01:18:37,842 --> 01:18:43,380
Ancient astronaut theorists not
only believe the answer is yes,

1538
01:18:43,414 --> 01:18:46,682
but they also point
to a recent scientific discovery

1539
01:18:46,717 --> 01:18:51,121
that may indicate we are
rapidly approaching an exodus...

1540
01:18:51,222 --> 01:18:53,390
from Planet Earth.

1541
01:19:00,296 --> 01:19:03,163
The University of Tennessee.

1542
01:19:03,265 --> 01:19:05,565
2012.

1543
01:19:05,601 --> 01:19:09,369
Forensic anthropologists
examining human skulls

1544
01:19:09,404 --> 01:19:13,507
dating from the mid-1800s
to the mid-1980s

1545
01:19:13,609 --> 01:19:16,409
find that, in the past 100 years,

1546
01:19:16,445 --> 01:19:21,047
human skulls have become larger,
taller and narrower.

1547
01:19:21,083 --> 01:19:24,685
Although exactly why
these changes have occurred

1548
01:19:24,787 --> 01:19:26,753
is still being debated,

1549
01:19:26,788 --> 01:19:29,890
many scientists believe
that even more rapid changes

1550
01:19:29,993 --> 01:19:32,225
will take place when future humans

1551
01:19:32,328 --> 01:19:34,862
spend more and more of their lives

1552
01:19:34,997 --> 01:19:37,297
living in outer space.

1553
01:19:37,332 --> 01:19:41,569
According to them, the human
head will continue to grow wider

1554
01:19:41,604 --> 01:19:43,637
as brain mass increases.

1555
01:19:43,672 --> 01:19:45,939
Decreased access to sunlight

1556
01:19:45,975 --> 01:19:48,909
could lead to the development
of larger eyes.

1557
01:19:49,011 --> 01:19:51,244
And nostrils might elongate,

1558
01:19:51,346 --> 01:19:54,748
in order to facilitate breathing
in dusty environments,

1559
01:19:54,850 --> 01:19:57,652
like that of Mars.

1560
01:19:57,686 --> 01:20:01,421
Scientists have suggested
that if beings like us

1561
01:20:01,457 --> 01:20:03,224
were to go into space

1562
01:20:03,359 --> 01:20:05,592
and spend long periods in space,

1563
01:20:05,694 --> 01:20:08,595
without normal gravity and such,
that our muscles

1564
01:20:08,631 --> 01:20:10,398
would begin to atrophy,

1565
01:20:10,533 --> 01:20:13,667
we would have
much more longer, spindly arms.

1566
01:20:13,703 --> 01:20:15,903
And this is how, sometimes,

1567
01:20:16,038 --> 01:20:18,605
extraterrestrials
are described as well.

1568
01:20:18,640 --> 01:20:21,274
If I say that, somehow or other,

1569
01:20:21,310 --> 01:20:24,811
life on Earth came
from an extraterrestrial source,

1570
01:20:24,846 --> 01:20:26,806
your first thought is immediately:

1571
01:20:26,882 --> 01:20:28,694
Ooh, little green men
or little grey aliens

1572
01:20:28,717 --> 01:20:30,797
with big bug eyes
or whatever did that.

1573
01:20:30,886 --> 01:20:32,485
But it's an interesting parallel

1574
01:20:32,521 --> 01:20:35,655
when you hear people talk
about humans' evolution.

1575
01:20:35,692 --> 01:20:38,826
Is it possible that that's
what humanity might become

1576
01:20:38,860 --> 01:20:43,363
for spacefaring purposes,
is more like these grey aliens?

1577
01:20:44,533 --> 01:20:46,533
One theory that's been proposed,

1578
01:20:46,569 --> 01:20:49,337
that these are actually
ancestors of humanity

1579
01:20:49,372 --> 01:20:52,038
that left Planet Earth
at some point,

1580
01:20:52,074 --> 01:20:54,475
and over millions
and millions of years

1581
01:20:54,577 --> 01:20:57,110
have evolved
into this more spindly-limbed,

1582
01:20:57,212 --> 01:21:00,648
more neuro-focused,
night vision-focused creature,

1583
01:21:00,750 --> 01:21:04,318
but actually are tied
to humanity's past.

1584
01:21:04,354 --> 01:21:07,020
Some have suggested
that the ancient astronauts

1585
01:21:07,055 --> 01:21:09,556
that our ancestors encountered

1586
01:21:09,591 --> 01:21:14,395
perhaps were us human beings
from the future

1587
01:21:14,430 --> 01:21:17,664
going back in time to teach us.

1588
01:21:17,766 --> 01:21:20,067
That's an interesting idea,

1589
01:21:20,103 --> 01:21:23,537
because I think that time travel
is conceivably possible.

1590
01:21:23,573 --> 01:21:27,375
However, with the ancient texts
that I'm familiar with,

1591
01:21:27,409 --> 01:21:30,578
I have yet to come across a passage

1592
01:21:30,613 --> 01:21:33,079
that one of these "gods"

1593
01:21:33,115 --> 01:21:35,916
says to our ancestors,

1594
01:21:35,952 --> 01:21:38,918
"We're the same,
but we are from the future."

1595
01:21:38,954 --> 01:21:42,489
While ancient
astronaut theorists are divided

1596
01:21:42,625 --> 01:21:44,891
on the question
of whether extraterrestrials,

1597
01:21:44,926 --> 01:21:46,827
like the so-called Greys,

1598
01:21:46,929 --> 01:21:49,896
are, in fact,
biologically evolved humans

1599
01:21:49,931 --> 01:21:52,365
visiting us from the future,

1600
01:21:52,467 --> 01:21:56,037
what they all agree on is
that the day is fast approaching

1601
01:21:56,139 --> 01:21:58,271
when we will finally know the truth

1602
01:21:58,306 --> 01:22:01,274
about mankind's alien origins.

1603
01:22:01,310 --> 01:22:03,711
In creation mythologies,

1604
01:22:03,813 --> 01:22:07,715
there's a plan that emerges,
and this plan

1605
01:22:07,817 --> 01:22:10,283
is for people
to become more like the gods,

1606
01:22:10,319 --> 01:22:14,121
so that we could be reunited
with them in the stars.

1607
01:22:14,157 --> 01:22:15,722
We are on the cusp of,

1608
01:22:15,824 --> 01:22:18,525
or perhaps even
in the middle of, right now,

1609
01:22:18,627 --> 01:22:20,908
this tremendous transformation
that will connect us

1610
01:22:20,997 --> 01:22:23,163
with extraterrestrial beings.

1611
01:22:24,667 --> 01:22:26,766
A Gallup poll was done

1612
01:22:26,802 --> 01:22:29,103
to ask questions

1613
01:22:29,137 --> 01:22:31,204
of the population
that would indicate

1614
01:22:31,340 --> 01:22:34,875
whether or not they had
had interactions with...

1615
01:22:34,976 --> 01:22:39,279
biological entities
that were not human.

1616
01:22:39,314 --> 01:22:42,382
And that Gallup poll
came to the conclusion

1617
01:22:42,484 --> 01:22:45,886
that three to four percent
of the current population

1618
01:22:46,021 --> 01:22:48,722
of our planet
have had an interaction

1619
01:22:48,858 --> 01:22:51,725
with something that's
in the nonhuman category.

1620
01:22:51,828 --> 01:22:55,762
So are the nonhumans waiting
for a specific moment

1621
01:22:55,864 --> 01:22:58,998
in which they will say
the human experiment

1622
01:22:59,034 --> 01:23:02,903
is beginning to grow up?

1623
01:23:03,038 --> 01:23:06,407
We want to go out and explore.

1624
01:23:06,542 --> 01:23:09,810
And we think it's the beginning.

1625
01:23:09,845 --> 01:23:12,246
It's not the beginning.

1626
01:23:14,216 --> 01:23:16,783
I don't think it's
coincidental that at this moment

1627
01:23:16,819 --> 01:23:21,154
we are recording mass sightings
of extraterrestrial craft.

1628
01:23:21,189 --> 01:23:22,701
We're understanding
the ancient world

1629
01:23:22,725 --> 01:23:25,259
and how they interacted
with extraterrestrials.

1630
01:23:25,360 --> 01:23:27,627
Science is advancing
to understand this.

1631
01:23:27,662 --> 01:23:29,829
Communications
are being put in place.

1632
01:23:29,865 --> 01:23:32,265
I think all of this
is leading to this moment

1633
01:23:32,368 --> 01:23:33,967
where we're gonna peak,

1634
01:23:34,069 --> 01:23:35,802
where we're gonna experience

1635
01:23:35,837 --> 01:23:37,938
this disclosure, this convergence,

1636
01:23:38,039 --> 01:23:41,742
this return, and it
will forever change humanity.

1637
01:23:41,778 --> 01:23:44,478
Will humankind succeed

1638
01:23:44,579 --> 01:23:48,515
in establishing new colonies
on other planets?

1639
01:23:48,551 --> 01:23:52,153
And if we do, will we discover

1640
01:23:52,188 --> 01:23:54,854
that we are not
the pinnacle of creation,

1641
01:23:54,890 --> 01:23:59,527
but just the newest members
of an intergalactic society?

1642
01:23:59,561 --> 01:24:02,195
Perhaps as we transition
off of Earth

1643
01:24:02,230 --> 01:24:05,399
and out into the stars,
we will find

1644
01:24:05,434 --> 01:24:09,036
that we are not reaching
the peak of our human evolution,

1645
01:24:09,070 --> 01:24:11,671
but only the beginning of a destiny

1646
01:24:11,774 --> 01:24:14,740
that's as limitless
as the universe.

1647
01:24:15,073 --> 01:24:19,740
Original W4F's Subtitle
Resync by TEDI for WEB.x264-TBS