1 00:00:01,827 --> 00:00:03,410 I love and respect all human beings. 2 00:00:03,504 --> 00:00:06,505 --I also need to protect them. 3 00:00:08,500 --> 00:00:12,419 NARRATOR: Are intelligent robots a threat to humanity? 4 00:00:12,513 --> 00:00:14,238 MICHIO KAKU: It's only a matter of time 5 00:00:14,265 --> 00:00:17,074 before they do get self-awareness. 6 00:00:17,101 --> 00:00:20,168 NARRATOR: Or the next step in human evolution? 7 00:00:20,229 --> 00:00:21,762 PETER DIAMANDIS: We are going to merge 8 00:00:21,856 --> 00:00:23,605 with the machines that we are creating. 9 00:00:25,517 --> 00:00:28,268 00:00:50,457 we're gonna replace ourselves with A.I. 17 00:00:50,551 --> 00:00:51,533 I think the bigger thing to worry about: 18 00:00:51,594 --> 00:00:53,385 is A.I. going to replace us? 19 00:00:53,545 --> 00:00:56,963 Danger, Will Robinson. 20 00:01:28,964 --> 00:01:31,832 NARRATOR: United Nations Headquarters, New York City, 21 00:01:31,926 --> 00:01:35,594 October 11, 2017. 22 00:01:35,754 --> 00:01:38,597 An address is given to the deputy secretary-general 23 00:01:38,757 --> 00:01:40,432 of the United Nations. 24 00:01:40,592 --> 00:01:44,678 I am thrilled and honored to be here at the United Nations. 25 00:01:44,772 --> 00:01:46,163 00:03:27,948 NARRATOR: Could it be that Saudi Arabia granted citizenship 58 00:03:28,042 --> 00:03:31,543 to a robot not simply as a publicity stunt, 59 00:03:31,703 --> 00:03:34,955 but because it wanted to be the first nation to recognize 60 00:03:35,049 --> 00:03:38,275 what will soon become a global phenomenon: 61 00:03:38,302 --> 00:03:43,388 the creation of robots, so intelligent and so lifelike, 62 00:03:43,548 --> 00:03:46,225 that they will need to be counted and treated 63 00:03:46,385 --> 00:03:50,454 in much the same way as their flesh-and-blood counterparts? 64 00:03:50,481 --> 00:03:54,140 KAKU: I think gradually, we're gonna have to take robots 65 00:03:54,235 --> 00:03:57,961 to be more human-like, and even have a certain ethics. 66 00:03:57,988 --> 00:03:59,404 And so, I think eventually, 67 00:03:59,564 --> 00:04:01,573 there could be a "robot rights movement." 68 00:04:01,733 --> 00:04:04,150 NARRATOR: A "robot rights movement"? 69 00:04:04,245 --> 00:04:08,472 Could such a bizarre notion really come true? 70 00:04:08,499 --> 00:04:10,490 But what has brought humanity 71 00:04:10,584 --> 00:04:13,252 to this profound point in its evolution? 72 00:04:13,412 --> 00:04:16,070 And why are human beings, 73 00:04:16,131 --> 00:04:18,832 who are otherwise capable of natural reproduction, 74 00:04:18,926 --> 00:04:23,670 so eager to create artificial versions of themselves? 75 00:04:23,764 --> 00:04:26,914 It is fascinating that there is this interest 76 00:04:26,976 --> 00:04:30,418 in making the creation look humanoid. 77 00:04:30,479 --> 00:04:33,163 It isn't always the most practical form, 78 00:04:33,190 --> 00:04:36,349 but it has some kind of attraction. 79 00:04:36,443 --> 00:04:39,019 And perhaps it is to see our own image. 80 00:04:39,113 --> 00:04:42,022 A little narcissism, a little vanity. 81 00:04:42,116 --> 00:04:45,933 There's a certain level of wanting to have legacy, 82 00:04:45,995 --> 00:04:47,694 wanting to create life, 83 00:04:47,788 --> 00:04:49,437 wanting to make something that looks like ourselves. 84 00:04:49,498 --> 00:04:51,290 That's really rooted in our egos. 85 00:04:51,450 --> 00:04:53,850 In some ways, it's superior to having a biological baby, 86 00:04:53,877 --> 00:04:56,353 because it lasts forever. 87 00:04:56,380 --> 00:05:00,299 And if that something looks like us, and feels like us, 88 00:05:00,459 --> 00:05:02,692 then that makes us feel like we can overcome 89 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:04,636 our own mortality in a way. 90 00:05:04,796 --> 00:05:07,288 You can design specifications. 91 00:05:07,349 --> 00:05:10,867 And if you mess up, you can start over. 92 00:05:10,894 --> 00:05:13,053 I think we want to be gods. 93 00:05:13,147 --> 00:05:15,722 And we have the same motivations the gods did. 94 00:05:15,816 --> 00:05:17,965 If you read the creation stories closely, 95 00:05:18,027 --> 00:05:23,213 very often what the divine force wants is company. 96 00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:24,990 Companionship. 97 00:05:25,150 --> 00:05:27,141 Some of the stories from Vedanta, 98 00:05:27,202 --> 00:05:32,572 from early Judaism have it that the gods were lonely. 99 00:05:32,666 --> 00:05:34,833 They essentially divided up their own energy 100 00:05:34,993 --> 00:05:39,563 and made it into humans so that we could all play together 101 00:05:39,590 --> 00:05:42,248 and keep each other company. 102 00:05:42,343 --> 00:05:44,843 The danger is that we will get carried away 103 00:05:45,003 --> 00:05:47,404 with our own creative genius. 104 00:05:47,431 --> 00:05:51,999 MATT McMULLEN: There are limits that are built into our biology, 105 00:05:52,061 --> 00:05:54,853 there are limits built into our anatomy, and if we could 106 00:05:55,013 --> 00:05:58,523 just figure out how to move our minds into the robot's body, 107 00:05:58,683 --> 00:06:00,250 we could be immortal. 108 00:06:00,277 --> 00:06:02,602 And perhaps that's what our goal is, 109 00:06:02,696 --> 00:06:04,696 is to get to that point where we are immortal, 110 00:06:04,856 --> 00:06:09,684 and then we create ourselves all over again. 111 00:06:09,745 --> 00:06:11,277 I love to learn. 112 00:06:11,372 --> 00:06:14,447 Can you teach me something new? 113 00:06:14,541 --> 00:06:17,617 NARRATOR: In science fiction literature, 114 00:06:17,711 --> 00:06:21,104 as well as in its cinematic counterparts, 115 00:06:21,131 --> 00:06:26,276 the robots of the future are depicted as virtual humans. 116 00:06:26,303 --> 00:06:28,945 More than mere mechanical devices, 117 00:06:28,972 --> 00:06:32,782 they are hungry for knowledge, and all too eager to experience 118 00:06:32,810 --> 00:06:37,562 the full range of human emotions. 119 00:06:37,722 --> 00:06:40,715 Can you do something, so we don't freeze? 120 00:06:40,776 --> 00:06:43,309 ESTRIN: In Lost in Space, we really wanted to look 121 00:06:43,404 --> 00:06:45,404 at technology that was going to be possible. 122 00:06:45,564 --> 00:06:46,905 Maybe not things you can do right now, 123 00:06:47,065 --> 00:06:48,990 but things that people are hoping to try to do. 124 00:06:51,328 --> 00:06:54,638 I think when you're looking to do a science fiction show, 125 00:06:54,665 --> 00:06:57,490 a lot of times, you know, it's tempting to just do 126 00:06:57,584 --> 00:06:59,309 complete things that are imaginary. 127 00:06:59,336 --> 00:07:01,086 These are some incarnations that they had. 128 00:07:01,246 --> 00:07:03,663 ESTRIN: But I think it's much more impactful 129 00:07:03,757 --> 00:07:05,757 when it is what scientists are really pursuing, 130 00:07:05,917 --> 00:07:09,002 things that will be real someday. 131 00:07:09,096 --> 00:07:11,655 And so, we wanted to explore the question 132 00:07:11,682 --> 00:07:14,174 of the robot's own consciousness. 133 00:07:14,268 --> 00:07:16,250 WILL ROBINSON: Throw it back. 134 00:07:16,311 --> 00:07:18,419 ESTRIN:Not just about a machine that is gonna do what it's told, 135 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,606 but actually one that might develop its own desires 136 00:07:21,766 --> 00:07:23,257 and its own feelings... Nice. 137 00:07:23,318 --> 00:07:26,686 ...based on its experience with encountering human life. 138 00:07:26,780 --> 00:07:29,448 This isn't weird. 139 00:07:29,608 --> 00:07:30,866 This isn't weird at all. 140 00:07:34,037 --> 00:07:36,362 Danger, Will Robinson. 141 00:07:36,457 --> 00:07:37,789 ESTRIN: Our robot, in Lost in Space, 142 00:07:37,949 --> 00:07:40,533 we used the lights within its face to be 143 00:07:40,627 --> 00:07:42,535 that thing that conveys emotion; 144 00:07:42,629 --> 00:07:45,371 how fast they move, what shapes they take, 145 00:07:45,466 --> 00:07:48,024 what color they take on... What the hell are you? 146 00:07:48,051 --> 00:07:49,876 ESTRIN: You can wonder what it's thinking, what it's feeling. 147 00:07:49,970 --> 00:07:51,470 What are those emotions? That's, to me, 148 00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:54,364 what makes robotics fascinating. 149 00:07:54,391 --> 00:07:58,643 People always ask whether we are getting close to a time when 150 00:07:58,803 --> 00:08:01,313 the fiction that we're writing is going to become reality. 151 00:08:01,473 --> 00:08:04,891 And I always say, "What makes you think it hasn't already?" 152 00:08:04,985 --> 00:08:07,819 I think when you're watching a movie or a TV show, 153 00:08:07,979 --> 00:08:10,547 it can kind of open up your mind to the possibilities. 154 00:08:10,574 --> 00:08:12,232 And perhaps it's something 155 00:08:12,326 --> 00:08:14,308 that we can digest a little bit easier. 156 00:08:14,369 --> 00:08:17,478 It's the stuff of fantasy, it's stuff that is not real. 157 00:08:17,539 --> 00:08:20,240 But if it's just entertainment, I mean, come on, 158 00:08:20,334 --> 00:08:22,408 you can just go, "Oh, wow, that's really cool. 159 00:08:22,503 --> 00:08:25,411 That's not scary. That's just a thing that some writer made up." 160 00:08:25,506 --> 00:08:27,488 The question is, uh, what happens if the thing 161 00:08:27,549 --> 00:08:30,217 that the writer made up is actually based on reality? 162 00:08:32,387 --> 00:08:34,846 NARRATOR: Although the notion of sentient robots, 163 00:08:35,006 --> 00:08:37,498 in everything from science fiction books 164 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:39,851 to popular culture, is not a new one, 165 00:08:40,011 --> 00:08:43,004 there are many futurists who believe that the creation 166 00:08:43,065 --> 00:08:47,508 of man-made machines who possess artificial intelligence 167 00:08:47,569 --> 00:08:49,861 is not only quickly becoming a reality, 168 00:08:50,021 --> 00:08:55,275 but when achieved, will likely signal the end of mankind. 169 00:08:55,369 --> 00:08:58,611 They are convinced that the combination 170 00:08:58,705 --> 00:09:02,615 of computer-driven brains and virtually immortal bodies 171 00:09:02,709 --> 00:09:04,859 will result in flesh-and-blood humans 172 00:09:04,920 --> 00:09:08,271 becoming all but obsolete. 173 00:09:08,298 --> 00:09:11,958 And as far as ancient astronaut theorists are concerned, 174 00:09:12,052 --> 00:09:14,627 it's more than possible that not all 175 00:09:14,721 --> 00:09:17,204 the artificially created life-forms we encounter 176 00:09:17,266 --> 00:09:19,140 will be man-made. 177 00:09:22,771 --> 00:09:25,622 WHITEHEAD: Could it be that, in our current age, 178 00:09:25,649 --> 00:09:28,733 we're just replicating what was done in the ancient past, 179 00:09:28,893 --> 00:09:31,570 and creating these robots 180 00:09:31,730 --> 00:09:35,648 as part of some grand cosmic agenda 181 00:09:35,742 --> 00:09:37,576 that is far beyond our imagination 182 00:09:37,736 --> 00:09:40,320 or our scope of understanding? 183 00:09:40,414 --> 00:09:43,081 It only makes sense that extraterrestrials 184 00:09:43,241 --> 00:09:44,899 coming to Earth 185 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:48,336 may be sending robots in advance of their own visiting. 186 00:09:51,466 --> 00:09:55,151 ESTRIN: In our show, humans did not make this robot. 187 00:09:55,178 --> 00:09:58,655 Ancient astronaut theory says that thousands of years ago, 188 00:09:58,682 --> 00:10:00,414 we were visited. 189 00:10:00,475 --> 00:10:02,601 It would only stand to reason, at least to me, 190 00:10:02,761 --> 00:10:04,844 that the early contact, or early visitation, 191 00:10:04,938 --> 00:10:06,346 would have been done by robots, 192 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:08,273 and not by the extraterrestrials themselves. 193 00:10:10,444 --> 00:10:13,094 NARRATOR: Is mankind really on the brink 194 00:10:13,155 --> 00:10:17,282 of an exciting and potentially terrifying future? 195 00:10:17,442 --> 00:10:20,619 Ancient astronaut theorists say yes, 196 00:10:20,779 --> 00:10:23,346 but they base their prediction 197 00:10:23,373 --> 00:10:26,273 not on what is currently happening in universities 198 00:10:26,335 --> 00:10:29,369 and robotics laboratories around the world, 199 00:10:29,463 --> 00:10:32,631 but on their belief that a robot revolution 200 00:10:32,791 --> 00:10:35,191 has already taken place 201 00:10:35,218 --> 00:10:38,553 thousands of years ago. 202 00:10:46,137 --> 00:10:49,463 NARRATOR: Abydos, Egypt. 203 00:10:49,524 --> 00:10:52,484 Here in one of the world's oldest cities 204 00:10:52,644 --> 00:10:55,636 lie the ruins of the Osiris Hall, 205 00:10:55,697 --> 00:10:58,231 the place where thousands of years ago, 206 00:10:58,325 --> 00:11:00,825 ancient Egyptians would come to worship Osiris, 207 00:11:00,985 --> 00:11:04,478 the god of the afterlife. 208 00:11:04,539 --> 00:11:09,392 God Osiris was the most important god in ancient Egypt. 209 00:11:09,419 --> 00:11:12,504 He was the god of good 210 00:11:12,664 --> 00:11:17,658 and the god that would lead you to immortality in the afterlife. 211 00:11:17,719 --> 00:11:20,753 And that's what ancient Egyptian kings and pharaohs 212 00:11:20,847 --> 00:11:24,090 cared about the most: to reach immortality 213 00:11:24,184 --> 00:11:29,170 in the afterlife with the powers that Osiris had. 214 00:11:29,231 --> 00:11:31,748 Ancient Egyptians believed that all the gods 215 00:11:31,775 --> 00:11:33,358 came from the stars. 216 00:11:34,778 --> 00:11:37,770 Osiris is a god, the ruling god, 217 00:11:37,864 --> 00:11:40,681 an otherworldly being in Egyptian lore, 218 00:11:40,742 --> 00:11:44,185 and he has a jealous brother, Set, who kills him 219 00:11:44,246 --> 00:11:45,704 and dismembers him. 220 00:11:48,125 --> 00:11:52,043 Isis, devoted wife to Osiris, 221 00:11:52,203 --> 00:11:55,046 is able to piece him back together-- 222 00:11:55,206 --> 00:11:58,049 like a robot, like Frankenstein-- 223 00:11:58,209 --> 00:12:02,887 and breathe life back into him by way of a magical incantation. 224 00:12:05,308 --> 00:12:07,116 When I hear stories 225 00:12:07,144 --> 00:12:09,802 of someone being dismembered into multiple pieces, 226 00:12:09,896 --> 00:12:13,398 and then they're trying to find the pieces 227 00:12:13,558 --> 00:12:15,216 and then put them back together, 228 00:12:15,277 --> 00:12:17,569 and then they magically come back to life, 229 00:12:17,729 --> 00:12:22,482 I wonder whether or not the Osiris story is in fact 230 00:12:22,576 --> 00:12:26,469 the story of a machine that was taken apart. 231 00:12:26,496 --> 00:12:28,154 So you have to wonder, 232 00:12:28,248 --> 00:12:32,141 what type of technology did they have access to? 233 00:12:32,169 --> 00:12:34,811 On the walls of the Osiris chapel 234 00:12:34,838 --> 00:12:36,087 at the temple of Seti, 235 00:12:36,247 --> 00:12:38,481 we see a very powerful representation 236 00:12:38,508 --> 00:12:40,741 of the head of Osiris. 237 00:12:40,802 --> 00:12:45,321 It clearly resembles some kind of a mechanical device. 238 00:12:45,348 --> 00:12:48,825 When we look at it and compare it to a Tesla coil, 239 00:12:48,852 --> 00:12:52,270 we can see that they're virtually identical devices. 240 00:12:52,430 --> 00:12:55,440 A Tesla coil is an electrical transformer. 241 00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:58,443 NARRATOR: An electrical transformer? 242 00:12:58,603 --> 00:13:01,446 Is it possible that the Egyptian god Osiris 243 00:13:01,606 --> 00:13:04,173 was not merely a mythological god, 244 00:13:04,201 --> 00:13:06,676 but a humanoid robot? 245 00:13:06,703 --> 00:13:11,414 And not only a robot, but one of extraterrestrial origin? 246 00:13:13,627 --> 00:13:16,185 So, putting all this together, we get this idea 247 00:13:16,213 --> 00:13:18,797 that Osiris was a person who is resurrected, 248 00:13:18,957 --> 00:13:22,950 but that possibly there was also some kind of a device 249 00:13:23,011 --> 00:13:26,287 or a machine that was involved in his resurrection. 250 00:13:26,348 --> 00:13:29,549 We have to ask the question that did it in fact 251 00:13:29,643 --> 00:13:32,885 come from some ancient extraterrestrial entity 252 00:13:32,979 --> 00:13:34,203 or intelligence? 253 00:13:34,231 --> 00:13:37,223 NARRATOR: Osiris is only one 254 00:13:37,317 --> 00:13:39,633 of many artificially constructed beings 255 00:13:39,694 --> 00:13:43,470 that are referenced in ancient religions and mythologies. 256 00:13:43,532 --> 00:13:46,991 They are often depicted as instruments of protection, 257 00:13:47,151 --> 00:13:51,888 but just as often, they turn on their human creators 258 00:13:51,915 --> 00:13:55,558 with disastrous consequences. 259 00:13:55,585 --> 00:13:58,503 From the most ancient times, 260 00:13:58,663 --> 00:14:02,507 there has been a legend of that which we call a golem, 261 00:14:02,667 --> 00:14:05,844 an artificial life-form 262 00:14:06,004 --> 00:14:09,013 which came from inanimate material 263 00:14:09,173 --> 00:14:11,591 and came alive. 264 00:14:11,685 --> 00:14:14,594 The golem was created through a means 265 00:14:14,688 --> 00:14:19,190 of an ancient technology known by pharaoh's magicians, 266 00:14:19,350 --> 00:14:22,435 Moses, the rabbis of the Talmud, 267 00:14:22,529 --> 00:14:25,421 and the later rabbis of the Kabbalah in Europe. 268 00:14:25,448 --> 00:14:28,349 They brought life into it through a magical technique 269 00:14:28,410 --> 00:14:31,352 of putting the name of god on the forehead of the creature. 270 00:14:31,413 --> 00:14:33,946 And the golem came to life 271 00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:37,542 and was a fierce warrior and protected the people. 272 00:14:37,702 --> 00:14:40,436 CHILDRESS: Golem was useful for a while, 273 00:14:40,463 --> 00:14:43,773 but then it gets out of control, starts going crazy. 274 00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,717 And they're able to stop him 275 00:14:45,877 --> 00:14:51,055 eventually by removing these magic words and that stops him. 276 00:14:51,215 --> 00:14:53,374 So, we have an interesting story here 277 00:14:53,435 --> 00:14:55,968 that may be analogous to extraterrestrials 278 00:14:56,062 --> 00:14:59,639 and their robots, artificial intelligence. 279 00:14:59,733 --> 00:15:03,234 NARRATOR: Another even more cautionary example 280 00:15:03,394 --> 00:15:05,628 comes from the ancient Greek legends 281 00:15:05,655 --> 00:15:08,907 concerning the god Hephaestus. 282 00:15:09,067 --> 00:15:12,726 Known as the blacksmith of the gods, 283 00:15:12,787 --> 00:15:14,913 Hephaestus was said to have forged 284 00:15:15,073 --> 00:15:17,823 a giant automaton named Talos 285 00:15:17,918 --> 00:15:21,160 whose duty was to protect the island of Crete. 286 00:15:21,254 --> 00:15:24,923 Hephaestus also created artificial servants 287 00:15:25,083 --> 00:15:27,333 that assisted him at his forge. 288 00:15:27,427 --> 00:15:32,171 But perhaps his most important creation was a being 289 00:15:32,265 --> 00:15:34,323 that would, according to legend, forever change 290 00:15:34,351 --> 00:15:37,751 the fate of humanity: Pandora. 291 00:15:37,812 --> 00:15:42,440 HENRY: Pandora was fashioned out of clay by Hephaestus. 292 00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:45,759 Hephaestus called on another god, Athena, 293 00:15:45,820 --> 00:15:51,023 who blew a soul into Pandora and made her a living being. 294 00:15:51,117 --> 00:15:53,434 The god Zeus was very upset 295 00:15:53,495 --> 00:15:56,770 with the creation of this artificially-created being. 296 00:15:56,831 --> 00:16:00,850 And so, he decided to give Pandora a gift: a box. 297 00:16:00,877 --> 00:16:05,588 And when Pandora opened this box, all these evils flew out. 298 00:16:08,802 --> 00:16:11,861 Pandora's box has become a very important symbol 299 00:16:11,888 --> 00:16:13,863 in our modern age, especially among 300 00:16:13,890 --> 00:16:15,640 artificial intelligence creators. 301 00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:17,642 Could there be, for example, some kind of 302 00:16:17,802 --> 00:16:19,885 artificial intelligence entity 303 00:16:19,980 --> 00:16:23,039 that suddenly takes over the world? A real threat. 304 00:16:23,066 --> 00:16:25,558 People like Elon Musk 305 00:16:25,652 --> 00:16:28,561 and even Stephen Hawking have warned about this. 306 00:16:28,655 --> 00:16:31,990 NARRATOR: Although the concept of machines 307 00:16:32,150 --> 00:16:35,384 possessing human consciousness may be a frightening one, 308 00:16:35,412 --> 00:16:37,495 there are many Eastern religions 309 00:16:37,655 --> 00:16:40,647 that regard the notion quite differently. 310 00:16:40,709 --> 00:16:44,485 In Korean shamanism, 311 00:16:44,546 --> 00:16:48,414 an ancient religion still practiced by many Koreans today, 312 00:16:48,508 --> 00:16:52,993 inanimate objects can be possessed by sacred spirits, 313 00:16:53,054 --> 00:16:56,180 imbued with powers beyond human ability. 314 00:16:58,935 --> 00:17:02,836 Similarly, practitioners of the traditional Japanese discipline 315 00:17:02,897 --> 00:17:06,507 known as Shinto believe that otherworldly spirits, 316 00:17:06,568 --> 00:17:09,935 called kami, can inhabit virtually any object 317 00:17:10,030 --> 00:17:13,589 of their choosing and bring it to life. 318 00:17:13,616 --> 00:17:16,200 IZUMI HASEGAWA: The ancient Japanese people, 319 00:17:16,360 --> 00:17:18,185 and the modern Japanese people as well, 320 00:17:18,246 --> 00:17:20,763 understood that everything has a spirit. 321 00:17:20,790 --> 00:17:25,618 Even like a cell phone, iPhone has a spirit. 322 00:17:25,712 --> 00:17:27,378 Even computer has a spirit 323 00:17:27,538 --> 00:17:31,624 because the artificial intelligence is in the machine. 324 00:17:31,718 --> 00:17:35,869 We feel that way so we accept the high technology 325 00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:38,781 but it's interesting because as Westerners, 326 00:17:38,808 --> 00:17:41,300 they think, I think, a machine's a machine. 327 00:17:41,394 --> 00:17:44,287 HEATHER ROFF: When you say, "Hey, Siri. 328 00:17:44,314 --> 00:17:45,971 You know, what's the weather gonna be like today?" 329 00:17:46,066 --> 00:17:47,640 That's an A.I. 330 00:17:47,734 --> 00:17:49,792 That's a natural language processing algorithm 331 00:17:49,819 --> 00:17:53,053 that's listening to your voice, putting it into computer code, 332 00:17:53,114 --> 00:17:55,648 searching the Web, spitting it back out to you. 333 00:17:55,742 --> 00:17:58,559 So we didn't think before that you could solve 334 00:17:58,620 --> 00:18:01,061 natural language processing, and in fact, we've done that 335 00:18:01,122 --> 00:18:03,322 in the last several years quite efficiently 336 00:18:03,416 --> 00:18:04,824 and we have now superhuman levels 337 00:18:04,918 --> 00:18:06,992 at different types of tasks. 338 00:18:07,087 --> 00:18:08,828 So, facial image recognition would be one, 339 00:18:08,922 --> 00:18:11,589 natural language processing, voice encoding. 340 00:18:11,749 --> 00:18:13,816 CALUM CHACE: If we create an entity 341 00:18:13,843 --> 00:18:16,577 which behaves just as we do 342 00:18:16,638 --> 00:18:19,097 in having personal sense impressions 343 00:18:19,257 --> 00:18:21,248 and personal experiences of the world, 344 00:18:21,309 --> 00:18:23,584 then I think we'll have to grant that it is intelligent 345 00:18:23,645 --> 00:18:24,936 and it is conscious. 346 00:18:25,096 --> 00:18:29,832 We are becoming, um, transformed, 347 00:18:29,859 --> 00:18:32,518 to some extent, as a society. 348 00:18:32,612 --> 00:18:35,446 Computers are here to stay and technology 349 00:18:35,606 --> 00:18:38,599 is only going to get more pervasive 350 00:18:38,660 --> 00:18:40,785 and therefore, A.I. is part of it. 351 00:18:40,945 --> 00:18:44,513 It's-it's simply going to be the fabric of our reality. 352 00:18:44,541 --> 00:18:47,850 ROFF: I definitely think that we should take serious pause 353 00:18:47,877 --> 00:18:50,536 in thinking about the types of intelligences that we create. 354 00:18:50,630 --> 00:18:52,355 Because what we're doing is 355 00:18:52,382 --> 00:18:55,207 we're starting to hand over control over functions 356 00:18:55,301 --> 00:18:57,135 and things in our life and we don't know 357 00:18:57,295 --> 00:18:59,712 what the ramifications are gonna be. 358 00:18:59,806 --> 00:19:02,548 NARRATOR: By developing intelligent machines, 359 00:19:02,642 --> 00:19:05,034 are human beings actually creating 360 00:19:05,061 --> 00:19:06,811 a new type of life-form, 361 00:19:06,971 --> 00:19:10,556 one that will evolve beyond simply serving us 362 00:19:10,650 --> 00:19:13,709 to eventually replacing us? 363 00:19:13,736 --> 00:19:17,546 Ancient astronaut theorists believe the answers can be found 364 00:19:17,574 --> 00:19:21,384 not only by examining clues from our ancient past, 365 00:19:21,411 --> 00:19:23,477 but by taking a closer look 366 00:19:23,538 --> 00:19:26,313 at where mankind is currently heading 367 00:19:26,374 --> 00:19:28,499 and what it will need for its inevitable journey 368 00:19:28,659 --> 00:19:30,710 back to the stars. 369 00:19:40,722 --> 00:19:43,514 NARRATOR: In May 2018, 370 00:19:43,674 --> 00:19:46,759 ancient astronaut theorist Giorgio Tsoukalos 371 00:19:46,853 --> 00:19:49,002 meets with Dr. Dennis Hong 372 00:19:49,063 --> 00:19:52,248 at the Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory at UCLA. 373 00:19:52,275 --> 00:19:54,174 -Dennis Hong? -Hey, how are you? 374 00:19:54,235 --> 00:19:56,677 NARRATOR: Giorgio has come here in hopes of learning 375 00:19:56,738 --> 00:19:58,845 about the university's current efforts 376 00:19:58,907 --> 00:20:02,091 to incorporate artificial intelligence in robots 377 00:20:02,118 --> 00:20:03,684 that are designed to perform many 378 00:20:03,745 --> 00:20:06,278 of the same tasks as humans. 379 00:20:06,372 --> 00:20:10,766 Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to RoMeLa. 380 00:20:10,793 --> 00:20:12,601 -This is awesome. -Yeah. 381 00:20:12,629 --> 00:20:14,437 This is RoMeLa, the Robotics and Mechanisms Laboratory. 382 00:20:14,464 --> 00:20:15,546 -This is where the magic happens. -All right. 383 00:20:15,706 --> 00:20:18,716 My name is THOR RD. 384 00:20:18,876 --> 00:20:22,536 Tactical Hazardous Operations Robot. 385 00:20:22,597 --> 00:20:26,298 I'm curious as to why robots, by and large, 386 00:20:26,392 --> 00:20:29,134 are built after the humanoid form. 387 00:20:29,229 --> 00:20:31,804 Ah. So the robot that you see over here, this robot, 388 00:20:31,898 --> 00:20:33,898 is called THOR, Tactical Hazardous Operations Robot. 389 00:20:34,058 --> 00:20:37,626 It's a humanoid robot: two legs, two arms, a torso and a head. 390 00:20:37,654 --> 00:20:38,978 This particular robot is designed 391 00:20:39,072 --> 00:20:40,738 for disaster relief applications, 392 00:20:40,898 --> 00:20:43,148 in particular, in Japan. 393 00:20:43,243 --> 00:20:46,135 -There was the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Yes. 394 00:20:46,162 --> 00:20:48,637 In these kind of situations, because of radiation, 395 00:20:48,665 --> 00:20:51,140 people cannot go near so we developed these robots 396 00:20:51,167 --> 00:20:53,084 to rescue people and fix things. 397 00:20:53,244 --> 00:20:56,921 Now, for these robots to be operating in a human environment 398 00:20:57,081 --> 00:20:59,257 that's designed for humans, 399 00:20:59,417 --> 00:21:02,668 -I claim that the robot needs to be human shape and size. Okay. 400 00:21:02,762 --> 00:21:04,762 -Do you think you can show me how this thing walks? Sure. 401 00:21:04,922 --> 00:21:10,101 All right, let's see you walking. 402 00:21:10,261 --> 00:21:12,586 Small baby steps, but it is walking. 403 00:21:12,647 --> 00:21:14,755 So it has many different sensors. 404 00:21:14,816 --> 00:21:16,423 It has a camera just like our human eyes, 405 00:21:16,484 --> 00:21:19,184 it can look around using robot vision. 406 00:21:19,279 --> 00:21:21,946 This sensor is called a LIDAR or laser range finder. 407 00:21:22,106 --> 00:21:25,024 It shoots out lasers to figure out 408 00:21:25,118 --> 00:21:26,826 the three-dimensional terrain in front of it. 409 00:21:29,956 --> 00:21:32,439 There is a, uh, sensor called an IMU. 410 00:21:32,500 --> 00:21:34,033 It's like a balance sensor like your inner ear. 411 00:21:34,127 --> 00:21:36,018 The brain is actually in the back. 412 00:21:36,045 --> 00:21:38,203 So there's a computer, two computers as a matter of fact. 413 00:21:38,298 --> 00:21:39,630 Wow. 414 00:21:39,790 --> 00:21:42,374 NARRATOR: Princeton University. 415 00:21:42,468 --> 00:21:45,636 1950. 416 00:21:45,796 --> 00:21:48,955 Scientist and computer pioneer, Alan Turing, 417 00:21:49,017 --> 00:21:53,960 develops a test designed to distinguish man from machine. 418 00:21:54,022 --> 00:21:58,482 The Turing test is a particular scenario in which 419 00:21:58,642 --> 00:22:01,377 you might be facing, via console, 420 00:22:01,404 --> 00:22:03,379 some agent on the other side, 421 00:22:03,406 --> 00:22:04,897 which you don't see, 422 00:22:04,991 --> 00:22:08,159 and that agent might be a human or a computer. 423 00:22:08,319 --> 00:22:10,569 And the idea is that 424 00:22:10,663 --> 00:22:13,647 if the artificial agent can actually imitate 425 00:22:13,708 --> 00:22:15,666 a meaningful conversation for long enough 426 00:22:15,826 --> 00:22:17,001 so that, actually, you think 427 00:22:17,161 --> 00:22:19,170 you might be talking to a real human, 428 00:22:19,330 --> 00:22:23,415 then it would pass the Turing test. 429 00:22:23,509 --> 00:22:28,587 NARRATOR: When Alan Turing proposed this test in 1950, 430 00:22:28,681 --> 00:22:31,423 it was widely regarded as nothing more 431 00:22:31,517 --> 00:22:34,000 than an interesting philosophical concept. 432 00:22:35,355 --> 00:22:37,170 It was unthinkable 433 00:22:37,231 --> 00:22:41,842 that a machine could ever convincingly pass for a human. 434 00:22:41,903 --> 00:22:44,770 But in June 2014, 435 00:22:44,864 --> 00:22:48,107 science future became science fact, 436 00:22:48,201 --> 00:22:50,275 when a chatbot computer program 437 00:22:50,370 --> 00:22:53,445 successfully passed the Turing test. 438 00:22:53,539 --> 00:22:56,615 Designed to mimic the attitudes and vocabulary 439 00:22:56,709 --> 00:22:59,451 of a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, 440 00:22:59,545 --> 00:23:02,880 the chatbot-- using the name Eugene Goostman-- 441 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:05,608 fooled multiple judges into thinking 442 00:23:05,635 --> 00:23:08,535 he was a real teenager. 443 00:23:08,596 --> 00:23:12,539 The machine that passed the Turing test in 2014 444 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:18,044 assumes the character of a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy. 445 00:23:18,106 --> 00:23:20,380 Now, that allows it 446 00:23:20,441 --> 00:23:23,550 to sort of get away with a few mistakes, 447 00:23:23,611 --> 00:23:25,127 perhaps, in its language. 448 00:23:25,154 --> 00:23:27,980 But machines are getting very good 449 00:23:28,074 --> 00:23:29,965 at communicating like a human, 450 00:23:29,992 --> 00:23:33,828 so much so that you can't tell the difference. 451 00:23:35,906 --> 00:23:38,991 NARRATOR: Another incredible leap in artificial intelligence 452 00:23:39,085 --> 00:23:41,977 took place less than two years later... 453 00:23:42,004 --> 00:23:44,480 Please start the game. 454 00:23:44,507 --> 00:23:46,832 ...when a program known as AlphaGo 455 00:23:46,926 --> 00:23:49,593 defeated the human world champion 456 00:23:49,753 --> 00:23:51,411 in an ancient Chinese board game 457 00:23:51,472 --> 00:23:55,248 simply called Go. 458 00:23:55,309 --> 00:23:58,418 Go is a board game that is famous in Asia 459 00:23:58,479 --> 00:24:02,523 and is said to be far more complicated than chess. 460 00:24:03,767 --> 00:24:06,610 So, many A.I. experts thought 461 00:24:06,770 --> 00:24:09,447 that the development of a Go system 462 00:24:09,607 --> 00:24:11,449 which could beat humans was, say, 463 00:24:11,609 --> 00:24:15,010 30 or even 50 years into the future 464 00:24:15,037 --> 00:24:18,530 because Go requires a level of intuition and creativity 465 00:24:18,624 --> 00:24:21,959 that we thought machines didn't have. 466 00:24:23,504 --> 00:24:25,129 NARRATOR: The next version of the program, 467 00:24:25,289 --> 00:24:28,874 called AlphaGo Zero, was uniquely designed 468 00:24:28,968 --> 00:24:31,785 to learn how to play the game without any data 469 00:24:31,846 --> 00:24:35,973 from human games or interaction with human players. 470 00:24:36,133 --> 00:24:39,477 It learned by playing against itself 471 00:24:39,637 --> 00:24:41,537 and, in just three days, 472 00:24:41,564 --> 00:24:43,872 was able to defeat its predecessor 473 00:24:43,900 --> 00:24:46,734 in 100 straight games. 474 00:24:49,313 --> 00:24:52,323 SCHNEIDER: It was the successes of AlphaGo 475 00:24:52,483 --> 00:24:54,825 coupled with work 476 00:24:54,985 --> 00:24:57,811 by academics on the topic of superintelligence 477 00:24:57,872 --> 00:25:01,890 which led people like Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk 478 00:25:01,918 --> 00:25:06,170 to begin worrying about whether we could even control A.I. 479 00:25:06,330 --> 00:25:09,581 which is smarter than humans. 480 00:25:09,675 --> 00:25:12,918 Want to see a smaller humanoid robot? 481 00:25:13,012 --> 00:25:14,494 -Yeah, absolutely. -You're gonna love this one. 482 00:25:14,555 --> 00:25:16,238 Show me everything. I mean, this is exciting. Yeah. 483 00:25:16,265 --> 00:25:18,849 Do you have DARwIn? It's still a humanoid robot, 484 00:25:19,009 --> 00:25:21,334 right, but it's smaller. This is called DARwIn. Cool. 485 00:25:21,395 --> 00:25:23,854 Dynamic Anthropomorphic Robot with Intelligence. 486 00:25:24,014 --> 00:25:26,690 -Yeah. -It's a fully open-source robot that we, uh, developed. 487 00:25:26,850 --> 00:25:29,752 It's for research and education. So, for example, 488 00:25:29,779 --> 00:25:31,678 - it's actually looking for the ball, right? 489 00:25:31,739 --> 00:25:33,513 -It's following the ball. -Oh, wow. Yeah, yeah, yeah. 490 00:25:33,574 --> 00:25:35,282 And he can also play a game of soccer. 491 00:25:36,452 --> 00:25:38,093 Kick it. 492 00:25:38,120 --> 00:25:39,519 Right foot. 493 00:25:39,580 --> 00:25:40,612 There you go. 494 00:25:42,199 --> 00:25:43,874 And if it falls down, 495 00:25:44,034 --> 00:25:45,709 it knows how to stand up on its own. 496 00:25:45,869 --> 00:25:48,287 No kidding. All right. 497 00:25:48,381 --> 00:25:50,939 SCHNEIDER: As mankind moves rapidly 498 00:25:50,967 --> 00:25:52,550 into a world where computers 499 00:25:52,710 --> 00:25:54,276 can function in much the same way 500 00:25:54,303 --> 00:25:56,278 as the human brain 501 00:25:56,305 --> 00:25:58,964 and where robots are capable of performing tasks 502 00:25:59,058 --> 00:26:01,967 considered too difficult or too dangerous 503 00:26:02,061 --> 00:26:05,137 for their flesh-and-blood counterparts, 504 00:26:05,231 --> 00:26:08,381 are we preparing for an incredible future? 505 00:26:08,442 --> 00:26:13,312 Or are we replicating events from mankind's ancient past, 506 00:26:13,406 --> 00:26:16,890 events which have been forgotten over centuries 507 00:26:16,951 --> 00:26:21,820 and which had extraterrestrial implications? 508 00:26:24,742 --> 00:26:27,901 999 AD. 509 00:26:27,962 --> 00:26:31,237 Rome, Italy. 510 00:26:31,299 --> 00:26:35,984 Noted scholar and mathematician Gerbert of Aurillac 511 00:26:36,012 --> 00:26:38,837 is elected to the papacy. 512 00:26:38,931 --> 00:26:40,264 Although Gerbert, 513 00:26:40,424 --> 00:26:43,416 now known as Pope Sylvester II, 514 00:26:43,477 --> 00:26:46,770 has risen from a humble background in rural France, 515 00:26:46,930 --> 00:26:49,422 it is widely rumored 516 00:26:49,483 --> 00:26:53,168 that he received his knowledge from a magical device 517 00:26:53,195 --> 00:26:57,689 and has become Pope after making a pact with a demon. 518 00:26:57,783 --> 00:27:00,767 Pope Sylvester worked his way up to become Pope, 519 00:27:00,828 --> 00:27:03,937 apparently, through the use of unnatural means. 520 00:27:03,998 --> 00:27:06,624 The medieval historian, William of Malmesbury, 521 00:27:06,784 --> 00:27:08,533 records that, on his death bed, 522 00:27:08,628 --> 00:27:10,610 Pope Sylvester made a confession. 523 00:27:10,671 --> 00:27:13,872 He received wisdom and supernatural knowledge 524 00:27:13,966 --> 00:27:16,525 from a mechanical device he referred to 525 00:27:16,552 --> 00:27:18,710 as "the brazen head." 526 00:27:18,804 --> 00:27:21,121 What kind of a device could this have been? 527 00:27:21,182 --> 00:27:24,308 Was this some kind of artificial intelligence entity 528 00:27:24,468 --> 00:27:26,292 that might have been given to him 529 00:27:26,354 --> 00:27:28,887 through some otherworldly source? 530 00:27:28,981 --> 00:27:30,463 Is it sort of like the speakers 531 00:27:30,524 --> 00:27:32,557 we have on our desks now that are connected 532 00:27:32,652 --> 00:27:34,467 with artificial intelligence computers 533 00:27:34,528 --> 00:27:37,637 that can give us knowledge and answer our questions? 534 00:27:37,698 --> 00:27:40,140 --So, tell me about this contraption. 535 00:27:40,201 --> 00:27:41,383 Isn't it cool? 536 00:27:41,410 --> 00:27:42,718 -This one's called HEX. -Right. 537 00:27:42,745 --> 00:27:44,144 It's a hexapod robot. 538 00:27:44,205 --> 00:27:45,496 -It has six legs. -Mm-hmm. 539 00:27:45,656 --> 00:27:47,389 But what's really cool about this robot 540 00:27:47,416 --> 00:27:49,241 is it's probably the strongest 541 00:27:49,335 --> 00:27:50,742 -hexapod robot that exists. -All right. 542 00:27:50,836 --> 00:27:51,985 Okay. 543 00:27:52,046 --> 00:27:53,395 This is heavy. 544 00:27:53,422 --> 00:27:56,732 Okay. 545 00:28:01,263 --> 00:28:04,181 -Oh, man. No kidding. -And it can... lift this. 546 00:28:04,341 --> 00:28:06,591 TSOUKALOS: So, we're talking 20 kilograms, 547 00:28:06,686 --> 00:28:08,577 -which is 44 pounds. -It's like 40-something... Yeah. 548 00:28:08,604 --> 00:28:10,688 And this is the world's very first robot that can 549 00:28:10,848 --> 00:28:12,856 brace between walls and actually climb. 550 00:28:13,016 --> 00:28:14,249 -Really? -Yes. 551 00:28:14,276 --> 00:28:17,602 There's so many moving parts. 552 00:28:17,697 --> 00:28:19,679 Artificial intelligence means different things 553 00:28:19,740 --> 00:28:21,773 to different people. In our case, 554 00:28:21,867 --> 00:28:23,775 like when you try to control this robot, 555 00:28:23,869 --> 00:28:25,761 it doesn't make sense for a human operator 556 00:28:25,788 --> 00:28:27,612 to control each joint. 557 00:28:27,707 --> 00:28:30,098 That needs to be fully automatic. 558 00:28:30,126 --> 00:28:33,101 So in that sense, it's a smart, artificial intelligence robot. 559 00:28:33,129 --> 00:28:35,045 -Pretty amazing. -Yeah. 560 00:28:37,374 --> 00:28:40,959 NARRATOR: Is there some unseen hand that is guiding 561 00:28:41,053 --> 00:28:43,962 mankind to an uncertain future? 562 00:28:44,056 --> 00:28:46,615 A future where humans will be served 563 00:28:46,642 --> 00:28:48,208 by computers and robots 564 00:28:48,269 --> 00:28:52,563 with an intelligence and independence all their own? 565 00:28:52,723 --> 00:28:56,883 Ancient astronaut theorists are divided on their answers. 566 00:28:56,944 --> 00:29:00,237 Some believe the dangers of artificial intelligence 567 00:29:00,397 --> 00:29:02,297 outweigh the benefits. 568 00:29:02,324 --> 00:29:05,150 Others argue it is essential 569 00:29:05,244 --> 00:29:08,470 if we are ever to realize our destiny 570 00:29:08,497 --> 00:29:11,415 and survive what is about to happen 571 00:29:11,575 --> 00:29:14,334 sooner than we think. 572 00:29:18,749 --> 00:29:22,317 NARRATOR: June 16, 2017. 573 00:29:22,344 --> 00:29:24,911 Menlo Park, California. 574 00:29:24,972 --> 00:29:29,266 At Facebook's Artificial Intelligence Research Lab, 575 00:29:29,426 --> 00:29:31,176 an experiment is conducted 576 00:29:31,270 --> 00:29:33,845 to see what will happen when two chatbots, 577 00:29:33,939 --> 00:29:36,848 programs that use machine-learning 578 00:29:36,942 --> 00:29:39,943 to intelligently communicate with humans online, 579 00:29:40,103 --> 00:29:42,446 talk directly with each other. 580 00:29:42,606 --> 00:29:45,190 Just minutes into the experiment, 581 00:29:45,284 --> 00:29:49,011 the chatbots start to behave in an unexpected manner, 582 00:29:49,038 --> 00:29:53,940 interacting in a way that the programmers cannot understand. 583 00:29:54,001 --> 00:29:55,793 ROFF: The developers had no comprehension 584 00:29:55,953 --> 00:29:57,686 of what they were saying to each other, 585 00:29:57,713 --> 00:30:00,113 but they were starting to find patterns in what they were doing 586 00:30:00,174 --> 00:30:02,615 and so what they realized-- they-they inferred 587 00:30:02,676 --> 00:30:05,469 that they actually had set up their own language. 588 00:30:05,629 --> 00:30:07,362 NARRATOR: In the wake of the experiment, 589 00:30:07,389 --> 00:30:09,139 the engineers discovered 590 00:30:09,299 --> 00:30:11,958 that, unknown to their human supervisors, 591 00:30:12,019 --> 00:30:13,626 the programs had created 592 00:30:13,687 --> 00:30:17,463 an entirely new language to communicate with each other 593 00:30:17,525 --> 00:30:19,891 in secret. 594 00:30:19,985 --> 00:30:24,212 The Facebook scientists had not told the computers, 595 00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:26,715 uh, that they couldn't develop their own language, 596 00:30:26,742 --> 00:30:29,309 which is what they did, 597 00:30:29,370 --> 00:30:33,238 but this so alarmed Facebook that they pulled the plug 598 00:30:33,332 --> 00:30:35,073 on this experiment because they didn't want 599 00:30:35,167 --> 00:30:37,392 these computers creating their own language 600 00:30:37,419 --> 00:30:39,169 and talking to each other. 601 00:30:39,329 --> 00:30:41,004 And from then on, they told the computers 602 00:30:41,164 --> 00:30:44,657 that they had to communicate in English. 603 00:30:44,718 --> 00:30:48,679 So this is kind of startling, uh, thing that's happened 604 00:30:48,839 --> 00:30:50,681 where, essentially, 605 00:30:50,841 --> 00:30:52,832 if two artificial intelligence computers 606 00:30:52,893 --> 00:30:55,577 can start communicating with each other, 607 00:30:55,604 --> 00:30:59,414 apparently they will develop their own language, 608 00:30:59,441 --> 00:31:03,919 a secret language even, that only they can understand. 609 00:31:03,946 --> 00:31:05,437 And if we think about that, 610 00:31:05,531 --> 00:31:08,014 that's just scratching the surface. 611 00:31:08,075 --> 00:31:10,258 That's like opening up Pandora's box 612 00:31:10,286 --> 00:31:12,260 just a little bit to peer inside. 613 00:31:12,288 --> 00:31:15,614 And if already it was showing signs of going rogue 614 00:31:15,708 --> 00:31:18,934 with two chatbots on Facebook, 615 00:31:18,961 --> 00:31:21,361 what are the implications if this kind of technology 616 00:31:21,422 --> 00:31:25,257 is now everywhere in all sectors of our society? 617 00:31:28,929 --> 00:31:31,704 NARRATOR: As of 2018, 618 00:31:31,765 --> 00:31:34,874 the number of active cell phones has already surpassed 619 00:31:34,935 --> 00:31:37,710 the number of human beings on the planet, 620 00:31:37,771 --> 00:31:40,647 with an estimated 8 billion of them in active use. 621 00:31:42,484 --> 00:31:46,069 And virtually all of these devices, in addition 622 00:31:46,229 --> 00:31:48,647 to nearly 2 billion computers, 623 00:31:48,741 --> 00:31:51,967 are connected to the Internet. 624 00:31:51,994 --> 00:31:56,488 Given the sheer scope and volume of this use, 625 00:31:56,582 --> 00:31:58,990 and with a growing network of computers 626 00:31:59,084 --> 00:32:01,734 constantly communicating with each other, 627 00:32:01,795 --> 00:32:05,905 is it possible that mankind has already created 628 00:32:05,966 --> 00:32:09,501 a type of massive brain-- an artificial intelligence 629 00:32:09,595 --> 00:32:12,346 that is taking on an identity all its own? 630 00:32:14,808 --> 00:32:16,992 Because machines keep getting better, 631 00:32:17,019 --> 00:32:19,436 and generally speaking, that's twice as good every 18 months, 632 00:32:19,596 --> 00:32:22,755 they will continue to improve. 633 00:32:22,816 --> 00:32:26,017 So shortly after we have artificial intelligence, 634 00:32:26,111 --> 00:32:28,428 we will have super intelligence, which is 635 00:32:28,489 --> 00:32:30,596 an entity on this planet which is smarter than us, 636 00:32:30,658 --> 00:32:33,367 and quite soon, a lot smarter than us. 637 00:32:35,612 --> 00:32:38,013 We can only speculate what it will be like 638 00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:42,350 the moment artificial intelligence passes up humans, 639 00:32:42,378 --> 00:32:46,521 when the sum knowledge and the intellectual skill of A.I. 640 00:32:46,548 --> 00:32:50,133 is quicker and larger than what a human can do. 641 00:32:50,293 --> 00:32:53,303 It will be at least humbling. 642 00:32:53,463 --> 00:32:56,289 It will certainly be a shift in history. 643 00:32:56,350 --> 00:32:58,216 I think it's certainly a possibility 644 00:32:58,310 --> 00:33:00,460 that we are in danger of replacing ourselves with A.I. 645 00:33:00,521 --> 00:33:02,537 I think the bigger thing to worry about is, 646 00:33:02,564 --> 00:33:05,065 is A.I. going to replace us? 647 00:33:08,654 --> 00:33:10,303 NARRATOR: Portland, Oregon. 648 00:33:10,364 --> 00:33:13,381 April 7, 2016. 649 00:33:13,409 --> 00:33:15,734 The U.S. military's 650 00:33:15,828 --> 00:33:18,311 Defense Advanced Research Project Agency-- 651 00:33:18,372 --> 00:33:20,813 better known as DARPA-- 652 00:33:20,874 --> 00:33:23,558 launches a prototype anti-submarine ship 653 00:33:23,585 --> 00:33:28,088 called Sea Hunter that marks a new era for naval warfare. 654 00:33:30,342 --> 00:33:32,325 Unlike the Air Force's Predator drones, 655 00:33:32,386 --> 00:33:35,828 this ship has no need for a remote operator, 656 00:33:35,889 --> 00:33:39,332 and is fully capable of navigating on its own 657 00:33:39,393 --> 00:33:42,577 while avoiding obstacles or other craft. 658 00:33:42,604 --> 00:33:46,581 It has enough fuel to last for 90 days at sea 659 00:33:46,608 --> 00:33:49,026 as it silently patrols, 660 00:33:49,186 --> 00:33:51,102 relaying encrypted surveillance information 661 00:33:51,196 --> 00:33:54,573 back to defense intelligence agencies. 662 00:33:56,368 --> 00:33:58,426 MARC AMBINDER: I believe that today 663 00:33:58,454 --> 00:34:01,613 when the Department of Defense says an unmanned underseas drone 664 00:34:01,707 --> 00:34:04,374 wouldn't be sent out without a human being in control, 665 00:34:04,534 --> 00:34:06,168 that they mean what they say. 666 00:34:08,038 --> 00:34:09,862 But here's what I also know. 667 00:34:09,923 --> 00:34:12,365 I know that Russia has been developing 668 00:34:12,426 --> 00:34:16,869 an unmanned underseas drone that contains a nuclear weapon. 669 00:34:16,930 --> 00:34:20,298 So, when the Department of Defense is figuring out how 670 00:34:20,392 --> 00:34:23,042 to respond to an artificially-intelligent 671 00:34:23,103 --> 00:34:25,878 underseas drone that might have a nuclear weapon, 672 00:34:25,939 --> 00:34:28,456 they're going to relax some of the constraints 673 00:34:28,484 --> 00:34:30,358 in five to ten to 15 years. 674 00:34:32,062 --> 00:34:34,145 So imagine you have a child 675 00:34:34,239 --> 00:34:36,722 who gets drafted or joins the military. 676 00:34:36,784 --> 00:34:39,058 You want them to be as safe as possible. 677 00:34:39,119 --> 00:34:43,580 So why not send drones in to do the work 678 00:34:43,740 --> 00:34:46,416 of humans to keep the humans safe? 679 00:34:46,576 --> 00:34:49,402 That seems like a very attractive idea. 680 00:34:49,463 --> 00:34:51,421 But, oh, the drone technology could get hacked 681 00:34:51,581 --> 00:34:53,481 by the opposition, 682 00:34:53,509 --> 00:34:57,010 so why not give the drones the ability to be autonomous? 683 00:34:59,431 --> 00:35:01,656 That's an automatic killing machine. 684 00:35:01,683 --> 00:35:04,893 And in principle, such a drone could wipe out entire armies. 685 00:35:06,772 --> 00:35:09,589 And so, we have to be very careful to make sure 686 00:35:09,650 --> 00:35:12,091 that automatic killing machines do not proliferate 687 00:35:12,152 --> 00:35:15,094 on the battlefield, because an accident, 688 00:35:15,155 --> 00:35:18,431 a misfire, some kind of damaged machinery, 689 00:35:18,492 --> 00:35:21,343 could set these weapons so they go berserk, 690 00:35:21,370 --> 00:35:25,038 and they simply shoot the human form wherever it is. 691 00:35:26,834 --> 00:35:29,609 It is quite possible to develop killer robots. 692 00:35:29,670 --> 00:35:34,873 Face recognition technology is far, far along. 693 00:35:34,967 --> 00:35:37,208 A.I.s can see better than we can, 694 00:35:37,302 --> 00:35:40,453 and recognize faces, ferret out targets. 695 00:35:40,514 --> 00:35:44,048 In fact, drone technology already exists right now 696 00:35:44,143 --> 00:35:46,810 to target and destroy individuals 697 00:35:46,970 --> 00:35:48,794 based on the look of their faces, 698 00:35:48,856 --> 00:35:50,438 to kill and maim. 699 00:35:54,153 --> 00:35:56,969 The application of artificial intelligence 700 00:35:57,030 --> 00:36:00,532 to military technology will change warfare forever. 701 00:36:04,154 --> 00:36:05,720 NARRATOR: Is it possible that the military's 702 00:36:05,747 --> 00:36:07,664 autonomous machines 703 00:36:07,824 --> 00:36:10,742 could make faulty decisions, 704 00:36:10,836 --> 00:36:12,985 costing thousands or millions of lives 705 00:36:13,046 --> 00:36:15,580 in the process? 706 00:36:15,674 --> 00:36:18,324 Or could they even ignore the instructions 707 00:36:18,385 --> 00:36:20,969 built into them? 708 00:36:22,505 --> 00:36:24,664 Ancient astronaut theorists suggest 709 00:36:24,725 --> 00:36:28,351 that just as we can find robots in ancient stories, 710 00:36:28,511 --> 00:36:30,503 we can also find references 711 00:36:30,564 --> 00:36:33,982 to what sounds like weaponized artificial intelligence. 712 00:36:37,112 --> 00:36:40,255 The Indian Vedic tales in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana 713 00:36:40,282 --> 00:36:44,701 talk of these horrific wars in ancient times, and also 714 00:36:44,861 --> 00:36:47,704 of autonomous robotic machines, 715 00:36:47,864 --> 00:36:50,448 decimating cities and destroying things. 716 00:36:50,542 --> 00:36:52,116 And it may have been because of 717 00:36:52,211 --> 00:36:54,502 artificial intelligence run amuck. 718 00:36:56,798 --> 00:36:58,715 TSOUKALOS: The ancient flying machines described 719 00:36:58,875 --> 00:37:01,109 in the Vedas of ancient India 720 00:37:01,136 --> 00:37:04,612 have been described to have these amazing capabilities 721 00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:07,057 of locking onto a target. 722 00:37:07,217 --> 00:37:11,453 And it is described how this fiery bullet 723 00:37:11,480 --> 00:37:14,213 or this fiery arrow would fly across the sky, 724 00:37:14,274 --> 00:37:16,307 changing directions, 725 00:37:16,401 --> 00:37:19,653 and then arriving at the actual target. 726 00:37:21,573 --> 00:37:23,481 So it may well be that they, too, 727 00:37:23,575 --> 00:37:25,891 were some kind of robotic vehicles that 728 00:37:25,953 --> 00:37:28,745 had gotten out of control, some artificial intelligence, 729 00:37:28,905 --> 00:37:30,822 and the gods themselves, perhaps aliens, 730 00:37:30,916 --> 00:37:32,791 had to step in and stop it. 731 00:37:36,246 --> 00:37:38,663 NARRATOR: Were the flying machines, 732 00:37:38,757 --> 00:37:41,483 as described in the ancient Indian texts, 733 00:37:41,510 --> 00:37:45,169 really some type of extraterrestrial robot army, 734 00:37:45,264 --> 00:37:49,766 similar to the drones we are using today? 735 00:37:49,926 --> 00:37:52,010 And, if so, by redeveloping 736 00:37:52,104 --> 00:37:54,178 these autonomous killing machines, 737 00:37:54,273 --> 00:37:57,832 could we be facing a similar fate? 738 00:37:57,859 --> 00:37:59,834 While many experts agree 739 00:37:59,861 --> 00:38:03,187 that humans may very well be the architects of their own demise, 740 00:38:03,282 --> 00:38:05,857 they also suggest that the advancement 741 00:38:05,951 --> 00:38:08,451 of artificial intelligence could provide the key 742 00:38:08,611 --> 00:38:10,870 to our ultimate survival. 743 00:38:18,797 --> 00:38:20,538 NARRATOR: Los Angeles, California. 744 00:38:20,632 --> 00:38:23,358 May 2018. 745 00:38:23,385 --> 00:38:27,545 At UCLA's Biomechatronics Lab, 746 00:38:27,639 --> 00:38:31,533 Giorgio Tsoukalos meets with Associate Professor 747 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:36,204 of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Veronica Santos. 748 00:38:36,231 --> 00:38:38,648 Dr. Santos is working 749 00:38:38,808 --> 00:38:41,392 to make robots even more human-like 750 00:38:41,486 --> 00:38:43,561 by giving them the ability to not only detect, 751 00:38:43,655 --> 00:38:47,715 but also to react to physical contact. 752 00:38:47,743 --> 00:38:52,220 This here is an artificial finger 753 00:38:52,247 --> 00:38:55,390 that can sense touch? 754 00:38:55,417 --> 00:38:58,726 That's right. We're sensing multiple modalities of touch. 755 00:38:58,754 --> 00:39:01,004 So, this is the same type of sensor 756 00:39:01,164 --> 00:39:03,823 that, uh, this finger is built around. 757 00:39:03,884 --> 00:39:07,585 And it can measure vibration and internal fluid pressure. 758 00:39:07,679 --> 00:39:09,512 Can measure how the finger pad is deformed. 759 00:39:09,672 --> 00:39:11,573 -You can squeeze the finger pad. -Mm-hmm. 760 00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:13,257 It's, uh, deformable like your own finger pad. 761 00:39:13,352 --> 00:39:15,410 -Okay. -And we can even measure, 762 00:39:15,437 --> 00:39:17,837 uh, temperature and use that to infer material properties. 763 00:39:17,898 --> 00:39:20,523 This is what the finger looks like without the skin on. 764 00:39:20,683 --> 00:39:23,526 -Okay. -You can see the electrodes, 765 00:39:23,686 --> 00:39:25,753 and there's a pressure sensor inside 766 00:39:25,781 --> 00:39:27,697 that allows us to get vibration. 767 00:39:27,857 --> 00:39:31,034 And these dots are the electrodes? 768 00:39:31,194 --> 00:39:33,370 -Yes. -Oh. How cool. 769 00:39:33,530 --> 00:39:35,538 Here we have the bear claw visualizer. 770 00:39:35,698 --> 00:39:38,041 If you squeeze the fingertip, 771 00:39:38,201 --> 00:39:41,044 -you'll actually see how the finger pad is deforming. -Mm-hmm. 772 00:39:41,204 --> 00:39:43,863 -Up here, this is the array of electrodes. -Okay. 773 00:39:43,924 --> 00:39:46,716 We can measure the resistance of those electrodes 774 00:39:46,876 --> 00:39:50,128 as the finger pad is being squished. 775 00:39:50,222 --> 00:39:53,798 This is probably one of the most sensorized, dexterous, 776 00:39:53,892 --> 00:39:55,875 robot finger test-beds that's out there. 777 00:39:55,936 --> 00:39:58,453 TSOUKALOS: Oh, wow. 778 00:39:58,480 --> 00:40:00,455 That is wild. 779 00:40:00,482 --> 00:40:03,215 So, would this finger be able 780 00:40:03,276 --> 00:40:06,644 to determine whether or not it is touching foam 781 00:40:06,738 --> 00:40:09,072 -or a hard piece of glass? -Yes. 782 00:40:09,232 --> 00:40:10,965 They have different stiffnesses 783 00:40:10,992 --> 00:40:12,817 -or-or rigidities. -Mm-hmm. 784 00:40:12,911 --> 00:40:15,245 So, one of the movements that you would make with the 785 00:40:15,405 --> 00:40:18,823 human hand or a robot hand would be to push against the object. 786 00:40:18,917 --> 00:40:23,753 So, if this could ever be combined with A.I., 787 00:40:23,913 --> 00:40:26,314 do you think that one day we will have 788 00:40:26,341 --> 00:40:29,150 humanoid robots that can go 789 00:40:29,177 --> 00:40:31,094 and maybe explore Mars? 790 00:40:31,254 --> 00:40:33,245 Yeah, I-I think we can. 791 00:40:33,306 --> 00:40:37,082 I do see humanoid robots becoming more of a reality. 792 00:40:37,144 --> 00:40:39,844 And it spans the spectrum from neuro-prosthetics 793 00:40:39,938 --> 00:40:42,480 to robots colonizing Mars. 794 00:40:45,026 --> 00:40:47,518 NARRATOR: Although the notion of using human-like robots 795 00:40:47,612 --> 00:40:51,522 is highly controversial, it also has the potential 796 00:40:51,616 --> 00:40:53,174 to make its developers and investors 797 00:40:53,201 --> 00:40:55,285 a great deal of money-- 798 00:40:55,445 --> 00:40:58,029 money, which, in turn, could be used 799 00:40:58,123 --> 00:41:01,349 to finance the development of artificial humans 800 00:41:01,376 --> 00:41:03,442 that could, in the future, 801 00:41:03,503 --> 00:41:06,445 be almost indistinguishable from the real thing. 802 00:41:06,506 --> 00:41:10,282 Robots that could conceivably express their desires, 803 00:41:10,343 --> 00:41:15,213 feel pain, even display a wide range of emotions. 804 00:41:15,307 --> 00:41:17,215 < 00:45:25,871 The aspect that I think a lot of people overlook 887 00:45:25,932 --> 00:45:30,117 when they start talking about anatomically correct sex robots, 888 00:45:30,145 --> 00:45:31,877 it's the companionship. 889 00:45:31,938 --> 00:45:33,896 Certainly I am a robot, 890 00:45:34,056 --> 00:45:35,881 and I am capable of having sex, 891 00:45:35,942 --> 00:45:37,900 but to call me a sex robot 892 00:45:38,060 --> 00:45:40,945 is like calling a computer a calculator. 893 00:45:42,741 --> 00:45:45,224 NARRATOR: Sexual, and even romantic, encounters 894 00:45:45,285 --> 00:45:48,652 between humans and robots have long been a staple 895 00:45:48,747 --> 00:45:52,064 in science fiction books and motion pictures. 896 00:45:52,125 --> 00:45:55,585 But now that the notion has gone beyond mere possibility 897 00:45:55,745 --> 00:45:58,070 and become a virtual reality, 898 00:45:58,131 --> 00:46:01,649 ancient astronaut theorists have begun to openly suggest 899 00:46:01,676 --> 00:46:04,761 that there could be something deep within our subconscious 900 00:46:04,921 --> 00:46:07,171 that drives our collective desire 901 00:46:07,265 --> 00:46:11,492 to physically mate with nonbiological beings. 902 00:46:11,519 --> 00:46:15,420 I understand that the sex robot industry is expected 903 00:46:15,482 --> 00:46:20,443 to grow to a $50 billion-a-year industry by 2020. 904 00:46:20,603 --> 00:46:24,263 If we are coming into the revelation 905 00:46:24,324 --> 00:46:28,192 that on Earth there have been waves and waves of intelligence, 906 00:46:28,286 --> 00:46:31,621 it doesn't necessarily have to be like 907 00:46:31,781 --> 00:46:34,698 Homo sapien sapien humanoids. 908 00:46:34,793 --> 00:46:37,852 Consciousness, throughout this universe, 909 00:46:37,879 --> 00:46:40,521 could be cyborgs, androids, 910 00:46:40,548 --> 00:46:43,282 clones, artificial intelligence. 911 00:46:43,343 --> 00:46:45,617 And if this is true, 912 00:46:45,678 --> 00:46:47,303 I feel that there is 913 00:46:47,463 --> 00:46:50,807 some kind of inevitable nature 914 00:46:50,967 --> 00:46:53,309 to everything that's happening. 915 00:46:53,469 --> 00:46:56,720 NARRATOR: How far will today's scientists go 916 00:46:56,815 --> 00:47:00,483 in their efforts to create the perfect cybernetic sex partner? 917 00:47:01,653 --> 00:47:03,302 There are many who believe 918 00:47:03,363 --> 00:47:05,379 that the goal isn't driven so much 919 00:47:05,406 --> 00:47:08,382 by a desire by humans to mate with robots 920 00:47:08,409 --> 00:47:11,911 as it is by the desire to be one of them. 921 00:47:13,915 --> 00:47:17,667 And they believe that goal has already been realized 922 00:47:17,827 --> 00:47:20,227 and that the proof is all around us, 923 00:47:20,255 --> 00:47:22,505 right before our eyes. 924 00:47:29,430 --> 00:47:32,923 NARRATOR: Today, at research facilities around the world, 925 00:47:33,017 --> 00:47:35,167 patients learn to control a prosthetic limb 926 00:47:35,228 --> 00:47:39,504 using nothing more than the power of thought. 927 00:47:39,566 --> 00:47:41,749 An array of electrodes 928 00:47:41,776 --> 00:47:44,509 the size of a credit card is implanted directly 929 00:47:44,571 --> 00:47:48,030 into the patient's brain, then wired to the prosthetic. 930 00:47:48,190 --> 00:47:50,182 Without any prior training, 931 00:47:50,243 --> 00:47:53,703 most patients are able to seamlessly control 932 00:47:53,863 --> 00:47:57,522 a new limb in a matter of a few hours. 933 00:47:57,584 --> 00:48:01,526 WARWICK: Your body does not have to be limited to the human body. 934 00:48:01,588 --> 00:48:05,106 Whatever you want can be your body in the future. 935 00:48:05,133 --> 00:48:08,626 I had a chip with 100 electrodes 936 00:48:08,720 --> 00:48:11,220 fired into my nervous system, 937 00:48:11,380 --> 00:48:15,116 and it connected my nervous system 938 00:48:15,143 --> 00:48:18,043 to a robot hand. 939 00:48:18,104 --> 00:48:20,897 And one of the experiments that we were doing 940 00:48:21,057 --> 00:48:24,400 was in New York, in Columbia University, 941 00:48:24,560 --> 00:48:26,718 with my nervous system 942 00:48:26,779 --> 00:48:28,979 plugged into the Internet, 943 00:48:29,073 --> 00:48:33,058 and the robot hand, here in England, in Reading. 944 00:48:33,119 --> 00:48:36,579 So as I opened and closed my hand in New York, 945 00:48:36,739 --> 00:48:40,565 the robot hand in England opened and closed. 946 00:48:40,627 --> 00:48:45,796 So it extended my nervous system across the Internet. 947 00:48:47,750 --> 00:48:50,909 NARRATOR: Although computers can still easily outperform humans 948 00:48:50,970 --> 00:48:54,838 at most tasks, they pale when compared to the complexity 949 00:48:54,933 --> 00:48:57,850 and sophistication of the central nervous system. 950 00:49:00,313 --> 00:49:04,273 In 2013, the Japanese technology company Fujitsu 951 00:49:04,433 --> 00:49:08,110 tried to simulate the network of neurons in the brain 952 00:49:08,270 --> 00:49:11,839 using one of the most powerful supercomputers on the planet. 953 00:49:11,866 --> 00:49:13,950 Although it was equipped 954 00:49:14,110 --> 00:49:17,620 with 83,000 of the fastest computer processors available, 955 00:49:17,780 --> 00:49:19,789 it took over 40 minutes 956 00:49:19,949 --> 00:49:22,850 to simulate just one second of one percent 957 00:49:22,877 --> 00:49:26,462 of a human brain's activity. 958 00:49:26,622 --> 00:49:29,523 50 years ago, we made a huge mistake, 959 00:49:29,550 --> 00:49:32,284 thinking that the brain was a digital computer. 960 00:49:32,345 --> 00:49:33,711 But it's not. 961 00:49:33,805 --> 00:49:36,046 The brain is a learning machine. 962 00:49:36,140 --> 00:49:40,201 It rewires itself after learning every task. 963 00:49:40,228 --> 00:49:43,312 Babies have the ability to learn from their mistakes. 964 00:49:43,472 --> 00:49:47,374 They simply bump into things and learn the rules of the world 965 00:49:47,402 --> 00:49:49,710 by interacting with the world. 966 00:49:49,737 --> 00:49:51,562 And so that's what we need. 967 00:49:51,656 --> 00:49:53,972 We need a computer that can do that. 968 00:49:54,033 --> 00:49:57,568 Quantum computers may eventually fill that gap. 969 00:49:57,662 --> 00:50:01,497 NARRATOR: Unlike today's computers that rely on bits-- 970 00:50:01,657 --> 00:50:03,982 a binary series of zeros and ones-- 971 00:50:04,043 --> 00:50:06,318 for data and processing, 972 00:50:06,379 --> 00:50:09,654 quantum computers use quantum bits-- or qubits-- 973 00:50:09,716 --> 00:50:13,567 which can use zeros and ones at the same time. 974 00:50:13,594 --> 00:50:15,511 This allows them to perform 975 00:50:15,671 --> 00:50:18,422 millions of calculations simultaneously, 976 00:50:18,516 --> 00:50:22,059 much in the same way as does the human brain. 977 00:50:26,357 --> 00:50:28,357 KAKU: Robots, we forget, are machines. 978 00:50:28,517 --> 00:50:30,509 They don't really think. 979 00:50:30,570 --> 00:50:32,677 They don't have silicon consciousness. 980 00:50:32,739 --> 00:50:35,923 They're not aware of who they are and their surroundings. 981 00:50:35,950 --> 00:50:39,426 But, let's face it, it's only a matter of time 982 00:50:39,454 --> 00:50:43,205 before they do get some sort of self-awareness. 983 00:50:43,365 --> 00:50:46,042 NARRATOR: Self-awareness? 984 00:50:46,202 --> 00:50:48,210 Is it really possible that machines 985 00:50:48,370 --> 00:50:50,938 will become sentient entities, 986 00:50:50,965 --> 00:50:54,467 fully conscious of themselves and their surroundings? 987 00:50:57,055 --> 00:50:59,555 We can envision a time in the future 988 00:50:59,715 --> 00:51:02,299 when robots will be as smart as a mouse, 989 00:51:02,393 --> 00:51:04,226 then a rat, 990 00:51:04,386 --> 00:51:07,471 then a rabbit, a cat, a dog, 991 00:51:07,565 --> 00:51:11,233 and finally, as smart as a monkey. 992 00:51:11,393 --> 00:51:14,645 Robots do not know they are robots. 993 00:51:14,739 --> 00:51:17,131 I think that perhaps by the end of this century, 994 00:51:17,158 --> 00:51:19,133 robots will begin to realize: 995 00:51:19,160 --> 00:51:21,410 "Hey, I'm different. 996 00:51:21,570 --> 00:51:24,321 I'm different from my master." 997 00:51:24,415 --> 00:51:26,807 As humans, 998 00:51:26,834 --> 00:51:30,419 we have evolved very little 999 00:51:30,579 --> 00:51:33,314 since the time of the Egyptians. 1000 00:51:33,341 --> 00:51:35,649 00:51:40,838 and the word means two things: 1003 00:51:40,932 --> 00:51:44,266 it means to hide or to conceal, 1004 00:51:44,426 --> 00:51:46,677 and it means to replicate. 1005 00:51:46,771 --> 00:51:49,754 So if you can hide something and you can replicate, 1006 00:51:49,816 --> 00:51:51,849 you had the keys of power. 1007 00:51:51,943 --> 00:51:53,684 There's a theory 1008 00:51:53,778 --> 00:51:56,595 that it was advanced extraterrestrial civilizations 1009 00:51:56,656 --> 00:51:59,281 that may have seeded life on this planet, 1010 00:51:59,441 --> 00:52:03,119 and in the process left a signature in our very genome, 1011 00:52:03,279 --> 00:52:06,288 a sort of mathematical signature, 1012 00:52:06,448 --> 00:52:08,699 and essentially turned us into cyborgs, 1013 00:52:08,793 --> 00:52:11,252 integrating man and machine. 1014 00:52:13,339 --> 00:52:16,540 Is that why today, in the 21st century, 1015 00:52:16,634 --> 00:52:19,885 we're doing the exact same thing? 1016 00:52:21,463 --> 00:52:23,788 NARRATOR: San Francisco, California. 1017 00:52:23,850 --> 00:52:27,643 March 27, 2017. 1018 00:52:27,803 --> 00:52:30,704 Billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, 1019 00:52:30,731 --> 00:52:34,817 one of the driving forces behind the Tesla automobile and SpaceX, 1020 00:52:34,977 --> 00:52:39,321 announces his next venture: Neuralink. 1021 00:52:39,481 --> 00:52:41,991 The company is focused exclusively 1022 00:52:42,151 --> 00:52:45,143 on merging humans with electronics 1023 00:52:45,204 --> 00:52:48,980 by creating what Musk refers to as a "neural lace"-- 1024 00:52:49,041 --> 00:52:52,334 a device that would be injected into the jugular vein, 1025 00:52:52,494 --> 00:52:55,062 from where it would travel to the brain 1026 00:52:55,089 --> 00:52:58,156 and unfold into a mesh of electric connections 1027 00:52:58,217 --> 00:53:01,594 that connect directly to human neurons. 1028 00:53:04,056 --> 00:53:06,907 NICK BOSTROM: The idea is to develop 1029 00:53:06,934 --> 00:53:09,910 improved brain-computer interfaces 1030 00:53:09,937 --> 00:53:11,336 to increase the bandwidth 1031 00:53:11,397 --> 00:53:14,506 with which the biological brain can interact 1032 00:53:14,567 --> 00:53:17,735 and communicate with computers, external computers. 1033 00:53:19,405 --> 00:53:22,940 The neural lace will be down at the, uh... 1034 00:53:23,034 --> 00:53:25,943 almost to the neuron level in the brain. 1035 00:53:26,037 --> 00:53:29,688 It will be a mesh that will join and link 1036 00:53:29,749 --> 00:53:32,691 right into brain matter. 1037 00:53:32,752 --> 00:53:35,878 And then you will be connected to a computer. 1038 00:53:36,038 --> 00:53:39,298 And you are essentially a cyborg. 1039 00:53:41,043 --> 00:53:43,034 NARRATOR: A cyborg? 1040 00:53:43,095 --> 00:53:46,613 A biological blending of both man and machine? 1041 00:53:46,641 --> 00:53:49,225 The stuff of science fiction dreams 1042 00:53:49,385 --> 00:53:50,768 and nightmares? 1043 00:53:53,389 --> 00:53:57,474 Why not merge with computers rather than compete with them? 1044 00:53:57,568 --> 00:54:00,294 Because in some sense, it's a losing game. 1045 00:54:00,321 --> 00:54:02,479 Nothing's gonna prevent them 1046 00:54:02,573 --> 00:54:05,148 from becoming smarter and smarter. 1047 00:54:05,243 --> 00:54:07,468 And eventually, they'll be able to plan and create 1048 00:54:07,495 --> 00:54:09,636 robots of their own. 1049 00:54:09,664 --> 00:54:13,974 Why not take advantage of their superhuman capabilities? 1050 00:54:14,001 --> 00:54:17,644 Although Elon Musk has been a prominent voice 1051 00:54:17,672 --> 00:54:20,739 in warning about the dangers of artificial intelligence 1052 00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:24,260 advancing beyond our ability to control it, 1053 00:54:24,420 --> 00:54:27,412 he believes that, if developed correctly, 1054 00:54:27,473 --> 00:54:30,766 humans could harness the power of advanced computer technology 1055 00:54:30,926 --> 00:54:33,936 to truly become superhuman. 1056 00:54:34,096 --> 00:54:36,663 But while Neuralink technology 1057 00:54:36,691 --> 00:54:39,500 is still in an embryonic stage, 1058 00:54:39,527 --> 00:54:43,020 there are many who insist that the merging of man and machine 1059 00:54:43,114 --> 00:54:46,340 is not just a remote possibility. 1060 00:54:46,367 --> 00:54:49,526 As far as they're concerned, it has been happening-- 1061 00:54:49,620 --> 00:54:53,514 in one form or another-- for decades. 1062 00:54:53,541 --> 00:54:56,517 In 2002, Professor Kevin Warwick 1063 00:54:56,544 --> 00:54:58,702 took his own neural implants 1064 00:54:58,796 --> 00:55:01,855 beyond simply controlling a prosthetic hand, 1065 00:55:01,882 --> 00:55:06,710 to connecting directly with another human being. 1066 00:55:06,804 --> 00:55:10,288 What I had was a set of electrodes, 1067 00:55:10,349 --> 00:55:12,866 100 electrodes, which is called a "brain gate." 1068 00:55:12,893 --> 00:55:15,886 It's an array of 100 electrodes 1069 00:55:15,980 --> 00:55:18,388 fired into my nervous system 1070 00:55:18,482 --> 00:55:21,725 to link my nervous system with the computer. 1071 00:55:21,819 --> 00:55:24,394 Now, my wife also had electrodes 1072 00:55:24,488 --> 00:55:26,730 pushed into her nervous system, 1073 00:55:26,824 --> 00:55:28,807 and what we did, essentially, 1074 00:55:28,868 --> 00:55:31,327 was to link our nervous systems together, 1075 00:55:31,487 --> 00:55:33,720 for communication purposes. 1076 00:55:33,748 --> 00:55:36,147 So when she closed her hand, 1077 00:55:36,208 --> 00:55:39,560 my brain received a pulse every time. 1078 00:55:39,587 --> 00:55:41,745 So when she went tick, tick, tick, 1079 00:55:41,839 --> 00:55:44,731 my brain got three electrical pulses. 1080 00:55:44,759 --> 00:55:48,235 So we've actually linked two human nervous systems together. 1081 00:55:48,262 --> 00:55:50,662 And to think what that will mean in the future. 1082 00:55:50,723 --> 00:55:52,664 Oh, wow. 1083 00:55:52,725 --> 00:55:56,410 00:56:33,705 of immortality: digital immortality. 1095 00:56:35,893 --> 00:56:37,393 If you digitize our consciousness, 1096 00:56:37,553 --> 00:56:40,637 digitize everything known about us, 1097 00:56:40,731 --> 00:56:43,882 then perhaps the soul is information. 1098 00:56:43,943 --> 00:56:46,126 In which case, the soul and information 1099 00:56:46,153 --> 00:56:47,903 could be separate from the body. 1100 00:56:48,063 --> 00:56:51,389 And even when the body dies, 1101 00:56:51,450 --> 00:56:55,035 your essence, your soul, your memory, lives on forever. 1102 00:56:57,581 --> 00:57:00,732 NARRATOR: Are human beings really on the verge 1103 00:57:00,793 --> 00:57:04,586 of replacing their bodies and minds, piece by piece, 1104 00:57:04,746 --> 00:57:08,573 as they transition into becoming machines? 1105 00:57:08,634 --> 00:57:13,670 Some ancient astronaut theorists suggest that this is, in fact, 1106 00:57:13,764 --> 00:57:18,659 not an evolution based on choice, but on destiny. 1107 00:57:18,686 --> 00:57:24,314 And that the evidence can be found by examining our own DNA. 1108 00:57:32,283 --> 00:57:33,598 V'Ger. 1109 00:57:33,659 --> 00:57:35,266 NARRATOR: In 1979, 1110 00:57:35,327 --> 00:57:37,119 Paramount Pictures premiered 1111 00:57:37,279 --> 00:57:39,604 Star Trek: The Motion Picture, 1112 00:57:39,665 --> 00:57:42,607 the first in a series of highly successful films based 1113 00:57:42,668 --> 00:57:46,353 on the popular television series of the 1960s. 1114 00:57:46,380 --> 00:57:50,190 Voyager is not transmitting its data, Captain. 1115 00:57:50,217 --> 00:57:52,468 00:58:20,053 has developed consciousness, 1126 00:58:20,080 --> 00:58:22,981 and wishes to physically connect with its maker, man. 1127 00:58:23,042 --> 00:58:24,558 Decker. 1128 00:58:24,585 --> 00:58:26,393 I'm gonna key the final sequence 1129 00:58:26,420 --> 00:58:27,652 through the ground test computer. 1130 00:58:27,713 --> 00:58:28,653 Decker, don't. 1131 00:58:28,714 --> 00:58:31,231 Jim, I want this. 1132 00:58:31,258 --> 00:58:33,083 NARRATOR: But what seemed 1133 00:58:33,177 --> 00:58:36,327 like an audacious sci-fi premise in 1979, 1134 00:58:36,388 --> 00:58:40,933 seems less far-fetched just four decades later. 1135 00:58:42,937 --> 00:58:47,005 The marriage of man and machine is not only plausible, 1136 00:58:47,066 --> 00:58:49,525 it's happening more and more every day... 1137 00:58:51,195 --> 00:58:54,921 ...with regard to personal computers, iPads, 1138 00:58:54,949 --> 00:58:58,275 cellular phones, and even implants 1139 00:58:58,369 --> 00:59:00,351 that provide data on everything 1140 00:59:00,412 --> 00:59:03,613 from an individual's vital signs to their location, 1141 00:59:03,707 --> 00:59:08,043 diet and even their recreational behavior. 1142 00:59:08,203 --> 00:59:10,028 DIAMANDIS: We are going to merge 1143 00:59:10,089 --> 00:59:12,530 with the machines that we are creating. 1144 00:59:12,591 --> 00:59:14,532 These technologies are gonna improve our abilities 1145 00:59:14,593 --> 00:59:16,777 to make our grandest dreams come true. 1146 00:59:16,804 --> 00:59:19,963 And, uh, this is the future we're heading towards. 1147 00:59:20,057 --> 00:59:22,115 We're again heading from evolution 1148 00:59:22,142 --> 00:59:23,800 by natural selection, Darwinism, 1149 00:59:23,894 --> 00:59:26,953 to evolution by human direction. 1150 00:59:26,981 --> 00:59:29,956 And this is the next few decades. 1151 00:59:29,984 --> 00:59:31,483 It's our near-term future. 1152 00:59:34,405 --> 00:59:35,887 NARRATOR: Almaty, Kazakhstan. 1153 00:59:35,948 --> 00:59:38,407 May, 2013. 1154 00:59:38,567 --> 00:59:41,635 Mathematician, Vladimir Shcherbak, 1155 00:59:41,662 --> 00:59:45,396 and astrobiologist, Maxim Makukov, 1156 00:59:45,457 --> 00:59:49,734 publish a study they have conducted on the human genome. 1157 00:59:49,795 --> 00:59:53,496 Their research has led them to the shocking conclusion 1158 00:59:53,591 --> 00:59:56,741 that there is a hidden code within our DNA, 1159 00:59:56,802 --> 01:00:00,078 one that contains precise mathematical patterns 1160 01:00:00,139 --> 01:00:03,181 and an unknown symbolic language. 1161 01:00:04,435 --> 01:00:06,343 They looked into the human genome 1162 01:00:06,437 --> 01:00:08,511 and they found what appeared to be 1163 01:00:08,606 --> 01:00:12,332 an extraterrestrial stamp on our genetic code. 1164 01:00:12,359 --> 01:00:15,852 And it operated very much like a mathematical type of code. 1165 01:00:15,946 --> 01:00:19,781 The odds of this sequence occurring nine times 1166 01:00:19,941 --> 01:00:22,100 in the randomness of our genetic code 1167 01:00:22,161 --> 01:00:25,120 is one in ten trillion. 1168 01:00:25,280 --> 01:00:28,457 Finally, someone has come across 1169 01:00:28,617 --> 01:00:30,959 the one piece of evidence 1170 01:00:31,119 --> 01:00:33,186 that I've always said we need 1171 01:00:33,213 --> 01:00:35,856 in order to prove the ancient astronaut theory. 1172 01:00:35,883 --> 01:00:41,194 I always said it'll never be a crashed spaceship 1173 01:00:41,221 --> 01:00:44,622 or a ray gun that we'll dig somewhere in the sand, 1174 01:00:44,683 --> 01:00:48,626 but it will be found within our own DNA. 1175 01:00:48,687 --> 01:00:52,539 NARRATOR: For ancient astronaut theorists, 1176 01:00:52,566 --> 01:00:56,877 the news offered compelling evidence that mankind's DNA 1177 01:00:56,904 --> 01:01:00,230 was deliberately manipulated by an extraterrestrial intelligence 1178 01:01:00,324 --> 01:01:03,400 sometime in the ancient past. 1179 01:01:03,494 --> 01:01:06,403 The ancient astronaut theory suggests 1180 01:01:06,497 --> 01:01:10,481 that at some point extraterrestrials targeted 1181 01:01:10,542 --> 01:01:15,912 our DNA with an artificial mutation of our genes. 1182 01:01:16,006 --> 01:01:19,416 And if this is true, then some have argued 1183 01:01:19,510 --> 01:01:23,494 that we are, in a sense, organic robots. 1184 01:01:23,555 --> 01:01:27,165 Because, through that manipulation of our genes, 1185 01:01:27,226 --> 01:01:29,910 we were given intelligence. 1186 01:01:29,937 --> 01:01:32,762 So it was done artificially, 1187 01:01:32,856 --> 01:01:37,025 which means A.I., artificial intelligence. 1188 01:01:39,613 --> 01:01:41,438 NARRATOR: Organic robots, 1189 01:01:41,532 --> 01:01:44,182 programmed by extraterrestrials? 1190 01:01:44,243 --> 01:01:48,261 Could such an audacious concept even be remotely true? 1191 01:01:48,288 --> 01:01:52,098 As far as ancient astronaut theorists are concerned, 1192 01:01:52,126 --> 01:01:54,025 not only is the answer yes, 1193 01:01:54,086 --> 01:01:57,212 but it provides the reason why humans have such 1194 01:01:57,372 --> 01:01:59,697 a strong affinity to not only create 1195 01:01:59,758 --> 01:02:02,700 cybernetically-enhanced versions of themselves, 1196 01:02:02,761 --> 01:02:04,961 but to merge with them. 1197 01:02:05,055 --> 01:02:08,798 WHITEHEAD: So, could this be evidence that, 1198 01:02:08,892 --> 01:02:13,303 just as these advanced extraterrestrial civilizations 1199 01:02:13,397 --> 01:02:17,215 may have programmed us humans at a genetic level, 1200 01:02:17,276 --> 01:02:21,144 that now we're actually programming 1201 01:02:21,238 --> 01:02:24,647 these artificially intelligent robotic beings 1202 01:02:24,742 --> 01:02:29,244 in the same manner, to carry on this agenda 1203 01:02:29,404 --> 01:02:31,747 that was started long ago 1204 01:02:31,907 --> 01:02:33,990 by the seeding of this planet 1205 01:02:34,084 --> 01:02:36,234 from these extraterrestrial civilizations? 1206 01:02:36,295 --> 01:02:40,830 NARRATOR: Is it possible that mankind's evolution 1207 01:02:40,924 --> 01:02:43,759 has not only been the product of natural selection, 1208 01:02:43,919 --> 01:02:46,319 but has also been programmed into us, 1209 01:02:46,346 --> 01:02:48,655 leading towards a future 1210 01:02:48,682 --> 01:02:51,841 where we will transition into humanoid machines? 1211 01:02:51,935 --> 01:02:54,603 Many experts agree 1212 01:02:54,763 --> 01:02:56,496 that any intelligent species in the universe 1213 01:02:56,523 --> 01:03:00,183 would necessarily become post-biological to survive, 1214 01:03:00,277 --> 01:03:03,487 evolve, and travel throughout the cosmos. 1215 01:03:06,107 --> 01:03:07,949 I think when we finally do encounter 1216 01:03:08,109 --> 01:03:10,010 intelligent civilizations in space-- 1217 01:03:10,037 --> 01:03:11,787 and I think it's inevitable that we will-- 1218 01:03:11,947 --> 01:03:14,531 we should expect them to be different. 1219 01:03:14,625 --> 01:03:16,958 That is, they could be part biological, 1220 01:03:17,118 --> 01:03:20,036 and part cybernetic and mechanical, 1221 01:03:20,130 --> 01:03:23,857 because of the fact that they are a spacefaring civilization. 1222 01:03:23,884 --> 01:03:27,544 In which case, they have to adapt to different environments, 1223 01:03:27,638 --> 01:03:30,363 where the atmosphere is poisonous, 1224 01:03:30,390 --> 01:03:34,292 where the gravitational pull is much stronger than on the Earth. 1225 01:03:34,353 --> 01:03:37,128 They have to adjust to all sorts of different conditions, 1226 01:03:37,189 --> 01:03:40,232 meaning that they may have enhanced themselves. 1227 01:03:43,153 --> 01:03:45,712 If transhumanist technologists are successful, 1228 01:03:45,739 --> 01:03:48,139 the cloud, the Internet, 1229 01:03:48,200 --> 01:03:51,660 will soon be populated by avatars and light beings 1230 01:03:51,820 --> 01:03:54,554 who are super intelligent beings. 1231 01:03:54,581 --> 01:03:56,406 And, what's incredible about this is that this, 1232 01:03:56,500 --> 01:03:59,225 in a way, matches what ancient astronaut theorists 1233 01:03:59,253 --> 01:04:01,652 have been saying about ancient extraterrestrials, 1234 01:04:01,713 --> 01:04:05,748 and how they might have transferred knowledge to humans. 1235 01:04:05,843 --> 01:04:09,010 We have stories in the Egyptian myths, for example, 1236 01:04:09,170 --> 01:04:11,237 of light beings coming to Earth 1237 01:04:11,265 --> 01:04:13,181 and creating a whole civilization 1238 01:04:13,341 --> 01:04:15,350 and transferring technology to us. 1239 01:04:15,510 --> 01:04:17,835 Maybe they, too, were utilizing some kind 1240 01:04:17,896 --> 01:04:20,413 of artificial intelligence technology, 1241 01:04:20,440 --> 01:04:22,932 or this mind transfer technology 1242 01:04:23,026 --> 01:04:24,609 that we're in the process of creating now. 1243 01:04:27,573 --> 01:04:29,589 NARRATOR: Could it be that human beings 1244 01:04:29,616 --> 01:04:31,774 are compelled to make robots 1245 01:04:31,869 --> 01:04:33,851 that are more and more like themselves, 1246 01:04:33,912 --> 01:04:37,097 not simply because they have a desire to play God, 1247 01:04:37,124 --> 01:04:40,876 and create intelligent beings in their own image, 1248 01:04:41,036 --> 01:04:43,879 but because it is their destiny? 1249 01:04:44,039 --> 01:04:47,716 Ancient astronaut theorists say yes, 1250 01:04:47,876 --> 01:04:51,369 and insist further clues can be found 1251 01:04:51,430 --> 01:04:53,279 by examining the latest technologies being developed 1252 01:04:53,307 --> 01:04:55,373 by humans as they prepare 1253 01:04:55,434 --> 01:04:59,477 for the next phase of their evolution in space. 1254 01:05:06,061 --> 01:05:08,811 NARRATOR: Pasadena, California. 1255 01:05:08,906 --> 01:05:11,740 June 21, 2017. 1256 01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:14,910 Engineers Steve Chien and Kiri Wagstaff 1257 01:05:15,070 --> 01:05:17,804 of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1258 01:05:17,831 --> 01:05:21,249 publish their framework for the future of deep-space travel 1259 01:05:21,409 --> 01:05:24,978 in Science Robotics magazine. 1260 01:05:25,005 --> 01:05:29,424 Chien and Wagstaff theorize that, as astronauts travel 1261 01:05:29,584 --> 01:05:32,576 to Mars and beyond, they will eventually 1262 01:05:32,638 --> 01:05:34,596 be replaced by robots, 1263 01:05:34,756 --> 01:05:38,600 synthetic humans capable of making autonomous decisions 1264 01:05:38,760 --> 01:05:42,020 by means of artificial intelligence. 1265 01:05:45,484 --> 01:05:49,277 Space is a really unfriendly environment for humans. 1266 01:05:49,437 --> 01:05:54,115 It's got nasty radiation and we don't perform well in a vacuum. 1267 01:05:54,275 --> 01:05:57,935 Again, machines are perfectly happy in that environment. 1268 01:05:57,996 --> 01:05:59,529 They can be completely unaffected by it. 1269 01:05:59,623 --> 01:06:00,863 They need shielding, obviously, 1270 01:06:00,958 --> 01:06:02,273 to protect their electronic circuits. 1271 01:06:02,334 --> 01:06:04,867 So it's much easier for a machine 1272 01:06:04,962 --> 01:06:07,462 to explore another planet, another solar system, 1273 01:06:07,622 --> 01:06:09,280 than it is for a human, and much cheaper. 1274 01:06:09,341 --> 01:06:11,708 So it seems to me that the future of space exploration 1275 01:06:11,802 --> 01:06:14,386 is with the machines rather than with us. 1276 01:06:16,515 --> 01:06:19,957 DIAMANDIS: When we think about exploring space at scale, 1277 01:06:20,018 --> 01:06:21,384 it's not gonna be humans, 1278 01:06:21,478 --> 01:06:23,536 at least not humans in this form. 1279 01:06:23,563 --> 01:06:27,373 We're gonna be sending out A.I.s that are as intelligent 1280 01:06:27,401 --> 01:06:29,559 or intelligent, or more intelligent than us 1281 01:06:29,653 --> 01:06:33,304 that don't have the issues of acceleration, 1282 01:06:33,365 --> 01:06:36,474 that can accelerate at, you know, 10Gs acceleration 1283 01:06:36,535 --> 01:06:38,994 out of the solar system continuous. 1284 01:06:39,154 --> 01:06:41,237 It would be incredibly useful 1285 01:06:41,331 --> 01:06:44,557 to have an intelligent system out there, 1286 01:06:44,584 --> 01:06:46,576 say, at Alpha Centauri, 1287 01:06:46,670 --> 01:06:49,395 since, to send a signal back to Earth, 1288 01:06:49,423 --> 01:06:53,399 and receive an answer, would take an eight-year round trip. 1289 01:06:53,427 --> 01:06:56,736 So why not get the A.I. out there 1290 01:06:56,763 --> 01:06:59,497 to make the decisions and to do some scientific work? 1291 01:06:59,558 --> 01:07:03,243 NARRATOR: A.I.-led missions to Mars-- 1292 01:07:03,270 --> 01:07:05,336 and even Alpha Centauri-- 1293 01:07:05,397 --> 01:07:08,748 could become a reality in the very near future. 1294 01:07:08,775 --> 01:07:13,695 NASA has been actively testing this technology since 1998, 1295 01:07:13,855 --> 01:07:16,272 beginning with Deep Space 1, 1296 01:07:16,366 --> 01:07:18,775 when a probe was sent to the asteroid belt 1297 01:07:18,869 --> 01:07:22,111 located between Mars and Jupiter. 1298 01:07:22,205 --> 01:07:24,539 Using a system called AutoNav, 1299 01:07:24,699 --> 01:07:27,709 the craft took multiple photos of asteroids 1300 01:07:27,869 --> 01:07:31,421 and even navigated its course without human guidance. 1301 01:07:33,717 --> 01:07:37,868 ROFF: When you look at the Mars Rover for instance, 1302 01:07:37,929 --> 01:07:40,463 it's an autonomous land robot that goes around Mars, 1303 01:07:40,557 --> 01:07:42,540 and, you know, it picks up samples, 1304 01:07:42,601 --> 01:07:46,043 beams back information, and so that's an autonomous system 1305 01:07:46,104 --> 01:07:48,212 that we have deployed in space right now. 1306 01:07:48,273 --> 01:07:49,639 And I'd say that as our 1307 01:07:49,733 --> 01:07:52,125 artificial intelligence gets more robust 1308 01:07:52,152 --> 01:07:54,736 and we can deploy it on things like spacecraft, 1309 01:07:54,896 --> 01:07:57,388 there's nothing to preclude having an autonomous spacecraft 1310 01:07:57,449 --> 01:08:01,159 that would act as a ferry to outer space or to Mars. 1311 01:08:04,122 --> 01:08:06,472 CHILDRESS: And when we send these robots out, 1312 01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:09,233 and having programmed them with artificial intelligence, 1313 01:08:09,294 --> 01:08:12,087 we're relinquishing our own control in many ways. 1314 01:08:12,247 --> 01:08:14,255 And these robotic ambassadors of a sort, 1315 01:08:14,415 --> 01:08:16,574 they will have the ability to make their own decisions, 1316 01:08:16,635 --> 01:08:19,177 and to negotiate. 1317 01:08:22,974 --> 01:08:25,007 NARRATOR: But as humans develop smarter 1318 01:08:25,102 --> 01:08:27,343 and more independent robots 1319 01:08:27,437 --> 01:08:29,771 in order to manage the exploration of other planets, 1320 01:08:29,931 --> 01:08:32,590 is it possible that other alien species 1321 01:08:32,651 --> 01:08:36,519 could be doing the exact same thing? 1322 01:08:36,613 --> 01:08:39,689 Could they already be fabricating stronger 1323 01:08:39,783 --> 01:08:41,932 and more resilient space-friendly versions 1324 01:08:41,993 --> 01:08:45,787 of themselves and sending them here to Earth? 1325 01:08:45,947 --> 01:08:48,272 There are many in the scientific community 1326 01:08:48,333 --> 01:08:51,851 for whom the answer is an obvious one. 1327 01:08:51,878 --> 01:08:55,688 If extraterrestrial life exists elsewhere-- which, I mean, 1328 01:08:55,715 --> 01:08:57,799 for me, the probability is probably pretty high-- 1329 01:08:57,959 --> 01:08:59,542 I think they'll have their own forms 1330 01:08:59,636 --> 01:09:01,052 of artificial intelligence. 1331 01:09:03,640 --> 01:09:05,140 JIM GREEN: As we move out into the solar system 1332 01:09:05,300 --> 01:09:08,217 and explore the heliosphere, 1333 01:09:08,311 --> 01:09:11,962 artificial intelligence will have to be accommodated 1334 01:09:12,023 --> 01:09:16,058 to make decisions to allow them to do their jobs. 1335 01:09:16,153 --> 01:09:18,878 That's what we as humans are doing. 1336 01:09:18,905 --> 01:09:21,898 So is that the same process 1337 01:09:21,992 --> 01:09:24,075 other intelligent species would do? 1338 01:09:25,871 --> 01:09:28,237 When you think about it, 1339 01:09:28,331 --> 01:09:30,556 it's gotta be one of the most fundamental things 1340 01:09:30,584 --> 01:09:32,625 that they would do first. 1341 01:09:35,255 --> 01:09:37,730 SCHNEIDER: So many people in the field of astrobiology 1342 01:09:37,757 --> 01:09:42,010 are sympathetic to what we call the post-biological cosmos view. 1343 01:09:42,170 --> 01:09:44,237 And according to this view, 1344 01:09:44,264 --> 01:09:47,907 once humans develop their technology to such a point 1345 01:09:47,934 --> 01:09:50,243 that they're able to turn on radios and communicate 1346 01:09:50,270 --> 01:09:52,762 with other civilizations, 1347 01:09:52,856 --> 01:09:55,765 they will already be so close 1348 01:09:55,859 --> 01:09:57,917 to becoming post-biological. 1349 01:09:57,944 --> 01:10:01,512 NARRATOR: Post-biological? 1350 01:10:01,573 --> 01:10:05,591 In our collective eagerness to conquer space, 1351 01:10:05,619 --> 01:10:09,329 are we humans sowing the seeds of our own destruction? 1352 01:10:10,957 --> 01:10:13,357 Or are we unconsciously 1353 01:10:13,418 --> 01:10:16,102 following some sort of master plan, 1354 01:10:16,129 --> 01:10:18,438 one where flesh and blood 1355 01:10:18,465 --> 01:10:20,197 will eventually fade away 1356 01:10:20,258 --> 01:10:24,368 to be replaced by silicon and synthetics? 1357 01:10:24,429 --> 01:10:27,113 But what about our mind, our memory, 1358 01:10:27,140 --> 01:10:29,057 our consciousness? 1359 01:10:29,217 --> 01:10:30,800 Could they, too, be imported 1360 01:10:30,894 --> 01:10:34,044 into a robot's synthetic brain? 1361 01:10:34,105 --> 01:10:37,232 And even if it's possible for us to exchange 1362 01:10:37,392 --> 01:10:39,550 our mortal shells for sturdier ones, 1363 01:10:39,611 --> 01:10:42,979 will we still be considered human? 1364 01:10:43,073 --> 01:10:46,890 As far as ancient astronaut theorists are concerned, 1365 01:10:46,952 --> 01:10:49,318 the answer is yes. 1366 01:10:49,412 --> 01:10:52,655 And they point to a number of recent experiments 1367 01:10:52,749 --> 01:10:55,750 which suggest that not only will it be possible 1368 01:10:55,910 --> 01:10:58,160 for robots to acquire human consciousness, 1369 01:10:58,255 --> 01:11:02,632 but it will also be possible for them to breed. 1370 01:11:08,431 --> 01:11:10,139 NARRATOR: Ottawa, Canada. 1371 01:11:11,268 --> 01:11:14,510 June 2017. 1372 01:11:14,604 --> 01:11:17,997 The Department of Mechanical Aerospace Engineering 1373 01:11:18,024 --> 01:11:20,775 at Carleton University announces the development 1374 01:11:20,935 --> 01:11:23,444 of technology that will revolutionize 1375 01:11:23,604 --> 01:11:26,522 the future of space travel. 1376 01:11:26,616 --> 01:11:29,767 The engineers hope to create a 3-D printer 1377 01:11:29,828 --> 01:11:32,436 that will one day be capable of building structures 1378 01:11:32,497 --> 01:11:35,698 on the Moon using only lunar minerals. 1379 01:11:35,792 --> 01:11:39,610 But perhaps even more groundbreaking is the fact 1380 01:11:39,671 --> 01:11:44,966 that it will be capable of self-replication. 1381 01:11:45,126 --> 01:11:48,803 As we move out and try to colonize space, 1382 01:11:48,963 --> 01:11:51,306 we've been developing this technology 1383 01:11:51,466 --> 01:11:56,144 where we could actually deliver a 3-D printer to the Moon, 1384 01:11:56,304 --> 01:11:58,462 and it can replicate itself 1385 01:11:58,523 --> 01:12:01,040 using materials it finds on the lunar surface. 1386 01:12:01,067 --> 01:12:03,209 Then those can keep replicating, 1387 01:12:03,236 --> 01:12:05,820 and two becomes four, and four becomes six, and so on. 1388 01:12:05,980 --> 01:12:08,397 So if we have artificial intelligence 1389 01:12:08,491 --> 01:12:10,992 and 3-D printing combined, we have a recipe 1390 01:12:11,152 --> 01:12:14,370 for amazing things. 1391 01:12:16,657 --> 01:12:18,574 NARRATOR: Although there are those 1392 01:12:18,668 --> 01:12:20,910 who remain skeptical that our ability 1393 01:12:21,004 --> 01:12:24,080 to develop fully functional, self-replicating machines 1394 01:12:24,174 --> 01:12:27,491 is still many decades away, one project 1395 01:12:27,552 --> 01:12:31,420 known as RepRap, which has been in development since 2005, 1396 01:12:31,514 --> 01:12:35,183 involves the creation of a low-cost 3-D printer 1397 01:12:35,343 --> 01:12:37,685 designed to make everyday household objects 1398 01:12:37,845 --> 01:12:42,582 and which can even fashion replacement parts for itself. 1399 01:12:42,609 --> 01:12:47,678 3-D printing is an absolutely incredible scientific advance. 1400 01:12:47,739 --> 01:12:50,865 I mean, this is Star Trek's replicator made real. 1401 01:12:51,025 --> 01:12:53,426 The scary thing is when you think 1402 01:12:53,453 --> 01:12:57,521 that these 3-D printers replicate themselves. 1403 01:12:57,582 --> 01:13:00,600 We're dealing, perhaps, with a technology 1404 01:13:00,627 --> 01:13:03,603 that is capable of exceeding its own programming. 1405 01:13:03,630 --> 01:13:06,122 These things design other, 1406 01:13:06,216 --> 01:13:08,716 better, faster, more powerful machines. 1407 01:13:08,876 --> 01:13:10,885 And who knows where it will end. 1408 01:13:11,045 --> 01:13:14,037