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in the Cretaceous dinosaurs rarely die
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old
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predators real killers engineered for
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one purpose attack
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when asaurus rex is a 10,000 pound
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self-propelled anti-tank weapon
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for the first time in 65 million years
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cutting-edge imaging technology lets us
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look deep inside their bodies
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just--how the world's greatest
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carnivores really work
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armed themselves with the most advanced
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weaponry nature
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ever unleashed tools that allow them to
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survive for over one
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North America 115 million years ago
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reptilian creatures have evolved to kill
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emissions like never seen before
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death is everywhere
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sweeping down here
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stocking the quarters
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and sometimes thundering through the
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trees in the form of Tyrannosaurus Rex
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t-rex was the ultimate predator in the
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history of terrestrial animals
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t-rex is one of the largest and
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deadliest animals ever to walk on two
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legs for two million years it rules the
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American West
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powerful and intelligent this predator
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is equipped with the tools to bring down
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mess
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pray
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the head the skull a t-rex is awesomely
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large and each tooth is an armored
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crushing weapon
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Tyrannosaurus Rex meets tyrant lizard
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this apex predator is 40 feet long 18
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feet high and weighs in at seven times
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the jaws of t-rex are infamous five feet
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of sheer terror with 60 teeth some as
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long as 12 inches
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it's scholars constructed of 64 boats a
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design that's like yet strong
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16 times stronger than the jaws of an
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alligator
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the front teeth our dagger shaped with
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serrated edges designed to tear flesh
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the larger side teeth around it perfect
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for crunching bone solidly anchored into
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muscle they can withstand pressure from
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any direction we have a pretty good idea
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of how it killed its prey it seems to
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just walk right up to them taking a bite
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and whatever happens happens
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unlike many dinosaurs they wouldn't just
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take the flesh off the carcass they
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basically eat most of the carcass
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teawrex huge legs and pelvis make up
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half this bruisers total body
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it's tail weighs a full ton the reason
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it has to balance out a thousand pounds
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of head judge
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the head is two-thirds muscle
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able to power jaws capable of clamping
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down with enough force to bite through a
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steel oil
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all that muscle delivers a bite strong
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enough to take down the toughest prey of
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the Cretaceous
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t-rex teeth among the bluntest teeth
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bluntest Lee's sharp of the whole family
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of tryna source those teeth are designed
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to crush to penetrate thick layers of
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armor and muscle in a crushing massive
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hemorrhaging below the muscles and T
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Rex's neck are nearly as powerful as the
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muscles in its legs at two feet thick
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they are strong enough to lift a hip up
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or bring down the most well-armed best
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defended herbivore nature has ever
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produced
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Triceratops the best way to attack
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Triceratops is with a long barreled 75
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millimeter any tango
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Triceratops protects itself with a bony
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shield called a frill
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and can fend off an attacker with a pair
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of poor foot long swords
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you've got a profession the only way to
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deal with this huge curved cantilever
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composit armor
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is a crushing blow with multiple teeth
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but defeating a triceratops takes more
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than just teeth
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it requires power
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Triceratops most dangerous weapons are
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mounted on a skull that can swivel 360
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degrees
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Triceratops I want to keep that horns
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and the frill pointed right at t-rex
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or a t-rex the key to defeating a
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triceratops is those super sized jaws
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behind this killers bite are two sets of
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powerful muscles the first runs from the
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top of the skull down to the bottom of
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the jar
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these muscles give this carnivores bite
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its speed the second set muscles which
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make up almost 50% of the muscles in the
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head wrap around the lower jaw tying it
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to the roof of the mouth
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they give T Rexes bite it's 7,000 pounds
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of force
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twice the chomping power of a great
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white shark
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and there's more
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just like a Python t-rex can dislocate
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it's job
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Granite Kinesis is basically the ability
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to swallow things larger than your own
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head that's because the skull expands as
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it opens up snakes swallowing whole
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chicken eggs make heads it's so you know
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much smaller than the egg and it'll
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swallow that whole egg
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you know there's not a lawyer in this
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world that's too fat that is t-rex good
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swallowing
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tyrannosaurus rex is a carnivorous
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monster that uses sheer forest over
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power well-defended prey it's true
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unlike any other creature that has
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walked away
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Rex is different
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something about Tyrannosaurus and
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Tyrannosaurus Rex itself is different
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than other predatory dinosaurs but for
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such a celebrated killer able to take on
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the toughest creatures of the Cretaceous
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some things just don't add up it's slow
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top speed not much more than 15 miles
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per hour a t-rex couldn't even outrun a
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fit human
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it's also unwieldy requiring a full two
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seconds to make a 45-degree turn if a
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t-rex were to fall over while chasing a
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prey item it might seriously wound
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itself and its hands with only two
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fingers are completely useless for
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gripping prey after its giant size and
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its huge teeth the thing we must notice
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about t-rex Arden's dinky little arms is
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tiny little arms that can't even reach
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its mouth
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the giant t-rex is a baffling creature
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there has to be more to this killer
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how did this giant mouth on legs become
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the dreaded butcher of the Cretaceous
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visit la power it sharp like John
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or something else entirely
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fossils of Tyrannosaurus Rex have been
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unearthed in the US Canada even Asia
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for scientists these discoveries point
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to one conclusion this carnivore has
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little to fear even from the most well
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armed herbivore of the Cretaceous
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Triceratops but to bring down an animal
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this tough takes more than just brawn
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muscle and teeth
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it requires planning and strategy in
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short brains and t-rex delivers its
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cerebrum is one of the largest of the
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prehistoric world
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it has the ability to process
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sophisticated sensory information here
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smell sight all our highly refined
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we can look at the sense of vision and
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see the attributes of a predator
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t-rexes eyes are sixteen inches apart
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giving this killer exceptional binocular
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the ability to proceed
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is essentially just a photon caching
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device Tyrannosaurus would have had
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extremely large retina over which they
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could collect those photons collecting
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more photons gives the brain more visual
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information to interpret more detail
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about its surroundings and something
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else about those eyes is crucial for an
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apex hunter a Tyrannosaurus eyes were
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quite high up and therefore they always
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had a very tall perspective on the world
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to can see great distances for them the
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horizon was very very far away t-rex can
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distinguish fine visual detail as far
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away as four miles that's about six
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times further than we can see
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it's hearing as well is a significant
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advantage for a hunter
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what we see in the inner ear of t-rex is
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a hearing organ that's long and suggest
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that hearing was very important to t-rex
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called the cochlea it's a hollow cone
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shaped tube filled with liquid this tube
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vibrates in response to sound waves
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thousands of tiny hairlike cells detect
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this movement then send electrical
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signals to the brain
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the cochlea in a Tyrannosaurus Rex is
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almost an inch long meaning it can pick
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up a wide range of frequencies who is
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able to actually hear very low-frequency
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sounds and so something even off in the
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distance was going to be within its
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perceptive world it doesn't want to hear
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the peeping and piping of little birds
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around there cuz they're not gonna be
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something it eats but if it hit us
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hearing the infrasound grunts of a
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triceratops that's what it wants to hear
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because that sound is gonna mean that's
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where lunches
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a battle with Triceratops is more often
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than not a death match this herbivore
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hasn't evolved into a Sherman tank for
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now as dramas were specialist I don't
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like to admit this but in that situation
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with Triceratops probably one and
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probably one on a regular basis
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it looks as if this battle will end in
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the draw
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the Barbarian of the Cretaceous walks
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away and beheaded
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because t-rex are warm-blooded they need
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to maintain their body temperature
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this means consuming huge amounts of
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energy over a million calories every
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week that's 1,500 pounds of raw meat
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quite a few kills even for a super
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predator but maybe t-rex scores a meal
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some other maybe Tyrannosaurus Rex has
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the guts to steal a kill from a rival
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carnivore the reality is it's got all
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the tools of a predator and those tools
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of a predator should serve a scavenger
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equally well one of those tools is its
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nose the most sensitive found on any
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carnivorous dinosaur
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I can tell you that that good sense of
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smell was awesome for finding carcasses
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and when it did it ate those cartons
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a dead Triceratops another predators
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killed for Tyrannosaurus Rex scavenging
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comes with substantial risk
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muscling in on someone else's dinner can
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end badly very badly but a t-rex can
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take on almost any other meeting even
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another t-rex and when it's Tyrannosaur
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versus Torrance it's winner take off
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cannibalism in nature doesn't seem to be
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a matter of pleasure it's a matter of
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business t-rex meat is t-rex food as
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well you know it's protein it's
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something that will help that individual
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survive to the next kill
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attacking a t-rex seems like suicide
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but that may only be true if you're
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something other than another
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Tyrannosaurus Rex
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cannibalism is the rule it's not the
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exception if you're carnivore and
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there's meat there you take advantage of
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it
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in fact paleontologists have found ample
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evidence of cannibalism in the bones of
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these giants we find tooth marks on the
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00:14:11,480 --> 00:14:17,028
bones of t-rex and parts of the bones
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00:14:15,078 --> 00:14:19,009
missing on the on the t-rex and clearly
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00:14:17,028 --> 00:14:20,448
they were eaten by another t-rex there's
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00:14:19,009 --> 00:14:26,480
nothing else that could have bitten
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00:14:20,448 --> 00:14:29,419
those bones in half Tyrannosaurus Rex is
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powerful and intelligent but it's slow
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00:14:29,419 --> 00:14:35,588
lumbering and ponderous a predator who
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00:14:32,328 --> 00:14:38,750
at times must even scavenge to survive
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00:14:35,589 --> 00:14:41,329
the age of dinosaurs though is all about
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00:14:38,750 --> 00:14:44,299
adaptation and for one carnivorous
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00:14:41,328 --> 00:14:46,909
killer survival means trading size and
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00:14:44,299 --> 00:14:49,750
muscle for speed agility and razor-sharp
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weaponry
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00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:55,420
it's a creature that proves that in this
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00:14:52,360 --> 00:14:59,289
prehistoric world death can come in any
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00:14:55,419 --> 00:15:01,969
size Deinonychus is a raptor a bird like
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predator covered with feathers
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00:15:01,970 --> 00:15:08,449
it's five feet high ten feet long and
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00:15:04,639 --> 00:15:13,339
weighs 200 pounds tiny by dinosaur
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00:15:08,448 --> 00:15:15,348
standards Deinonychus is a hunter with a
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00:15:13,339 --> 00:15:17,660
toolkit unlike any animal in the world
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00:15:15,349 --> 00:15:21,709
today
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00:15:17,659 --> 00:15:23,509
teeth claws speed it has it all
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00:15:21,708 --> 00:15:25,278
the Nauticus you have an animal that has
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00:15:23,509 --> 00:15:26,990
very nasty sharp teeth and lots of them
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00:15:25,278 --> 00:15:28,250
and if that weren't enough it has
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enormous
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00:15:28,250 --> 00:15:33,528
inner claws on its feet as if it just
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couldn't get enough weaponry Deinonychus
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00:15:33,528 --> 00:15:40,419
is more than just a well-armed carnivore
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it's intelligent
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00:15:42,019 --> 00:15:47,360
this predator can stock a meal plan out
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00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:49,909
an attack then take down prey with
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00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:52,470
deadly precision
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00:15:49,909 --> 00:15:53,499
even one of the largest plant eaters of
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00:15:52,470 --> 00:15:57,139
all time
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sauroposeidon its name means lizard
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earthquake God and it can grow to a neck
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craning 60 feet tall and 50 tons in
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00:16:02,720 --> 00:16:04,749
weight
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00:16:06,169 --> 00:16:13,279
sauroposeidon towers over dynamics in
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00:16:10,460 --> 00:16:17,030
fact it's mammoth-sized is its primary
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defense but like all creatures this
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00:16:17,029 --> 00:16:22,679
giant starts out small
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00:16:20,490 --> 00:16:24,389
for deinonychus sort beside would be a
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00:16:22,679 --> 00:16:26,309
great meal at least the juveniles
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00:16:24,389 --> 00:16:27,059
because there have been lots of them and
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because there would have been
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00:16:27,059 --> 00:16:32,169
effectively defenseless
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00:16:29,350 --> 00:16:37,259
when sauroposeidon reaches full size at
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00:16:32,169 --> 00:16:37,259
around 25 years old nothing can touch it
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00:16:37,730 --> 00:16:43,058
but this Goliath starts out about the
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00:16:40,039 --> 00:16:43,058
size of a house cat
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00:16:43,519 --> 00:16:50,629
when these eggs hatched the young grow
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00:16:45,589 --> 00:16:52,339
fast but not fast enough they won't even
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00:16:50,629 --> 00:16:56,149
reach a ton and wait for at least three
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00:16:52,339 --> 00:16:59,120
years that's three years with the Raptor
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00:16:56,149 --> 00:17:00,919
Deinonychus nipping at its heels there's
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00:16:59,120 --> 00:17:03,528
good evidence that Deinonychus killed
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00:17:00,919 --> 00:17:06,078
animals that weighed ten times as much
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00:17:03,528 --> 00:17:10,490
as it and ten times Deinonychus is
339
00:17:06,078 --> 00:17:12,709
weighed in raw meat is one big meal mega
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00:17:10,490 --> 00:17:14,720
probably fees for a while on let's say a
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00:17:12,709 --> 00:17:17,539
three-year-old sauroposeidon animal the
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00:17:14,720 --> 00:17:19,970
size of a hippo bringing down an animal
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00:17:17,539 --> 00:17:20,509
ten times your size takes more than just
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brains
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00:17:20,509 --> 00:17:26,288
it requires highly advanced senses
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00:17:24,250 --> 00:17:28,690
we can tell that had a good sense of
347
00:17:26,288 --> 00:17:29,798
vision good hearing and a pretty good
348
00:17:28,690 --> 00:17:33,038
sense of smell
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00:17:29,798 --> 00:17:35,619
in fact like few carnivores of its day
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00:17:33,038 --> 00:17:39,480
Deinonychus has a sense of smell so cute
351
00:17:35,619 --> 00:17:39,479
it can track prey in the dead of night
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00:17:41,460 --> 00:17:48,640
inside the snow are two nasal passages
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00:17:45,210 --> 00:17:50,798
like a prehistoric air filter sheep's of
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sensory tissue are folded to maximize
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00:17:50,798 --> 00:17:55,740
surface area
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00:17:53,369 --> 00:17:58,739
this tissue contains millions of
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00:17:55,740 --> 00:18:02,759
chemoreceptors nerves that capture odor
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00:17:58,740 --> 00:18:06,150
molecules the result deinonychus can
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00:18:02,759 --> 00:18:08,250
sniff out prey from miles away sense of
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00:18:06,150 --> 00:18:10,440
smell and deinonychus could alert it to
361
00:18:08,250 --> 00:18:14,430
a heard offend a group of plant eaters
362
00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:18,890
10 15 20 30 miles away and sauroposeidon
363
00:18:14,430 --> 00:18:18,890
like most plant eaters are smelly
364
00:18:19,329 --> 00:18:24,889
unlike a meeting they produce huge
365
00:18:22,130 --> 00:18:27,530
amounts of waste feces that form a trail
366
00:18:24,890 --> 00:18:30,530
marking every one they've been for
367
00:18:27,529 --> 00:18:33,440
deinonychus that odor is a dead giveaway
368
00:18:30,529 --> 00:18:36,910
and this carnivores eyes can clearly see
369
00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:36,910
prey from a great distance
370
00:18:41,869 --> 00:18:46,939
a scan of a deinonychus skull reveals a
371
00:18:44,630 --> 00:18:49,460
brain with an oversized optic nerve the
372
00:18:46,940 --> 00:18:52,130
nerve which transmits visual information
373
00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:54,620
from the eyes the optic nerve is very
374
00:18:52,130 --> 00:18:58,669
large - and the ie
375
00:18:54,619 --> 00:19:00,379
socket is very large it's like having a
376
00:18:58,669 --> 00:19:03,409
broadband connection between the eyes
377
00:19:00,380 --> 00:19:05,778
and the brain this high-speed link means
378
00:19:03,409 --> 00:19:08,450
Deinonychus can react quickly to even
379
00:19:05,778 --> 00:19:10,460
subtle changes in its environment if we
380
00:19:08,450 --> 00:19:12,500
look at the Deinonychus I is probably
381
00:19:10,460 --> 00:19:14,210
going to be about an inch across a lot
382
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:16,759
of space in there for photoreceptors
383
00:19:14,210 --> 00:19:19,880
could see well at night would have just
384
00:19:16,759 --> 00:19:22,190
a superb sense of sight unlike a mammal
385
00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:25,190
Deinonychus has no blood vessels in its
386
00:19:22,190 --> 00:19:28,700
retina what we see as red-eye and flash
387
00:19:25,190 --> 00:19:30,620
photographs this simple design change
388
00:19:28,700 --> 00:19:33,798
creates space for many more rods and
389
00:19:30,619 --> 00:19:37,559
cones more than twice the number of
390
00:19:33,798 --> 00:19:39,869
photoreceptors found in the human retina
391
00:19:37,559 --> 00:19:41,639
and all those additional rods means this
392
00:19:39,869 --> 00:19:43,949
carnivore can see in the dark
393
00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:47,220
it's as if Deinonychus looks at the
394
00:19:43,950 --> 00:19:50,160
world through night-vision goggles this
395
00:19:47,220 --> 00:19:52,380
animal had very sensitive vision being
396
00:19:50,160 --> 00:19:56,720
able to actually discriminate objects
397
00:19:52,380 --> 00:19:56,720
with great clarity and acute vision
398
00:19:59,559 --> 00:20:06,490
these are the characteristics of an apex
399
00:20:02,019 --> 00:20:08,819
hunter a land sure yet highly advanced
400
00:20:06,490 --> 00:20:11,799
senses are just the beginning
401
00:20:08,819 --> 00:20:14,799
Deinonychus is agile and can reach
402
00:20:11,799 --> 00:20:17,139
speeds of 40 miles per hour plus it has
403
00:20:14,799 --> 00:20:17,649
near perfect balance it would have been
404
00:20:17,140 --> 00:20:19,120
Swift
405
00:20:17,650 --> 00:20:22,810
it would been swifter than a human being
406
00:20:19,119 --> 00:20:25,239
certainly but it's real ability would
407
00:20:22,809 --> 00:20:27,669
have been agility it's a sort of animal
408
00:20:25,240 --> 00:20:29,680
that could probably turn on a dime these
409
00:20:27,670 --> 00:20:33,970
Olympic capabilities come down to one
410
00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:36,130
simple anatomical feature its tail at
411
00:20:33,970 --> 00:20:38,740
the length of its body it acts like a
412
00:20:36,130 --> 00:20:40,750
built-in counterbalance by flicking it
413
00:20:38,740 --> 00:20:43,200
from side to side it can make a short
414
00:20:40,750 --> 00:20:45,269
turn at full speed
415
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:47,759
who to look at deinonychus in slow
416
00:20:45,269 --> 00:20:50,490
motion chasing after a prey item it
417
00:20:47,759 --> 00:20:53,460
would look a lot like a big cat today if
418
00:20:50,490 --> 00:20:55,589
the prey item tries to start away it
419
00:20:53,460 --> 00:20:59,039
turns even faster than its wingman gets
420
00:20:55,589 --> 00:21:01,289
tail off to the side and cut it off and
421
00:20:59,039 --> 00:21:02,609
intercept that prey item is trying to
422
00:21:01,289 --> 00:21:05,788
get away
423
00:21:02,609 --> 00:21:08,729
put all this together speed agility a
424
00:21:05,788 --> 00:21:09,879
powerful sense of smell and a young
425
00:21:08,730 --> 00:21:12,480
horrible sight
426
00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:16,049
even an animal 2,000 pounds in weight
427
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:18,009
might just be staring death in the face
428
00:21:16,048 --> 00:21:21,629
particularly if there's more than one
429
00:21:18,009 --> 00:21:21,629
Deinonychus when it's damp
430
00:21:26,460 --> 00:21:31,710
stalking the Cretaceous are predators
431
00:21:28,919 --> 00:21:33,778
like Tyrannosaurus Rex with jaws they
432
00:21:31,710 --> 00:21:35,380
can bite down with nearly 4 tons of
433
00:21:33,778 --> 00:21:38,140
force
434
00:21:35,380 --> 00:21:41,190
and Deinonychus sporting claws that can
435
00:21:38,140 --> 00:21:43,710
slice right through flesh
436
00:21:41,190 --> 00:21:46,519
but the prey these carnivores hood are
437
00:21:43,710 --> 00:21:46,519
armed to the teeth
438
00:21:46,759 --> 00:21:50,960
often in reconstructions of dinosaurs
439
00:21:48,829 --> 00:21:53,178
would just see the meat-eaters attacking
440
00:21:50,960 --> 00:21:54,200
the herbivores and it's easy to miss the
441
00:21:53,179 --> 00:21:57,110
fact that in the real world
442
00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:59,179
herbivores fight back the plant eaters
443
00:21:57,109 --> 00:22:02,259
sore of the site defends itself by
444
00:21:59,179 --> 00:22:02,259
growing two mammoth proportions
445
00:22:02,509 --> 00:22:08,539
this one is a juvenile but it's almost
446
00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:09,808
20 feet tall an animal on the edge of
447
00:22:08,539 --> 00:22:13,638
adolescence
448
00:22:09,808 --> 00:22:13,638
and an animal on the run
449
00:22:16,670 --> 00:22:22,039
on its tail are not just one but two
450
00:22:19,549 --> 00:22:25,460
Raptors Raptors that go by the name
32902
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