All language subtitles for Adam.Ruins.Everything.S01E04.720p.HDTV.x264-W4F

?
>> ? Yeah! ?

>> Fill me in, Cormac.
>> Homicide, male, early 30s.

>> Homicide, male, early 30s.
Shot five times.

>> Cause of death...
lead poisoning.
>> Nice one.

lead poisoning.
>> Nice one.
The entry wound was through

>> Nice one.
The entry wound was through
the victim's right eye socket.

The entry wound was through
the victim's right eye socket.
>> Looks like he never saw it

the victim's right eye socket.
>> Looks like he never saw it
coming.

>> Looks like he never saw it
coming.
>> Okay, Nash, a man's dead.

coming.
>> Okay, Nash, a man's dead.
We picked up a guy loitering

>> Okay, Nash, a man's dead.
We picked up a guy loitering
around the crime scene.

We picked up a guy loitering
around the crime scene.
Looks like a real deviant.

around the crime scene.
Looks like a real deviant.
>> This the guy?

Looks like a real deviant.
>> This the guy?
>> Hi. Did you know the modern

>> This the guy?
>> Hi. Did you know the modern
handcuff was invented in 1812?

>> Hi. Did you know the modern
handcuff was invented in 1812?
>> (groans) You have the right

handcuff was invented in 1812?
>> (groans) You have the right
to remain...

>> (groans) You have the right
to remain...
>> Silent?

to remain...
>> Silent?
Gosh, I wish I could.

>> Silent?
Gosh, I wish I could.
I'm Adam Conover, and this

Gosh, I wish I could.
I'm Adam Conover, and this
is "Adam Ruins Everything".

I'm Adam Conover, and this
is "Adam Ruins Everything".
(siren blaring)

is "Adam Ruins Everything".
(siren blaring)
?

>> I don't envy Cormac being
in the same room with that guy.
>> Is he talking at least?

in the same room with that guy.
>> Is he talking at least?
>> That's the problem.

>> Is he talking at least?
>> That's the problem.
He won't stop.

>> That's the problem.
He won't stop.
>> ...and that's why America

He won't stop.
>> ...and that's why America
should convert to the metric

>> ...and that's why America
should convert to the metric
system.

should convert to the metric
system.
Also, I didn't kill that guy,

system.
Also, I didn't kill that guy,
so...

Also, I didn't kill that guy,
so...
>> Yeah, tell it to the lie

so...
>> Yeah, tell it to the lie
detector, sicko.

>> Yeah, tell it to the lie
detector, sicko.
>> Wait, really?

detector, sicko.
>> Wait, really?
You guys still use these?

>> Wait, really?
You guys still use these?
>> Yeah.

You guys still use these?
>> Yeah.
You got a problem with that?

>> Yeah.
You got a problem with that?
>> Yeah, because they don't

You got a problem with that?
>> Yeah, because they don't
work at all.

>> Yeah, because they don't
work at all.
You didn't know this?

work at all.
You didn't know this?
The polygraph test is 100%

You didn't know this?
The polygraph test is 100%
old-timey pseudo-science.

The polygraph test is 100%
old-timey pseudo-science.
You know, back in the Dark Ages

old-timey pseudo-science.
You know, back in the Dark Ages
they would force criminals to

You know, back in the Dark Ages
they would force criminals to
hold a red-hot iron to see

they would force criminals to
hold a red-hot iron to see
if it burned them.

hold a red-hot iron to see
if it burned them.
If it did, it meant you were

if it burned them.
If it did, it meant you were
lying.

If it did, it meant you were
lying.
>> State your name for the

lying.
>> State your name for the
record.

>> State your name for the
record.
Lying already?

record.
Lying already?
>> (screaming)

Lying already?
>> (screaming)
>> But the modern polygraph

>> (screaming)
>> But the modern polygraph
is just as ridiculous.

>> But the modern polygraph
is just as ridiculous.
Humans are complicated.

is just as ridiculous.
Humans are complicated.
The truth isn't something you

Humans are complicated.
The truth isn't something you
can just detect with a machine.

The truth isn't something you
can just detect with a machine.
>> Oh, yeah?

can just detect with a machine.
>> Oh, yeah?
Then what's it detecting, buddy?

>> Oh, yeah?
Then what's it detecting, buddy?
>> Heartbeat, blood pressure,

Then what's it detecting, buddy?
>> Heartbeat, blood pressure,
breathing, sweats.

>> Heartbeat, blood pressure,
breathing, sweats.
>> Dirty sweaty liars.

breathing, sweats.
>> Dirty sweaty liars.
>> But why would being sweaty

>> Dirty sweaty liars.
>> But why would being sweaty
necessarily mean you're lying?

>> But why would being sweaty
necessarily mean you're lying?
Hell, it could just mean you're

necessarily mean you're lying?
Hell, it could just mean you're
doing CrossFit.

Hell, it could just mean you're
doing CrossFit.
>> 50... 51...

doing CrossFit.
>> 50... 51...
>> You're lying, bro.

>> 50... 51...
>> You're lying, bro.
>> (grunting)

>> You're lying, bro.
>> (grunting)
>> You're lying.

>> (grunting)
>> You're lying.
>> Hey, stop with the cutaways,

>> You're lying.
>> Hey, stop with the cutaways,
punk.

>> Hey, stop with the cutaways,
punk.
>> Truthful people can fail

punk.
>> Truthful people can fail
polygraphs just because they're

>> Truthful people can fail
polygraphs just because they're
sweaty or nervous, and all you

polygraphs just because they're
sweaty or nervous, and all you
have to do to beat the test

sweaty or nervous, and all you
have to do to beat the test
is stay super chill and keep

have to do to beat the test
is stay super chill and keep
your heart rate down.

is stay super chill and keep
your heart rate down.
Criminals do it all the time,

your heart rate down.
Criminals do it all the time,
like Gary Ridgeway,

Criminals do it all the time,
like Gary Ridgeway,
the Green River Killer.

like Gary Ridgeway,
the Green River Killer.
Soviet spy Aldrich Ames,

the Green River Killer.
Soviet spy Aldrich Ames,
and serial killer Charles

Soviet spy Aldrich Ames,
and serial killer Charles
Cullen, also known as

and serial killer Charles
Cullen, also known as
the Angel of Death.

Cullen, also known as
the Angel of Death.
>> They're monsters.

the Angel of Death.
>> They're monsters.
>> Monsters who all beat the

>> They're monsters.
>> Monsters who all beat the
polygraph, just because they

>> Monsters who all beat the
polygraph, just because they
were laid-back dudes with

polygraph, just because they
were laid-back dudes with
chill attitudes.

were laid-back dudes with
chill attitudes.
>> ? Yeah! ?

chill attitudes.
>> ? Yeah! ?
>> The polygraph is so easy

>> ? Yeah! ?
>> The polygraph is so easy
to beat they teach classes on

>> The polygraph is so easy
to beat they teach classes on
how to do it.

to beat they teach classes on
how to do it.
>> Really?

how to do it.
>> Really?
Whatever, jerk.

>> Really?
Whatever, jerk.
All this is just your opinion.

Whatever, jerk.
All this is just your opinion.
>> Hate to break it to you,

All this is just your opinion.
>> Hate to break it to you,
but even the inventor of

>> Hate to break it to you,
but even the inventor of
the polygraph thought it was BS.

but even the inventor of
the polygraph thought it was BS.
>> Hey, slimeball, sit down

the polygraph thought it was BS.
>> Hey, slimeball, sit down
or I'm calling for backup!

>> Hey, slimeball, sit down
or I'm calling for backup!
>> The only backup we'll need

or I'm calling for backup!
>> The only backup we'll need
today is from scholarly sources.

>> The only backup we'll need
today is from scholarly sources.
>> (groans)

today is from scholarly sources.
>> (groans)
>> The polygraph was invented

>> (groans)
>> The polygraph was invented
in 1921 by a medical student

>> The polygraph was invented
in 1921 by a medical student
named John Larson.

in 1921 by a medical student
named John Larson.
>> I will never regret

named John Larson.
>> I will never regret
inventing this.

>> I will never regret
inventing this.
>> He would go on to regret

inventing this.
>> He would go on to regret
inventing it.

>> He would go on to regret
inventing it.
Larson became so horrified by

inventing it.
Larson became so horrified by
law enforcement's unscientific

Larson became so horrified by
law enforcement's unscientific
use of his device he would go on

law enforcement's unscientific
use of his device he would go on
to call the machine a

use of his device he would go on
to call the machine a
"Frankenstein's monster".

to call the machine a
"Frankenstein's monster".
(thunder cracking)

"Frankenstein's monster".
(thunder cracking)
>> Stop it!

(thunder cracking)
>> Stop it!
It's a lie!

>> Stop it!
It's a lie!
It's a lie!

It's a lie!
It's a lie!
>> Damn it.

It's a lie!
>> Damn it.
>> But no one listened,

>> Damn it.
>> But no one listened,
and ever since people have

>> But no one listened,
and ever since people have
insisted that the polygraph

and ever since people have
insisted that the polygraph
can do frankly impossible

insisted that the polygraph
can do frankly impossible
things.

can do frankly impossible
things.
In the late 1960s a polygraph

things.
In the late 1960s a polygraph
expert conducted tests on plants

In the late 1960s a polygraph
expert conducted tests on plants
and concluded...

>> Good gravy, this plant
can feel emotions like pain

can feel emotions like pain
and fear.

and fear.
>> ...instead of the more

>> ...instead of the more
obvious conclusion--

obvious conclusion--
>> Good gravy, this machine is

a piece of garbage that goes off
randomly.

>> Okay, pea brain, if it's
garbage why do so many people
trust it?

garbage why do so many people
trust it?
>> Yeah, I wonder why.

>> They say that she's
cooperating, but when the mom

cooperating, but when the mom
won't take a polygraph to me

won't take a polygraph to me
that raises some red flags.

that raises some red flags.
>> He's lying.

>> He's lying.
>> During your relationship,

>> During your relationship,
have you ever had sexual

have you ever had sexual
intercourse with another woma?

intercourse with another woma?
You said no; the lie detector

You said no; the lie detector
test determined that was a li.

test determined that was a li.
(crowd gasping and reacting)

>> The media has pushed the
"infallibility" of the lie
detector so hard that now

"infallibility" of the lie
detector so hard that now
everyone believes in it,

detector so hard that now
everyone believes in it,
even though it just straight-up

everyone believes in it,
even though it just straight-up
doesn't work, and this thing is

even though it just straight-up
doesn't work, and this thing is
still embedded in our legal

doesn't work, and this thing is
still embedded in our legal
system.

still embedded in our legal
system.
Massachusetts uses it to

system.
Massachusetts uses it to
establish probable cause.

Massachusetts uses it to
establish probable cause.
Florida requires sex offenders

establish probable cause.
Florida requires sex offenders
to take the test.

Florida requires sex offenders
to take the test.
Combined, government agencies

to take the test.
Combined, government agencies
test over 70,000 people a year

Combined, government agencies
test over 70,000 people a year
with this century-old piece

test over 70,000 people a year
with this century-old piece
of pseudo-science.

with this century-old piece
of pseudo-science.
>> Listen, Conover, you want

of pseudo-science.
>> Listen, Conover, you want
to know the truth?

>> Listen, Conover, you want
to know the truth?
We know it doesn't work.

to know the truth?
We know it doesn't work.
We just use it to trick gullible

We know it doesn't work.
We just use it to trick gullible
criminals who think it works

We just use it to trick gullible
criminals who think it works
into giving confessions.

criminals who think it works
into giving confessions.
Are you happy now?

into giving confessions.
Are you happy now?
>> Yeah, I am, 'cause now

Are you happy now?
>> Yeah, I am, 'cause now
everyone knows that, so you

>> Yeah, I am, 'cause now
everyone knows that, so you
can't trick 'em anymore.

everyone knows that, so you
can't trick 'em anymore.
>> Listen, (bleep) bird!

can't trick 'em anymore.
>> Listen, (bleep) bird!
>> This just in--

>> Listen, (bleep) bird!
>> This just in--
an eyewitness spotted this bozo

>> This just in--
an eyewitness spotted this bozo
at the crime scene.

an eyewitness spotted this bozo
at the crime scene.
Son, you better put on your

at the crime scene.
Son, you better put on your
reading glasses...

Son, you better put on your
reading glasses...
'cause we're throwing the book

reading glasses...
'cause we're throwing the book
at you.

'cause we're throwing the book
at you.
>> Ooh, good twist.

at you.
>> Ooh, good twist.
Too bad eyewitness testimony

>> Ooh, good twist.
Too bad eyewitness testimony
is completely unreliable.

Too bad eyewitness testimony
is completely unreliable.
>> (groaning)

>> When it comes to the truth,
our memories can't be trusted.

our memories can't be trusted.
>> That's insane!

>> Can I get you folks
something?
>> Yeah, pour me a glass of

something?
>> Yeah, pour me a glass of
the truth.

>> Yeah, pour me a glass of
the truth.
Detective Nash,

the truth.
Detective Nash,
Detective Cormac, LAPD

Detective Nash,
Detective Cormac, LAPD
Special Murder Unit.

Detective Cormac, LAPD
Special Murder Unit.
>> Mind if we ask you some

Special Murder Unit.
>> Mind if we ask you some
questions?

>> Mind if we ask you some
questions?
>> Not as long as I can keep

questions?
>> Not as long as I can keep
doing visually interesting

>> Not as long as I can keep
doing visually interesting
tasks.

doing visually interesting
tasks.
>> Yeah, go ahead.

tasks.
>> Yeah, go ahead.
What did you see in the alley

>> Yeah, go ahead.
What did you see in the alley
last night?

What did you see in the alley
last night?
>> Well, I remember crystal

last night?
>> Well, I remember crystal
clear: there was a stylish dude

>> Well, I remember crystal
clear: there was a stylish dude
with a tall haircut, shot a man

clear: there was a stylish dude
with a tall haircut, shot a man
broad daylight.

with a tall haircut, shot a man
broad daylight.
It was wild.

broad daylight.
It was wild.
>> This the guy?

>> Oh, yeah, that's him,
all right, and this is you.
>> Good enough for me.

all right, and this is you.
>> Good enough for me.
>> Yeah, me too.

>> Good enough for me.
>> Yeah, me too.
>> Well, it shouldn't be.

>> Yeah, me too.
>> Well, it shouldn't be.
We think of our memories as

>> Well, it shouldn't be.
We think of our memories as
perfect recordings, but the fact

We think of our memories as
perfect recordings, but the fact
is even your most cherished

perfect recordings, but the fact
is even your most cherished
childhood recollections are

is even your most cherished
childhood recollections are
just garbled stories your brain

childhood recollections are
just garbled stories your brain
is telling itself.

>> I find that hard to believe.
>> Oh, allow me to demonstrate.
Detective Nash, what's your most

>> Oh, allow me to demonstrate.
Detective Nash, what's your most
cherished childhood memory.

Detective Nash, what's your most
cherished childhood memory.
>> Oh, I remember it like it was

cherished childhood memory.
>> Oh, I remember it like it was
yesterday: the school play.

>> Oh, I remember it like it was
yesterday: the school play.
It was called "The Spooky

yesterday: the school play.
It was called "The Spooky
Halloween".

It was called "The Spooky
Halloween".
I was playing Officer Ghostly.

Halloween".
I was playing Officer Ghostly.
(chuckles) The theater was

I was playing Officer Ghostly.
(chuckles) The theater was
packed.

(chuckles) The theater was
packed.
I was nervous but I hit the

packed.
I was nervous but I hit the
stage and delivered my line.

I was nervous but I hit the
stage and delivered my line.
"Looks like someone committed

stage and delivered my line.
"Looks like someone committed
a boo-glary."

"Looks like someone committed
a boo-glary."
(laughter and applause)

a boo-glary."
(laughter and applause)
I was a hit.

(laughter and applause)
I was a hit.
I knew then that I wanted to

I was a hit.
I knew then that I wanted to
solve crimes and tell crime-

I knew then that I wanted to
solve crimes and tell crime-
related puns for the rest of

solve crimes and tell crime-
related puns for the rest of
my life.

related puns for the rest of
my life.
And then in the doorway

my life.
And then in the doorway
I saw my estranged father.

And then in the doorway
I saw my estranged father.
He had finally come to watch me

I saw my estranged father.
He had finally come to watch me
perform.

Dad never understood my love
of wordplay...
until that moment.

of wordplay...
until that moment.
>> Very touching.

until that moment.
>> Very touching.
Too bad it's not remotely

>> Very touching.
Too bad it's not remotely
what happened.

Too bad it's not remotely
what happened.
>> What?

what happened.
>> What?
>> First of all, you weren't

>> What?
>> First of all, you weren't
wearing sunglasses.

>> First of all, you weren't
wearing sunglasses.
You were dressed like

wearing sunglasses.
You were dressed like
a regular kid.

You were dressed like
a regular kid.
And your actual line was:

a regular kid.
And your actual line was:
>> Look, a ghost!

>> But why do I remember it
that way?
>> Well, every time you told

that way?
>> Well, every time you told
the story you added a detail

>> Well, every time you told
the story you added a detail
and subconsciously tailored your

the story you added a detail
and subconsciously tailored your
memory to fit your audience,

and subconsciously tailored your
memory to fit your audience,
whether you were trying to

memory to fit your audience,
whether you were trying to
impress them...

whether you were trying to
impress them...
>> No one had ever heard a kid

impress them...
>> No one had ever heard a kid
be so funny... or spooky.

>> No one had ever heard a kid
be so funny... or spooky.
>> ...make them laugh...

be so funny... or spooky.
>> ...make them laugh...
>> "Boo-glary."

>> ...make them laugh...
>> "Boo-glary."
(laughter)

>> "Boo-glary."
(laughter)
Hey, you might say it was

(laughter)
Hey, you might say it was
a polterg-heist.

Hey, you might say it was
a polterg-heist.
(laughter)

a polterg-heist.
(laughter)
>> Cheers.

(laughter)
>> Cheers.
>> ...or just because they

>> Cheers.
>> ...or just because they
ask you to as part of their

>> ...or just because they
ask you to as part of their
basic cable show.

ask you to as part of their
basic cable show.
>> I remember it like it was

basic cable show.
>> I remember it like it was
yesterday: the school play.

>> I remember it like it was
yesterday: the school play.
(pop)

yesterday: the school play.
(pop)
>> And over time, the memory

(pop)
>> And over time, the memory
itself changed not because you

>> And over time, the memory
itself changed not because you
were lying but because that's

itself changed not because you
were lying but because that's
just what brains do.

were lying but because that's
just what brains do.
They add details to fill in

just what brains do.
They add details to fill in
the gaps.

They add details to fill in
the gaps.
>> But my mean dad arriving at

the gaps.
>> But my mean dad arriving at
the last minute.

>> But my mean dad arriving at
the last minute.
>> Oh, you're just remembering

the last minute.
>> Oh, you're just remembering
the end of the movie

>> Oh, you're just remembering
the end of the movie
"Billy Elliot": your dad was

the end of the movie
"Billy Elliot": your dad was
there, he recorded that.

"Billy Elliot": your dad was
there, he recorded that.
He was actually very supportive.

there, he recorded that.
He was actually very supportive.
>> Oh, my personal narrative!

He was actually very supportive.
>> Oh, my personal narrative!
>> What do you think you are,

>> Oh, my personal narrative!
>> What do you think you are,
a psychologist?

>> What do you think you are,
a psychologist?
>> No, but I am and he is right.

a psychologist?
>> No, but I am and he is right.
>> Oh, guys, this is Elizabeth

>> No, but I am and he is right.
>> Oh, guys, this is Elizabeth
Loftus; she's a professor at

UC Irvine and a pioneering
researcher in the field of

researcher in the field of
false memories.

Oh, Elizabeth, tell them how
easy it is to influence memory.
It is so cool.

easy it is to influence memory.
It is so cool.
>> Sure, Adam.

It is so cool.
>> Sure, Adam.
I conducted a study where we

>> Sure, Adam.
I conducted a study where we
showed people simulated car

I conducted a study where we
showed people simulated car
accidents, and even though these

showed people simulated car
accidents, and even though these
were minor accidents we could

accidents, and even though these
were minor accidents we could
ask leading questions and get

were minor accidents we could
ask leading questions and get
people to remember that the cars

ask leading questions and get
people to remember that the cars
were going faster and to

people to remember that the cars
were going faster and to
"remember" that they saw

were going faster and to
"remember" that they saw
broken glass at the scene,

"remember" that they saw
broken glass at the scene,
even though there wasn't any

broken glass at the scene,
even though there wasn't any
broken glass at all.

even though there wasn't any
broken glass at all.
And we really need to keep

broken glass at all.
And we really need to keep
in mind that when people recall

And we really need to keep
in mind that when people recall
something, they can have a lot

in mind that when people recall
something, they can have a lot
of detail, a lot of confidence,

something, they can have a lot
of detail, a lot of confidence,
a lot of emotion when they tell

of detail, a lot of confidence,
a lot of emotion when they tell
you a story, even though

a lot of emotion when they tell
you a story, even though
it never happened.

you a story, even though
it never happened.
>> That's insane!

it never happened.
>> That's insane!
How could our brains get it

>> That's insane!
How could our brains get it
wrong so quickly?

How could our brains get it
wrong so quickly?
>> It's because our memories

wrong so quickly?
>> It's because our memories
just don't work like the cameras

>> It's because our memories
just don't work like the cameras
recording this TV show.

just don't work like the cameras
recording this TV show.
>> That's right; they work more

recording this TV show.
>> That's right; they work more
like a Wikipedia page, which

>> That's right; they work more
like a Wikipedia page, which
means you can go in there and

like a Wikipedia page, which
means you can go in there and
edit it but so can other people,

means you can go in there and
edit it but so can other people,
and this has real consequences

edit it but so can other people,
and this has real consequences
for law enforcement because

and this has real consequences
for law enforcement because
sometimes police maybe

for law enforcement because
sometimes police maybe
inadvertently will ask leading

sometimes police maybe
inadvertently will ask leading
or suggestive questions

inadvertently will ask leading
or suggestive questions
and they can contaminate

or suggestive questions
and they can contaminate
the memories of the witnesses

and they can contaminate
the memories of the witnesses
they're interviewing.

the memories of the witnesses
they're interviewing.
>> Here, I'll show you.

>> Ma'am?
You have to pay.
>> I did already, remember?

You have to pay.
>> I did already, remember?
>> Oh, yeah.

Wait a second!
>> Line up, please.
(door lock buzzing)

>> Line up, please.
(door lock buzzing)
>> Even when they don't do it

(door lock buzzing)
>> Even when they don't do it
intentionally cops unconsciously

>> Even when they don't do it
intentionally cops unconsciously
bias and alter the memories

intentionally cops unconsciously
bias and alter the memories
of witnesses all the time.

bias and alter the memories
of witnesses all the time.
>> Which one of these guys

of witnesses all the time.
>> Which one of these guys
stole your purse?

>> Which one of these guys
stole your purse?
>> I think it was...

stole your purse?
>> I think it was...
>> (scoffs) Oh.

>> I think it was...
>> (scoffs) Oh.
Oh!

>> (scoffs) Oh.
Oh!
>> Him, the guy with

Oh!
>> Him, the guy with
the eye patch.

>> Him, the guy with
the eye patch.
>> You sure?

the eye patch.
>> You sure?
>> Yes, I remember him.

>> You sure?
>> Yes, I remember him.
>> No, that's not a criminal,

>> Yes, I remember him.
>> No, that's not a criminal,
that's just my friend Larry.

>> No, that's not a criminal,
that's just my friend Larry.
He just looks scary 'cause of

that's just my friend Larry.
He just looks scary 'cause of
his scratched cornea.

He just looks scary 'cause of
his scratched cornea.
Hey, Larry, how's your eye?

his scratched cornea.
Hey, Larry, how's your eye?
>> It's not great, man.

Hey, Larry, how's your eye?
>> It's not great, man.
The doctor told me to come back

>> It's not great, man.
The doctor told me to come back
in two weeks and I don't have

The doctor told me to come back
in two weeks and I don't have
enough drugs.

in two weeks and I don't have
enough drugs.
I don't have an HMO.

enough drugs.
I don't have an HMO.
You know, it's very--

I don't have an HMO.
You know, it's very--
>> God, this guy could talk!

You know, it's very--
>> God, this guy could talk!
>> But eyewitness testimony is

>> God, this guy could talk!
>> But eyewitness testimony is
the foundation of police work.

>> But eyewitness testimony is
the foundation of police work.
>> Yeah, that's why it sucks

the foundation of police work.
>> Yeah, that's why it sucks
that when it comes to the truth,

>> Yeah, that's why it sucks
that when it comes to the truth,
our memories simply can't be

that when it comes to the truth,
our memories simply can't be
trusted.

our memories simply can't be
trusted.
>> (grunting)

trusted.
>> (grunting)
(cell phone ringtone)

>> (grunting)
(cell phone ringtone)
>> It's the forensics lab.

(cell phone ringtone)
>> It's the forensics lab.
Looks like they found Conover's

>> It's the forensics lab.
Looks like they found Conover's
fingerprints at the scene.

Looks like they found Conover's
fingerprints at the scene.
>> And no two fingerprints

fingerprints at the scene.
>> And no two fingerprints
are alike.

>> And no two fingerprints
are alike.
Why don't you grab your crown

are alike.
Why don't you grab your crown
'cause it looks like we got you,

Why don't you grab your crown
'cause it looks like we got you,
"Prints" Charming?

'cause it looks like we got you,
"Prints" Charming?
What, I can't do one?

"Prints" Charming?
What, I can't do one?
>> Actually, that's never been

What, I can't do one?
>> Actually, that's never been
proven; the fingerprints thing's

>> Actually, that's never been
proven; the fingerprints thing's
not a real fact. (chuckling)

proven; the fingerprints thing's
not a real fact. (chuckling)
>> I'm gonna kill you.

not a real fact. (chuckling)
>> I'm gonna kill you.
I'm gonna kill you!

>> Work your magic, Macy.
>> Just have to enhance...
(beeping)

>> Just have to enhance...
(beeping)
...and enhance...

(beeping)
...and enhance...
(beeping)

...and enhance...
(beeping)
Enhance... ooh!

(beeping)
Enhance... ooh!
Too enhanced.

Enhance... ooh!
Too enhanced.
Dehance.

Too enhanced.
Dehance.
(beeping)

The print matches.
It couldn't possibly be

anyone else.
>> First of all...
>> (all gasping)

>> First of all...
>> (all gasping)
>> ..."enhance" isn't a thing.

>> (all gasping)
>> ..."enhance" isn't a thing.
Digital photos have a limited

>> ..."enhance" isn't a thing.
Digital photos have a limited
resolution; you can't just yell

Digital photos have a limited
resolution; you can't just yell
at a computer to get more

resolution; you can't just yell
at a computer to get more
detail, and secondly there is

at a computer to get more
detail, and secondly there is
no scientific proof that

detail, and secondly there is
no scientific proof that
fingerprints are unique.

no scientific proof that
fingerprints are unique.
>> Enough, Conover!

fingerprints are unique.
>> Enough, Conover!
Everyone knows no two

>> Enough, Conover!
Everyone knows no two
fingerprints are alike.

Everyone knows no two
fingerprints are alike.
Like snowflakes.

fingerprints are alike.
Like snowflakes.
>> Oh! Funny you should say

Like snowflakes.
>> Oh! Funny you should say
that.

>> Oh! Funny you should say
that.
In the 1980s a researcher

that.
In the 1980s a researcher
actually found two snowflakes

In the 1980s a researcher
actually found two snowflakes
that had precisely the same

actually found two snowflakes
that had precisely the same
pattern--

that had precisely the same
pattern--
>> Hey, Dingledork, let's keep

pattern--
>> Hey, Dingledork, let's keep
it to fingerprints, okay?

>> Hey, Dingledork, let's keep
it to fingerprints, okay?
>> Of course, save that for

it to fingerprints, okay?
>> Of course, save that for
the Christmas episode.

>> Of course, save that for
the Christmas episode.
The "no two fingerprints are

the Christmas episode.
The "no two fingerprints are
alike" clich� isn't science.

The "no two fingerprints are
alike" clich� isn't science.
It's just something one guy said

alike" clich� isn't science.
It's just something one guy said
in 1892.

It's just something one guy said
in 1892.
>> My name is Sir Francis

in 1892.
>> My name is Sir Francis
Galton; I postulate the chances

>> My name is Sir Francis
Galton; I postulate the chances
of two specific individuals

Galton; I postulate the chances
of two specific individuals
having the same fingerprint

of two specific individuals
having the same fingerprint
is very teeny-tiny.

having the same fingerprint
is very teeny-tiny.
>> Well, he sounds very

is very teeny-tiny.
>> Well, he sounds very
respectable.

>> Well, he sounds very
respectable.
>> I also invented eugenics.

respectable.
>> I also invented eugenics.
>> Oh, God, get him out of here!

>> I also invented eugenics.
>> Oh, God, get him out of here!
>> Today Galton's hunch is

>> Oh, God, get him out of here!
>> Today Galton's hunch is
common wisdom, and everyone

>> Today Galton's hunch is
common wisdom, and everyone
assumes that fingerprint

common wisdom, and everyone
assumes that fingerprint
evidence is infallible,

assumes that fingerprint
evidence is infallible,
but it's not.

evidence is infallible,
but it's not.
Take the case of Brandon

but it's not.
Take the case of Brandon
Mayfield: he was arrested for

Take the case of Brandon
Mayfield: he was arrested for
the Madrid train bombings after

Mayfield: he was arrested for
the Madrid train bombings after
the world's top fingerprint

the Madrid train bombings after
the world's top fingerprint
experts swore that he was a

the world's top fingerprint
experts swore that he was a
perfect match for a print found

experts swore that he was a
perfect match for a print found
at the scene.

perfect match for a print found
at the scene.
>> But it wasn't me.

at the scene.
>> But it wasn't me.
I'm an attorney from Oregon.

>> But it wasn't me.
I'm an attorney from Oregon.
I've never even been to Spain.

I'm an attorney from Oregon.
I've never even been to Spain.
>> Oh, you should go,

I've never even been to Spain.
>> Oh, you should go,
it's lovely.

>> Oh, you should go,
it's lovely.
>> But because they believed

it's lovely.
>> But because they believed
that fingerprints told no lies,

>> But because they believed
that fingerprints told no lies,
the FBI arrested Mayfield

that fingerprints told no lies,
the FBI arrested Mayfield
and held him for weeks.

the FBI arrested Mayfield
and held him for weeks.
>> By the way, I'm not the real

and held him for weeks.
>> By the way, I'm not the real
Brandon.

>> By the way, I'm not the real
Brandon.
I'm an actor.

Brandon.
I'm an actor.
Hey! Let me out of here--

I'm an actor.
Hey! Let me out of here--
>> And even after making this

Hey! Let me out of here--
>> And even after making this
mistake, federal agents still

>> And even after making this
mistake, federal agents still
maintained that fingerprint

mistake, federal agents still
maintained that fingerprint
evidence was "infallible."

maintained that fingerprint
evidence was "infallible."
>> Of course they're infallible.

evidence was "infallible."
>> Of course they're infallible.
We have all these fancy

>> Of course they're infallible.
We have all these fancy
computers.

We have all these fancy
computers.
>> Sure, on TV you do.

computers.
>> Sure, on TV you do.
But in real life, it looks more

>> Sure, on TV you do.
But in real life, it looks more
like this.

But in real life, it looks more
like this.
Here's how a real fingerprint

like this.
Here's how a real fingerprint
analyst works.

Here's how a real fingerprint
analyst works.
>> Wait a minute, those

analyst works.
>> Wait a minute, those
fingerprints look all smudgy.

>> Wait a minute, those
fingerprints look all smudgy.
Man, is she just eyeballing it?

fingerprints look all smudgy.
Man, is she just eyeballing it?
That's insane!

Man, is she just eyeballing it?
That's insane!
>> Yeah, fingerprints pulled

That's insane!
>> Yeah, fingerprints pulled
from crime scenes tend to be

>> Yeah, fingerprints pulled
from crime scenes tend to be
incomplete.

from crime scenes tend to be
incomplete.
And the final stage of matching

incomplete.
And the final stage of matching
isn't done by computers, it's

And the final stage of matching
isn't done by computers, it's
done by humans.

isn't done by computers, it's
done by humans.
That means there's a huge

done by humans.
That means there's a huge
potential for error and bias.

That means there's a huge
potential for error and bias.
It's been shown that analysts

potential for error and bias.
It's been shown that analysts
can unconsciously change their

It's been shown that analysts
can unconsciously change their
evaluations depending on the

can unconsciously change their
evaluations depending on the
details of a case.

evaluations depending on the
details of a case.
Watch this.

details of a case.
Watch this.
Do these fingerprints match

Watch this.
Do these fingerprints match
the robber's?

Do these fingerprints match
the robber's?
>> No, not a match.

the robber's?
>> No, not a match.
>> And do these fingerprints

>> No, not a match.
>> And do these fingerprints
match the cat murderer's?

>> And do these fingerprints
match the cat murderer's?
>> Yes! It's a perfect match!

match the cat murderer's?
>> Yes! It's a perfect match!
Catch that fiend!

>> Yes! It's a perfect match!
Catch that fiend!
>> Wait, I thought fingerprint

Catch that fiend!
>> Wait, I thought fingerprint
matching was scientifically

>> Wait, I thought fingerprint
matching was scientifically
proven.

matching was scientifically
proven.
>> Actually, Detective,

proven.
>> Actually, Detective,
it's not.

>> Let me guess, another punk
expert?

expert?
>> Yep! This is Simon Cole,

>> Yep! This is Simon Cole,
a criminologist at UC Irvine

who studies fingerprint
analysis.
>> You know, fingerprint

analysis.
>> You know, fingerprint
evidence has been used in court

>> You know, fingerprint
evidence has been used in court
for over a century now, and

evidence has been used in court
for over a century now, and
until recently, almost no

for over a century now, and
until recently, almost no
research was done into how

until recently, almost no
research was done into how
reliable it is.

research was done into how
reliable it is.
>> Really?

reliable it is.
>> Really?
Are you (bleep)ing with me?

>> Really?
Are you (bleep)ing with me?
Is this guy (bleep)ing with me?

Are you (bleep)ing with me?
Is this guy (bleep)ing with me?
>> Unfortunately not.

Is this guy (bleep)ing with me?
>> Unfortunately not.
And the Supreme Court ruled in

>> Unfortunately not.
And the Supreme Court ruled in
the Daubert decision that

And the Supreme Court ruled in
the Daubert decision that
scientific evidence used in

the Daubert decision that
scientific evidence used in
court has to be reliable.

scientific evidence used in
court has to be reliable.
According to that decision,

court has to be reliable.
According to that decision,
unless fingerprint evidence is

According to that decision,
unless fingerprint evidence is
offered with a substantial

unless fingerprint evidence is
offered with a substantial
proviso, it shouldn't even be

offered with a substantial
proviso, it shouldn't even be
allowed in court.

proviso, it shouldn't even be
allowed in court.
>> (sighs) You are the worst

allowed in court.
>> (sighs) You are the worst
criminal we've ever had on this

>> (sighs) You are the worst
criminal we've ever had on this
show.

criminal we've ever had on this
show.
>> Exactly!

show.
>> Exactly!
Cop shows like yours present

>> Exactly!
Cop shows like yours present
forensic science as infallible,

Cop shows like yours present
forensic science as infallible,
but in reality, a lot of it

forensic science as infallible,
but in reality, a lot of it
isn't scientific at all.

but in reality, a lot of it
isn't scientific at all.
The FBI recently admitted that

isn't scientific at all.
The FBI recently admitted that
when conducting hair strand

The FBI recently admitted that
when conducting hair strand
matches, their "experts" gave

when conducting hair strand
matches, their "experts" gave
flawed testimony in 90% of the

matches, their "experts" gave
flawed testimony in 90% of the
cases they reviewed.

flawed testimony in 90% of the
cases they reviewed.
And in death penalty cases, the

cases they reviewed.
And in death penalty cases, the
number was 94%, including one

And in death penalty cases, the
number was 94%, including one
time that a hair strand matched

number was 94%, including one
time that a hair strand matched
to a human turned out to be

time that a hair strand matched
to a human turned out to be
dog hair.

to a human turned out to be
dog hair.
(dramatic music)

dog hair.
(dramatic music)
Bite mark analysis is notorious

(dramatic music)
Bite mark analysis is notorious
nonsense, promulgated by a

Bite mark analysis is notorious
nonsense, promulgated by a
small, ungoverned group of

nonsense, promulgated by a
small, ungoverned group of
dentists.

small, ungoverned group of
dentists.
Two men were once sent to death

dentists.
Two men were once sent to death
row because of bite marks that

Two men were once sent to death
row because of bite marks that
were likely made by crawfish.

row because of bite marks that
were likely made by crawfish.
(dramatic music)

were likely made by crawfish.
(dramatic music)
And, you've heard how fire

(dramatic music)
And, you've heard how fire
investigators "detect" arson by

And, you've heard how fire
investigators "detect" arson by
searching for "pouring

investigators "detect" arson by
searching for "pouring
patterns."

searching for "pouring
patterns."
>> These pouring patterns

patterns."
>> These pouring patterns
suggest gasoline.

>> These pouring patterns
suggest gasoline.
>> Scientists have since shown

suggest gasoline.
>> Scientists have since shown
that those patterns happen in

>> Scientists have since shown
that those patterns happen in
any fire that has a flashover

that those patterns happen in
any fire that has a flashover
event.

any fire that has a flashover
event.
Eyeballing crime scenes just

event.
Eyeballing crime scenes just
isn't scientific.

Eyeballing crime scenes just
isn't scientific.
>> Huh... this one looks like

isn't scientific.
>> Huh... this one looks like
a bunny!

>> Huh... this one looks like
a bunny!
(squealing, smacking lips)

a bunny!
(squealing, smacking lips)
(dramatic music)

(squealing, smacking lips)
(dramatic music)
>> This city is full of animals.

(dramatic music)
>> This city is full of animals.
>> Listen, "grundel chum," what

>> This city is full of animals.
>> Listen, "grundel chum," what
are we supposed to do?

>> Listen, "grundel chum," what
are we supposed to do?
We're trying to get criminals

are we supposed to do?
We're trying to get criminals
off the streets here.

We're trying to get criminals
off the streets here.
>> Yeah, that's exactly the

off the streets here.
>> Yeah, that's exactly the
problem.

>> Yeah, that's exactly the
problem.
These techniques are great at

problem.
These techniques are great at
locking people up, but they're

These techniques are great at
locking people up, but they're
terrible at figuring out what

locking people up, but they're
terrible at figuring out what
actually happened.

terrible at figuring out what
actually happened.
And that means they often get

actually happened.
And that means they often get
the wrong person sent to prison,

And that means they often get
the wrong person sent to prison,
or even executed.

the wrong person sent to prison,
or even executed.
Bad forensic sciences ruin lives

or even executed.
Bad forensic sciences ruin lives
and kill people.

Bad forensic sciences ruin lives
and kill people.
>> Damn it!

and kill people.
>> Damn it!
You're right, again!

>> Damn it!
You're right, again!
Again!

You're right, again!
Again!
>> Wow, you must really hate

Again!
>> Wow, you must really hate
coffee.

>> Wow, you must really hate
coffee.
>> I love it.

coffee.
>> I love it.
I'm messed up, man.

>> Face it, Cormac.
All of our CSI techniques are
nonsense.

All of our CSI techniques are
nonsense.
And, we have no evidence against

nonsense.
And, we have no evidence against
this guy, and the real murderer

And, we have no evidence against
this guy, and the real murderer
is still out there.

this guy, and the real murderer
is still out there.
(sniffs)

is still out there.
(sniffs)
Guess you don't have to pay for

(sniffs)
Guess you don't have to pay for
takeout, Adam.

Guess you don't have to pay for
takeout, Adam.
Because you're free to go.

takeout, Adam.
Because you're free to go.
>> Finally. (chuckles)

Because you're free to go.
>> Finally. (chuckles)
Well, off to rewrite the plaques

>> Finally. (chuckles)
Well, off to rewrite the plaques
at the Natural History Museum.

Well, off to rewrite the plaques
at the Natural History Museum.
>> Unless... you could tell us

at the Natural History Museum.
>> Unless... you could tell us
about a forensic science that

>> Unless... you could tell us
about a forensic science that
does work.

about a forensic science that
does work.
>> (sighs)

does work.
>> (sighs)
Of course I can.

>> (sighs)
Of course I can.
>> Nailed him.

>> News 8 is live at the crime
scene, where accused murderer

scene, where accused murderer
and irritating know-it-all

and irritating know-it-all
Adam Conover delivers a

Adam Conover delivers a
statement.

Let's all do our best to listen
to the whole thing.
>> Over the course of this

to the whole thing.
>> Over the course of this
episode, I have made a

>> Over the course of this
episode, I have made a
compelling case against flawed

episode, I have made a
compelling case against flawed
forensic science.

compelling case against flawed
forensic science.
But, what do I know?

forensic science.
But, what do I know?
I am just a simple, southern

But, what do I know?
I am just a simple, southern
lawyer. (chuckles)

I am just a simple, southern
lawyer. (chuckles)
>> Objection. You are clearly

lawyer. (chuckles)
>> Objection. You are clearly
from Long Island.

>> Objection. You are clearly
from Long Island.
>> And, we're not in court.

from Long Island.
>> And, we're not in court.
And, you're not a lawyer.

>> And, we're not in court.
And, you're not a lawyer.
>> Ah, no, but I know someone

And, you're not a lawyer.
>> Ah, no, but I know someone
who is.

>> Ah, no, but I know someone
who is.
Please welcome my legal counsel,

who is.
Please welcome my legal counsel,
Chris Fabricant.

Please welcome my legal counsel,
Chris Fabricant.
Chris is a lawyer with the

Chris Fabricant.
Chris is a lawyer with the
Innocence Project, an

organization that works to free
the wrongfully convicted.

the wrongfully convicted.
>> Detective, there is a method

>> Detective, there is a method
of forensic investigation that

of forensic investigation that
is scientific.

>> And, it's this-- (sneezes)
Oh.
It's DNA.

Oh.
It's DNA.
Get it?

It's DNA.
Get it?
>> The Innocence Project has

Get it?
>> The Innocence Project has
used DNA evidence to free 330

>> The Innocence Project has
used DNA evidence to free 330
wrongfully convicted people.

used DNA evidence to free 330
wrongfully convicted people.
And about half of those people

wrongfully convicted people.
And about half of those people
were put there by old, outdated

And about half of those people
were put there by old, outdated
forensic techniques.

were put there by old, outdated
forensic techniques.
>> Well, isn't DNA evidence just

forensic techniques.
>> Well, isn't DNA evidence just
more forensic science?

>> Well, isn't DNA evidence just
more forensic science?
>> It is, and it isn't

more forensic science?
>> It is, and it isn't
infallible, but DNA evidence

>> It is, and it isn't
infallible, but DNA evidence
was actually developed in a

infallible, but DNA evidence
was actually developed in a
laboratory by scientists, rather

was actually developed in a
laboratory by scientists, rather
than police officers in lab

laboratory by scientists, rather
than police officers in lab
coats pretending to be

than police officers in lab
coats pretending to be
scientists.

coats pretending to be
scientists.
Real research was done before it

scientists.
Real research was done before it
was introduced into criminal

Real research was done before it
was introduced into criminal
trials.

was introduced into criminal
trials.
The Innocence Project had a

trials.
The Innocence Project had a
client named Ray Krone who was

The Innocence Project had a
client named Ray Krone who was
a regular at a bar in Tucson,

client named Ray Krone who was
a regular at a bar in Tucson,
Arizona, and the bartender where

a regular at a bar in Tucson,
Arizona, and the bartender where
he used to drink was murdered

Arizona, and the bartender where
he used to drink was murdered
one night.

he used to drink was murdered
one night.
They had no suspects, no

one night.
They had no suspects, no
witnesses, and they used bite

They had no suspects, no
witnesses, and they used bite
mark analysis to associate him

witnesses, and they used bite
mark analysis to associate him
with that dead body.

mark analysis to associate him
with that dead body.
And that was the only evidence

with that dead body.
And that was the only evidence
that connected him to that

And that was the only evidence
that connected him to that
crime.

that connected him to that
crime.
He spent 10 years on death row

before DNA evidence exonerated
him.

him.
If we want to continue to just

If we want to continue to just
throw everybody in prison, then

the old techniques will work
just fine.
If we want to catch the actual

just fine.
If we want to catch the actual
perpetrator, we need to stop

If we want to catch the actual
perpetrator, we need to stop
using outdated techniques.

perpetrator, we need to stop
using outdated techniques.
>> And start using ones that

using outdated techniques.
>> And start using ones that
have been proven to, uh, you

>> And start using ones that
have been proven to, uh, you
know, work.

have been proven to, uh, you
know, work.
>> (groaning)

know, work.
>> (groaning)
That's just-- actually, quite

>> (groaning)
That's just-- actually, quite
reasonable.

That's just-- actually, quite
reasonable.
I'm convinced.

reasonable.
I'm convinced.
>> Oh. These are the moments

I'm convinced.
>> Oh. These are the moments
I live for-- people reluctantly

>> Oh. These are the moments
I live for-- people reluctantly
agreeing with me. (chuckles)

I live for-- people reluctantly
agreeing with me. (chuckles)
>> So, if you're innocent, who

agreeing with me. (chuckles)
>> So, if you're innocent, who
did it?

>> So, if you're innocent, who
did it?
>> Yeah, who did it?

did it?
>> Yeah, who did it?
(reporters muttering)

>> Yeah, who did it?
(reporters muttering)
>> Yeah, who did it?

(reporters muttering)
>> Yeah, who did it?
>> Oh, no one did it.

>> Yeah, who did it?
>> Oh, no one did it.
The dead body was just my

>> Oh, no one did it.
The dead body was just my
producer, John.

The dead body was just my
producer, John.
Oh, there he is as the

producer, John.
Oh, there he is as the
cameraman.

Oh, there he is as the
cameraman.
Hi, John!

cameraman.
Hi, John!
(camera clicking)

Hi, John!
(camera clicking)
>> Wait a second.

(camera clicking)
>> Wait a second.
>> (echoing) Our memories just

>> Wait a second.
>> (echoing) Our memories just
don't work like the cameras

>> (echoing) Our memories just
don't work like the cameras
recording this TV show.

don't work like the cameras
recording this TV show.
Over the course of this episode,

recording this TV show.
Over the course of this episode,
I have made a compelling case...

Over the course of this episode,
I have made a compelling case...
>> Are you happy now?

I have made a compelling case...
>> Are you happy now?
>> Yeah, I am, 'cause now

>> Are you happy now?
>> Yeah, I am, 'cause now
everyone knows that, so you

>> Yeah, I am, 'cause now
everyone knows that, so you
can't trick 'em anymore.

everyone knows that, so you
can't trick 'em anymore.
Cop shows like yours present

can't trick 'em anymore.
Cop shows like yours present
forensic science as infallible.

Cop shows like yours present
forensic science as infallible.
>> Hey, how are you doing that?

forensic science as infallible.
>> Hey, how are you doing that?
>> By the way, I'm not the real

>> Hey, how are you doing that?
>> By the way, I'm not the real
Brandon.

>> By the way, I'm not the real
Brandon.
I'm an actor.

Brandon.
I'm an actor.
>> Stop it!

I'm an actor.
>> Stop it!
It's a lie!

>> Stop it!
It's a lie!
It's a lie!

It's a lie!
It's a lie!
>> Of course!

It's a lie!
>> Of course!
You faked this entire murder

>> Of course!
You faked this entire murder
just to film your TV show,

You faked this entire murder
just to film your TV show,
didn't you?

just to film your TV show,
didn't you?
>> Ha, guilty as charged.

didn't you?
>> Ha, guilty as charged.
But I only did it to inform all

>> Ha, guilty as charged.
But I only did it to inform all
of you about this important

But I only did it to inform all
of you about this important
issue.

of you about this important
issue.
You know, hey, if using police

issue.
You know, hey, if using police
resources to educate people is

You know, hey, if using police
resources to educate people is
a crime, well, lock me up.

resources to educate people is
a crime, well, lock me up.
(chuckles)

a crime, well, lock me up.
(chuckles)
(door clangs)

(chuckles)
(door clangs)
Huh.

(door clangs)
Huh.
>> (grunting)

(distant siren wailing)
>> Here's a fun fact.

Did you know that in
Scandinavia, they actually have
open air prisons.

Scandinavia, they actually have
open air prisons.
>> (grunting)

open air prisons.
>> (grunting)
>> Yeah, they're quite

>> (grunting)
>> Yeah, they're quite
successful.

>> Yeah, they're quite
successful.
Think about it, if we were in

successful.
Think about it, if we were in
Finland, we could be outside

Think about it, if we were in
Finland, we could be outside
right now. (chuckles)

Finland, we could be outside
right now. (chuckles)
>> (grunting)

right now. (chuckles)
>> (grunting)
>> You know... this is actually

>> (grunting)
>> You know... this is actually
much nicer than where I live.

>> You know... this is actually
much nicer than where I live.
(chuckles)

much nicer than where I live.
(chuckles)
>> (grunting)

(chuckles)
>> (grunting)
>> Buddy, we were talking.

>> (grunting)
>> Buddy, we were talking.
You tell me a fact!

Next time, on
"Adam Ruins Everything"...

"Adam Ruins Everything"...
>> It's restaurants, isn't it?

>> It's restaurants, isn't it?
>> Tipping is a custom we'd be

>> Tipping is a custom we'd be
better off without.

better off without.
>> I never!

>> I never!
>> 59% wasn't tuna at all.