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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:21,057 --> 00:00:25,790 (BIRDS TWEETING) 2 00:00:40,176 --> 00:00:43,839 In the countless landscapes of life on Earth, 3 00:00:44,948 --> 00:00:47,917 things are not always what they seem. 4 00:00:52,622 --> 00:00:56,786 What appears fragile may be fierce. 5 00:01:01,965 --> 00:01:06,197 What appears innocent may be calculating. 6 00:01:13,843 --> 00:01:18,212 Clever illusion is more than a means of survival. 7 00:01:19,149 --> 00:01:21,811 It's also a story of love. 8 00:01:26,356 --> 00:01:28,381 And of the mysterious force 9 00:01:28,425 --> 00:01:33,453 relentlessly driving all living things to reproduce themselves. 10 00:01:36,299 --> 00:01:38,699 By any means necessary. 11 00:01:39,869 --> 00:01:41,996 Including deception. 12 00:01:51,448 --> 00:01:54,747 I live in forests like this. 13 00:01:57,253 --> 00:02:00,017 But then, I live almost everywhere. 14 00:02:27,784 --> 00:02:33,518 This tropical forest appears still, but everywhere living things 15 00:02:33,556 --> 00:02:37,959 are following the mute commands of their genes to find mates 16 00:02:38,094 --> 00:02:41,621 and to ensure that their species lives on. 17 00:02:57,347 --> 00:03:01,443 One might imagine that the most important life forms are large, 18 00:03:02,352 --> 00:03:04,445 Or flashy, 19 00:03:04,954 --> 00:03:07,422 or smart. 20 00:03:11,961 --> 00:03:14,725 But it is love among the little things 21 00:03:14,798 --> 00:03:19,360 that actually runs the vast machinery of life. 22 00:03:19,402 --> 00:03:22,235 (BUZZING) 23 00:03:24,874 --> 00:03:29,436 Some of the most important events on Earth occur quietly 24 00:03:29,579 --> 00:03:33,208 in small and hidden worlds. 25 00:03:42,292 --> 00:03:46,786 And some species critical to the grand scheme of life 26 00:03:46,830 --> 00:03:49,264 are not what you expect. 27 00:03:51,534 --> 00:03:55,630 This is a story about one of the most vital 28 00:03:55,772 --> 00:04:00,004 and ingenious of all living things. 29 00:04:03,513 --> 00:04:05,344 It's my story. 30 00:04:07,951 --> 00:04:09,919 I'm a flower. 31 00:04:22,131 --> 00:04:26,500 I'm going to tell you, on behalf of all flowers, 32 00:04:26,903 --> 00:04:30,270 about life from our point of view. 33 00:04:30,940 --> 00:04:34,637 You think we're just fragile wisps of beauty, 34 00:04:34,777 --> 00:04:38,508 unaware that beauty is our strategy. 35 00:04:39,349 --> 00:04:42,546 We're more important than you know. 36 00:04:43,219 --> 00:04:47,280 We've helped life prosper across the ages. 37 00:04:47,824 --> 00:04:52,158 Without us, humans might not survive. 38 00:05:04,641 --> 00:05:07,872 Beauty is not always what it seems. 39 00:05:14,017 --> 00:05:19,751 Beauty can be a tool of survival and seduction. 40 00:05:31,167 --> 00:05:35,797 Every beat of every wing in every forest 41 00:05:35,838 --> 00:05:41,538 is somehow keeping the great enterprise of life streaming forward. 42 00:05:52,388 --> 00:05:57,724 The constant motion of life makes love connections possible. 43 00:06:13,409 --> 00:06:17,641 Animals with wings and legs can search for mates. 44 00:06:18,481 --> 00:06:23,384 But we plants are forever rooted in one place. 45 00:06:24,821 --> 00:06:30,157 So we entice animals to us by offering rewards. 46 00:06:30,193 --> 00:06:31,251 (BUZZING) 47 00:06:31,294 --> 00:06:34,195 When they come, we use them 48 00:06:34,230 --> 00:06:38,564 to make the love connections we can't make ourselves. 49 00:06:38,601 --> 00:06:40,626 (BUZZING) 50 00:06:40,703 --> 00:06:44,366 In this forest in Panama, a tropical orchid bee 51 00:06:44,407 --> 00:06:49,504 has picked up an alluring scent and he's searching for the source. 52 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:54,106 It's me, an orchid. 53 00:06:54,650 --> 00:06:58,552 And I'm one of the most cunning of all flowers. 54 00:06:58,588 --> 00:07:03,116 My perfume is a trick. 55 00:07:13,603 --> 00:07:19,633 The orchid bee depends on me for help with his central mission in life. 56 00:07:20,243 --> 00:07:22,541 To mate with a female. 57 00:07:32,388 --> 00:07:36,882 For weeks, he collects scent oils from orchids. 58 00:07:37,827 --> 00:07:41,695 Eventually, he uses his mix of fragrances 59 00:07:41,731 --> 00:07:45,963 as a kind of orchid "cologne" to attract a female. 60 00:07:46,869 --> 00:07:51,670 The scents come from me, a bucket orchid. 61 00:07:52,041 --> 00:07:54,976 The bucket is part of my trick. 62 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:07,250 The bee has to climb a waxy slope 63 00:08:07,323 --> 00:08:12,488 to reach the scent oils cleverly hidden beneath a hood. 64 00:08:25,641 --> 00:08:31,375 I've filled my bucket with a sticky fluid that makes the bee sink. 65 00:08:52,802 --> 00:08:55,999 I provide only one escape route, 66 00:08:56,806 --> 00:08:59,536 which leads him just where I want him. 67 00:09:30,039 --> 00:09:35,534 After the bee climbs out, I grip him tightly. 68 00:09:36,612 --> 00:09:39,809 I glue two pollen sacs to his back, 69 00:09:40,616 --> 00:09:45,280 each filled with tens of thousands of pollen grains. 70 00:09:45,354 --> 00:09:47,254 (BUZZING) 71 00:09:48,191 --> 00:09:51,752 These are the only pollen sacs I will ever produce, 72 00:09:51,861 --> 00:09:56,230 so I won't let him go until the glue is dry. 73 00:10:01,170 --> 00:10:05,573 I may wait an hour or more before loosening my grip. 74 00:10:08,644 --> 00:10:13,206 This one bee now carries my legacy. 75 00:10:16,018 --> 00:10:20,614 When he comes upon the scent of another orchid that same day, 76 00:10:21,324 --> 00:10:23,349 he heads right for it. 77 00:10:24,460 --> 00:10:27,793 If he slips into the bucket of this second orchid, 78 00:10:28,064 --> 00:10:31,465 the pollen sacs on his back will come unglued. 79 00:10:31,567 --> 00:10:33,967 Pollination can occur. 80 00:10:34,537 --> 00:10:38,667 A new orchid generation can begin. 81 00:10:39,508 --> 00:10:43,410 How nature has created such intricate strategies 82 00:10:44,380 --> 00:10:46,940 is a mystery of life. 83 00:10:47,984 --> 00:10:52,978 Yet we can unravel some of the puzzle if we go back in time. 84 00:10:54,323 --> 00:10:57,622 Back nearly 200 million years. 85 00:10:59,295 --> 00:11:02,059 During the Age of Reptiles, 86 00:11:02,331 --> 00:11:05,300 there were no mammals larger than a mouse. 87 00:11:05,568 --> 00:11:10,198 For a very long time, there were no flowers, either. 88 00:11:13,776 --> 00:11:18,941 Without flowers, Earth was a drab place. 89 00:11:23,719 --> 00:11:30,557 But about 135 million years ago, life began to change dramatically 90 00:11:30,693 --> 00:11:33,890 because of an invention. 91 00:11:35,031 --> 00:11:37,591 (BIRDS HOOTING) 92 00:11:40,503 --> 00:11:43,666 When dinosaurs roamed forests like this, 93 00:11:44,006 --> 00:11:47,908 most plants spread their pollen on the wind. 94 00:11:55,985 --> 00:12:01,719 If they were lucky, a few pollen grains would reach another tree, 95 00:12:02,325 --> 00:12:06,125 creating seeds that would become the next generation. 96 00:12:06,996 --> 00:12:10,295 (RUSTLING) 97 00:12:15,838 --> 00:12:21,868 It still works today for pines, grasses and many other plants. 98 00:12:25,514 --> 00:12:28,176 But it's not very efficient. 99 00:12:29,952 --> 00:12:33,046 Most of the pollen goes to waste. 100 00:12:37,727 --> 00:12:43,927 Some unknown plant in the deep past, perhaps a magnolia ancestor, 101 00:12:44,166 --> 00:12:49,934 produced a device that would ensure delivery of pollen directly to a mate. 102 00:12:50,005 --> 00:12:53,805 It would prove to be one of the most important events 103 00:12:53,843 --> 00:12:56,334 in the history of life. 104 00:12:56,712 --> 00:13:01,740 The device was me. A flower. 105 00:13:05,020 --> 00:13:09,514 Our blossoms act like advertising billboards. 106 00:13:10,893 --> 00:13:17,025 Our perfumes and tasty rewards lure passing creatures to us. 107 00:13:17,299 --> 00:13:19,665 And we load them up with pollen 108 00:13:19,702 --> 00:13:23,035 they will unknowingly carry to other flowers. 109 00:13:24,707 --> 00:13:26,641 (BUZZING) 110 00:13:29,578 --> 00:13:33,309 Beetles were among Our first "love messengers". 111 00:13:42,825 --> 00:13:46,283 Our fruit, seeds, nectar and pollen 112 00:13:46,328 --> 00:13:50,560 became crucial foods for millions of species. 113 00:13:51,967 --> 00:13:57,462 We flourished and became a keystone life form. 114 00:13:57,606 --> 00:14:01,838 Today, our pollination schemes knit together the fabric of life 115 00:14:01,877 --> 00:14:04,107 across the planet. 116 00:14:10,453 --> 00:14:15,254 Overtime, our pollination tactics evolved. 117 00:14:22,331 --> 00:14:25,596 Pollinators adapted in turn. 118 00:14:26,402 --> 00:14:30,930 And life everywhere became infinitely more diverse. 119 00:14:38,113 --> 00:14:40,604 There's an example in this rain forest. 120 00:14:44,253 --> 00:14:49,816 Some of us began hiding our nectar in tubes. 121 00:14:53,562 --> 00:14:57,191 It encouraged some pollinators to specialize, 122 00:14:57,333 --> 00:15:00,598 developing mutually beneficial relationships. 123 00:15:30,599 --> 00:15:35,627 One of these pollinators evolved a longer beak for nectar tubes. 124 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:48,541 And wings that can beat up to 200 times a second. 125 00:16:03,399 --> 00:16:06,835 With these unique aerobatic skills, 126 00:16:08,671 --> 00:16:11,231 hummingbirds can hover to feed 127 00:16:12,174 --> 00:16:15,166 and maneuver like airborne dancers. 128 00:16:48,444 --> 00:16:52,175 Now, after millions of years, 129 00:16:52,381 --> 00:16:56,442 pollination partnerships occur almost everywhere. 130 00:16:57,086 --> 00:17:00,920 In luxurious habitats like the rain forest, 131 00:17:01,390 --> 00:17:06,225 but also in some of the harshest places on Earth. 132 00:17:12,001 --> 00:17:14,902 The Sonoran Desert of northern Mexico 133 00:17:14,970 --> 00:17:17,962 is a world of blistering heat. 134 00:17:20,876 --> 00:17:22,138 (BIRD SINGING) 135 00:17:22,177 --> 00:17:24,509 I live here, too. 136 00:17:47,936 --> 00:17:54,307 We cacti are flowering plants central to life in this arid world. 137 00:17:59,648 --> 00:18:02,515 Living as long as 150 years, 138 00:18:02,685 --> 00:18:07,816 we help feed generation after generation of desert creatures. 139 00:18:13,529 --> 00:18:16,430 We are living water tanks. 140 00:18:16,799 --> 00:18:18,892 That's how we survive. 141 00:18:19,902 --> 00:18:26,239 But to reproduce, we form alliances with unusual partners. 142 00:18:28,744 --> 00:18:33,772 In this harsh realm, our strategy is not to deceive, 143 00:18:35,117 --> 00:18:36,812 but to nurture. 144 00:18:44,159 --> 00:18:49,187 When pollinated, we cactus flowers turn into fruit 145 00:18:49,264 --> 00:18:52,290 with seeds to start a new generation. 146 00:19:02,978 --> 00:19:07,472 So, on summer nights, to attract pollinators, 147 00:19:08,083 --> 00:19:12,281 we open a few nectar-filled flowers. 148 00:19:13,489 --> 00:19:16,185 And we wait. 149 00:19:23,599 --> 00:19:28,434 Elsewhere in the night, our pollinators wait, too. 150 00:19:28,604 --> 00:19:30,469 When the time is right, 151 00:19:30,506 --> 00:19:35,239 they will leave their home on an island in the Sea of Cortez 152 00:19:35,377 --> 00:19:39,108 to search for the white flowers beckoning from the desert. 153 00:19:50,058 --> 00:19:52,049 (SQUEAKING) 154 00:20:09,378 --> 00:20:13,815 These nectar-feeding bats are all female. 155 00:20:14,683 --> 00:20:17,880 They live apart from males while pregnant. 156 00:20:18,153 --> 00:20:20,621 Most are due to give birth soon. 157 00:20:21,023 --> 00:20:23,651 Some are already nursing. 158 00:20:24,426 --> 00:20:27,361 They desperately need nourishment. 159 00:20:27,429 --> 00:20:29,829 (FLAPPING WINGS) 160 00:20:48,917 --> 00:20:51,784 Pollen sticking to their faces rubs off 161 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:55,321 and pollinates the flower of the next cactus. 162 00:21:10,205 --> 00:21:12,002 A new mother gulps nectar 163 00:21:12,074 --> 00:21:16,101 so she can nurse a baby born only moments ago. 164 00:21:20,782 --> 00:21:25,446 Each flower opens on only one night, 165 00:21:25,621 --> 00:21:31,924 its sole opportunity to spread its pollen across the desert on wings. 166 00:21:33,228 --> 00:21:38,962 In billions of these brief intersections of the animal and plant worlds, 167 00:21:39,101 --> 00:21:43,765 life regenerates itself over and over again. 168 00:22:50,806 --> 00:22:54,401 If the flowers were pollinated and fertilized, 169 00:22:54,543 --> 00:22:57,171 they will become nourishing fruit. 170 00:22:59,414 --> 00:23:05,011 A wait begins among hungry creatures for the next gifts of the cacti. 171 00:23:11,693 --> 00:23:13,923 A waiting game has also begun 172 00:23:13,996 --> 00:23:17,591 among very different flowers in a very different world. 173 00:23:18,533 --> 00:23:20,592 (BIRDS TWEETING) 174 00:23:20,635 --> 00:23:23,126 The farm fields of the American Midwest. 175 00:23:23,171 --> 00:23:25,298 (DOG BARKING) 176 00:23:25,340 --> 00:23:26,967 (ROOSTER CROWING) 177 00:23:27,709 --> 00:23:29,973 I live here, too. 178 00:23:30,846 --> 00:23:34,577 I'm a kind of wildflower growing near the crops. 179 00:23:37,686 --> 00:23:42,988 Each spring, I wait for a pollinator to sweep in from far away. 180 00:23:44,659 --> 00:23:50,359 I thrive across North America, but I'm considered a weed. 181 00:23:50,932 --> 00:23:55,801 "Milkweed" people call me, because of my special sap. 182 00:24:03,812 --> 00:24:05,871 I make a milky poison 183 00:24:05,914 --> 00:24:09,816 that can sicken many animals that might feed on me. 184 00:24:11,353 --> 00:24:14,151 But I also produce sweet nectar 185 00:24:14,656 --> 00:24:17,887 that draws a kind of beautiful pollinator 186 00:24:18,060 --> 00:24:21,962 from a hidden retreat more than 1,000 miles away. 187 00:24:25,067 --> 00:24:28,264 (CRICKETS CHIRPING) 188 00:24:36,244 --> 00:24:39,543 In a forest on a mountain in central Mexico, 189 00:24:40,282 --> 00:24:44,582 monarch butterflies are amassed by the tens of millions, 190 00:24:45,420 --> 00:24:49,015 waiting for the rising sun to energize their bodies. 191 00:24:52,360 --> 00:24:54,590 (RUSTLING) 192 00:25:02,003 --> 00:25:06,702 In clusters so dense they can bend the trees, 193 00:25:06,908 --> 00:25:09,741 they rest and prepare themselves 194 00:25:09,778 --> 00:25:12,975 for the long journey northward to reach the milkweed. 195 00:25:18,153 --> 00:25:21,782 Every autumn, to avoid freezing in the north, 196 00:25:21,957 --> 00:25:26,053 they fly here from as far away as Canada 197 00:25:26,128 --> 00:25:32,124 and perch in fir trees at an elevation of more than 1 1,000 feet. 198 00:25:32,968 --> 00:25:37,962 It's the perfect climate to help them conserve energy through the winter. 199 00:25:43,778 --> 00:25:50,547 As the morning sun warms their wings, they begin to cascade downward. 200 00:25:51,019 --> 00:25:53,510 (RUSTLING) 201 00:27:08,530 --> 00:27:11,658 To stay alive, they must rely on stored fat 202 00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:14,498 they accumulated last fall. 203 00:27:19,007 --> 00:27:21,771 But to turn fat into energy, 204 00:27:23,645 --> 00:27:25,408 they need water. 205 00:27:29,384 --> 00:27:34,788 Their mission each day is to search for a drink of water. 206 00:28:42,057 --> 00:28:43,684 They must maintain their strength 207 00:28:43,725 --> 00:28:48,753 for the exhausting flight from here to the southern U.S. 208 00:28:58,973 --> 00:29:03,034 From there, the children and grandchildren of these monarchs 209 00:29:03,078 --> 00:29:07,481 Will journey on northward through the summer to Canada. 210 00:29:34,542 --> 00:29:36,009 Their thirst quenched, 211 00:29:37,145 --> 00:29:41,081 the monarchs return to the trees by late afternoon. 212 00:29:48,056 --> 00:29:49,546 By next autumn, 213 00:29:49,657 --> 00:29:55,289 their great-great grandchildren will return to these same forests. 214 00:30:09,878 --> 00:30:13,177 Soon they will set out on the longest migration 215 00:30:13,214 --> 00:30:15,045 of any butterfly on Earth 216 00:30:16,451 --> 00:30:22,014 to reach a little-noticed weed half a continent away. 217 00:30:26,227 --> 00:30:30,596 Not all plant and animal relationships are so exotic. 218 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:33,597 But even a familiar one, 219 00:30:33,968 --> 00:30:37,768 involving a common food and well-known insect, 220 00:30:37,906 --> 00:30:40,431 is an example of hidden beauty. 221 00:30:41,142 --> 00:30:45,943 People raise this flowering plant, not for the flowers, 222 00:30:46,114 --> 00:30:48,378 but for what the flowers turn into. 223 00:30:48,416 --> 00:30:49,542 (BIRD TWITTERING) 224 00:30:49,617 --> 00:30:51,278 I live here, too. 225 00:30:52,153 --> 00:30:56,920 I'm a tomato flower, and I lock up my pollen tightly, 226 00:30:57,759 --> 00:31:02,355 so that only the most efficient pollinators can get it. 227 00:31:03,665 --> 00:31:07,192 My favorite is a very hard worker. 228 00:31:08,369 --> 00:31:10,064 The bumblebee, 229 00:31:11,239 --> 00:31:14,436 who gathers pollen for the egg-laying queen 230 00:31:14,542 --> 00:31:16,840 and the developing young. 231 00:31:16,911 --> 00:31:18,742 (BUZZING) 232 00:31:23,718 --> 00:31:28,917 Bumblebees are one of the few insects that care for their offspring. 233 00:31:30,859 --> 00:31:35,853 When damage occurs in the hive, a worker quickly repairs the cell. 234 00:31:38,199 --> 00:31:42,829 Honey made from flower nectar is kept in wax pots. 235 00:31:43,171 --> 00:31:44,638 The adults eat it 236 00:31:44,672 --> 00:31:47,937 and regurgitate it into the cells to feed the young. 237 00:31:49,244 --> 00:31:55,410 They need a lot of pollen and nectar, and searching for it is a constant chore. 238 00:32:21,442 --> 00:32:23,910 They spot a garden nearby. 239 00:32:41,729 --> 00:32:44,197 As the foragers investigate, 240 00:32:44,232 --> 00:32:46,962 they see things invisible to the human eye. 241 00:32:48,536 --> 00:32:49,628 (BUZZING) 242 00:32:49,671 --> 00:32:54,074 Because they are able to perceive ultraviolet light, 243 00:32:54,242 --> 00:32:58,110 bees can detect markings produced by flowers 244 00:32:58,146 --> 00:33:02,708 to guide pollinators directly to nectar and pollen. 245 00:33:12,827 --> 00:33:16,593 The bees need more food than the garden can provide. 246 00:33:25,540 --> 00:33:28,737 Ahead, they see what they're looking for. 247 00:34:12,086 --> 00:34:16,352 So begins a fascinating kind of pollination. 248 00:34:17,759 --> 00:34:21,354 The bee bites to hold on tight, 249 00:34:22,063 --> 00:34:25,430 then blasts the locked-up pollen loose 250 00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:31,166 by vibrating her flight muscles up to 440 times per second. 251 00:34:32,240 --> 00:34:33,901 (THRUMMING) 252 00:34:38,579 --> 00:34:43,016 She packs the pollen into baskets on her back legs. 253 00:34:43,317 --> 00:34:48,152 Her vibration rate is the same as the musical note A. 254 00:34:49,257 --> 00:34:52,488 She's like a living tuning fork. 255 00:34:55,129 --> 00:34:58,189 Few flowers are "buzz pollinated", 256 00:34:58,499 --> 00:35:03,027 but they include some favorite foods enjoyed by human beings. 257 00:35:03,171 --> 00:35:06,572 The workers will keep at this until they have enough pollen 258 00:35:06,607 --> 00:35:09,974 to feed the colony's newly developing brood. 259 00:35:10,211 --> 00:35:14,773 Such flower rewards sustain billions of creatures, 260 00:35:15,450 --> 00:35:19,784 sometimes in places where there is little else to eat. 261 00:35:32,633 --> 00:35:36,034 Weeks have passed in the Sonoran Desert. 262 00:35:40,575 --> 00:35:44,443 My cactus flowers should have turned to fruit by now. 263 00:36:04,198 --> 00:36:05,256 (SQUEAKING) 264 00:36:05,299 --> 00:36:08,325 The female bats are depending on it. 265 00:36:08,569 --> 00:36:11,231 They can't continue to nurse their young 266 00:36:11,305 --> 00:36:13,466 without a new source of food. 267 00:36:14,442 --> 00:36:17,468 The cacti may be their only hope. 268 00:36:38,466 --> 00:36:40,730 From their island cave, 269 00:36:42,470 --> 00:36:45,405 they make a long night flight. 270 00:36:48,242 --> 00:36:51,268 A round-trip of more than 60 miles. 271 00:37:07,428 --> 00:37:11,831 It's a demanding journey, but a feast awaits. 272 00:37:49,904 --> 00:37:53,169 The mothers need nourishment. 273 00:38:02,250 --> 00:38:06,050 And so do those carrying new life within. 274 00:38:28,442 --> 00:38:32,742 As they gorge on the fruit, they are also consuming seeds, 275 00:38:33,247 --> 00:38:35,875 which they eventually spread across the desert. 276 00:38:41,422 --> 00:38:45,791 We cacti are key to Sonoran Desert life. 277 00:38:48,429 --> 00:38:52,229 But we couldn't endure without the help of bats. 278 00:38:52,266 --> 00:38:56,896 And the bats and their young couldn't survive without our help. 279 00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:03,968 This crucial connection between plants and animals 280 00:39:04,011 --> 00:39:05,808 helps keep the desert alive. 281 00:39:05,846 --> 00:39:07,973 (MUFFLED TALKING) 282 00:39:08,015 --> 00:39:11,007 There are others who depend on the cactus fruit, 283 00:39:12,820 --> 00:39:16,984 collecting it at night so it can be consumed fresh each day. 284 00:39:17,425 --> 00:39:20,155 (FAINT CHATTING VOICES) 285 00:39:20,194 --> 00:39:23,960 Their distant ancestors so adored cactus fruit 286 00:39:25,199 --> 00:39:29,602 that they honored the cacti as revered members of their tribes. 287 00:39:29,937 --> 00:39:33,168 (BELL TOLLING) 288 00:39:41,749 --> 00:39:46,015 Today, it's a way for people to provide for their families. 289 00:39:50,391 --> 00:39:52,985 As well as a sweet pleasure. 290 00:39:55,730 --> 00:40:00,190 So sweet that people plant cacti seeds in their gardens. 291 00:40:00,968 --> 00:40:03,402 From a flower's point of view, 292 00:40:03,437 --> 00:40:07,737 humans are just another species we can use for our purposes. 293 00:40:08,509 --> 00:40:09,908 (GIGGLING) 294 00:40:17,184 --> 00:40:22,520 But a delicious reward in one place can be the cause of conflict in another. 295 00:40:27,428 --> 00:40:29,225 Unlike the desert, 296 00:40:29,263 --> 00:40:33,757 a tropical rain forest is rich in resources 297 00:40:33,801 --> 00:40:36,395 and competition. 298 00:40:36,470 --> 00:40:39,098 (INSECTS CHITTERING) 299 00:40:41,509 --> 00:40:45,240 Survival favors the bold and aggressive. 300 00:40:55,790 --> 00:40:58,782 (OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYING) 301 00:41:19,613 --> 00:41:22,605 Even the seemingly gentle turn out to be warriors. 302 00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:27,888 And nectar-bearing flowers 303 00:41:27,922 --> 00:41:29,947 are territory to defend. 304 00:41:30,391 --> 00:41:32,621 (HISSING) 305 00:41:37,832 --> 00:41:43,202 The winners will spread pollen that helps keep the forest lush. 306 00:41:44,038 --> 00:41:46,006 One stakes his claim. 307 00:41:50,711 --> 00:41:53,236 And the challengers arrive. 308 00:41:55,983 --> 00:41:57,348 (DRAMATIC MUSIC SWELLING) 309 00:41:57,384 --> 00:41:58,908 It's a standoff. 310 00:42:01,388 --> 00:42:03,515 Then, the first move. 311 00:42:27,648 --> 00:42:30,640 (MUSIC SLOWING) 312 00:42:33,954 --> 00:42:37,117 (MUSIC BUILDING) 313 00:43:25,406 --> 00:43:28,466 Even a warrior can make a mistake. 314 00:43:28,509 --> 00:43:30,443 (DRAMATIC MUSIC SWELLING) 315 00:43:34,215 --> 00:43:35,739 (MUSIC STOPS SUDDENLY) 316 00:43:41,655 --> 00:43:46,558 The hidden spectacles of pollination can involve a few tiny rivals. 317 00:43:47,795 --> 00:43:50,855 Or hundreds of millions of voyagers. 318 00:43:54,668 --> 00:43:57,933 From the high forests in Mexico, 319 00:43:57,972 --> 00:44:00,406 the great migration of monarch butterflies 320 00:44:00,441 --> 00:44:04,002 heads northward toward the middle of North America. 321 00:44:26,133 --> 00:44:29,694 In their long round-trip each summer, 322 00:44:29,737 --> 00:44:32,262 the vast monarch population 323 00:44:32,306 --> 00:44:37,209 will help pollinate and sustain more than 200 kinds of flowers. 324 00:44:45,853 --> 00:44:50,153 As this first leg of the migration reaches farmland, 325 00:44:50,190 --> 00:44:51,953 the butterflies are tiring. 326 00:45:04,872 --> 00:45:07,102 It's a strenuous flight. 327 00:45:07,141 --> 00:45:09,041 They need fuel. 328 00:45:09,877 --> 00:45:11,777 That's where I come in. 329 00:45:14,782 --> 00:45:18,878 Milkweed flowers in a variety of colors and shapes 330 00:45:18,919 --> 00:45:21,581 serve as refueling stations 331 00:45:21,622 --> 00:45:24,955 in return for a little help spreading pollen. 332 00:45:30,798 --> 00:45:32,925 We milkweeds are wily. 333 00:45:33,534 --> 00:45:35,593 Our flowers have narrow slits 334 00:45:35,636 --> 00:45:38,764 that can snag the leg of a feeding monarch 335 00:45:38,806 --> 00:45:41,001 and hold her in a vise-like grip. 336 00:45:42,042 --> 00:45:44,670 When she tries to jerk free, 337 00:45:44,845 --> 00:45:47,712 she snags a cord, releasing sacs of pollen 338 00:45:47,748 --> 00:45:50,945 she'll unknowingly carry to the next milkweed. 339 00:46:03,664 --> 00:46:06,497 As they migrate, they also mate. 340 00:46:08,035 --> 00:46:10,367 This overwintering generation of monarchs 341 00:46:10,404 --> 00:46:12,998 may live nine months. 342 00:46:13,040 --> 00:46:16,532 They're among the longest-lived butterflies on Earth. 343 00:46:18,145 --> 00:46:20,909 But now their days are numbered. 344 00:46:20,948 --> 00:46:25,044 They have to produce young to keep the migration going. 345 00:46:25,285 --> 00:46:28,721 Sometimes another male tries to intervene. 346 00:46:28,756 --> 00:46:33,819 Even in small love stories, victory goes to the most determined. 347 00:46:40,768 --> 00:46:43,896 Eventually, the male sweeps her off her feet 348 00:46:43,937 --> 00:46:47,395 and carries her to the privacy of a tree branch. 349 00:46:49,309 --> 00:46:53,871 He may keep her in his embrace for up to 16 hours. 350 00:47:05,726 --> 00:47:10,220 Within two weeks, each female attaches up to 400 eggs 351 00:47:10,264 --> 00:47:14,360 to the underside of milkweed leaves, and only milkweed leaves. 352 00:47:15,469 --> 00:47:20,099 Unlike bees, monarchs rely not on the care of their young, 353 00:47:20,140 --> 00:47:22,608 but quantity. 354 00:47:22,643 --> 00:47:24,167 Enough eggs 355 00:47:24,211 --> 00:47:29,046 and some are bound to survive the onslaught of hungry insects. 356 00:47:38,892 --> 00:47:43,192 (GENTLE MUSIC SLOWLY BUILDING) 357 00:47:52,706 --> 00:47:57,370 The job of a monarch caterpillar is to eat relentlessly. 358 00:47:57,411 --> 00:48:00,005 First, its own egg case. 359 00:48:00,314 --> 00:48:03,147 Then, milkweed leaves exclusively, 360 00:48:03,183 --> 00:48:07,449 growing to 2,000 times its original size. 361 00:48:10,023 --> 00:48:12,150 If it survives. 362 00:48:24,805 --> 00:48:27,296 (OMINOUS MUSIC PLAYS) 363 00:48:46,793 --> 00:48:49,819 Fortunately, hundreds of millions survive. 364 00:48:57,070 --> 00:48:59,300 Their mothers put them on milkweed for a reason. 365 00:49:00,841 --> 00:49:04,106 The toxic sap settles in their bodies. 366 00:49:04,144 --> 00:49:06,704 The monarchs are unaffected, 367 00:49:06,747 --> 00:49:10,740 but a predator who eats one is likely to become ill 368 00:49:10,784 --> 00:49:13,116 and soon learns to avoid them. 369 00:49:17,824 --> 00:49:21,783 Eventually, each caterpillar finds a secure spot 370 00:49:21,828 --> 00:49:24,729 and spins silk to hold onto. 371 00:49:33,473 --> 00:49:37,170 It's time to become a butterfly. 372 00:49:39,379 --> 00:49:42,746 The caterpillar grips the silk with its back legs 373 00:49:42,783 --> 00:49:44,717 and hangs upside down. 374 00:49:51,291 --> 00:49:55,125 Through contractions, the skin is loosened. 375 00:50:06,740 --> 00:50:09,004 Eventually it splits, 376 00:50:09,910 --> 00:50:12,538 revealing a new casing beneath. 377 00:50:17,751 --> 00:50:20,811 Now, a dangerous maneuver. 378 00:50:22,956 --> 00:50:27,222 In a matter of seconds, as the old skin and legs fall away, 379 00:50:27,260 --> 00:50:30,388 she must thrust hooks from the new case into the silk. 380 00:50:31,498 --> 00:50:34,558 If this delicate handoff fails, 381 00:50:34,668 --> 00:50:38,570 she will fall to the ground helpless and be eaten. 382 00:50:58,291 --> 00:51:03,058 Within this protective shell, Her caterpillar self is fading away. 383 00:51:06,533 --> 00:51:08,467 Across the ages, 384 00:51:08,502 --> 00:51:11,938 humans have seen in this transformation 385 00:51:12,239 --> 00:51:14,707 the ultimate symbol of change. 386 00:51:25,585 --> 00:51:26,916 (RUSTLING) 387 00:51:30,824 --> 00:51:35,158 (GENTLE MUSIC SWELLING) 388 00:51:54,114 --> 00:51:57,948 Her body begins to pump fluid that will inflate her wings. 389 00:52:03,423 --> 00:52:06,915 The scales on the wings are shaped to reflect light 390 00:52:06,993 --> 00:52:10,019 so that it produces a bright coloration. 391 00:52:12,833 --> 00:52:16,997 Contrasting orange and black are warning colors in nature. 392 00:52:19,906 --> 00:52:23,034 She still carries milkweed toxins, 393 00:52:23,076 --> 00:52:26,512 and these colors say, "I'm not good to eat". 394 00:52:27,948 --> 00:52:30,473 This strategy is so successful 395 00:52:30,517 --> 00:52:35,079 that some butterflies without poison copy the monarch's colors. 396 00:52:59,045 --> 00:53:01,912 We milkweeds will provide the flight fuel 397 00:53:01,948 --> 00:53:04,212 as this first generation of summer 398 00:53:04,251 --> 00:53:07,618 continues the monarch's long migration. 399 00:53:07,654 --> 00:53:10,145 (WIND RUSTLING) 400 00:53:10,190 --> 00:53:12,852 There is no rest for pollinators, 401 00:53:13,593 --> 00:53:15,993 not for butterflies 402 00:53:16,062 --> 00:53:18,758 and not for one very hard worker. 403 00:53:23,170 --> 00:53:24,364 (BUZZING) 404 00:53:25,572 --> 00:53:27,164 In a farm field, 405 00:53:27,207 --> 00:53:31,871 bumblebees are finishing the exhausting job of buzz pollinating. 406 00:53:32,746 --> 00:53:35,271 When they're loaded with pollen, 407 00:53:35,315 --> 00:53:39,308 it's time for the bees to return home and store it. 408 00:54:35,375 --> 00:54:38,037 The young are beginning to emerge. 409 00:54:45,218 --> 00:54:49,678 They'll need the colony's treasure of pollen and honey for nourishment. 410 00:54:49,789 --> 00:54:52,257 (BUZZING CONTINUES) 411 00:54:52,425 --> 00:54:55,121 But the colony's riches can also attract danger. 412 00:54:58,331 --> 00:55:03,701 A skunk will eat not only the pollen, but the bumblebees and their young. 413 00:55:03,737 --> 00:55:06,706 A threat to the colony is one of the few times 414 00:55:06,740 --> 00:55:10,232 these passive bees will use their stingers. 415 00:55:24,190 --> 00:55:28,058 With safety restored, colony life goes on. 416 00:55:36,970 --> 00:55:41,532 A young bee entering the world will live on pollen and honey 417 00:55:41,574 --> 00:55:44,042 in a home made of wax. 418 00:55:47,614 --> 00:55:50,139 All are gifts from flowers. 419 00:56:06,399 --> 00:56:09,061 And within a tomato blossom, 420 00:56:09,369 --> 00:56:11,963 another kind of new life is beginning. 421 00:56:14,274 --> 00:56:16,640 This is how I reproduce. 422 00:56:21,614 --> 00:56:25,675 Pollen grains brought by bees from another tomato flower 423 00:56:25,719 --> 00:56:28,882 send tubes to the center of the blossom, 424 00:56:32,826 --> 00:56:35,624 delivering reproductive cells to the ovary. 425 00:56:38,932 --> 00:56:40,900 Forming seeds, 426 00:56:40,934 --> 00:56:44,495 each of which grew from one grain of pollen. 427 00:56:46,272 --> 00:56:48,399 Fertilization occurs. 428 00:56:50,343 --> 00:56:55,542 Gradually, a fleshy container forms around all of the seeds. 429 00:57:04,224 --> 00:57:08,786 Most people don't realize that what they eat is a yellow flower 430 00:57:09,229 --> 00:57:11,697 that turns into a tomato. 431 00:57:28,281 --> 00:57:29,748 Around the world, 432 00:57:29,783 --> 00:57:32,911 people depend on farming for their sustenance, 433 00:57:32,952 --> 00:57:36,046 as they have for thousands of years. 434 00:57:36,089 --> 00:57:38,080 By growing their own food, 435 00:57:38,124 --> 00:57:40,888 people were able to develop civilizations 436 00:57:40,927 --> 00:57:43,020 and rise to dominance. 437 00:57:45,198 --> 00:57:49,635 Humans consider agriculture one of their great advances. 438 00:57:51,938 --> 00:57:55,169 But it was actually to our benefit. 439 00:57:59,245 --> 00:58:01,839 People now take care of us 440 00:58:02,982 --> 00:58:05,212 and spread our seeds. 441 00:58:06,786 --> 00:58:11,018 Who is in control of whom, really? 442 00:58:19,933 --> 00:58:22,766 Today, farming is a science. 443 00:58:30,376 --> 00:58:34,278 This is an immense high-tech greenhouse. 444 00:58:36,716 --> 00:58:40,743 Ten acres of tomatoes under one roof. 445 00:58:43,156 --> 00:58:45,249 I'm here as well, 446 00:58:45,291 --> 00:58:48,226 and the humans cater to my every need. 447 00:58:51,131 --> 00:58:53,656 People have engineered ways to grow tomatoes 448 00:58:53,700 --> 00:58:56,066 without even using soil. 449 00:59:00,573 --> 00:59:04,509 Nutrient-rich water recycles constantly. 450 00:59:04,544 --> 00:59:08,674 No pollution, no wasted water. 451 00:59:08,715 --> 00:59:11,684 This operation produces one in six 452 00:59:11,718 --> 00:59:15,245 of all the supermarket tomatoes in the United States. 453 00:59:19,092 --> 00:59:22,687 Yet, despite many tries, 454 00:59:22,729 --> 00:59:26,290 humans have been unable to come up with a pollination method 455 00:59:26,332 --> 00:59:30,735 as effective as the one engineered by nature. 456 00:59:34,340 --> 00:59:38,299 The entire operation and millions of dollars a year 457 00:59:38,344 --> 00:59:42,440 depend on ever-reliable bumblebees. 458 01:00:24,324 --> 01:00:26,087 An important food of humanity 459 01:00:26,125 --> 01:00:28,889 would not be grown and distributed worldwide 460 01:00:29,195 --> 01:00:32,062 but for an ancient partnership 461 01:00:33,066 --> 01:00:36,365 between a bee and a flower. 462 01:00:43,009 --> 01:00:46,206 To me, all pollinators are important, 463 01:00:47,580 --> 01:00:51,949 but to people, one is more critical than any other. 464 01:00:54,687 --> 01:00:59,556 So critical that they carry them around as precious cargo. 465 01:01:00,860 --> 01:01:04,523 In many parts of the world, honeybees are so vital 466 01:01:04,564 --> 01:01:07,624 that hives are shipped thousands of miles 467 01:01:07,667 --> 01:01:09,692 from one kind of farm to another. 468 01:01:12,171 --> 01:01:15,197 Travel can subject them to stress, 469 01:01:15,241 --> 01:01:19,837 poor diets, new parasites, pesticides and diseases. 470 01:01:20,580 --> 01:01:22,946 (HORN HONKING) 471 01:01:22,982 --> 01:01:27,385 But many kinds of farms would fail without honeybees, 472 01:01:27,420 --> 01:01:30,446 such as this almond orchard in California. 473 01:02:06,626 --> 01:02:10,528 Honeybees tend to harass an invader who opens their hive. 474 01:02:13,199 --> 01:02:15,394 But smoke has a calming effect. 475 01:02:39,158 --> 01:02:43,026 The champion of all pollinators is ready to go to work. 476 01:02:43,062 --> 01:02:44,723 (BUZZING LOUDER) 477 01:02:44,797 --> 01:02:48,392 Nearly 200 million bees reaching every flower 478 01:02:48,434 --> 01:02:51,597 in 1,700 acres of almond trees. 479 01:03:10,189 --> 01:03:13,124 They return with loads of almond pollen 480 01:03:13,159 --> 01:03:15,423 packed on their hind legs. 481 01:03:17,730 --> 01:03:21,063 The foragers share almond nectar with the other bees. 482 01:03:23,136 --> 01:03:27,470 This protein-rich pollen will feed their developing youngsters. 483 01:03:50,797 --> 01:03:53,095 A returning scout directs her companions 484 01:03:53,132 --> 01:03:55,032 to flowers she's discovered 485 01:03:55,234 --> 01:03:58,203 using a complex way of communicating. 486 01:04:00,540 --> 01:04:05,409 As she walks and shakes her body in what's called a "waggle dance", 487 01:04:05,445 --> 01:04:08,539 she indicates the distance to the flowers 488 01:04:08,581 --> 01:04:12,517 and the direction to take according to the angle of the sun. 489 01:04:49,522 --> 01:04:50,546 Across Earth, 490 01:04:51,424 --> 01:04:54,188 pollination by honeybees is essential 491 01:04:54,227 --> 01:04:58,891 to more than 1,400 crops people depend on. 492 01:05:13,379 --> 01:05:18,078 Without bees, none of these foods could exist. 493 01:05:38,037 --> 01:05:41,473 People forget that life begins with plants. 494 01:05:47,647 --> 01:05:51,811 We not only provide shelter and medicine, 495 01:05:51,851 --> 01:05:54,979 but we're living solar collectors. 496 01:05:55,021 --> 01:06:00,220 The only life forms that can convert sunlight into stored energy, 497 01:06:01,727 --> 01:06:07,324 producing fuel and food, and supporting the entire web of life. 498 01:06:17,043 --> 01:06:20,206 Weeks have passed in the orchard. 499 01:06:21,681 --> 01:06:25,811 Pollination has led to the growth of young almonds. 500 01:06:38,731 --> 01:06:42,167 But there is an ominous sign. 501 01:06:42,201 --> 01:06:45,830 Most of the honeybees in the hive have disappeared. 502 01:06:45,871 --> 01:06:47,304 In recent years, 503 01:06:47,340 --> 01:06:50,867 some honeybee populations have plummeted. 504 01:06:50,910 --> 01:06:54,903 The causes could range from diseases and parasites 505 01:06:54,947 --> 01:06:58,713 to a phenomenon in which hives seem normal, 506 01:06:58,751 --> 01:07:01,413 filled with honey and developing young, 507 01:07:01,454 --> 01:07:04,150 but the adult bees never return. 508 01:07:04,957 --> 01:07:09,951 Are the missing bees a warning of a greater collapse to come? 509 01:07:16,769 --> 01:07:20,728 Some human activities threaten pollinators. 510 01:07:24,577 --> 01:07:29,947 Farming practices can poison them and kill flowers such as milkweed. 511 01:07:31,951 --> 01:07:35,944 Wild areas needed by pollinators are often cleared. 512 01:07:35,988 --> 01:07:38,183 (CHAINSAW WHIZZING) 513 01:07:50,936 --> 01:07:53,234 Or they're covered by houses. 514 01:07:57,877 --> 01:07:59,344 Or roads. 515 01:08:01,480 --> 01:08:02,572 And across the Earth, 516 01:08:03,416 --> 01:08:06,783 pollinators are diminishing. 517 01:08:10,189 --> 01:08:14,751 Every third bite humans take is dependent on pollinators. 518 01:08:18,097 --> 01:08:21,066 And if they continue to decline, 519 01:08:21,434 --> 01:08:23,459 life may reach a tipping point. 520 01:08:36,015 --> 01:08:42,181 The pollination scheme that knits Together the fabric of life could unravel. 521 01:08:55,434 --> 01:08:57,834 But there are solutions. 522 01:09:03,109 --> 01:09:08,570 One of the most important is to restore lost flower habitats. 523 01:09:09,181 --> 01:09:13,379 Where human construction eliminates wildflowers, 524 01:09:13,419 --> 01:09:16,479 human ingenuity can replace them. 525 01:09:20,259 --> 01:09:23,695 I can flourish even on a rooftop. 526 01:09:27,266 --> 01:09:31,327 The love stories of pollination can unfold 527 01:09:31,370 --> 01:09:35,739 in the millions of unused acres bordering the world's highways. 528 01:09:41,514 --> 01:09:45,746 In the past, farmland left bare has been planted with grasses. 529 01:09:48,921 --> 01:09:55,417 But farmers increasingly turn it into Wildflower fields to help pollinators. 530 01:09:55,461 --> 01:09:58,055 (HOPEFUL MUSIC BUILDING) 531 01:10:00,032 --> 01:10:04,628 People can turn a backyard into a productive flower habitat. 532 01:10:20,719 --> 01:10:23,847 Neighbors are planting vacant lots with flowers 533 01:10:25,591 --> 01:10:28,492 and teaching their children to grow their own vegetables. 534 01:10:42,842 --> 01:10:46,300 Even a six-story building can support pollinators. 535 01:10:54,820 --> 01:10:58,119 Children who learn the value of pollination 536 01:10:58,157 --> 01:11:00,682 represent hope for the future. 537 01:11:05,798 --> 01:11:07,390 The lawn of the past 538 01:11:07,433 --> 01:11:10,766 can become a yard filled with flowers and vegetables. 539 01:11:12,371 --> 01:11:15,135 (HOPEFUL MUSIC CONTINUES) 540 01:11:22,681 --> 01:11:25,115 Humans simply need to remember 541 01:11:25,417 --> 01:11:28,909 how intimately their lives are connected with 542 01:11:28,954 --> 01:11:32,048 and dependent upon flowers. 543 01:11:36,128 --> 01:11:38,858 People use us to express love. 544 01:11:41,734 --> 01:11:43,065 To honor loved ones. 545 01:11:50,776 --> 01:11:54,769 To enrich the great emotional moments of their lives. 546 01:11:59,952 --> 01:12:02,420 They give flowers to congratulate. 547 01:12:07,159 --> 01:12:10,185 To mark every milestone in life. 548 01:12:16,135 --> 01:12:20,469 They surround themselves with flowers to bring color to their lives. 549 01:12:23,976 --> 01:12:28,310 We flowers are grown and sold by the billions. 550 01:12:28,347 --> 01:12:31,475 (UPBEAT SONG PLAYING) 551 01:12:32,952 --> 01:12:34,078 In the process, 552 01:12:34,119 --> 01:12:37,111 people have become one of our most important pollinators. 553 01:12:37,489 --> 01:12:40,583 (UPBEAT SONG CONTINUES) 554 01:12:41,694 --> 01:12:45,687 Like other pollinators, they feed on our rewards, 555 01:12:46,799 --> 01:12:50,428 and they even use our perfumes to kindle their own romance. 556 01:12:51,904 --> 01:12:56,841 To people, flowers are the universal symbol of love. 557 01:12:58,677 --> 01:13:01,805 After all, we embody the ultimate love story. 558 01:13:03,749 --> 01:13:06,843 A love story that feeds the Earth. 559 01:13:08,854 --> 01:13:12,585 Day after day, as flowers lift the human spirit, 560 01:13:13,559 --> 01:13:18,519 in hidden corners of the world beyond the view of people, 561 01:13:18,564 --> 01:13:22,500 bees are helping plants produce the world's food. 562 01:13:23,569 --> 01:13:28,063 Hummingbirds are helping to spread tomorrow's flowers through the forest. 563 01:13:29,675 --> 01:13:33,577 Bats are dispersing life through the vast desert. 564 01:13:36,015 --> 01:13:39,815 And butterflies are making exhausting flights, 565 01:13:39,852 --> 01:13:41,581 including the monarchs, 566 01:13:41,620 --> 01:13:46,956 now setting out on a marathon journey of 2,000 miles back to Mexico. 567 01:13:49,128 --> 01:13:53,929 Everywhere, pollinators are working tirelessly 568 01:13:53,966 --> 01:13:57,299 to keep the vast machinery of life running. 569 01:13:59,304 --> 01:14:04,901 (UPBEAT SONG CONTINUES) 570 01:14:06,300 --> 01:14:11,300 Ripped By Itzik Gur 45453

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