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00:00:31,283 --> 00:00:34,286
The oceans, seemingly limitless,
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00:00:34,369 --> 00:00:39,958
invoke in us a sense of awe and wonder
and also sometimes fear.
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They cover 70% of the surface
of our planet,
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and yet they are still
the least explored.
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00:00:50,135 --> 00:00:53,805
Hidden beneath the waves
right beneath my feet,
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00:00:54,306 --> 00:00:57,476
there are creatures
beyond our imagination.
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00:01:13,575 --> 00:01:17,496
With revolutionary technology,
we can enter new worlds...
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00:01:23,919 --> 00:01:25,671
...and shine a light on behaviours
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00:01:25,754 --> 00:01:29,049
in ways that were impossible
just a generation ago.
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00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:36,014
We've also recognised
an uncomfortable fact.
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00:01:36,598 --> 00:01:39,017
The health of our oceans
is under threat.
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They're changing at a faster rate
than ever before in human history.
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00:01:50,237 --> 00:01:53,073
Never has there been a more crucial time
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00:01:53,198 --> 00:01:57,786
to reveal what is going on
beneath the surface of the seas.
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00:02:13,218 --> 00:02:15,554
In this first episode,
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00:02:17,431 --> 00:02:22,769
we will journey across the globe
from the warm waters of the tropics
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00:02:25,939 --> 00:02:28,900
to the coldest around the poles.
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00:02:33,071 --> 00:02:38,243
To bring us a new understanding
of live beneath the waves.
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This is Blue Planet H.
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00:03:49,022 --> 00:03:54,361
The surface of the ocean conceals
the many creatures that live beneath
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but not all.
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00:04:12,587 --> 00:04:14,423
Bottlenose dolphins.
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00:04:17,926 --> 00:04:20,512
They're extremely intelligent.
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00:04:31,189 --> 00:04:35,026
And with this intelligence
comes playfulness.
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00:04:42,200 --> 00:04:43,618
They surf.
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00:04:45,287 --> 00:04:50,542
And as far as we can tell,
they do so for the sheer joy of it.
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00:05:19,571 --> 00:05:22,657
But to properly appreciate
their true character,
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you have to travel with them
into their world.
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A pod of bottlenose dolphins is visiting
a coral reef in the Red Sea.
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For the youngsters,
there are things to be learned here.
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The adults lead a calf
to a particular bush-like coral
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00:06:08,662 --> 00:06:11,122
called a Gorgonian.
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00:06:24,803 --> 00:06:28,974
And here, the adults behave
rather strangely.
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00:06:35,063 --> 00:06:39,025
They deliberately rub themselves
through the fronds.
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00:06:52,247 --> 00:06:55,667
Their calf seems reluctant to do so.
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00:07:08,722 --> 00:07:10,265
By watching his elders,
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00:07:10,348 --> 00:07:14,519
he may be realising
that this is something he ought to do.
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00:07:21,568 --> 00:07:25,447
Gorgonia fronds, in fact,
are covered with a mucous
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00:07:25,572 --> 00:07:30,368
that can have anti-inflammatory
and antimicrobial properties.
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00:07:35,290 --> 00:07:38,251
So maybe the adult dolphins
are doing this
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to protect themselves from infection.
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00:07:51,056 --> 00:07:54,059
The dolphins' intimate knowledge
of the reef
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is spurring us to search
for new medicines here, too.
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Tropical coral reefs
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occupy only a tenth of one percent
of the ocean floor.
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But their shallow warm waters
and stable year round conditions,
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support some of the most crowded
and varied communities
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00:08:27,801 --> 00:08:30,470
to be found anywhere in the oceans.
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00:08:33,765 --> 00:08:37,811
And there are new discoveries to be made
on every one of them.
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00:08:59,499 --> 00:09:03,002
One creature
on Australia's Great Barrier Reef
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is challenging our understanding
of fish intelligence.
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A tusk fish.
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00:09:10,719 --> 00:09:12,971
And you can see why it gets its name.
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He does something
few would have believed a fish could do.
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00:09:29,988 --> 00:09:33,658
Every morning,
he travels to the edge of the reef.
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He's searching
for something special to eat
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amongst the coral and sand.
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Here's one.
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A small clam.
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But how to crack it open
and get to the meat?
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He takes it all the way back
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to his special kitchen.
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A bowl-shaped coral
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that has a particular bump on the inside
that he always uses.
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It's not easy if you have no hands.
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Whoops.
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00:11:27,522 --> 00:11:29,023
There he goes again.
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00:11:33,486 --> 00:11:36,114
But he's got great determination
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00:11:42,620 --> 00:11:44,789
and surprising accuracy.
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At last.
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00:12:09,689 --> 00:12:12,859
So here is a fish that uses tools.
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Some fish are much cleverer
than you might suppose.
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The density of the animals
on tropical reefs
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makes competition
inevitable and extreme.
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Not only for those that lived
within the reef,
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but for the birds that fly above them.
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00:12:56,027 --> 00:12:57,695
During the dry season,
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over half a million terns
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00:13:00,406 --> 00:13:04,035
crowd onto this remote atoll
in the Indian Ocean.
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Their chicks are still
in their dark, juvenile plumage.
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They vary in age.
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Whilst the more advanced chicks
take to the air,
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others aren't quite ready yet.
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00:14:06,264 --> 00:14:08,933
Those just starting to learn to fly
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00:14:09,017 --> 00:14:12,979
use the shallow lagoon
that occupies the centre of the atoll
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as their training ground.
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00:14:17,442 --> 00:14:21,362
It's difficult for some of them
to stay aloft for long.
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Giant trevallies.
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00:15:01,194 --> 00:15:04,739
Usually, they're solitary hunters,
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00:15:04,989 --> 00:15:09,160
but about 50 of them have come here
from neighbouring reefs
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attracted by this abundance
of potential prey.
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00:15:21,214 --> 00:15:24,425
The fledglings stay out of the water
if they can,
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they even drink on the wing.
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If the trevally are to catch one now,
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they have to up their game.
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00:16:02,922 --> 00:16:06,134
So there is a fish here that amazingly
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has a brain capable of calculating
the airspeed,
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00:16:10,555 --> 00:16:13,891
altitude and trajectory of a bird.
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00:16:46,507 --> 00:16:50,678
The time comes when every fledgling
has to take to the air
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00:16:50,803 --> 00:16:52,930
and collect food for itself.
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Their parents lead them
to the training grounds.
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00:18:59,932 --> 00:19:01,976
If they're to survive,
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they must learn quickly.
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00:19:13,237 --> 00:19:16,449
After a month of practising
over the lagoon,
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00:19:16,574 --> 00:19:18,492
the youngsters start to leave
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00:19:18,576 --> 00:19:21,746
and take their chances
out over the open sea.
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00:19:29,420 --> 00:19:35,134
The oceans hold 97% of all the water
in the world.
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00:19:37,928 --> 00:19:41,682
As the sun warms their surface,
water evaporates.
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00:19:42,641 --> 00:19:44,852
The vapour rises into the sky
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00:19:44,935 --> 00:19:48,939
until it cools and condenses
into towering clouds.
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00:19:51,817 --> 00:19:55,279
And they generate huge storms.
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00:19:59,116 --> 00:20:02,745
The spin of the earth
deflects these storms
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00:20:02,828 --> 00:20:06,165
north and south into cooler latitudes.
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00:20:14,965 --> 00:20:17,176
As they travel across the sea,
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00:20:17,385 --> 00:20:21,639
storm-driven winds create huge swells.
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00:20:34,318 --> 00:20:36,821
When the swells reach shallower waters,
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they rise into gigantic waves.
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00:20:58,843 --> 00:21:03,347
In its lifetime,
a large storm can release energy
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00:21:03,431 --> 00:21:07,685
that is the equivalent
of 70, 000 nuclear bombs.
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00:21:33,419 --> 00:21:36,464
These are the seasonal seas.
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00:21:39,633 --> 00:21:41,469
And when they warm in spring,
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00:21:41,719 --> 00:21:44,722
they can suddenly explode with life.
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00:22:00,237 --> 00:22:04,450
Mobula rays have gathered
in Mexico's Sea of Cortez
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00:22:04,575 --> 00:22:06,327
in vast numbers.
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00:22:14,084 --> 00:22:15,461
Why do they leap?
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00:22:18,422 --> 00:22:20,758
Is it to tell others that they're here?
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00:22:24,428 --> 00:22:25,930
No one knows.
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00:22:29,517 --> 00:22:32,102
They feed mostly at night
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00:22:32,186 --> 00:22:37,441
for that is when vast swarms
of plankton rise from the depths.
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00:22:43,781 --> 00:22:48,452
The disturbance in the water stimulates
many of the planktonic creatures
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00:22:48,536 --> 00:22:50,204
to luminesce.
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00:22:51,830 --> 00:22:56,961
Only now do we have the technology
to record their faint glow.
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00:23:06,387 --> 00:23:08,931
The feasting rays swim through them
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00:23:09,014 --> 00:23:13,644
creating an extraordinary ballet
of life and death.
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00:24:03,902 --> 00:24:08,532
The richness of these waters
is based on microscopic plants,
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00:24:08,907 --> 00:24:10,367
Phytoplankton,
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00:24:10,701 --> 00:24:15,205
which bloom on such a massive scale
they benefit us all.
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00:24:18,626 --> 00:24:22,212
They, together with seaweeds
and sea grasses,
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00:24:22,379 --> 00:24:24,214
produce as much oxygen
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00:24:24,298 --> 00:24:28,385
as all the forests
and grassy plains on land.
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00:24:40,064 --> 00:24:42,524
Every spring off New Zealand,
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the seasonal bounty
draws in rare visitors.
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00:24:55,287 --> 00:24:57,414
False killer whales.
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00:25:01,126 --> 00:25:03,128
They're relatives of the orca,
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00:25:03,253 --> 00:25:06,590
six metres long
and weighing over a tonne.
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00:25:15,849 --> 00:25:19,186
They appear to be searching
for dolphins.
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00:25:22,481 --> 00:25:25,693
And there are many
in these coastal waters.
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00:25:35,619 --> 00:25:38,455
Here, bottlenose dolphins stick together
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00:25:38,539 --> 00:25:41,834
constantly chattering
with whistles and clicks.
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00:25:51,802 --> 00:25:55,222
Such a din carries for miles underwater.
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00:26:01,562 --> 00:26:04,231
The false killers have detected them.
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00:26:28,380 --> 00:26:32,259
Travelling at ten knots,
the killers quickly close in on them.
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00:26:50,944 --> 00:26:54,948
But then,
something truly extraordinary happens.
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00:27:00,913 --> 00:27:02,873
The dolphins turn
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00:27:04,082 --> 00:27:07,044
as if to greet their pursuers.
157
00:27:15,385 --> 00:27:17,888
They seem to change their course.
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00:27:19,932 --> 00:27:23,393
Could it be that they're attempting
to communicate?
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00:27:33,278 --> 00:27:36,406
Scientists studying
this annual encounter,
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00:27:36,490 --> 00:27:40,494
now think that individuals
may recognise one another.
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00:27:44,122 --> 00:27:48,210
Almost unbelievably,
it seems that these different species
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appear to be old friends.
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Together they're gathering
as one unified army
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00:28:01,932 --> 00:28:03,976
up to a thousand strong.
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00:28:12,109 --> 00:28:16,488
This formidable hunting party
now harvests the riches
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00:28:16,780 --> 00:28:18,949
that come with New Zealand's summer.
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00:28:42,556 --> 00:28:45,183
All across the higher latitudes,
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00:28:45,475 --> 00:28:49,313
seasonal seas flourish
under the summer sun.
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00:28:52,566 --> 00:28:56,194
Here in Alaska,
sea otters lounge in the canopy
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00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:58,822
of great submarine forests.
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00:29:06,163 --> 00:29:13,420
Giant kelp, the biggest seaweed of all
is home to all kinds of life.
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00:29:14,880 --> 00:29:19,509
On the forest floor, spiny
sea urchins munch through the kelp.
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00:29:21,887 --> 00:29:25,849
Elsewhere there are continuously hungry
sea cucumbers
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00:29:29,603 --> 00:29:31,688
And in the tangled undergrowth,
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00:29:31,772 --> 00:29:35,359
wonderfully camouflaged sea dragons.
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00:29:46,203 --> 00:29:49,915
In the underwater forests
of northern Japan,
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the residents of this sunken wreck
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00:29:53,251 --> 00:29:58,548
are waiting for the summer temperatures
to reach 16 degrees Celsius.
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That for some is the time for mating.
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00:30:29,162 --> 00:30:32,416
A kind of giant wrasse called a Kobudai.
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This is a male.
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00:30:46,471 --> 00:30:50,475
And in female terms,
he's particularly handsome.
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00:30:58,608 --> 00:31:03,155
He's a metre long and weighs 15 kilos.
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00:31:06,116 --> 00:31:09,453
Much larger than the diminutive female,
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and he is ready to breed.
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He attempts to mate with her
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and with any of the dozen or so females
that live in his territory,
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whenever he gets the chance.
189
00:31:45,739 --> 00:31:48,867
But females from around ten years old
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00:31:49,034 --> 00:31:52,162
take little notice of his advances.
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00:32:20,774 --> 00:32:25,695
This is because when any large female
reaches a critical body size,
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00:32:26,196 --> 00:32:29,741
she can begin a dramatic transformation.
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00:32:48,051 --> 00:32:49,886
Over just a few months,
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00:32:49,970 --> 00:32:54,391
particular enzymes inside her body
cease to work,
195
00:32:56,476 --> 00:33:00,272
and male hormones start to circulate.
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00:33:04,442 --> 00:33:06,111
As time passes,
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00:33:07,445 --> 00:33:09,156
her head expands
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00:33:09,906 --> 00:33:11,908
and her chin gets longer.
199
00:33:15,078 --> 00:33:19,124
A she has changed into a he.
200
00:33:28,967 --> 00:33:32,012
And with this comes a change
in temperament.
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00:33:38,810 --> 00:33:42,105
The old male who rules
all the females here
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00:33:44,441 --> 00:33:46,943
is challenged to a face off.
203
00:33:53,450 --> 00:33:55,619
The more bulbous the head,
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00:33:56,119 --> 00:33:59,331
the more it intimidates an opponent.
205
00:34:27,025 --> 00:34:29,903
The territory has a new ruler.
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00:34:42,832 --> 00:34:47,212
Only the largest females transform
themselves in this way.
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00:34:53,093 --> 00:34:56,596
But the change enables them
to have more mates,
208
00:34:56,930 --> 00:35:01,059
so they will have many more offspring
carrying their genes.
209
00:35:07,357 --> 00:35:10,026
But a new male can't afford
to be complacent.
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00:35:12,862 --> 00:35:16,366
Inside the body of every Kobudai female,
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00:35:17,242 --> 00:35:20,120
there is a new male in waiting.
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00:35:40,473 --> 00:35:45,562
The closer we travel towards the poles,
the colder the seas become.
213
00:35:49,316 --> 00:35:50,900
Icebergs appear.
214
00:35:51,067 --> 00:35:53,820
Huge slabs that have broken away
215
00:35:53,903 --> 00:35:56,072
from glaciers that are sliding
into the sea.
216
00:35:57,907 --> 00:36:01,619
And then the surface starts to freeze.
217
00:36:12,297 --> 00:36:15,592
While the lights of the aurora
play above,
218
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:17,761
even in the depths of midwinter,
219
00:36:18,345 --> 00:36:22,015
there are a few places
well north of the Arctic circle
220
00:36:22,140 --> 00:36:23,641
that are still open.
221
00:36:35,278 --> 00:36:39,074
The fjords of northern Norway
remain ice free
222
00:36:39,157 --> 00:36:42,160
because a giant current,
the Gulf Stream,
223
00:36:42,285 --> 00:36:44,204
flows up here from the south
224
00:36:44,287 --> 00:36:47,540
bringing warmth all the way
from the Caribbean.
225
00:36:51,628 --> 00:36:53,129
And every winter,
226
00:36:53,213 --> 00:36:56,716
billions of herring
come here for shelter.
227
00:37:00,887 --> 00:37:02,597
And following them...
228
00:37:05,308 --> 00:37:06,518
...Orca.
229
00:37:19,030 --> 00:37:21,491
There are up to a thousand of them.
230
00:37:23,326 --> 00:37:27,705
It's possibly the greatest gathering
of orca on the planet.
231
00:37:38,007 --> 00:37:42,303
The herring maybe plentiful
but in these winding fjords
232
00:37:42,387 --> 00:37:45,265
they're not always easy to track down.
233
00:37:49,853 --> 00:37:52,230
These particular orca, however,
234
00:37:52,689 --> 00:37:55,191
are fish hunting specialists.
235
00:38:04,617 --> 00:38:05,910
They work as a team,
236
00:38:06,035 --> 00:38:10,707
coordinating their approach
by calling loudly to one another.
237
00:38:16,045 --> 00:38:19,799
They herd the herring
into tighter and tighter shoals.
238
00:38:35,398 --> 00:38:37,025
They swim below them,
239
00:38:37,108 --> 00:38:39,736
trapping them against
the surface of the sea.
240
00:38:48,912 --> 00:38:52,832
And now the orca deploy
their special weapon.
241
00:38:58,338 --> 00:39:01,424
They beat their tails with such force,
242
00:39:01,591 --> 00:39:04,469
that the shock waves stun the herring.
243
00:39:07,263 --> 00:39:11,518
And then the senseless victims
are easily collected.
244
00:39:46,970 --> 00:39:50,974
But all this underwater noise
attracts others.
245
00:39:59,148 --> 00:40:00,984
Humpback whales.
246
00:40:02,652 --> 00:40:05,154
They move in on the action.
247
00:40:13,830 --> 00:40:18,001
They approach the shoal from beneath
and then lunge upwards,
248
00:40:24,591 --> 00:40:29,178
gathering up to a hundred kilos
of herring in a single mouthful.
249
00:40:48,698 --> 00:40:51,743
The humpbacks are comparative newcomers.
250
00:40:52,702 --> 00:40:56,205
They only started coming here
within the last decade.
251
00:41:07,717 --> 00:41:10,762
But these polars seas are so rich
252
00:41:10,887 --> 00:41:13,806
that there appears to be enough food
for everyone.
253
00:41:36,996 --> 00:41:40,416
Nonetheless, few if any of these riches
254
00:41:40,500 --> 00:41:44,087
would be here were it not
for the Gulf Stream.
255
00:41:53,596 --> 00:41:58,434
Ocean currents, in fact, are crucial
to the well being of our planet.
256
00:42:03,606 --> 00:42:06,859
They distribute the sun's heat
towards the poles
257
00:42:06,943 --> 00:42:08,611
all the way from the equator,
258
00:42:11,280 --> 00:42:15,827
maintaining a climate favourable
for life almost everywhere.
259
00:42:22,625 --> 00:42:25,962
From creating the weather
to producing oxygen,
260
00:42:26,045 --> 00:42:28,965
the seas keep our world healthy.
261
00:42:38,516 --> 00:42:41,060
But there are now worrying signs
262
00:42:41,185 --> 00:42:42,812
that conditions in the oceans
263
00:42:42,895 --> 00:42:45,815
that have remained relatively stable
for millennia
264
00:42:46,232 --> 00:42:48,151
are changing radically.
265
00:42:50,069 --> 00:42:53,740
Nowhere is this more evident
than in the Arctic.
266
00:42:56,075 --> 00:42:58,161
Here in the past 30 years,
267
00:42:58,244 --> 00:43:03,040
the extent of the ice in summer
has been reduced by 40%.
268
00:43:04,208 --> 00:43:06,002
This sudden warming,
269
00:43:06,169 --> 00:43:09,088
most likely a consequence
of human activity,
270
00:43:09,505 --> 00:43:13,342
is having a profound impact
on its wildlife.
271
00:43:20,558 --> 00:43:24,645
Walruses are among those
that are seriously affected.
272
00:43:34,447 --> 00:43:38,534
Every adult female
needs to find a safe place
273
00:43:38,910 --> 00:43:41,704
where her 80-kilo pup can rest.
274
00:43:45,041 --> 00:43:46,375
The sea ice is retreating
275
00:43:46,459 --> 00:43:49,212
from much
of the walrus' traditional range,
276
00:43:49,420 --> 00:43:52,715
so they now have
to haul out on dry land.
277
00:43:58,262 --> 00:44:01,849
But a herd of hundreds
of quarrelsome mothers,
278
00:44:01,933 --> 00:44:06,145
some weighing almost a tonne,
is not an ideal nursery.
279
00:44:15,655 --> 00:44:19,659
Walruses on land stick together
for good reason.
280
00:44:21,953 --> 00:44:23,329
Polar bears.
281
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:31,379
A full grown male walrus is gigantic,
282
00:44:31,462 --> 00:44:34,340
too big for even a polar bear to tackle.
283
00:44:36,425 --> 00:44:39,929
So the bear is looking
for a walrus baby.
284
00:44:46,269 --> 00:44:49,689
The scent of the bear
spreads alarm through the colony.
285
00:44:57,446 --> 00:44:59,866
The walruses retreat into the sea.
286
00:45:18,801 --> 00:45:22,305
The bear knows it won't be able
to catch them there.
287
00:45:32,565 --> 00:45:35,484
But she too has young ones to feed.
288
00:45:43,159 --> 00:45:46,162
What is a mother to do?
289
00:45:56,589 --> 00:45:59,550
A mother walrus still needs
to find a place
290
00:45:59,675 --> 00:46:01,344
where her young can rest.
291
00:46:09,352 --> 00:46:11,687
A melting iceberg might do,
292
00:46:13,064 --> 00:46:16,359
but she is not the first
to find this one.
293
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:27,203
Suitable places are already taken.
294
00:47:01,904 --> 00:47:04,615
Other mothers don't want to share.
295
00:47:09,620 --> 00:47:13,249
They, too, need a patch of ice
where they can protect their young.
296
00:47:19,755 --> 00:47:24,635
A desperate mother has no choice
but to barge her way in.
297
00:47:48,868 --> 00:47:51,787
So this time everyone loses.
298
00:48:18,147 --> 00:48:21,317
Finding the right place
on these melting shores
299
00:48:21,525 --> 00:48:24,403
gets harder and harder.
300
00:49:00,523 --> 00:49:06,487
Solving these problems together
helps create a bond so strong
301
00:49:06,570 --> 00:49:11,450
that the mother will stay in contact
with her young for the rest of her life.
302
00:49:23,546 --> 00:49:27,299
But who knows now
what their future will be.
303
00:49:41,730 --> 00:49:45,151
As we understand more
about the complexity
304
00:49:45,317 --> 00:49:47,736
of the lives of sea creatures,
305
00:49:49,113 --> 00:49:53,409
so we begin to appreciate
the fragility of their home.
306
00:49:55,286 --> 00:49:57,079
Our blue planet.
307
00:50:13,262 --> 00:50:14,430
Next time.
308
00:50:15,639 --> 00:50:17,099
The deep.
309
00:50:18,184 --> 00:50:21,270
A world richer
than we ever though possible,
310
00:50:22,688 --> 00:50:24,190
where creatures thrive,
311
00:50:26,025 --> 00:50:29,612
in the most extreme conditions on Earth.
311
00:50:30,305 --> 00:50:36,851
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