All language subtitles for BBC Natural World 2018 Red Ape Saving the Orangutan Eng

This programme contains
some scenes which
some viewers may find upsetting

SIRENS WAIL

INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER

GUN CLICKS

SIREN WAILS

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

CAMERA CLICKS

The poor orangutans have been caught
in one of the most devastating

ecological war zones on our planet.

The illegal pet trade is
just one of many threats.

In the last 20 years,

over half of Borneo's orangutans
have been lost from the wild.

They are now on the critically
endangered list,

and I think that
that is a huge wake-up call.

We are in a crisis and we are
running out of time.

Every day we're sitting here and
we're not addressing conservation

issues, 20 orangutans will disappear
from the face of the earth.

With expert opinion and
unprecedented access to footage

filmed by rescue teams
on the front line...

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

GUN CLICKS
..this is the story of
how orangutans have been

pushed to the brink...

They really are staring over
the precipice into extinction.

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

..and the specialist medics
fighting to save them.

Come on, come on, come on...

BIRDSONG

Orangutans are incredibly
closely related to us,

and because of that,
they're very similar.

And you can see that in the way
they behave and the way they act,

their genetics,
everything about them.

You can't really look an orangutan
in the eye and not see

some quite deep emotional
connection with them.

It's a being -
it's someone staring back at you.

I've been lucky enough to see
an orangutan in the wild,

and it just overwhelmed me...

..and the more you know about them,
the more wonderful it is.

They have an incredibly complex
relationship with the forest,

and they can identify several
hundred species of plant that

they're able to use not only for
food, but also medicinally.

They remind you of your friends,
your family...

They're incredibly intelligent.

They are one of the most remarkable
creatures on the planet.

Orangutans are only found on
two islands in Southeast Asia -

Sumatra and Borneo.

Borneo mostly falls within
the borders of Indonesia,

and 85% of orangutans
live on this one island

but, over the last six decades,

their numbers have been
declining rapidly,

and in 2016

they were declared
critically endangered.

For a million years,
orangutans thrived,

and then, in the blink of an eye,

the orangutans are being wiped off
the face of the earth.

THUNDER RUMBLES

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

The fight to save them has never
been more important.

I think what really changed me
as a person is the first experience

that I had in Indonesia.

It was also the first time that I
really saw what was happening to

the orangutans, and the very
critical situation

they were going through.

It really impacted me as a person,

as a professional, as a vet,

and really made me think that I had
to do something about it.

In 2008, Dr Karmele Llano Sanchez
was working as a vet in Borneo

when she was called to treat
an orangutan called JoJo,

being illegally kept as a pet.

JoJo was chained up
from his ankle...

..and below him there was sewage,

and it was all this dirty water.

He was also about 12 years old,
and had spent his whole life there.

And I remember, to look at JoJo,
it's not sadness -

it's desperation.

I had to give some medication.

I opened the chain...

..but I had to put back the chain
on the other ankle,

and I had to leave...

..and I left JoJo there,

because there was no place to
take him.

It impacted me so much,

and this was our main motivation
to build this centre.

JOJO GRUNTS

One year after meeting JoJo,
Karmele returned to rescue him,

housing him in
a temporary enclosure,

away from the horror
of his previous life.

His bones hadn't grown properly.
He had rickets.

It's a disease when you don't have
proper nutrition,

so he's handicapped.

JoJo's disability meant he couldn't
survive in the wild...

..so Karmele has been caring for him
for the last ten years.

And now you would not believe that
it's the same orangutan.

Good boy, good boy,
yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah...

Good boy.

It's just a cage where he lives now.

He deserves a much better place,

but, you know, it's far, far,
very far from

where we rescued this orangutan.

JoJo was the first orangutan
Karmele saved,

but today the centre she founded
has grown.

International Animal Rescue now
cares for over 100 orangutans.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

Every ape has an incredible story
of survival.

ORANGUTAN SQUEALS

MACHINE BEEPS STEADILY

The latest arrivals are
the pair rescued by the police

from the illegal pet trade.

One is a year-old male
that has been named Gakkum.

The other, a female of eight months,
has been called Korwas.

After their ordeal at the hands
of wildlife traffickers...

Shh, shh, shh, shh, shh, shh.

..they face over two months
in quarantine

before they can join the other
babies at the centre.

In five years, the number of
orangutans cared for

by Karmele and her team has
doubled...

..and this is just one of six rescue
centres across Borneo.

All are stretched to breaking point.

I think the centre is just
a treatment for the symptoms,

but it's not really a cure for
the root of the problem.

When it comes to saving orangutans,

what you've got to do is
save their home,

and their home is the rainforest.

TREE CREAKS

CHAINSAW BUZZES

The question we have to ask
ourselves is, how did we get here?

In the 1960s, a military officer
named Suharto

establishes this military
dictatorship,

and he exercises his control
with ruthless violence.

He has a vice-like grip
across Indonesia.

So he claims all of the forests
for the state.

ANIMALS CHIRP

Borneo's forests are
very rich in hardwoods

that make really good, really
durable, really strong timber.

These species are really valuable.

Before, people, of course, were
cutting down trees to build houses

and so on, but it could only
happen on a limited scale

because the technology
wasn't there.

And if you think you're going to
try and hack your way through

that one-metre-diameter hardwood
tree with an axe, and then tug it

kilometres down the road, that's
a really difficult thing to do.

In the 1960s, the logging industry
in Borneo took a turn.

MUSIC: Gimme Shelter
by The Rolling Stones

The chainsaws came in,

the bulldozers came in,

and all of a sudden you actually
had major timber barons.

The companies went in very quickly
and they ripped out this timber.

# My very life today... #

The volumes of logs coming out of
Borneo surpassed the volumes

coming out of the Amazon
and the Congo.

For a period of time it was the
logging epicentre of the planet.

# It's just a shot away

# It's just a shot away... #

Within years, this became
a multi-billion-dollar industry.

There were people becoming
super-rich off the back of it.

Logging had a huge impact on
the environment of Borneo.

SAW BUZZES

Tall hardwood trees were targeted
by the early logging industry.

When you remove a tree species,
you change the forest dramatically -

if you remove, for instance,

the organisms that are utterly
dependent on that species of tree,

you generally screw things up.

The era of industrial logging
took a huge toll.

Borneo's pristine forests started to
be exploited at a breathtaking rate.

Satellite data reveals that,
in less than three decades,

an area larger than
England was logged.

The orangutan population
went into freefall.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

Today, degraded areas of forest are
the number-one reason rescue centres

deploy emergency extraction teams.

In these small fragmentary areas,

you don't get that whole
yearly cycle of fruiting trees,

and you don't get enough food
all the time.

You're not getting enough water,
there's not enough habitat,

and nine times out of ten, if
they're stuck, they're going to die.

Using cameras to document
their work,

this team faces a particularly
challenging rescue -

a mother with a baby.

They must capture both
without injuring them.

For us to capture a wild orangutan,

the only way is if
we sedate them first,

so we have to use guns to
deliver the drug.

Argitoe Ranting is the team's
most experienced marksman.

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

If a dart hits the wrong part of
an orangutan's body,

it can cause internal damage.

You have to be really careful not to
hit the baby orangutan by mistake.

SCREECHING

GUN CLICKS

OK.

The dart has hit its mark.

When the female falls asleep,
she should drop into the net...

..but she's become wedged
in the branches.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

They must get them down quickly
before the drugs wear off.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

TREE CREAKS

Babies are carried on their mothers
for the first two years.

Wide awake, this one clings on
instinctively.

We found them in a really
horrible condition,

with severe malnutrition.

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

It's amazing that an orangutan
can make it through

that level of malnutrition.

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

If you are late for a few days,
it might be too late.

THUNDER RUMBLES,
RAIN TRICKLES

Despite the stressful ordeal,
this mother and baby can now be

relocated to a protected area
of forest,

where she can raise her youngster
in the wild...

..but they are the lucky ones.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

95% of the orangutans that arrive
at International Animal Rescue

are orphaned babies.

The team's goal is to rehabilitate
and release them back into the wild

but, without a mother to teach them
basic life skills,

it's up to the centre's 50 keepers
to show them the ropes.

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

THEY SQUEAK

One of my favourite things
about baby orangutans

is this look on their face.

There's this sense of,
"How am I here?"

Orangutans share 97% of
their DNA with us,

and research shows great apes
can be as intelligent

as a three-year-old child.

SQUEAKING

We're so closely related,

we can pass them our human germs
and diseases,

so the keepers wear masks to protect
these vulnerable babies.

SQUEALING

They've also got
the longest childhood

in the whole natural world.

In the wild, these baby orangutans
should be with Mum for seven years,

and that bond, as it is with us,
is very, very special.

We can't replace their mothers.

We are not their mothers.

We will never be.

But, you know, we will try to do our
best to try to get these orangutans

back into the wild.

Forest School is really important
for baby orangutans.

This is where they are going to
learn everything they need to know

to survive in the wild.

Baby orangutans learn in exactly the
same that we do when we're children.

They will watch every move
their mum makes,

and if they don't have a mum,
they have to watch their caregivers,

and also their other
little playmates,

and that's really important,

cos they're watching the mistakes,
and they're watching the successes.

They need to identify what's food
in the forest.

Many of the plants are toxic,
and many aren't,

so how do you know which one is
the right thing to eat?

They need to learn how to climb,
and many of these little kids -

and these are kids, remember -
can't even climb a tree.

Something we don't think about
great apes doing is building nests,

and it can take years to learn.

It's not just a case of
bending some trees over -

they're beautifully interwoven,
and it's safety for them.

You've got to train a wild animal to
be wild again.

We now know so much more about
the cognitive mental abilities

of all these great apes,

and we know that they
enjoy themselves,

and they have a sense of humour.

They can mourn.

These Forest Schools are
doing everything they can,

and they're invaluable to the
future success of these animals

going back into the wild.

The reality is that each of those
babies are orphans.

THUNDER RUMBLES,
RAIN TRICKLES

People seeing the cute
orangutans is, "Oh! Ah!"

The reality is that it's a tragedy.

THUNDER RUMBLES

ENGINE ROARS

The story of the decline of
orangutans is basically the story of

human domination over nature.

The orangutans' forest home not only
provides them with food and shelter,

it also acts as a buffer protecting
them from human activity...

..but as logging companies stripped
the forests of timber,

the roads they built
carved Borneo open.

This presented opportunity for human
infiltration like never before.

For orangutans, the impact has been
significant.

You get much increased rates of
hunting of wildlife

and increased rates of conflict
with wildlife,

and animals tend to get killed
as a result.

ORANGUTAN SQUEAKS

Recent research shows that
up to 3,000 orangutans

are being intentionally killed
every year in Indonesian Borneo,

as our two worlds collide.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

In 2012 a rescue team recorded
a particularly harrowing case,

when a young male -
later named Pelangsi -

was caught in a hunter's snare.

When we arrived, he was still
trying to free himself,

trying to pull the arm...

..so we had to sedate him.

The arm was completely necrotised.
It's like gangrene.

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

He had a high fever.

The infection had already affected
the bloodstream.

He could have died there,

after many, many days suffering.

The team stretchered Pelangsi
out of the forest.

Throughout all this time,

we had to make sure that
the heartbeat was stable.

It was the longest hour and a half
ever in my life.

Pelangsi was holding on
for all this time,

but as soon as he got to
the clinic...

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

..he collapsed.

And in the morning, the medical team
called me up and said,

"Karmele, maybe you have to come,

"because the condition of Pelangsi
is getting worse,

"and we think that he's, uh,

"he's getting into a shock."

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

Pelangsi's blood pressure was
really, really low,

the heartbeat was low,

and potentially he's going to
die soon.

I said to the team, "Don't give up,"

and we had to try our best.

By next morning, Pelangsi had
regained consciousness,

but he hadn't eaten for eight days.

It was critical the vets found a way
to get this wild orangutan

to accept food.

VET CLICKS TONGUE

Hey, oh, Pelangsi.

And that was what saved his life.

Good boy.

His condition started to
recover very quickly.

After a month in intensive care,

Pelangsi had regained
his strength,

but now he had an even bigger
hurdle to overcome -

surgery on his horrifically
damaged arm.

We knew that it had to
be amputated - there was no doubt.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS,
VENTILATOR HISSES

The heart rate is stable.
The oxygen is stable.

It took over five hours.

It was a really tough operation...

TOOL BUZZES

..but everything went
really, really well.

With only one hand,
Pelangsi's movement was impaired...

..but orangutans are intelligent
and adaptable animals.

Even when he was recovering,

we saw that he had developed
some extra skills.

He was able to use his mouth to
replace his missing hand.

He could also use this part of the
forearm to hold things, as well -

food and branches.

HE GRUNTS

Against the odds, Pelangsi had
developed the skills he needed

to live back in the wild.

The decision was made to
release him.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

Bye-bye!

He spent a few seconds to
look back to us,

and vocalise the same as
a wild orangutan will do.

HE SCREECHES

That was it. He was back to being
a completely wild orangutan.

HE GRUNTS

If you asked the question, "How did
we get into this situation today?"

I would say two words - palm oil.

The exploitation of Borneo's forests
that began in the '60s

had initially focused on
a few species of hardwood tree...

..but in the '90s, a turn of events
would accelerate the destruction

on a massive scale.

Four decades of relentless
logging had exhausted

the valuable hardwoods,
and Suharto's regime had left

the Indonesian economy
close to collapse.

In Indonesia, rioting continues as
the government tries to

pull its country out
of economic ruin.

Anger is directed at President
Suharto, whose autocratic rule

in Indonesia has lasted 32 years.

In 1998, Suharto is toppled
as a dictator...

CAMERAS CLICK

CHEERING

..and this leads to a critical
moment for Indonesia's forests.

There was a decentralisation of
power from the national government

to the regional government
authorities.

The district governments in Borneo
needed to generate revenue.

The timber barons had depleted
large areas of rainforest.

People don't have the patience to
sit back for 200 years and wait for

a forest to grow back,
so people were thinking,

"OK, what's plan B now?"

Palm oil is one of the most
widely used products on our planet.

If you go into a supermarket,

it's almost hard to find something
that hasn't got palm oil in it.

It's used in food.
It's used in cosmetics.

It's used as a feedstock for making
all kinds of different products.

It's actually the highest-yielding
vegetable oil that there is,

and there was a lot of money to
be made from it.

At first it seemed like the perfect
economic solution,

creating jobs and opportunity.

Critically, you also have dozens of
district leaders who have suddenly

assumed great control to grant
licences to plantation companies

to grow palm oil.

They basically gave vast concessions
to clear those rainforests

for palm oil.

During this time, there was a rapid
increase in deforestation rates.

If you look at what is happening
with palm oil in Borneo,

it's like a disease.

It is just running rampage
across the rainforest.

Indonesia is the biggest producer
of palm oil across the globe.

You can fly over areas which look
like a neat version of the Amazon -

palm oil from horizon to horizon.

THUNDER RUMBLES

Less than 10% of companies in
Borneo produce palm oil using

sustainable methods to
an international standard.

In these intensively farmed
monocultures,

most forest species can't survive.

The only life is rows upon rows
of oil palm trees,

planted to produce a cheap oil
so we can have cheap snack foods

in the US, Europe and China.

It's fine if you put a bit of palm
oil into the odd biscuit,

but you cannot have that kind of
global demand going into

more and more products and think
the rainforests are going to

survive this, or that orangutans
are going to survive this.

Since 2000
and the explosion of palm oil,

Borneo has lost 20,000
square miles of forest.

If the predicted rate of
deforestation holds true,

a third of Borneo's
remaining orangutans

will be wiped out by 2020.

BIRD SQUAWKS

In 2016, across Borneo,

a football field of forest was
destroyed every 47 seconds.

As companies clear-cut the forest,

rescue teams stand by to help
orangutans trapped as their home is

levelled around them.

TREE CREAKS

I could never imagine
until I saw it with my own eyes.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

GUN CLICKS
BLEEP

In the aftermath of one clearance,
marksman Argitoe is called to

translocate an orangutan
spotted on the ground.

Away from the safety of the trees,

the team's rescue footage reveals
it disorientated and vulnerable.

GUN CLICKS

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

The team need to carry out a rapid
assessment to decide whether

this female can be released
straightaway.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

But as vets start
a primary survey,

Argitoe receives a call from
a palm oil concession.

ORANGUTAN GRUNTS

Another orangutan is in trouble.

The frightened female
has sought safety

at the top of a 30m-tall tree.

ORANGUTAN SQUEAKS

With the orangutan out of range,
the team must bide their time.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

BIRD CHIRPS

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

Rescues are traumatic
for orangutans...

..but this female is
severely dehydrated

and wouldn't have survived
in the open for much longer.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

She has no major injuries...

..so can be translocated along
with the female rescued earlier.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

As they prepare to leave,
new information comes in.

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

According to a local worker,
before the team arrived,

this orangutan became separated
from its baby.

Without its mother,

the baby orangutan will have
no chance of surviving.

Despite the team's best efforts,
this mother's baby was never found.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

BABY ORANGUTAN SQUEAKS

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

It's been two months since
the baby orangutans rescued during

the police raid came
into the centre.

Until now, they've been kept
isolated in the quarantine cages.

Today, Gakkum can finally
join another new arrival

to start the rehabilitation process.

Today we are going to try to put
Gakkum for the first time in a tree.

Thank you.

Orangutans are mostly solitary
in the wild,

but Gakkum will have to learn to
socialise with other babies

before he can start Forest School.

Gakkum.

So, at the moment,
he's just clinging onto Dr Temia.

When they have the opportunity to
climb the first time,

not all of them are going to be
confident to do it right away...

..so you just have to
give them time.

Gakkum. Gakkum, Gakkum, Gakkum.
Gakkum.

Gakkum is taking his first steps
on a long road.

Hey, Gakkum.

It'll take six years' training in
Forest School before he can join

the older orangutans getting
ready to be released.

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

We'll release the animals
in a National Park,

and it's a beautiful forest area
in the heart of Borneo.

We are re-establishing
a population that once was lost.

Releasing orangutans there is
invaluable for the survival of

the orangutans as a species.

Since the 1980s,

the Indonesian government has
protected nine key areas in Borneo,

designating them as National Parks.

Rescue teams use these forest
sanctuaries when returning

orangutans back to the wild.

The rainforests of Borneo are the
oldest rainforests on the planet.

They have been evolving
for 130 million years.

There are places around the world
that we call biodiversity hot spots,

and they're places that are really
important for different species -

the number of species,
and the unique species.

SCREECHING

These rich ecosystems can support
large numbers of orangutans...

..which is key for the genetic
health of the species.

One of the nice things about
orangutans is that they require

a lot of space.

We often try and give them space
by making reserves large enough

for them to exist in,

so they act as what we call
umbrella species.

By protecting them, we're protecting
large chunks of biodiversity.

CHIRPING AND SCREECHING

So far, Karmele's team has released
almost 100 orangutans

into these forests...

..but, despite these last
strongholds being protected,

every year they come under threat
from a devastating force.

The race is on to save
endangered orangutans from

the burning forests of Borneo.

The fires of 2015 were just off
the Richter scale

in terms of their extent,
cos this was over 100,000 fires.

This impacted the lives of
tens of millions of people.

The air pollution
was just incredible.

People were dying, babies were
dying, old people were dying...

35 billion US dollars in damages.

The costs to species like orangutans
are also enormous.

In the five months of 2015
between June and October,

almost 8,000 square miles of
Borneo's forests burned.

Orangutan fatalities were estimated
to run into the hundreds.

We're looking at the biggest
environmental disaster

of the 21st century.

The perfect storm that happened
in 2015, in terms of those fires,

was partly natural,
but ultimately the consequences

were completely made by
human beings.

TOOL BUZZES

2015 was one of those years
when everything went wrong.

It was a really bad El Nino year.

You get generally
much drier conditions

for very long periods on end.

The cause wasn't only
the El Nino weather pattern.

It was the intentional use of fire
to clear peatlands

so that they could be prepared for
palm oil and pulp plantations.

First of all, the company dig these
massive canals,

drain the peatlands, the swamps,

dry them out, and then people
set fire to clear the land.

If you set fire to peat, it's like
setting fire to a coal seam.

It's pure hell to try
and put it out.

The consequences are that those
fires will get out of control,

will spread,
and will be unstoppable.

ORANGUTAN GROANS

In the middle of that,

we were nonstop rescuing two
or three orangutans a week.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

At the end of the fire season,
the rescues continued

as orangutans, fleeing the flames,

became stranded in
unsuitable forests.

The most challenging was a giant
male the team named Jambu.

Come on, come on, come on.

HE SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE,
GUN CLICKS

Successfully darted, the team must
now safely catch a 70-kilo ape.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

We were all just waiting
for him to fall...

..and actually sometimes
there are accidents.

TREE RUSTLES,
THEY SHOUT

Once you see the orangutan falling,
it's the most stressful time,

because you know that
that's the biggest risk.

THEY SHOUT IN OWN LANGUAGE

At the moment when Jambu
hits the ground,

it's almost like time stops.

It happens so quickly,
you cannot really...

Even, like, trying to go back and
look at the video in slow motion,

I don't think that you really have
time to think.

The only thing that I can think of
is the safety of the animal.

The first thing you do is just go
and listen to the heart rate.

The most important thing is to make
sure that the orangutan is alive.

Then you move to the next thing.

IN OWN LANGUAGE:

And in that way,
then he hit his head.

While my colleague was
checking the animal,

just for any other injury,

I stitched it up.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

If there is any health problem,

we will bring the animal to the
centre and keep it in our quarantine

for a few days or weeks before
we get him back to the forest.

The next day,
when vets checked on Jambu,

they realised his legs
weren't functioning properly.

At first, they suspected the fall
had damaged his spine.

We took some X-rays,
and then we realised

that he was full of pellets.

They were pellets from an airgun.

We counted 13 of them.

We see it very often,
like in the case of Didik.

Sometimes when orangutans
are hanging out in farms,

people want to scare them away,
and for that they use airguns.

Most of the times,
people are aiming to the mothers,

but sometimes the babies
get hit as well,

or, like in this case, we think that
the pellet might have hit his spine.

He was not completely,
totally paralysed,

but his legs were not as functional
as they should be.

HEARTBEAT THUMPS

HEART MONITOR BEEPS

He still had some function
in the legs.

He had lived with this problem
for a long time.

There was no reason why
we should not release him.

It takes a lot of effort
from a lot of people

for just one single orangutan,
but I think it's worth it.

THEY SPEAK OWN LANGUAGE

Looking at the decline of
orangutans in the wild,

and how quickly they are
disappearing,

caring about every single individual
is becoming more and more important.

If there is something that
can keep us going,

it's to see an orangutan
being released.

WOMAN SPEAKS OWN LANGUAGE

We are wiping out our closest
living relatives,

which is not very clever for a
species that had the gall to

name itself Homo sapiens -
"the wise man".

If you ask yourself the question,
"Who has the power to stop this?"

There is no one magic-bullet
solution.

We need to work with communities
and governments in the areas where

they're found, but we also
need to work with consumers

in the west as well.

I think the way the world is moving,
and the way investment is moving,

there's only one solution for me,
and that is sustainable palm oil.

Now is the time to call on the
companies that produce products

with palm oil and to demand that
they ensure that their products

do not drive the deforestation
of Borneo's rainforests.

That means supermarkets,
it means food producers,

it means institutions like the EU
and national governments saying,

"No more palm oil until
we can guarantee it comes from

"legal and sustainable sources."

We now are the dominant animal
on the planet,

and the fate of all other organisms
and us is entirely in our hands.

HEART MONITOR BEEPS