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NARRATOR: "I call Heaven and Earth
to witness against you this day...
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00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:45,684
...that I have set before thee
life and death...
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00:00:45,888 --> 00:00:48,550
...the blessing and the curse.
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00:00:48,757 --> 00:00:51,920
Therefore choose life,
that thou mayest live...
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00:00:52,127 --> 00:00:54,687
...thou and thy seed."
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00:01:09,111 --> 00:01:12,137
SAGAN: Nearly 200 years ago,
in the Gulf of Alaska...
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...at a place called Lituya Bay...
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00:01:14,383 --> 00:01:19,286
...two cultures that had never
met experienced a first encounter.
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00:01:20,055 --> 00:01:21,249
The Tlingit people...
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00:01:21,456 --> 00:01:24,789
...lived more or less as their
ancestors had for thousands of years.
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00:01:24,993 --> 00:01:26,085
They were nomads...
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00:01:26,295 --> 00:01:29,264
...moving often by canoe
between numerous campsites...
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00:01:29,464 --> 00:01:32,160
...where they caught plentiful
fish and sea otters...
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00:01:32,367 --> 00:01:34,528
...and traded with neighboring tribes.
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00:01:39,174 --> 00:01:42,940
(SPEAKS IN TLINGIT)
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00:01:43,545 --> 00:01:46,275
The creator they worshiped
was the raven god...
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00:01:46,481 --> 00:01:50,008
...whom they pictured as an enormous
black bird with white wings.
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00:01:50,218 --> 00:01:52,709
And one July day in 1786...
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...the raven god appeared.
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00:01:58,660 --> 00:02:00,457
The Tlingit were terrified.
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They knew that anyone looking directly
at the god would be turned to stone.
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00:02:13,008 --> 00:02:16,136
From the other side of the planet
had come an expedition...
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00:02:16,345 --> 00:02:18,870
...led by the French
explorer La P�rouse.
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00:02:19,081 --> 00:02:24,018
It was the most elaborately planned
scientific voyage of the century...
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00:02:24,252 --> 00:02:27,813
...sent around the world to gather
knowledge about the geography...
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00:02:28,023 --> 00:02:31,390
...natural history and peoples
of distant lands.
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00:02:36,098 --> 00:02:37,463
But to the Tlingit...
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00:02:37,666 --> 00:02:42,160
...whose world was confined to the
islands and inlets of south Alaska...
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00:02:42,371 --> 00:02:46,808
...this great vessel could have
come only from the gods.
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00:02:51,580 --> 00:02:55,482
There was one among them who
dared to look more deeply.
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He was an old warrior,
and nearly blind.
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He said that his life
was almost over.
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For the common good, he would
approach the raven...
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00:03:04,693 --> 00:03:09,630
...to learn whether the god really
would turn his people to stone.
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00:03:24,146 --> 00:03:27,638
He set out on his own
voyage of discovery...
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00:03:27,983 --> 00:03:31,214
...to confront the end of the world.
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00:04:39,221 --> 00:04:42,713
The old man made himself
look hard at the raven...
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00:04:42,924 --> 00:04:46,052
...and saw that it was not a
great bird from the sky...
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...but the work of men like himself.
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00:04:53,935 --> 00:04:57,132
This first encounter turned
out to be peaceful.
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00:04:57,339 --> 00:05:00,433
Men of the La P�rouse expedition
were under orders...
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...to treat with respect
any people they might discover.
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00:05:04,246 --> 00:05:07,875
An exceptional policy
for its time, and after.
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00:05:08,083 --> 00:05:10,745
La P�rouse and the Tlingit
exchanged goods...
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00:05:10,952 --> 00:05:15,582
...and then the strange ship
sailed away, never to return.
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00:05:16,725 --> 00:05:21,025
Not all encounters between nations
had been so peaceful.
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00:05:22,097 --> 00:05:24,065
Before 1519...
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00:05:24,266 --> 00:05:26,666
...the Aztecs of Mexico had
never seen a gun.
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00:05:26,868 --> 00:05:29,803
They too believed at first
that their strange visitors...
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00:05:30,005 --> 00:05:32,098
...had come from the sky.
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00:05:45,587 --> 00:05:47,248
The Spaniards under Cortez...
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00:05:47,455 --> 00:05:50,424
...were not constrained by
any injunctions against violence.
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00:05:50,625 --> 00:05:54,584
Their true nature and intentions
soon became clear.
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00:06:10,145 --> 00:06:12,045
Unlike the La P�rouse expedition...
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00:06:12,247 --> 00:06:15,978
...the Conquistadors sought,
not knowledge, but gold.
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00:06:16,685 --> 00:06:20,348
They used their superior weapons
to loot and murder.
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In their madness, they
obliterated a civilization.
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00:06:32,534 --> 00:06:34,434
In the name of piety...
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00:06:34,636 --> 00:06:36,501
...in a mockery of their religion...
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00:06:36,705 --> 00:06:39,640
...the Spaniards utterly
destroyed a society...
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00:06:39,841 --> 00:06:42,332
...with an art, astronomy,
and architecture...
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...the equal of anything in Europe.
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00:06:48,016 --> 00:06:51,952
We revile the Conquistadors for their
cruelty and shortsightedness...
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...for choosing death.
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00:06:54,022 --> 00:06:58,049
We admire La P�rouse and the Tlingit
for their courage and wisdom...
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00:06:58,260 --> 00:07:00,854
...for choosing life.
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The choice is with us still.
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00:07:03,231 --> 00:07:07,668
But the civilization now in
jeopardy is all humanity.
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00:07:09,838 --> 00:07:11,863
As the ancient mythmakers knew...
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00:07:12,073 --> 00:07:15,133
...we're children equally
of the Earth and sky.
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00:07:15,343 --> 00:07:17,470
In our tenure on this planet...
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00:07:17,679 --> 00:07:21,115
...we've accumulated dangerous
evolutionary baggage:
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00:07:21,316 --> 00:07:23,648
Propensities for
aggression and ritual...
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00:07:23,852 --> 00:07:27,720
...submission to leaders,
hostility to outsiders.
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00:07:27,922 --> 00:07:31,380
All of which puts our
survival in some doubt.
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00:07:31,593 --> 00:07:34,084
But we've also acquired
compassion for others...
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...love for our children...
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...a desire to learn from
history and experience...
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00:07:38,533 --> 00:07:42,264
...and a great, soaring,
passionate intelligence.
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The clear tools for our continued
survival and prosperity.
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00:07:52,147 --> 00:07:54,775
Which aspects of our nature
will prevail...
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00:07:54,983 --> 00:07:56,314
...is uncertain.
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00:07:56,518 --> 00:08:00,284
Particularly when our visions and
prospects are bound...
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00:08:00,488 --> 00:08:04,356
...to one small part of
the small planet Earth.
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00:08:04,559 --> 00:08:06,220
But up there in the cosmos...
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00:08:06,428 --> 00:08:09,591
...an inescapable perspective awaits.
87
00:08:09,798 --> 00:08:13,928
National boundaries are not evident
when we view the Earth from space.
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00:08:14,135 --> 00:08:17,434
Fanatic ethnic or religious
or national identifications...
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00:08:17,639 --> 00:08:19,539
...are difficult to support...
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00:08:19,741 --> 00:08:23,108
...when we see our planet
as a fragile blue crescent...
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00:08:23,311 --> 00:08:26,474
...fading to become an inconspicuous
point of light...
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00:08:26,681 --> 00:08:31,050
...against the bastion and citadel
of the stars.
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00:08:31,886 --> 00:08:35,049
There are not yet obvious signs of
extraterrestrial intelligence...
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00:08:35,256 --> 00:08:38,384
...and this makes us wonder whether
civilizations like ours...
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00:08:38,593 --> 00:08:42,427
...rush inevitably, headlong
to self-destruction.
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00:08:42,630 --> 00:08:43,995
I dream about it.
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00:08:44,199 --> 00:08:47,657
And sometimes they're bad dreams.
98
00:09:00,582 --> 00:09:02,311
In the vision of a dream...
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00:09:02,517 --> 00:09:04,348
...I once imagined myself...
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00:09:04,552 --> 00:09:08,147
...searching for other civilizations
in the cosmos.
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00:09:08,356 --> 00:09:10,688
Among a hundred billion galaxies...
102
00:09:10,892 --> 00:09:12,883
...and a billion trillion stars...
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00:09:13,094 --> 00:09:17,588
...life and intelligence should
have arisen on many worlds.
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00:09:19,601 --> 00:09:23,332
Some worlds are barren
and desolate...
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00:09:23,538 --> 00:09:25,665
...on them life never began...
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00:09:25,874 --> 00:09:30,004
...or may have been extinguished
in some cosmic catastrophe.
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00:09:30,211 --> 00:09:32,145
There may be worlds rich in life...
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00:09:32,347 --> 00:09:37,182
...but not yet evolved to
intelligence and high technology.
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00:09:37,385 --> 00:09:40,582
There may be civilizations
that achieve technology...
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00:09:40,789 --> 00:09:44,919
...and then promptly use it
to destroy themselves.
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00:09:45,126 --> 00:09:47,686
And perhaps
there are also beings...
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00:09:47,896 --> 00:09:50,626
...who learned to live with their
technology and themselves.
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00:09:50,832 --> 00:09:52,595
Beings who endure...
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...and become citizens of the cosmos.
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00:10:09,184 --> 00:10:10,845
Immersed in these thoughts...
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00:10:11,052 --> 00:10:14,749
...I found myself approaching
a world that was clearly inhabited...
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00:10:14,956 --> 00:10:17,424
...a world I had visited before.
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00:10:17,625 --> 00:10:21,083
I saw a planet encompassed by light...
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00:10:21,296 --> 00:10:25,027
...and recognized the signature
of intelligence.
120
00:10:30,071 --> 00:10:31,538
But suddenly...
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00:10:31,739 --> 00:10:35,869
...darkness, total and absolute.
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00:10:46,988 --> 00:10:48,216
In my dream...
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00:10:48,423 --> 00:10:51,017
...I could read the Book of Worlds.
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00:10:51,226 --> 00:10:52,955
A vast encyclopedia...
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00:10:53,161 --> 00:10:56,426
...of a billion planets
within the Milky Way.
126
00:11:13,681 --> 00:11:15,876
What could the computer tell me...
127
00:11:16,084 --> 00:11:19,850
...about this now-darkened world?
128
00:11:30,064 --> 00:11:33,932
They must have survived
some earlier catastrophe.
129
00:11:37,138 --> 00:11:39,868
Locally initiated contact:
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00:11:40,074 --> 00:11:42,304
Maybe their television broadcasts.
131
00:11:44,178 --> 00:11:47,614
Their biology was different
from ours.
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00:11:50,652 --> 00:11:51,949
High technology.
133
00:11:52,153 --> 00:11:55,088
I wondered what those
lights had been for.
134
00:11:57,892 --> 00:12:00,053
There must have been
signs of trouble.
135
00:12:00,261 --> 00:12:02,627
Probability of survival
in a century...
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00:12:02,830 --> 00:12:05,958
...less than 1%. Not very good odds.
137
00:12:08,102 --> 00:12:11,299
"Communications interrupted."
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00:12:11,506 --> 00:12:13,474
Their world society had failed.
139
00:12:13,675 --> 00:12:16,803
They had made the ultimate mistake.
140
00:12:18,179 --> 00:12:22,115
I felt a longing
to return to Earth.
141
00:12:23,985 --> 00:12:27,352
The television transmissions
of Earth rushed past me...
142
00:12:27,555 --> 00:12:31,321
...expanding away from our planet
at the speed of light.
143
00:12:31,526 --> 00:12:35,986
(RANDOM TELEVISION AUDIO PLAYS)
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00:12:42,470 --> 00:12:45,371
ANNOUNCER 1: The nuclear test-ban
treaty was signed today.
145
00:12:45,573 --> 00:12:48,167
ANNOUNCER 2: Something's happened
in the motorcade. Stand by.
146
00:12:48,376 --> 00:12:50,970
ANNOUNCER 3:
For 64,000 dollars...
147
00:12:51,179 --> 00:12:54,410
ANNOUNCER 4:... bombing of Hanoi was
designed to cripple morale...
148
00:12:58,052 --> 00:13:01,818
NIXON: There can be no whitewash
at the White House.
149
00:13:02,023 --> 00:13:05,151
ANNOUNCER 5:... series of record oil
company profits were revealed...
150
00:13:05,360 --> 00:13:07,692
ANNOUNCER 6:... if the serious course
of events continued.
151
00:13:07,895 --> 00:13:10,489
Foreign ministers are at this moment...
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00:13:10,698 --> 00:13:11,824
Please stand by.
153
00:13:12,033 --> 00:13:13,466
Stand by.
154
00:13:18,039 --> 00:13:19,836
SAGAN:
Then, suddenly...
155
00:13:20,041 --> 00:13:21,599
...silence...
156
00:13:21,809 --> 00:13:25,745
...total and absolute.
157
00:13:25,947 --> 00:13:29,110
But the dream was not yet done.
158
00:14:13,027 --> 00:14:14,824
Had we destroyed our home?
159
00:14:15,763 --> 00:14:18,561
What had we done to the Earth?
160
00:14:18,766 --> 00:14:21,860
There had been many ways
for life to perish at our hands.
161
00:14:22,070 --> 00:14:24,436
We had poisoned the air and water.
162
00:14:24,639 --> 00:14:26,971
We had ravaged the land.
163
00:14:27,175 --> 00:14:28,938
Perhaps we had changed the climate.
164
00:14:29,844 --> 00:14:31,744
Could it have been a plague...
165
00:14:32,980 --> 00:14:34,845
...or nuclear war?
166
00:14:42,523 --> 00:14:45,617
I remembered the galactic computer.
167
00:14:45,827 --> 00:14:48,159
What would it say about the Earth?
168
00:14:55,336 --> 00:14:57,736
There was our region of the galaxy.
169
00:15:05,346 --> 00:15:07,610
There was our world.
170
00:15:07,815 --> 00:15:10,841
I had found the entry for Earth.
171
00:15:12,220 --> 00:15:15,553
Humanity, third from the sun.
172
00:15:20,762 --> 00:15:23,060
They had heard our
television broadcasts...
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00:15:23,264 --> 00:15:27,030
...and thought them an application
for cosmic citizenship.
174
00:15:29,003 --> 00:15:31,096
Our technology had been
growing enormously.
175
00:15:31,305 --> 00:15:32,829
They got that right.
176
00:15:35,510 --> 00:15:37,034
200 nation states.
177
00:15:37,245 --> 00:15:38,974
About six global powers.
178
00:15:39,180 --> 00:15:42,115
The potential to become one planet.
179
00:15:42,416 --> 00:15:46,182
Probability of survival over
a century, here also...
180
00:15:46,387 --> 00:15:48,912
...less than l% .
181
00:15:54,929 --> 00:15:57,193
So it was nuclear war.
182
00:15:57,398 --> 00:16:00,731
A full nuclear exchange.
183
00:16:00,935 --> 00:16:04,029
There would be no more
big questions.
184
00:16:04,238 --> 00:16:06,229
No more answers.
185
00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:09,932
Never again a love or a child.
186
00:16:10,144 --> 00:16:13,511
No descendants to remember us
and be proud.
187
00:16:13,714 --> 00:16:16,774
No more voyages to the stars.
188
00:16:16,984 --> 00:16:19,976
No more songs from the Earth.
189
00:16:24,992 --> 00:16:27,119
I saw East Africa...
190
00:16:27,328 --> 00:16:29,626
...and thought a few
million years ago...
191
00:16:29,831 --> 00:16:32,265
...we humans took our
first steps there.
192
00:16:32,466 --> 00:16:34,991
Our brains grew and changed.
193
00:16:35,203 --> 00:16:38,639
The old parts began to be
guided by the new parts.
194
00:16:38,840 --> 00:16:39,966
And this made us human...
195
00:16:40,174 --> 00:16:44,406
...with compassion and foresight
and reason.
196
00:16:44,612 --> 00:16:49,208
But instead, we listened to that
reptilian voice within us...
197
00:16:49,417 --> 00:16:52,944
...counseling fear, territoriality...
198
00:16:53,154 --> 00:16:54,712
...aggression.
199
00:16:54,922 --> 00:16:57,322
We accepted the products of science.
200
00:16:57,525 --> 00:16:59,857
We rejected its methods.
201
00:17:01,562 --> 00:17:04,827
Maybe the reptiles will evolve
intelligence once more.
202
00:17:05,032 --> 00:17:09,662
Perhaps, one day, there will be
civilizations again on Earth.
203
00:17:09,871 --> 00:17:11,202
There will be life.
204
00:17:11,405 --> 00:17:13,703
There will be intelligence.
205
00:17:13,908 --> 00:17:15,603
But there will be no more humans.
206
00:17:15,810 --> 00:17:20,008
Not here, not on a billion worlds.
207
00:17:43,070 --> 00:17:47,473
Every thinking person
fears nuclear war...
208
00:17:47,675 --> 00:17:51,509
...and every technological nation
plans for it.
209
00:17:52,914 --> 00:17:55,474
Everyone knows it's madness...
210
00:17:55,683 --> 00:17:59,619
...and every country has an excuse.
211
00:17:59,820 --> 00:18:04,757
There's a dreary chain of causality.
212
00:18:04,992 --> 00:18:07,961
The Germans were
working on the bomb...
213
00:18:08,162 --> 00:18:10,062
...at the beginning of World War II.
214
00:18:10,264 --> 00:18:13,324
So the Americans
had to make one first.
215
00:18:13,534 --> 00:18:17,402
If the Americans had one,
the Russians had to have one.
216
00:18:19,340 --> 00:18:22,036
Then, the British, the French...
217
00:18:22,243 --> 00:18:25,110
...the Chinese, the Indians,
the Pakistanis.
218
00:18:25,313 --> 00:18:28,874
Many nations now collect
nuclear weapons.
219
00:18:29,083 --> 00:18:31,313
They're easy to make.
220
00:18:31,519 --> 00:18:36,218
You can steal fissionable material
from nuclear reactors.
221
00:18:36,424 --> 00:18:41,361
Nuclear weapons have almost become
a home handicraft industry.
222
00:18:42,263 --> 00:18:46,563
The conventional bombs of World War II
were called "blockbusters."
223
00:18:46,767 --> 00:18:51,500
Filled with 20 tons of TNT, they
could destroy a city block.
224
00:18:51,706 --> 00:18:55,198
All the bombs dropped on all the
cities of World War II...
225
00:18:55,409 --> 00:18:57,934
...amounted to some
2 million tons of TNT.
226
00:18:58,145 --> 00:18:59,772
Two megatons.
227
00:18:59,981 --> 00:19:02,245
Coventry and Rotterdam.
228
00:19:02,450 --> 00:19:03,940
Dresden and Tokyo.
229
00:19:04,151 --> 00:19:06,483
All the death that rained
from the skies...
230
00:19:06,687 --> 00:19:09,679
...between 1939 and 1945.
231
00:19:09,890 --> 00:19:14,759
100,000 blockbusters.
Two megatons.
232
00:19:14,962 --> 00:19:19,456
Today, two megatons is the equivalent
of a single thermonuclear bomb.
233
00:19:19,667 --> 00:19:22,659
One bomb with the destructive force...
234
00:19:22,870 --> 00:19:25,498
...of the Second World War.
235
00:19:25,706 --> 00:19:28,231
But there are tens of thousands
of nuclear weapons.
236
00:19:28,442 --> 00:19:31,468
The missile and bomber forces
of the Soviet Union and U. S...
237
00:19:31,679 --> 00:19:36,116
...have warheads aimed at over
15,000 designated targets.
238
00:19:36,317 --> 00:19:39,115
No place on the planet is safe.
239
00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:41,982
The energy contained
in these weapons...
240
00:19:42,189 --> 00:19:43,918
...genies of death...
241
00:19:44,125 --> 00:19:48,528
...patiently awaiting
the rubbing of the lamps...
242
00:19:48,729 --> 00:19:51,357
...totals far more than
10,000 megatons.
243
00:19:51,565 --> 00:19:55,160
But with the destruction
concentrated efficiently...
244
00:19:55,369 --> 00:19:58,600
...not over six years,
but over a few hours.
245
00:19:58,806 --> 00:20:02,742
A blockbuster for every family
on the planet.
246
00:20:02,943 --> 00:20:05,810
A World War II every second...
247
00:20:06,013 --> 00:20:09,574
...for the length of a lazy afternoon.
248
00:20:11,152 --> 00:20:13,017
(BIRDS CHIRPING)
249
00:20:15,489 --> 00:20:17,150
The bomb dropped on Hiroshima...
250
00:20:17,358 --> 00:20:19,883
...killed 70,000 people.
251
00:20:20,094 --> 00:20:22,289
In a full nuclear exchange...
252
00:20:22,496 --> 00:20:25,158
...in the paroxysm of global death...
253
00:20:25,366 --> 00:20:28,199
...the equivalent of
a million Hiroshima bombs...
254
00:20:28,402 --> 00:20:31,166
...would be dropped all
over the world.
255
00:20:31,372 --> 00:20:33,397
In such an exchange
not everyone would be...
256
00:20:33,607 --> 00:20:37,668
...killed by the blast and firestorm
and the immediate radiation.
257
00:20:37,878 --> 00:20:40,506
There would be other agonies:
258
00:20:40,714 --> 00:20:41,703
Loss of loved ones...
259
00:20:41,916 --> 00:20:46,319
...the legions of the burned and
blinded and mutilated...
260
00:20:46,520 --> 00:20:48,215
...the absence of medical care...
261
00:20:48,422 --> 00:20:49,753
...disease, plague...
262
00:20:49,957 --> 00:20:54,018
...long-lived radiation poisoning
of the soil and the water.
263
00:20:54,228 --> 00:20:59,097
The threat of tumors and stillbirths
and malformed children.
264
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,861
And the hopeless sense of
a civilization destroyed for nothing.
265
00:21:03,070 --> 00:21:07,166
The knowledge that we could have
prevented it and did not.
266
00:21:10,044 --> 00:21:13,411
The global balance of terror...
267
00:21:13,614 --> 00:21:16,378
...pioneered by the U.S.
and the Soviet Union...
268
00:21:16,584 --> 00:21:20,020
...holds hostage
all the citizens of the Earth.
269
00:21:20,221 --> 00:21:22,815
Each side persistently probes...
270
00:21:23,023 --> 00:21:25,423
...the limits of
the other's tolerance...
271
00:21:25,626 --> 00:21:29,357
...like the Cuban missile crisis...
272
00:21:29,864 --> 00:21:32,128
...the testing of
anti-satellite weapons...
273
00:21:32,333 --> 00:21:34,824
...the Vietnam and Afghanistan wars.
274
00:21:35,035 --> 00:21:37,003
The hostile military
establishments are...
275
00:21:37,204 --> 00:21:41,004
...locked in some ghastly
mutual embrace.
276
00:21:41,208 --> 00:21:42,937
Each needs the other.
277
00:21:43,144 --> 00:21:46,875
But the balance of terror
is a delicate balance...
278
00:21:47,081 --> 00:21:50,608
...with very little margin
for miscalculation.
279
00:21:52,186 --> 00:21:55,986
And the world impoverishes
itself by spending...
280
00:21:56,690 --> 00:22:01,127
...a trillion dollars a year
on preparations for war.
281
00:22:01,328 --> 00:22:02,920
And by employing perhaps...
282
00:22:03,130 --> 00:22:06,190
...half the scientists and high
technologists on the planet...
283
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:08,527
...in military endeavors.
284
00:22:10,738 --> 00:22:12,433
How would we explain all this...
285
00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:15,006
...to a dispassionate
extraterrestrial observer?
286
00:22:15,209 --> 00:22:19,043
What account would we give
of our stewardship...
287
00:22:19,246 --> 00:22:20,713
...of the planet Earth?
288
00:22:20,915 --> 00:22:24,373
We have heard the rationales
offered by the superpowers.
289
00:22:24,585 --> 00:22:27,213
We know who speaks
for the nations.
290
00:22:27,421 --> 00:22:29,889
But who speaks
for the human species?
291
00:22:30,090 --> 00:22:32,149
Who speaks for Earth?
292
00:22:33,327 --> 00:22:37,525
From an extraterrestrial perspective,
our global civilization is...
293
00:22:37,731 --> 00:22:40,165
...clearly on the edge of failure...
294
00:22:40,367 --> 00:22:42,267
...in the most important task it faces:
295
00:22:42,469 --> 00:22:45,905
Preserving the lives and well-being
of its citizens...
296
00:22:46,106 --> 00:22:49,269
...and the future habitability
of the planet.
297
00:22:49,476 --> 00:22:53,913
But if we're willing to live with the
growing likelihood of nuclear war...
298
00:22:54,114 --> 00:22:57,277
...shouldn't we also be willing
to explore vigorously...
299
00:22:57,484 --> 00:23:00,112
...every possible means to
prevent nuclear war?
300
00:23:00,321 --> 00:23:03,017
Shouldn't we consider,
in every nation...
301
00:23:03,224 --> 00:23:06,284
...major changes in the traditional
ways of doing things?
302
00:23:06,493 --> 00:23:08,290
A fundamental restructuring...
303
00:23:08,495 --> 00:23:12,124
...of economic, political,
social and religious institutions?
304
00:23:12,633 --> 00:23:15,466
We've reached a point where
there can be no more...
305
00:23:15,669 --> 00:23:17,569
...special interests or cases.
306
00:23:17,905 --> 00:23:21,432
Nuclear arms threaten every
person on Earth.
307
00:23:22,810 --> 00:23:27,213
Fundamental changes in society
are sometimes labeled...
308
00:23:27,414 --> 00:23:31,612
...impractical or contrary
to human nature...
309
00:23:31,819 --> 00:23:34,117
...as if nuclear war were practical...
310
00:23:34,321 --> 00:23:37,313
...or as if there were only
one human nature.
311
00:23:37,925 --> 00:23:40,519
But fundamental changes can
clearly be made.
312
00:23:40,728 --> 00:23:42,696
We're surrounded by them.
313
00:23:42,896 --> 00:23:45,558
In the last two centuries,
abject slavery...
314
00:23:45,766 --> 00:23:48,326
...which was with us for
thousands of years...
315
00:23:48,535 --> 00:23:50,628
...has almost entirely
been eliminated...
316
00:23:50,838 --> 00:23:53,432
...in a stirring
worldwide revolution.
317
00:23:53,641 --> 00:23:57,236
Women, systematically mistreated
for millennia...
318
00:23:57,444 --> 00:24:00,345
...are gradually gaining the political
and economic power...
319
00:24:00,547 --> 00:24:02,811
...traditionally denied to them.
320
00:24:03,017 --> 00:24:07,613
And some wars of aggression have
recently been stopped or curtailed...
321
00:24:07,821 --> 00:24:10,051
...because of a revulsion...
322
00:24:10,257 --> 00:24:13,420
...felt by the people in
the aggressor nations.
323
00:24:13,627 --> 00:24:15,754
The old appeals...
324
00:24:15,963 --> 00:24:18,864
...to racial, sexual,
and religious chauvinism...
325
00:24:19,066 --> 00:24:22,331
...and to rabid nationalist fervor...
326
00:24:22,536 --> 00:24:24,367
...are beginning not to work.
327
00:24:24,571 --> 00:24:28,234
A new consciousness is developing
which sees the Earth as...
328
00:24:28,442 --> 00:24:29,966
...a single organism...
329
00:24:30,177 --> 00:24:34,307
...and recognizes that an organism
at war with itself...
330
00:24:34,515 --> 00:24:35,948
...is doomed.
331
00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:38,880
We are one planet.
332
00:24:40,888 --> 00:24:44,517
One of the great revelations of
the age of space exploration...
333
00:24:44,725 --> 00:24:47,853
...is the image of the Earth,
finite and lonely...
334
00:24:48,062 --> 00:24:52,931
...somehow vulnerable, bearing
the entire human species...
335
00:24:53,133 --> 00:24:56,864
...through the oceans
of space and time.
336
00:24:57,071 --> 00:24:59,437
But this is an ancient perception.
337
00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:01,403
In the 3rd century B. C...
338
00:25:01,608 --> 00:25:04,099
...our planet was mapped and
accurately measured...
339
00:25:04,311 --> 00:25:08,441
...by a Greek scientist named
Eratosthenes, who worked in Egypt.
340
00:25:08,649 --> 00:25:11,243
This was the world as he knew it.
341
00:25:12,019 --> 00:25:14,351
Eratosthenes was the director...
342
00:25:14,555 --> 00:25:17,251
...of the great Library
of Alexandria...
343
00:25:17,458 --> 00:25:21,724
...the center of science and learning
in the ancient world.
344
00:25:22,963 --> 00:25:27,024
Aristotle had argued that humanity
was divided into Greeks...
345
00:25:27,234 --> 00:25:31,136
...and everybody else,
who he called "barbarians"...
346
00:25:31,338 --> 00:25:35,365
...and that the Greeks should keep
themselves racially pure.
347
00:25:35,576 --> 00:25:39,945
He taught that it was fitting for
the Greeks to enslave other peoples.
348
00:25:40,147 --> 00:25:44,914
But Eratosthenes criticized Aristotle
for his blind chauvinism.
349
00:25:45,119 --> 00:25:49,283
He believed there was good and bad
in every nation.
350
00:25:49,490 --> 00:25:53,790
The Greek conquerors had invented
a new god for the Egyptians...
351
00:25:53,994 --> 00:25:57,191
...but he looked remarkably Greek.
352
00:25:57,398 --> 00:25:59,923
Alexander was portrayed as pharaoh...
353
00:26:00,134 --> 00:26:02,398
...in a gesture to the Egyptians.
354
00:26:02,603 --> 00:26:07,097
But in practice, the Greeks were
confident of their superiority.
355
00:26:08,108 --> 00:26:12,101
The protests of the librarian hardly
constituted a serious challenge...
356
00:26:12,312 --> 00:26:14,109
...to prevailing prejudices.
357
00:26:14,314 --> 00:26:17,181
Their world was as imperfect
as our own.
358
00:26:17,384 --> 00:26:20,979
But the Ptolemies, the Greek kings of
Egypt who followed Alexander...
359
00:26:21,188 --> 00:26:23,053
...had at least this virtue:
360
00:26:23,257 --> 00:26:26,420
They supported the advancement
of knowledge.
361
00:26:26,627 --> 00:26:29,960
Popular ideas about the nature of
the cosmos were challenged...
362
00:26:30,164 --> 00:26:32,064
...and some of them, discarded.
363
00:26:32,266 --> 00:26:33,824
New ideas were proposed...
364
00:26:34,034 --> 00:26:36,502
...and found to be in
better accord with the facts.
365
00:26:36,703 --> 00:26:39,570
There were imaginative proposals,
vigorous debates...
366
00:26:39,773 --> 00:26:41,138
...brilliant syntheses.
367
00:26:41,341 --> 00:26:43,309
The resulting treasure
of knowledge...
368
00:26:43,510 --> 00:26:46,411
...was recorded and preserved
for centuries...
369
00:26:46,613 --> 00:26:49,081
...on these shelves.
370
00:26:50,451 --> 00:26:54,319
Science came of age
in this library.
371
00:26:56,924 --> 00:27:01,054
The Ptolemies didn't merely
collect old knowledge.
372
00:27:01,261 --> 00:27:04,958
They supported scientific research
and generated new knowledge.
373
00:27:05,165 --> 00:27:06,962
The results were amazing.
374
00:27:07,167 --> 00:27:11,570
Eratosthenes accurately calculated
the size of the Earth.
375
00:27:11,772 --> 00:27:12,864
He mapped it...
376
00:27:13,073 --> 00:27:16,270
...and he argued that it could be
circumnavigated.
377
00:27:16,477 --> 00:27:20,504
Hipparchus anticipated that
stars come into being...
378
00:27:20,714 --> 00:27:23,274
...slowly move during the course
of centuries...
379
00:27:23,484 --> 00:27:24,815
...and eventually perish.
380
00:27:25,018 --> 00:27:27,009
It was he who first catalogued...
381
00:27:27,221 --> 00:27:29,951
...the positions and magnitudes
of the stars...
382
00:27:30,257 --> 00:27:33,420
...in order to determine whether
there were such changes.
383
00:27:33,627 --> 00:27:36,425
Euclid produced a textbook
on geometry...
384
00:27:36,630 --> 00:27:39,793
...which human beings learned from
for 23 centuries.
385
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:44,733
It's still a great read, full
of the most elegant proofs.
386
00:27:44,938 --> 00:27:48,533
Galen wrote basic works on
healing and anatomy...
387
00:27:48,742 --> 00:27:51,472
...which dominated medicine
until the Renaissance.
388
00:27:51,678 --> 00:27:53,339
These are just a few examples.
389
00:27:53,547 --> 00:27:55,879
There were dozens of
great scholars here...
390
00:27:56,083 --> 00:27:59,849
...and hundreds of fundamental
discoveries.
391
00:28:04,191 --> 00:28:07,592
Some of those discoveries have
a distinctly modern ring.
392
00:28:07,794 --> 00:28:11,730
Apollonius of Perga studied
the parabola and the ellipse...
393
00:28:11,932 --> 00:28:15,698
...curves that we know today describe
the paths of falling objects...
394
00:28:15,903 --> 00:28:17,268
...in a gravitational field...
395
00:28:17,471 --> 00:28:20,702
...and space vehicles traveling
between the planets.
396
00:28:20,908 --> 00:28:25,345
Heron of Alexandria invented
steam engines and gear trains...
397
00:28:25,546 --> 00:28:29,380
...he was the author of
the first book on robots.
398
00:28:29,583 --> 00:28:32,916
Imagine how different our world
would be if those discoveries...
399
00:28:33,120 --> 00:28:35,850
...had been used
for the benefit of everyone.
400
00:28:36,056 --> 00:28:38,923
If the humane perspective
of Eratosthenes...
401
00:28:39,126 --> 00:28:41,390
...had been widely
adopted and applied.
402
00:28:41,595 --> 00:28:44,496
But this was not to be.
403
00:28:46,366 --> 00:28:49,563
Alexandria was the greatest city...
404
00:28:49,770 --> 00:28:52,864
...the Western world had ever seen.
405
00:28:53,073 --> 00:28:55,041
People from all nations came here...
406
00:28:55,242 --> 00:28:57,437
...to live, to trade, to learn.
407
00:28:57,644 --> 00:28:59,168
On a given day...
408
00:28:59,379 --> 00:29:02,371
...these harbors were thronged...
409
00:29:02,583 --> 00:29:06,041
...with merchants and scholars,
tourists.
410
00:29:06,253 --> 00:29:07,447
It's probably here...
411
00:29:07,654 --> 00:29:11,181
...that the word "cosmopolitan"
realized its true meaning...
412
00:29:11,391 --> 00:29:14,656
...of a citizen,
not just of a nation...
413
00:29:14,861 --> 00:29:16,795
...but of the cosmos.
414
00:29:16,997 --> 00:29:21,934
To be a citizen of the cosmos.
415
00:29:22,636 --> 00:29:26,766
Here were clearly the seeds
of our modern world.
416
00:29:26,974 --> 00:29:29,943
But why didn't they
take root and flourish?
417
00:29:30,143 --> 00:29:34,512
Why, instead, did the West slumber
through 1000 years of darkness...
418
00:29:34,715 --> 00:29:38,481
...until Columbus and Copernicus
and their contemporaries...
419
00:29:38,685 --> 00:29:42,086
...rediscovered the work done here?
420
00:29:42,289 --> 00:29:44,519
I cannot give you a simple answer...
421
00:29:44,725 --> 00:29:46,590
...but I do know this:
422
00:29:46,793 --> 00:29:50,627
There is no record in the entire
history of the library...
423
00:29:50,831 --> 00:29:54,767
...that any of the illustrious scholars
and scientists who worked here...
424
00:29:54,968 --> 00:29:57,300
...ever seriously challenged...
425
00:29:57,504 --> 00:30:01,736
...a single political or economic
or religious assumption...
426
00:30:01,942 --> 00:30:04,240
...of the society in which they lived.
427
00:30:04,444 --> 00:30:08,403
The permanence of the stars
was questioned.
428
00:30:08,615 --> 00:30:12,483
The justice of slavery was not.
429
00:30:27,934 --> 00:30:31,165
Science and learning in general...
430
00:30:31,371 --> 00:30:33,999
...were the preserve
of the privileged few.
431
00:30:34,207 --> 00:30:38,337
The vast population of this city
had not the vaguest notion...
432
00:30:38,545 --> 00:30:42,311
...of the great discoveries being
made within these walls.
433
00:30:42,516 --> 00:30:43,915
How could they?
434
00:30:44,117 --> 00:30:47,848
The new findings were not
explained or popularized.
435
00:30:48,055 --> 00:30:51,456
The progress made here
benefited them little.
436
00:30:51,658 --> 00:30:54,183
Science was not part of their lives.
437
00:30:54,394 --> 00:30:57,386
The discoveries in mechanics, say...
438
00:30:57,597 --> 00:30:59,428
...or steam technology...
439
00:30:59,633 --> 00:31:03,535
...mainly were applied to
the perfection of weapons...
440
00:31:03,737 --> 00:31:06,035
...to the encouragement
of superstition...
441
00:31:06,239 --> 00:31:08,207
...to the amusement of kings.
442
00:31:08,408 --> 00:31:12,276
Scientists never seemed to grasp
the enormous potential...
443
00:31:12,479 --> 00:31:15,414
...of machines to free people...
444
00:31:15,615 --> 00:31:19,244
...from arduous and repetitive labor.
445
00:31:19,453 --> 00:31:21,614
The intellectual achievements
of antiquity...
446
00:31:21,822 --> 00:31:24,484
...had few practical applications.
447
00:31:24,691 --> 00:31:29,628
Science never captured
the imagination of the multitude.
448
00:31:30,130 --> 00:31:33,657
There was no counterbalance
to stagnation, to pessimism...
449
00:31:33,867 --> 00:31:38,270
...to the most abject surrender
to mysticism.
450
00:31:38,472 --> 00:31:41,635
So when, at long last...
451
00:31:41,842 --> 00:31:44,675
...the mob came
to burn the place down...
452
00:31:44,878 --> 00:31:47,278
...there was nobody to stop them.
453
00:32:09,169 --> 00:32:12,195
Let me tell you about the end.
454
00:32:12,405 --> 00:32:16,671
It's a story about the last
scientist to work in this place.
455
00:32:16,877 --> 00:32:20,108
A mathematician, astronomer,
physicist...
456
00:32:20,313 --> 00:32:25,148
...and head of the school of Neo-
Platonic philosophy in Alexandria.
457
00:32:25,352 --> 00:32:27,582
That's an extraordinary range
of accomplishments...
458
00:32:27,788 --> 00:32:30,382
...for any individual, in any age.
459
00:32:30,590 --> 00:32:33,354
Her name was Hypatia.
460
00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:38,156
She was born in this city
in the year 370 A.D.
461
00:32:40,667 --> 00:32:44,398
This was a time when women
had essentially no options.
462
00:32:44,604 --> 00:32:46,936
They were considered property.
463
00:32:47,140 --> 00:32:50,837
Nevertheless, Hypatia was able
to move freely...
464
00:32:51,044 --> 00:32:52,705
...unselfconsciously...
465
00:32:52,913 --> 00:32:56,371
...through traditional male domains.
466
00:32:56,583 --> 00:32:59,882
By all accounts,
she was a great beauty.
467
00:33:00,086 --> 00:33:01,713
And although she had many suitors...
468
00:33:01,922 --> 00:33:04,823
...she had no interest in marriage.
469
00:33:06,092 --> 00:33:11,029
The Alexandria of Hypatia's time,
by then long under Roman rule...
470
00:33:11,398 --> 00:33:14,333
...was a city in grave conflict.
471
00:33:14,534 --> 00:33:18,061
Slavery, the cancer
of the ancient world...
472
00:33:18,271 --> 00:33:22,605
...had sapped classical civilization
of its vitality.
473
00:33:22,809 --> 00:33:25,243
The growing Christian Church was...
474
00:33:25,445 --> 00:33:27,345
...consolidating its power...
475
00:33:27,547 --> 00:33:32,075
...and attempting to eradicate
pagan influence and culture.
476
00:33:32,285 --> 00:33:36,654
Hypatia stood at the focus...
477
00:33:36,857 --> 00:33:41,692
...at the epicenter
of mighty social forces.
478
00:33:41,895 --> 00:33:45,626
Cyril, the Bishop of Alexandria,
despised her...
479
00:33:45,832 --> 00:33:49,962
...in part because of her close
friendship with a Roman governor...
480
00:33:50,170 --> 00:33:54,300
...but also because she was a symbol
of learning and science...
481
00:33:54,507 --> 00:33:58,944
...which were largely identified
by the early Church with paganism.
482
00:33:59,946 --> 00:34:01,675
In great personal danger...
483
00:34:01,882 --> 00:34:05,613
...Hypatia continued to teach
and to publish...
484
00:34:05,819 --> 00:34:10,449
...until, in the year 415 A.D.,
on her way to work...
485
00:34:10,657 --> 00:34:12,784
...she was set upon...
486
00:34:12,993 --> 00:34:16,360
...by a fanatical mob of
Cyril's followers.
487
00:34:16,563 --> 00:34:19,225
They dragged her from her chariot...
488
00:34:19,432 --> 00:34:21,059
...tore off her clothes...
489
00:34:21,268 --> 00:34:25,102
...and flayed her flesh
from her bones...
490
00:34:25,305 --> 00:34:27,671
...with abalone shells.
491
00:34:27,874 --> 00:34:31,401
Her remains were burned,
her works obliterated...
492
00:34:31,611 --> 00:34:33,135
...her name forgotten.
493
00:34:33,346 --> 00:34:36,509
Cyril was made a saint.
494
00:34:39,019 --> 00:34:42,978
The glory you see around me...
495
00:34:43,189 --> 00:34:46,022
...is nothing but a memory.
496
00:34:46,226 --> 00:34:47,716
It does not exist.
497
00:34:49,462 --> 00:34:52,431
The last remains of the
library were destroyed...
498
00:34:52,632 --> 00:34:55,157
...within a year of Hypatia's death.
499
00:34:55,368 --> 00:34:59,031
It's as if an entire
civilization had undergone...
500
00:34:59,239 --> 00:35:03,369
...a sort of self-inflicted
radical brain surgery...
501
00:35:03,743 --> 00:35:06,007
...so that most of its memories...
502
00:35:06,212 --> 00:35:09,375
...discoveries, ideas and passions...
503
00:35:09,582 --> 00:35:12,983
...were irrevocably wiped out.
504
00:35:15,522 --> 00:35:18,650
The loss was incalculable.
505
00:35:18,892 --> 00:35:21,190
In some cases, we know only...
506
00:35:21,394 --> 00:35:25,023
...the tantalizing titles of books
that had been destroyed.
507
00:35:25,265 --> 00:35:29,998
In most cases, we know neither
the titles nor the authors.
508
00:35:30,203 --> 00:35:32,637
We do know that in this library...
509
00:35:32,839 --> 00:35:36,866
...there were 123 different
plays by Sophocles...
510
00:35:37,077 --> 00:35:40,137
...of which only seven have
survived to our time.
511
00:35:40,347 --> 00:35:43,145
One of those seven is Oedipus Rex.
512
00:35:43,350 --> 00:35:46,217
Similar numbers apply
to the lost works of...
513
00:35:46,419 --> 00:35:49,911
...Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes.
514
00:35:50,123 --> 00:35:53,786
It's a little as if the only
surviving works of a man named...
515
00:35:53,994 --> 00:35:55,928
...William Shakespeare...
516
00:35:56,129 --> 00:36:00,088
...were Coriolanus
and A Winter's Tale...
517
00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:03,292
...although we knew he had
written some other things...
518
00:36:03,503 --> 00:36:05,596
...which were
highly prized in his time.
519
00:36:05,805 --> 00:36:09,263
Plays called Hamlet, Macbeth...
520
00:36:09,476 --> 00:36:13,037
...A Midsummer's Night Dream,
Julius Caesar, King Lear...
521
00:36:13,246 --> 00:36:15,077
...Romeo and Juliet.
522
00:36:22,222 --> 00:36:25,282
History is full of people...
523
00:36:25,492 --> 00:36:29,451
...who, out of fear or ignorance...
524
00:36:29,662 --> 00:36:31,095
...or the lust for power...
525
00:36:31,297 --> 00:36:35,256
...have destroyed treasures
of immeasurable value...
526
00:36:35,468 --> 00:36:39,063
...which truly belong to all of us.
527
00:36:39,272 --> 00:36:43,106
We must not let it happen again.
528
00:37:03,963 --> 00:37:06,454
We have considered
the destruction of worlds...
529
00:37:06,666 --> 00:37:09,191
...and the end of civilizations.
530
00:37:09,402 --> 00:37:13,099
But there is another perspective
by which to measure human endeavors.
531
00:37:13,306 --> 00:37:17,003
Let me tell you a story
about the beginning.
532
00:37:17,510 --> 00:37:19,705
Some 15 billion years ago...
533
00:37:19,913 --> 00:37:21,437
...our universe began...
534
00:37:21,648 --> 00:37:25,015
...with the mightiest explosion
of all time.
535
00:37:25,218 --> 00:37:28,779
The universe expanded,
cooled and darkened.
536
00:37:28,988 --> 00:37:32,287
Energy condensed into matter,
mostly hydrogen atoms.
537
00:37:32,492 --> 00:37:35,950
And these atoms accumulated
into vast clouds...
538
00:37:36,162 --> 00:37:37,789
...rushing away from each other...
539
00:37:37,997 --> 00:37:41,228
...that would one day become
the galaxies.
540
00:37:42,268 --> 00:37:46,466
Within these galaxies the first
generation of stars was born...
541
00:37:46,673 --> 00:37:49,073
...kindling the energy
hidden in matter...
542
00:37:49,275 --> 00:37:52,005
...flooding the cosmos with light.
543
00:37:52,212 --> 00:37:57,149
Hydrogen atoms had made
suns and starlight.
544
00:37:59,052 --> 00:38:02,647
There were in those times
no planets to receive the light...
545
00:38:02,856 --> 00:38:06,986
...and no living creatures to admire
the radiance of the heavens.
546
00:38:07,193 --> 00:38:09,093
But deep in the stellar furnaces...
547
00:38:09,295 --> 00:38:12,321
...nuclear fusion was creating
the heavier atoms:
548
00:38:12,532 --> 00:38:15,501
Carbon and oxygen,
silicon and iron.
549
00:38:15,702 --> 00:38:18,933
These elements, the ash left
by hydrogen...
550
00:38:19,139 --> 00:38:24,076
...were the raw materials from which
planets and life would later arise.
551
00:38:24,277 --> 00:38:28,213
At first, the heavy elements were
trapped in the hearts of the stars.
552
00:38:28,414 --> 00:38:31,508
But massive stars soon
exhausted their fuel...
553
00:38:31,718 --> 00:38:33,208
...and in their death throes...
554
00:38:33,419 --> 00:38:36,445
...returned most of their substance
back into space.
555
00:38:36,656 --> 00:38:41,025
The interstellar gas became
enriched in heavy elements.
556
00:38:42,695 --> 00:38:44,128
In the Milky Way galaxy...
557
00:38:44,330 --> 00:38:48,289
...the matter of the cosmos was recycled
into new generations of stars...
558
00:38:48,501 --> 00:38:50,469
...now rich in heavy atoms.
559
00:38:50,670 --> 00:38:54,367
A legacy from
their stellar ancestors.
560
00:38:56,075 --> 00:38:58,270
And in the cold
of interstellar space...
561
00:38:58,478 --> 00:39:01,970
...great turbulent clouds were
gathered by gravity...
562
00:39:02,182 --> 00:39:05,015
...and stirred by starlight.
563
00:39:08,922 --> 00:39:10,014
In their depths...
564
00:39:10,223 --> 00:39:13,852
...the heavy atoms condensed into
grains of rocky dust and ice...
565
00:39:14,060 --> 00:39:17,120
...and complex
carbon-based molecules.
566
00:39:17,330 --> 00:39:20,390
In accordance with the laws
of physics and chemistry...
567
00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:25,469
...hydrogen atoms had brought forth
the stuff of life.
568
00:39:32,879 --> 00:39:36,246
In other clouds, more massive
aggregates of gas and dust...
569
00:39:36,449 --> 00:39:38,917
...formed later generations of stars.
570
00:39:39,118 --> 00:39:40,847
As new stars were formed...
571
00:39:41,054 --> 00:39:43,989
...tiny condensations of matter
accreted near them...
572
00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:47,887
...inconspicuous motes of
rock and metal, ice and gas...
573
00:39:48,094 --> 00:39:49,959
...that would become the planets.
574
00:39:50,163 --> 00:39:53,132
And on these worlds,
as in interstellar clouds...
575
00:39:53,333 --> 00:39:55,164
...organic molecules formed...
576
00:39:55,368 --> 00:39:59,031
...made of atoms that had been
cooked inside the stars.
577
00:39:59,239 --> 00:40:02,299
In the tide pools and oceans
of many worlds...
578
00:40:02,508 --> 00:40:06,774
...molecules were destroyed by
sunlight and assembled by chemistry.
579
00:40:06,980 --> 00:40:10,143
One day, among these
natural experiments...
580
00:40:10,350 --> 00:40:13,148
...a molecule arose, that,
quite by accident...
581
00:40:13,353 --> 00:40:16,413
...was able to make crude copies
of itself.
582
00:40:22,028 --> 00:40:25,486
As time passed, self-replication
became more accurate.
583
00:40:25,698 --> 00:40:27,495
Those molecules that copied better...
584
00:40:27,700 --> 00:40:29,258
...produced more copies.
585
00:40:29,469 --> 00:40:31,960
Natural selection was underway.
586
00:40:32,171 --> 00:40:35,197
Elaborate molecular machines
had evolved.
587
00:40:35,408 --> 00:40:39,674
Slowly, imperceptibly, life had begun.
588
00:40:46,586 --> 00:40:50,852
Collectives of organic molecules
evolved into one-celled organisms.
589
00:40:51,057 --> 00:40:53,582
These produced multi-celled colonies.
590
00:40:53,793 --> 00:40:57,160
Their various parts became
specialized organs.
591
00:40:57,363 --> 00:41:00,764
Some colonies attached themselves
to the sea floor...
592
00:41:00,967 --> 00:41:03,765
...others swam freely.
593
00:41:04,937 --> 00:41:07,997
Eyes evolved, and now the cosmos
could see.
594
00:41:08,207 --> 00:41:11,370
Living things moved on
to colonize the land.
595
00:41:11,577 --> 00:41:14,205
The reptiles held sway for a time...
596
00:41:14,414 --> 00:41:18,441
...but gave way to small warm-blooded
creatures with bigger brains...
597
00:41:18,651 --> 00:41:22,781
...who developed dexterity and
curiosity about their environment.
598
00:41:22,989 --> 00:41:26,356
They learned to use tools and
fire and language.
599
00:41:26,559 --> 00:41:29,255
Star stuff,
the ash of stellar alchemy...
600
00:41:29,462 --> 00:41:32,397
...had emerged into consciousness.
601
00:41:42,975 --> 00:41:47,275
We are a way for the cosmos
to know itself.
602
00:41:47,480 --> 00:41:49,471
We are creatures of the cosmos...
603
00:41:49,682 --> 00:41:52,981
...and have always hungered
to know our origins...
604
00:41:53,186 --> 00:41:56,815
...to understand our connection
with the universe.
605
00:41:57,023 --> 00:41:59,548
How did everything come to be?
606
00:42:01,160 --> 00:42:04,061
Every culture on the planet
has devised its own response...
607
00:42:04,263 --> 00:42:07,232
...to the riddle
posed by the universe.
608
00:42:11,304 --> 00:42:15,934
Every culture celebrates
the cycles of life and nature.
609
00:42:17,543 --> 00:42:19,977
There are many different ways
of being human.
610
00:42:24,217 --> 00:42:26,242
But an extraterrestrial visitor...
611
00:42:26,452 --> 00:42:29,216
...examining the differences
among human societies...
612
00:42:29,422 --> 00:42:31,856
...would find those
differences trivial...
613
00:42:32,058 --> 00:42:34,390
...compared to the similarities.
614
00:42:42,034 --> 00:42:44,935
We are one species.
615
00:43:04,657 --> 00:43:08,252
We are star stuff,
harvesting starlight.
616
00:43:08,661 --> 00:43:11,596
Our lives, our past and our future...
617
00:43:11,798 --> 00:43:16,292
...are tied to the sun, the moon
and the stars.
618
00:43:19,772 --> 00:43:22,832
Our ancestors knew that
their survival depended...
619
00:43:23,042 --> 00:43:24,737
...on understanding the heavens.
620
00:43:24,944 --> 00:43:27,538
They built observatories
and computers...
621
00:43:27,747 --> 00:43:32,275
...to predict the changing of the
seasons by the motions in the skies.
622
00:43:32,485 --> 00:43:34,646
We are, all of us...
623
00:43:34,854 --> 00:43:38,051
...descended from astronomers.
624
00:43:40,226 --> 00:43:42,421
The discovery of order
in the universe...
625
00:43:42,628 --> 00:43:44,118
...of the laws of nature...
626
00:43:44,330 --> 00:43:48,494
...is the foundation on which
science builds today.
627
00:43:55,608 --> 00:43:57,200
Our conception of the cosmos...
628
00:43:57,410 --> 00:43:59,435
...all of modern science
and technology...
629
00:43:59,645 --> 00:44:03,638
...trace back to questions
raised by the stars.
630
00:44:05,284 --> 00:44:07,445
Yet, even 400 years ago...
631
00:44:07,653 --> 00:44:10,486
...we still had no idea
of our place in the universe.
632
00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:13,056
The long journey to
that understanding...
633
00:44:13,259 --> 00:44:16,092
...required both an unflinching
respect for the facts...
634
00:44:16,295 --> 00:44:19,059
...and a delight
in the natural world.
635
00:44:21,834 --> 00:44:23,768
Johannes Kepler wrote:
636
00:44:23,970 --> 00:44:27,770
"We do not ask for what useful
purpose the birds do sing...
637
00:44:27,974 --> 00:44:32,035
...for song is their pleasure
since they were created for singing.
638
00:44:32,378 --> 00:44:33,402
Similarly...
639
00:44:33,613 --> 00:44:36,582
...we ought not to ask why the
human mind troubles to fathom...
640
00:44:36,782 --> 00:44:38,272
...the secrets of the heavens.
641
00:44:38,484 --> 00:44:41,715
The diversity of the phenomena
of nature is so great...
642
00:44:41,921 --> 00:44:45,186
...and the treasures hidden
in the heavens so rich...
643
00:44:45,391 --> 00:44:46,824
...precisely in order...
644
00:44:47,026 --> 00:44:51,224
...that the human mind shall never
be lacking in fresh nourishment."
645
00:45:32,705 --> 00:45:34,832
It is the birthright
of every child...
646
00:45:35,041 --> 00:45:37,339
...to encounter the cosmos anew...
647
00:45:37,543 --> 00:45:40,171
...in every culture and every age.
648
00:45:42,682 --> 00:45:47,312
When this happens to us,
we experience a deep sense of wonder.
649
00:45:47,520 --> 00:45:50,387
The most fortunate among
us are guided by teachers...
650
00:45:50,590 --> 00:45:53,491
...who channel this exhilaration.
651
00:45:55,962 --> 00:45:58,487
We are born
to delight in the world.
652
00:45:58,698 --> 00:46:03,101
We are taught to distinguish
our preconceptions from the truth.
653
00:46:03,302 --> 00:46:06,362
Then, new worlds are discovered...
654
00:46:06,572 --> 00:46:10,474
...as we decipher the mysteries
of the cosmos.
655
00:46:28,094 --> 00:46:30,562
Science is a collective enterprise...
656
00:46:30,763 --> 00:46:34,529
...that embraces many cultures
and spans the generations.
657
00:46:34,734 --> 00:46:38,465
In every age, and sometimes
in the most unlikely places...
658
00:46:38,671 --> 00:46:41,333
...there are those who wish
with a great passion...
659
00:46:41,540 --> 00:46:43,337
...to understand the world.
660
00:46:43,542 --> 00:46:46,534
We don't know where
the next discovery will come from.
661
00:46:46,746 --> 00:46:51,410
What dream of the mind's eye
will remake the world.
662
00:46:57,123 --> 00:47:01,321
These dreams begin
as impossibilities.
663
00:47:04,263 --> 00:47:08,757
Once, even to see a planet through
a telescope was an astonishment.
664
00:47:08,968 --> 00:47:10,526
But we studied these worlds...
665
00:47:10,736 --> 00:47:13,398
...we figured out how
they moved in their orbits...
666
00:47:13,606 --> 00:47:16,473
...and soon we were planning
voyages of discovery...
667
00:47:16,676 --> 00:47:18,109
...beyond the Earth...
668
00:47:18,310 --> 00:47:22,804
...and sending robot explorers
to the planets and the stars.
669
00:47:37,630 --> 00:47:41,760
We humans long to be connected
with our origins...
670
00:47:42,735 --> 00:47:45,203
...so we create rituals.
671
00:47:46,372 --> 00:47:48,966
Science is another way
to express this longing.
672
00:47:49,175 --> 00:47:51,439
It also connects us
with our origins.
673
00:47:51,644 --> 00:47:56,013
And it, too, has its rituals
and its commandments.
674
00:48:04,924 --> 00:48:09,554
Its only sacred truth is that
there are no sacred truths.
675
00:48:12,565 --> 00:48:14,465
Temperature systems...
676
00:48:14,834 --> 00:48:17,359
SAGAN: All assumptions must
be critically examined.
677
00:48:17,570 --> 00:48:20,835
Arguments from authority
are worthless.
678
00:48:24,577 --> 00:48:26,943
FEMALE SCIENTIST:
Transducer power is on.
679
00:48:32,551 --> 00:48:34,610
SAGAN: Whatever is inconsistent
with the facts...
680
00:48:34,820 --> 00:48:36,913
...no matter how
fond of it we are...
681
00:48:37,123 --> 00:48:40,286
...must be discarded or revised.
682
00:48:48,801 --> 00:48:51,031
Science is not perfect.
683
00:48:51,237 --> 00:48:52,795
It's often misused.
684
00:48:53,005 --> 00:48:54,870
It's only a tool.
685
00:48:55,141 --> 00:48:56,836
But it's the best tool we have...
686
00:48:57,042 --> 00:48:59,772
...self-correcting, ever-changing...
687
00:48:59,979 --> 00:49:02,470
...applicable to everything.
688
00:49:08,387 --> 00:49:12,847
With this tool,
we vanquish the impossible.
689
00:49:38,450 --> 00:49:40,111
With the methods of science...
690
00:49:40,319 --> 00:49:43,755
...we have begun
to explore the cosmos.
691
00:49:46,392 --> 00:49:49,020
For the first time,
scientific discoveries...
692
00:49:49,228 --> 00:49:51,560
...are widely accessible.
693
00:49:54,934 --> 00:49:56,401
Our machines...
694
00:49:56,602 --> 00:49:58,092
...the products of science...
695
00:49:58,304 --> 00:50:00,772
...are now beyond
the orbit of Saturn.
696
00:50:07,379 --> 00:50:09,939
A preliminary spacecraft
reconnaissance...
697
00:50:10,149 --> 00:50:13,141
...has been made of 20 new worlds.
698
00:50:13,819 --> 00:50:16,879
We have learned to value
careful observations...
699
00:50:17,089 --> 00:50:19,990
...to respect the facts, even
when they are disquieting...
700
00:50:20,192 --> 00:50:23,184
...when they seem to contradict
conventional wisdom.
701
00:50:24,196 --> 00:50:28,565
The Canterbury monks faithfully
recorded an impact on the moon...
702
00:50:28,767 --> 00:50:32,931
...and the Anasazi people,
an explosion of a distant star.
703
00:50:33,138 --> 00:50:36,403
They saw for us as we see for them.
704
00:50:36,609 --> 00:50:40,067
We see further than they only because
we stand on their shoulders.
705
00:50:40,279 --> 00:50:41,871
We build on what they knew.
706
00:50:42,081 --> 00:50:44,276
We depend on free inquiry...
707
00:50:44,483 --> 00:50:47,008
...and free access to knowledge.
708
00:50:47,253 --> 00:50:50,745
We humans have seen the atoms
which constitute all of matter...
709
00:50:50,956 --> 00:50:54,756
...and the forces that sculpt
this world and others.
710
00:50:59,899 --> 00:51:01,730
We know
the molecules of life...
711
00:51:01,934 --> 00:51:04,767
...are easily formed
under conditions common...
712
00:51:04,970 --> 00:51:07,666
...throughout the cosmos.
713
00:51:07,873 --> 00:51:11,365
We have mapped the molecular machines
at the heart of life.
714
00:51:13,178 --> 00:51:16,670
We have discovered a microcosm
in a drop of water.
715
00:51:16,916 --> 00:51:18,713
We have peered
into the bloodstream...
716
00:51:18,918 --> 00:51:20,977
...and down on our stormy planet...
717
00:51:21,186 --> 00:51:24,280
...to see the Earth
as a single organism.
718
00:51:24,490 --> 00:51:26,617
We have found volcanoes
on other worlds...
719
00:51:26,825 --> 00:51:28,793
...and explosions on the sun...
720
00:51:28,994 --> 00:51:31,428
...studied comets from
the depths of space...
721
00:51:31,630 --> 00:51:35,191
...and traced their origins
and destinies...
722
00:51:35,401 --> 00:51:37,164
...listened to pulsars...
723
00:51:37,369 --> 00:51:40,304
...and searched for
other civilizations.
724
00:51:42,174 --> 00:51:45,575
We humans have set foot
on another world...
725
00:51:45,778 --> 00:51:48,372
...in a place called
the Sea of Tranquility...
726
00:51:48,580 --> 00:51:51,879
...an astonishing achievement
for creatures such as we...
727
00:51:52,084 --> 00:51:55,679
...whose earliest footsteps,
3 � million years old...
728
00:51:55,888 --> 00:52:00,382
...are preserved in the volcanic
ash of East Africa.
729
00:52:00,592 --> 00:52:03,083
We have walked far.
730
00:53:33,585 --> 00:53:36,679
These are some of the things
that hydrogen atoms do...
731
00:53:36,889 --> 00:53:41,485
...given 15 billion years
of cosmic evolution.
732
00:53:43,529 --> 00:53:46,657
It has the sound of epic myth.
733
00:53:46,865 --> 00:53:48,298
But it's simply a description...
734
00:53:48,500 --> 00:53:50,161
...of the evolution of the cosmos...
735
00:53:50,369 --> 00:53:53,827
...as revealed by science in our time.
736
00:53:54,039 --> 00:53:55,301
And we...
737
00:53:55,507 --> 00:53:58,965
...we who embody the local
eyes and ears...
738
00:53:59,178 --> 00:54:01,476
...and thoughts and feelings
of the cosmos...
739
00:54:01,680 --> 00:54:05,810
...we've begun, at last, to wonder
about our origins.
740
00:54:06,018 --> 00:54:09,385
Star stuff, contemplating the stars...
741
00:54:09,588 --> 00:54:14,184
...organized collections of 10 billion-
billion-billion atoms...
742
00:54:14,393 --> 00:54:16,452
...contemplating the evolution
of matter...
743
00:54:16,662 --> 00:54:21,190
...tracing that long path by which
it arrived at consciousness...
744
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:23,061
...here on the planet Earth...
745
00:54:23,268 --> 00:54:26,066
...and perhaps, throughout the cosmos.
746
00:54:26,738 --> 00:54:31,675
Our loyalties are to the species
and the planet.
747
00:54:31,877 --> 00:54:33,970
We speak for Earth.
748
00:54:34,179 --> 00:54:36,670
Our obligation to survive
and flourish...
749
00:54:36,882 --> 00:54:39,544
...is owed not just to ourselves...
750
00:54:39,751 --> 00:54:44,017
...but also to that cosmos,
ancient and vast...
751
00:54:44,223 --> 00:54:46,020
...from which we spring.
752
00:55:26,665 --> 00:55:30,192
The greatest thrill for me
in reliving this adventure...
753
00:55:30,402 --> 00:55:34,463
...has been not just
that we've completed...
754
00:55:34,673 --> 00:55:37,403
...the preliminary reconnaissance
with spacecraft...
755
00:55:37,609 --> 00:55:40,134
...of the entire solar system.
756
00:55:40,345 --> 00:55:42,370
And not just that we've discovered...
757
00:55:42,581 --> 00:55:46,483
...astonishing structures in
the realm of the galaxies...
758
00:55:46,685 --> 00:55:48,152
...but especially...
759
00:55:48,353 --> 00:55:53,086
...that some of Cosmos' boldest
dreams about this world...
760
00:55:53,292 --> 00:55:55,453
...are coming closer to reality.
761
00:55:55,661 --> 00:55:58,687
Since this series' maiden voyage...
762
00:55:58,897 --> 00:56:00,865
...the impossible has come to pass.
763
00:56:01,066 --> 00:56:06,003
Mighty walls that maintained
insuperable ideological differences...
764
00:56:06,305 --> 00:56:08,603
...have come tumbling down.
765
00:56:08,807 --> 00:56:13,301
Deadly enemies have embraced
and begun to work together.
766
00:56:13,512 --> 00:56:15,980
The imperative to cherish
the Earth...
767
00:56:16,181 --> 00:56:20,140
...and to protect the global
environment that sustains all of us...
768
00:56:20,352 --> 00:56:22,820
...has become widely accepted.
769
00:56:23,021 --> 00:56:25,148
And we've begun, finally...
770
00:56:25,357 --> 00:56:26,654
...the process of reducing...
771
00:56:26,858 --> 00:56:30,726
...the obscene number of weapons
of mass destruction.
772
00:56:30,929 --> 00:56:33,727
Perhaps we have, after all...
773
00:56:33,932 --> 00:56:37,026
...decided to choose life.
774
00:56:38,604 --> 00:56:41,801
But we still have light-years
to go to ensure that choice...
775
00:56:42,007 --> 00:56:46,944
...even after the summits and
the ceremonies and the treaties.
776
00:56:47,145 --> 00:56:52,082
There are still some 50,000
nuclear weapons in the world.
777
00:56:52,417 --> 00:56:56,285
And it would require the detonation
of only a tiny fraction of them...
778
00:56:56,488 --> 00:56:58,956
...to produce a nuclear winter...
779
00:56:59,157 --> 00:57:02,126
...the predicted global
climatic catastrophe...
780
00:57:02,327 --> 00:57:06,263
...that would result from the smoke
and dust lifted into the atmosphere...
781
00:57:06,465 --> 00:57:10,731
...by burning cities
and petroleum facilities.
782
00:57:10,936 --> 00:57:14,872
The world's scientific community has
begun to sound the alarm...
783
00:57:15,073 --> 00:57:17,337
...about the grave dangers
posed by...
784
00:57:17,542 --> 00:57:19,976
...depleting the protective
ozone shield...
785
00:57:20,178 --> 00:57:22,305
...and by greenhouse warming.
786
00:57:22,514 --> 00:57:25,972
And again, we're taking some
mitigating steps.
787
00:57:26,184 --> 00:57:29,711
But again,
those steps are too small...
788
00:57:29,921 --> 00:57:32,412
...and too slow.
789
00:57:32,724 --> 00:57:36,353
The discovery that such a thing as
nuclear winter was really possible...
790
00:57:36,561 --> 00:57:39,860
...evolved out of studies
of Martian dust storms.
791
00:57:40,065 --> 00:57:43,831
The surface of Mars,
fried by ultraviolet light...
792
00:57:44,036 --> 00:57:46,300
...is also a reminder
of why it's important...
793
00:57:46,505 --> 00:57:49,303
...to keep our ozone layer intact.
794
00:57:49,508 --> 00:57:52,170
The runaway greenhouse effect
on Venus...
795
00:57:52,377 --> 00:57:53,901
...is a valuable reminder...
796
00:57:54,112 --> 00:57:58,606
...that we must take the increasing
greenhouse effect on Earth seriously.
797
00:57:58,817 --> 00:58:02,651
Important lessons about
our environment...
798
00:58:02,854 --> 00:58:06,187
...have come from spacecraft missions
to the planets.
799
00:58:06,391 --> 00:58:08,256
By exploring other worlds...
800
00:58:08,460 --> 00:58:10,428
...we safeguard this one.
801
00:58:10,629 --> 00:58:12,859
By itself, this fact
more than justifies...
802
00:58:13,065 --> 00:58:14,999
...the money our species has spent...
803
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:18,966
...in sending ships to other worlds.
804
00:58:19,571 --> 00:58:22,062
It is our fate...
805
00:58:22,274 --> 00:58:25,072
...to live during one of
the most perilous...
806
00:58:25,277 --> 00:58:27,040
...and one of the most hopeful...
807
00:58:27,245 --> 00:58:29,213
...chapters in human history.
808
00:58:29,414 --> 00:58:32,110
Our science and our technology...
809
00:58:32,317 --> 00:58:33,841
...have posed us...
810
00:58:34,052 --> 00:58:36,282
...a profound question:
811
00:58:36,488 --> 00:58:39,980
Will we learn to use these tools...
812
00:58:40,192 --> 00:58:44,561
...with wisdom and foresight
before it's too late?
813
00:58:44,763 --> 00:58:48,699
Will we see our species safely
through this difficult passage...
814
00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:53,030
...so that our children and
grandchildren will continue...
815
00:58:53,238 --> 00:58:56,833
...the great journey of discovery
still deeper...
816
00:58:57,042 --> 00:59:01,536
...into the mysteries of the cosmos?
817
00:59:01,747 --> 00:59:06,514
That same rocket and nuclear
and computer technology...
818
00:59:06,718 --> 00:59:11,621
...that sends our ships past
the farthest known planet...
819
00:59:11,823 --> 00:59:15,953
...can also be used to destroy
our global civilization.
820
00:59:16,161 --> 00:59:18,721
Exactly the same technology...
821
00:59:18,930 --> 00:59:20,830
...can be used for good...
822
00:59:21,032 --> 00:59:22,590
...and for evil.
823
00:59:22,801 --> 00:59:25,395
It is as if...
824
00:59:25,604 --> 00:59:27,231
...there were a god...
825
00:59:27,439 --> 00:59:29,304
...who said to us:
826
00:59:29,508 --> 00:59:32,909
"I set before you two ways.
827
00:59:33,111 --> 00:59:36,672
You can use your technology
to destroy yourselves...
828
00:59:36,882 --> 00:59:41,819
...or to carry you to the planets
and the stars.
829
00:59:42,087 --> 00:59:43,679
It's up to you."
9999
00:00:0,500 --> 00:00:2,00
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