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Freeman: THERE'S SOMETHING
HIDING IN THE SHADOWS --
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00:00:05,840 --> 00:00:10,209
A TYPE OF MATTER
WE CAN'T SEE OR TOUCH
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00:00:10,211 --> 00:00:13,228
BUT IS ALL AROUND US.
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00:00:13,230 --> 00:00:18,100
SCIENTISTS AGREE IT HAS SHAPED
OUR UNIVERSE,
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00:00:18,102 --> 00:00:23,789
BUT THEY HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IT IS
OR WHAT FORM IT TAKES.
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00:00:27,927 --> 00:00:30,062
COULD THIS MYSTERIOUS MATTER
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00:00:30,064 --> 00:00:33,465
HAVE PRODUCED STARS AND PLANETS
OF ITS OWN?
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00:00:33,467 --> 00:00:36,668
AND COULD THIS DARK COSMOS,
ONE DAY,
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00:00:36,670 --> 00:00:39,471
COME CRASHING INTO OURS?
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00:00:40,774 --> 00:00:43,726
IS THERE A SHADOW UNIVERSE?
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00:00:50,316 --> 00:00:55,154
SPACE, TIME, LIFE ITSELF...
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00:00:56,689 --> 00:01:01,160
THE SECRETS OF THE COSMOS
LIE THROUGH THE WORMHOLE.
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00:01:01,162 --> 00:01:04,163
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:01:04,165 --> 00:01:07,149
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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00:01:12,539 --> 00:01:18,177
WE LIVE IN A UNIVERSE
FILLED WITH LIGHT.
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00:01:18,179 --> 00:01:22,815
AT LEAST THAT'S WHAT IT LOOKS
LIKE WHEN WE GAZE INTO THE SKY.
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00:01:22,817 --> 00:01:25,951
BUT SCIENTISTS ARE NOW SURE
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00:01:25,953 --> 00:01:31,657
THERE IS FAR MORE MATTER IN
THIS UNIVERSE THAN WE CAN SEE.
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00:01:31,659 --> 00:01:34,576
WE KNOW THIS DARK MATTER
MUST EXIST
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00:01:34,578 --> 00:01:40,299
BECAUSE WE CAN DETECT
THE PULL OF ITS GRAVITY.
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00:01:40,301 --> 00:01:45,070
WHAT'S GOING ON
IN THIS HIDDEN WORLD?
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00:01:45,072 --> 00:01:49,875
COULD IT HAVE FORMED
ITS OWN DARK STARS, PLANETS,
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00:01:49,877 --> 00:01:52,144
AND MAYBE EVEN LIFE-FORMS?
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00:01:52,146 --> 00:01:55,130
AND COULD THIS SHADOW UNIVERSE
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00:01:55,132 --> 00:01:59,017
POSE A THREAT
TO OUR WORLD OF LIGHT?
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00:02:00,837 --> 00:02:02,287
ON SUMMER NIGHTS,
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00:02:02,289 --> 00:02:05,791
MY FRIENDS AND I
USED TO PLAY WITH SPARKLERS.
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00:02:05,793 --> 00:02:09,361
THEIR FLICKERING LIGHTS WERE
SO BRIGHT IN THE DARKNESS,
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00:02:09,363 --> 00:02:13,699
EVERYTHING AROUND THEM
SEEMED TO DISAPPEAR.
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00:02:13,701 --> 00:02:17,035
IT WAS EASY TO FORGET
THEIR EVERY MOVE
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00:02:17,037 --> 00:02:21,106
WAS CONTROLLED
BY AN INVISIBLE HAND.
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00:02:21,108 --> 00:02:25,060
AN INVISIBLE HAND ALSO GUIDES
THE MOVEMENT OF OUR UNIVERSE.
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00:02:25,062 --> 00:02:29,715
ASTRONOMERS ARE SURE A VAST
COSMIC OCEAN OF UNSEEABLE MATTER
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00:02:29,717 --> 00:02:34,286
IS PULLING STARS
OFF THEIR EXPECTED COURSES.
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00:02:34,288 --> 00:02:36,972
DISCOVERING THE TRUE NATURE
OF THIS UNKNOWN MATTER
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00:02:36,974 --> 00:02:42,094
HAS BECOME THE MOST PRESSING
QUESTION IN COSMOLOGY,
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PERHAPS IN ALL OF PHYSICS.
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EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICIST,
RAPHAEL LANG,
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00:02:51,272 --> 00:02:53,021
FROM PURDUE UNIVERSITY,
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IS ONE OF MANY SCIENTISTS
TRYING TO CAPTURE
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00:02:55,642 --> 00:02:58,610
AND STUDY DARK MATTER.
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WE REALLY KNOW
ALL THIS DARK MATTER EXISTS.
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00:03:00,748 --> 00:03:02,664
WE HAVE NO CLUE
WHAT IT'S MADE OUT OF.
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00:03:02,666 --> 00:03:03,799
BUT WE KNOW IT'S THERE,
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00:03:03,801 --> 00:03:05,551
AND THAT'S WHAT
I'M TRYING TO DO.
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00:03:05,553 --> 00:03:07,586
I'M TRYING TO FIND OUT
WHAT IS IT MADE OUT OF.
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00:03:07,588 --> 00:03:09,621
Freeman: IT'S A HUGE CHALLENGE
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00:03:09,623 --> 00:03:13,759
BECAUSE WE ONLY FEEL THE FEEBLE
PULL OF DARK MATTER'S GRAVITY.
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00:03:13,761 --> 00:03:18,547
ITS PARTICLES PASS RIGHT THROUGH
THE MATTER THAT WE ARE MADE OF.
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00:03:18,549 --> 00:03:24,102
SO IT'S A BIT LIKE TRYING TO
CATCH A FISH WITH YOUR HANDS.
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00:03:24,104 --> 00:03:27,022
SO YOU CAN TRY TO CATCH FISH
WITH YOUR HANDS, AND, WELL,
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00:03:27,024 --> 00:03:28,941
THAT --
THAT'S NOT GOING TO WORK.
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00:03:28,943 --> 00:03:31,376
THE FISH IS JUST -- JUST WAY
TOO FAST AND TOO SLIPPERY.
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00:03:31,378 --> 00:03:33,679
YOU'RE NEVER GOING TO CATCH
A FISH WITH YOUR HANDS.
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00:03:33,681 --> 00:03:34,947
SO YOU NEED DIFFERENT TOOLS.
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00:03:34,949 --> 00:03:37,849
Freeman: TO CATCH DARK MATTER,
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00:03:37,851 --> 00:03:41,887
RAPHAEL NEEDS SOMETHING THAT CAN
INTERACT WITH IT DIRECTLY.
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00:03:43,957 --> 00:03:46,858
THE ONE THING WE DO KNOW
IS THAT DARK MATTER HAS MASS.
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00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,429
THE PARTICLES WE KNOW GET
THEIR MASS FROM THE HIGGS BOSON.
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00:03:50,431 --> 00:03:52,264
IF YOU CAN INTERACT
WITH THE HIGGS BOSON,
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00:03:52,266 --> 00:03:53,749
THEN YOU HAVE MASS.
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00:03:53,751 --> 00:03:58,287
Freeman: HIGGS BOSON PARTICLES
CREATE AN INVISIBLE FORCE FIELD
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00:03:58,289 --> 00:04:00,339
THAT FILLS THE UNIVERSE.
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00:04:00,341 --> 00:04:03,642
WE BELIEVE EVERYTHING
IN OUR UNIVERSE
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00:04:03,644 --> 00:04:07,679
GETS MASS BY INTERACTING
WITH THIS HIGGS FIELD.
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00:04:07,681 --> 00:04:10,349
SO ISN'T IT NATURAL TO THINK
THAT MAYBE THE DARK MATTER
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00:04:10,351 --> 00:04:12,417
GETS ITS MASS ALSO
FROM THE HIGGS BOSON?
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00:04:12,419 --> 00:04:14,436
IF THAT'S THE CASE,
THAT WOULD BE GREAT,
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00:04:14,438 --> 00:04:17,022
BECAUSE MAYBE THEN WE
CAN TALK TO THE DARK MATTER
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00:04:17,024 --> 00:04:18,423
THROUGH
THE HIGGS BOSON CHANNEL.
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00:04:18,425 --> 00:04:22,561
Freeman: IF DARK MATTER DOES GET
ITS MASS FROM THE HIGGS BOSONS,
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00:04:22,563 --> 00:04:25,330
RAPHAEL MAY BE ABLE TO USE THEM
AS TOOLS
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00:04:25,332 --> 00:04:28,033
TO INTERACT WITH DARK MATTER,
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00:04:28,035 --> 00:04:33,121
AND IT WOULD ALSO MAKE HIS
FISHING TRIP A LITTLE EASIER.
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00:04:33,123 --> 00:04:36,024
MAYBE THE HIGGS BOSON
CAN ACT AS A TOOL,
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00:04:36,026 --> 00:04:37,276
LIKE A FISHING ROD,
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00:04:37,278 --> 00:04:39,111
THAT HELPS US TO CATCH
THE DARK MATTER.
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00:04:39,113 --> 00:04:41,280
SO AT ONE END WE ARE
AND WE TALK TO THE HIGGS BOSON,
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00:04:41,282 --> 00:04:42,814
AND THE HIGGS BOSON,
THE OTHER END,
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00:04:42,816 --> 00:04:43,849
TALKS TO THE DARK MATTER.
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00:04:43,851 --> 00:04:46,251
Freeman:
BUT AS ANY GOOD FISHERMAN KNOWS,
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00:04:46,253 --> 00:04:49,087
JUST BECAUSE YOU HAVE
THE RIGHT TOOLS DOESN'T MEAN
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00:04:49,089 --> 00:04:50,856
YOU'RE GUARANTEED
TO CATCH A FISH.
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00:04:50,858 --> 00:04:52,190
RAPHAEL IS WORKING
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00:04:52,192 --> 00:04:56,561
ON AN UNDERGROUND DETECTOR
IN ITALY CALLED XENON 100.
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00:04:56,563 --> 00:05:01,400
IT USES A LARGE VAT FILLED
WITH 100 KILOS OF ULTRA-PURE
87
00:05:01,402 --> 00:05:05,620
AND HIGHLY INERT LIQUID XENON.
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00:05:05,622 --> 00:05:07,205
LIQUID XENON IS VERY DENSE.
89
00:05:07,207 --> 00:05:10,275
SO THE ATOMIC NUCLEI --
THEY'RE REALLY DENSELY PACKED,
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00:05:10,277 --> 00:05:11,776
WHICH IS GREAT BECAUSE
IT GIVES THE DARK MATTER
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00:05:11,778 --> 00:05:13,712
A LOT OF STUFF
TO INTERACT WITH.
92
00:05:13,714 --> 00:05:15,013
SO LET'S TAKE
SOME DARK MATTER
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00:05:15,015 --> 00:05:16,548
AND LET'S DROP IT
IN THE LIQUID XENON,
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00:05:16,550 --> 00:05:17,916
AND LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
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00:05:17,918 --> 00:05:21,153
AS IT FALLS IN, IT WILL GO
THROUGH MOST OF THE LIQUID XENON
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00:05:21,155 --> 00:05:23,121
WITHOUT INTERACTING,
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00:05:23,123 --> 00:05:26,491
BUT MAYBE WE ARE LUCKY,
AND ONE OF THE XENON ATOMS --
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00:05:26,493 --> 00:05:27,926
IT KICKS THE NUCLEUS.
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00:05:27,928 --> 00:05:29,528
Freeman: THAT XENON NUCLEUS
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00:05:29,530 --> 00:05:31,780
RACES OUT OF THE TANK
AT HIGH SPEED,
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00:05:31,782 --> 00:05:34,132
LEAVING A TRAIL OF LIGHT
IN ITS WAKE.
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00:05:35,468 --> 00:05:37,936
WE DON'T REALLY OBSERVE
THE DARK MATTER ITSELF.
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00:05:37,938 --> 00:05:39,371
WHAT WE DO IS WE OBSERVE
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THE NUCLEUS
FLYING THROUGH THE XENON.
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00:05:41,308 --> 00:05:44,743
Freeman: THE TEAM
AT THE XENON 100 DETECTOR
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00:05:44,745 --> 00:05:48,397
HAS BEEN RUNNING THE EXPERIMENT
SINCE 2008.
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00:05:48,399 --> 00:05:52,417
SO FAR, IT HAS NOT SEEN ANY SIGN
OF DARK MATTER.
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00:05:52,419 --> 00:05:57,289
BUT RAPHAEL BELIEVES
AN IMPROVED BIGGER DETECTOR,
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00:05:57,291 --> 00:05:59,224
THE XENON 1 TON,
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00:05:59,226 --> 00:06:03,462
HAS A GOOD CHANCE OF GRASPING
THIS ELUSIVE PARTICLE.
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00:06:03,464 --> 00:06:05,997
SO XENON 1 TON WILL BE
100 TIMES MORE POWERFUL
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00:06:05,999 --> 00:06:07,866
THAN ANYTHING
THAT WE HAVE TODAY.
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00:06:07,868 --> 00:06:09,568
WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT
WE CAN DO SOMETHING
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00:06:09,570 --> 00:06:11,770
THAT WOULD TAKE US
A WHOLE YEAR
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00:06:11,772 --> 00:06:13,588
TO WAIT AND CATCH
THOSE PARTICLES.
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00:06:13,590 --> 00:06:15,040
WE CAN DO THAT
IN A COUPLE OF DAYS.
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00:06:15,042 --> 00:06:17,642
Freeman: IF RAPHAEL IS CORRECT,
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00:06:17,644 --> 00:06:22,280
WE MAY SOON HAVE OUR FIRST
GLIMPSE OF DARK MATTER.
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00:06:22,282 --> 00:06:25,751
BUT THERE MIGHT BE ANOTHER WAY
FOR US TO FIND IT --
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00:06:25,753 --> 00:06:29,187
NOT BY CATCHING DARK MATTER,
BUT BY CREATING IT.
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00:06:37,797 --> 00:06:40,649
JOHN BUTTERWORTH IS
A LEADING EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICIST
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00:06:40,651 --> 00:06:45,887
AT THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON
AND AT THE L.H.C. IN GENEVA.
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00:06:45,889 --> 00:06:53,412
THIS COLOSSAL MACHINE FAMOUSLY
CREATED THE HIGGS BOSON IN 2012.
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00:06:53,414 --> 00:06:56,681
IT HAS ALSO CREATED
EVERY OTHER PARTICLE OF MATTER
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00:06:56,683 --> 00:06:58,316
THAT WE KNOW TO EXIST.
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00:06:58,318 --> 00:07:02,020
TOGETHER, THEY MAKE UP
THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLES.
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00:07:02,022 --> 00:07:05,490
THE STANDARD MODEL
IS OUR BEST UNDERSTANDING
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00:07:05,492 --> 00:07:07,159
OF WHAT WE CALL
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES,
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00:07:07,161 --> 00:07:08,343
AND THAT IS STUFF
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00:07:08,345 --> 00:07:09,995
THAT EVERYTHING ELSE
IN THE UNIVERSE IS MADE OF.
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00:07:09,997 --> 00:07:12,464
BUT WHEN I SAID THAT EVERYTHING
IN THE UNIVERSE
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00:07:12,466 --> 00:07:14,232
IS MADE UP
OF THESE FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES,
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00:07:14,234 --> 00:07:16,318
THE BIG EXCEPTION IS
DARK MATTER PROBABLY ISN'T,
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00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:17,602
AS FAR AS WE CAN TELL.
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00:07:17,604 --> 00:07:20,806
Freeman: PARTICLE PHYSICISTS
LIKE JOHN, HOWEVER,
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00:07:20,808 --> 00:07:24,709
HAVE ONE IDEA FOR WHAT THESE
DARK MATTER PARTICLES MIGHT BE,
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00:07:24,711 --> 00:07:31,316
BUT IT'S AN IDEA THAT REQUIRES
YOU TO SPIN REALITY ON ITS HEAD.
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00:07:38,424 --> 00:07:39,774
I'M ON THE LONDON EYE,
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00:07:39,776 --> 00:07:42,210
AND IT'S A GOOD PLACE TO TALK
ABOUT ANGULAR MOMENTUM.
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00:07:42,212 --> 00:07:43,361
ANGULAR MOMENTUM IS --
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00:07:43,363 --> 00:07:45,597
IS WHAT YOU GET WHEN YOU
MULTIPLY THE SPEED
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00:07:45,599 --> 00:07:48,132
OF SOMETHING THAT'S GOING ROUND
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00:07:48,134 --> 00:07:52,504
WITH THE DISTANCE TO THE AXLE
THAT IT'S GOING AROUND.
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00:07:52,506 --> 00:07:56,575
Freeman: FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
ALSO HAVE ANGULAR MOMENTUM,
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00:07:56,577 --> 00:07:59,377
WHICH PHYSICISTS CALL SPIN.
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00:07:59,379 --> 00:08:02,864
THERE ARE TWO TYPES
OF PARTICLES, MATTER PARTICLES,
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00:08:02,866 --> 00:08:04,799
ALL THE TANGIBLE STUFF
IN THE UNIVERSE,
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00:08:04,801 --> 00:08:08,686
AND FORCE PARTICLES
THAT CARRY PURE ENERGY.
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00:08:08,688 --> 00:08:11,940
THESE TWO TYPES SPIN
AT DIFFERENT RATES.
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00:08:11,942 --> 00:08:15,360
IMAGINE JOHN IS A PARTICLE,
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00:08:15,362 --> 00:08:18,597
AND HE'S SPINNING
AROUND THE LONDON EYE.
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00:08:18,599 --> 00:08:21,032
IF HE'S A FORCED PARTICLE,
HE'LL SPIN AT ONE RATE.
153
00:08:21,034 --> 00:08:25,487
IF HE'S A MATTER PARTICLE,
HE'LL HAVE ONLY HALF THAT SPIN.
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00:08:25,489 --> 00:08:27,038
[ TICKING SOUND ]
155
00:08:29,842 --> 00:08:31,209
BUT SOME PHYSICISTS THINK
156
00:08:31,211 --> 00:08:33,512
ALL THE PARTICLES
OF FORCE AND MATTER
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00:08:33,514 --> 00:08:38,350
MAY HAVE HIDDEN COUNTERPARTS
THAT SPIN DIFFERENTLY.
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00:08:38,352 --> 00:08:42,053
SO, GIVEN THAT ALL THE FORCE
CARRIERS HAVE GOT SPIN ONE,
159
00:08:42,055 --> 00:08:45,323
AND ALL THE MATTER PARTICLES
HAVE GOT SPIN HALF,
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00:08:45,325 --> 00:08:49,361
IT'S QUITE A NATURAL QUESTION TO
ASK, "WHAT IF I SWAP THEM OVER?
161
00:08:49,363 --> 00:08:51,429
WHAT IF I MADE ALL THE FORCE
CARRIERS HAVE TO SPIN HALF?"
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00:08:51,431 --> 00:08:53,265
Freeman: THESE DIFFERENTLY
SPINNING VERSIONS
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00:08:53,267 --> 00:08:57,869
OF FORCE PARTICLES
WOULD, IN FACT, BE MATTER.
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00:08:57,871 --> 00:09:02,073
THE PHOTON WOULD HAVE A MATTER
VERSION CALLED THE PHOTINO.
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00:09:02,075 --> 00:09:04,075
THE FORCE PARTICLE JOHN
166
00:09:04,077 --> 00:09:08,547
WOULD HAVE A MATTER PARTICLE
CALLED JOHNINO.
167
00:09:08,549 --> 00:09:11,533
SO YOU WOULD GET A LOT OF THESE
PRODUCED IN THE BIG BANG.
168
00:09:11,535 --> 00:09:12,684
THEY WOULD HANG AROUND
IN THE UNIVERSE,
169
00:09:12,686 --> 00:09:13,919
BUT THEY'D DO NOTHING ELSE,
170
00:09:13,921 --> 00:09:15,720
AND THAT'S ESSENTIALLY
THE DESCRIPTION OF DARK MATTER.
171
00:09:15,722 --> 00:09:16,955
THAT'S WHAT DARK MATTER DOES.
172
00:09:16,957 --> 00:09:19,291
Freeman:
JOHN HAS BEEN SCOURING
173
00:09:19,293 --> 00:09:22,227
THE MINI BIG BANGS
CREATED BY THE L.H.C.,
174
00:09:22,229 --> 00:09:25,530
LOOKING FOR MATTER VERSIONS
OF FORCED PARTICLES
175
00:09:25,532 --> 00:09:26,831
LIKE THE PHOTINO.
176
00:09:26,833 --> 00:09:28,967
BUT JOHN IS BEGINNING TO WORRY
177
00:09:28,969 --> 00:09:33,939
BECAUSE SO FAR
HE'S SEEN NOTHING.
178
00:09:33,941 --> 00:09:35,023
WE'VE NOT FOUND
ANY DIRECT EVIDENCE
179
00:09:35,025 --> 00:09:36,608
FOR THESE OTHER HALF
OF THE PARTICLES.
180
00:09:36,610 --> 00:09:39,611
NOW, THERE'S STILL A CHANCE,
BUT THERE'S A LOT LESS CHANCE,
181
00:09:39,613 --> 00:09:41,413
I WOULD SAY,
THAN THERE USED TO BE.
182
00:09:43,950 --> 00:09:46,518
Freeman: WE CAN NEVER HOPE
TO DISCOVER A SHADOW UNIVERSE
183
00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:50,171
UNTIL WE HAVE DARK MATTER
IN OUR HANDS.
184
00:09:50,173 --> 00:09:54,326
BUT THIS PHYSICIST THINKS
HE'S ON THE CUSP OF SNAGGING IT,
185
00:09:54,328 --> 00:09:56,678
THANKS
TO ITS COSMIC DANCE PARTNER.
186
00:10:01,667 --> 00:10:04,703
TO PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE
IN THE SUPERNATURAL,
187
00:10:04,705 --> 00:10:07,872
GHOSTS ARE EVIDENCE
OF A LARGER WORLD OF SPIRITS
188
00:10:07,874 --> 00:10:09,975
BEYOND OUR SENSES.
189
00:10:09,977 --> 00:10:11,576
A FEW DECADES AGO,
190
00:10:11,578 --> 00:10:16,114
PHYSICISTS DISCOVERED PARTICLES
THAT SEEMED LIKE GHOSTS.
191
00:10:16,116 --> 00:10:18,984
THEY MOVE RIGHT
THROUGH SOLID MATTER.
192
00:10:18,986 --> 00:10:21,720
THEY CALL THEM NEUTRINOS.
193
00:10:21,722 --> 00:10:23,521
NEUTRINOS COULD BE THE KEY
194
00:10:23,523 --> 00:10:27,058
TO DISCOVERING A LARGER WORLD
OF GHOSTLY PARTICLES
195
00:10:27,060 --> 00:10:30,795
MAKING UP A SHADOW UNIVERSE.
196
00:10:33,666 --> 00:10:37,102
BRAZILIAN-BORN PHYSICIST
ANDR? DE GOUV?A
197
00:10:37,104 --> 00:10:41,106
HAS SPENT MOST OF HIS CAREER
STUDYING NEUTRINOS.
198
00:10:41,108 --> 00:10:44,242
NEUTRINOS LOOK A LOT
LIKE THE DARK MATTER
199
00:10:44,244 --> 00:10:47,012
IN -- IN THE SENSE THAT THEY
INTERACT VERY, VERY WEAKLY.
200
00:10:47,014 --> 00:10:48,997
NOW IT TURNS OUT
THAT OVER THE YEARS,
201
00:10:48,999 --> 00:10:51,016
WE LEARNED ENOUGH ABOUT
THE NEUTRINOS
202
00:10:51,018 --> 00:10:52,684
TO KNOW FOR SURE THAT
THE NEUTRINOS ARE NOT
203
00:10:52,686 --> 00:10:56,371
ALL OF THE DARK MATTER
BECAUSE THEY'RE TOO LIGHT.
204
00:10:56,373 --> 00:10:58,156
Freeman:
COSMOLOGISTS HAVE CALCULATED
205
00:10:58,158 --> 00:11:01,409
HOW MUCH DARK MASS THERE MUST BE
IN THE UNIVERSE,
206
00:11:01,411 --> 00:11:04,229
AND THEY ARE SURE
THAT NEUTRINOS CAN ONLY ACCOUNT
207
00:11:04,231 --> 00:11:08,967
FOR A VERY SMALL PERCENTAGE
OF IT.
208
00:11:08,969 --> 00:11:12,337
BUT THERE'S SOMETHING STRANGE
ABOUT THE NEUTRINO --
209
00:11:12,339 --> 00:11:14,606
THE WAY IT SPINS.
210
00:11:14,608 --> 00:11:19,144
[ SAMBA MUSIC PLAYING ]
211
00:11:23,149 --> 00:11:25,100
AND ANDR? THINKS THAT COULD MEAN
212
00:11:25,102 --> 00:11:28,136
IT HAS
A HIDDEN COSMIC DANCE PARTNER --
213
00:11:28,138 --> 00:11:29,487
A PARTNER THAT MAY ACCOUNT
214
00:11:29,489 --> 00:11:32,791
FOR THE REMAINING MASS
OF DARK MATTER.
215
00:11:32,793 --> 00:11:35,426
ALL PARTICLES HAVE AN INTRINSIC
PROPERTY CALLED SPIN.
216
00:11:35,428 --> 00:11:37,762
NOW FOR THE MATTER PARTICLES
THAT WE KNOW ABOUT,
217
00:11:37,764 --> 00:11:39,114
THE SPIN COMES IN TWO TYPES.
218
00:11:39,116 --> 00:11:41,666
WE REFER TO THAT -- THOSE TWO
TYPES -- AS HANDEDNESS.
219
00:11:41,668 --> 00:11:44,035
SO SOME PARTICLES ARE
REFERRED TO AS LEFT-HANDED,
220
00:11:44,037 --> 00:11:46,371
OTHER PARTICLES ARE
REFERRED TO AS RIGHT-HANDED.
221
00:11:46,373 --> 00:11:49,274
SO THIS IS ILLUSTRATED
BY THE DANCERS IN THE BACK.
222
00:11:53,212 --> 00:11:55,013
Freeman:
SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THE BIG BANG
223
00:11:55,015 --> 00:11:56,681
FILLED THE EARLY UNIVERSE
224
00:11:56,683 --> 00:12:00,335
WITH EQUAL NUMBERS OF RIGHT
AND LEFT-HANDED PARTICLES.
225
00:12:00,337 --> 00:12:04,656
ALL OF THEM DANCED SEPARATELY
AND HAD NO MASS,
226
00:12:04,658 --> 00:12:07,459
BUT THEN, A SPLIT SECOND LATER,
227
00:12:07,461 --> 00:12:10,028
THE HIGGS BOSON
KICKED INTO ACTION.
228
00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:14,232
IT PARTNERED UP LEFT
AND RIGHT-HANDED PARTICLES,
229
00:12:14,234 --> 00:12:17,535
AND IN DOING SO,
GAVE THE PAIR MASS.
230
00:12:17,537 --> 00:12:19,854
NOW, WHEN THE HIGGS BOSON
COMES ALONG,
231
00:12:19,856 --> 00:12:23,041
UH, THE HIGGS BOSON ALLOWS THEM
TO TALK TO EACH OTHER,
232
00:12:23,043 --> 00:12:24,776
AND IT ALLOWS THEM TO PAIR UP,
233
00:12:24,778 --> 00:12:26,511
AND ONCE THEY START TALKING
TO ONE ANOTHER,
234
00:12:26,513 --> 00:12:30,448
UH, THEY BEHAVE AS ONE PARTICLE
WITH MASS.
235
00:12:30,450 --> 00:12:31,433
Freeman: THIS IS HOW PARTICLES
236
00:12:31,435 --> 00:12:34,185
LIKE ELECTRONS AND QUARKS
GOT MASS,
237
00:12:34,187 --> 00:12:38,039
BUT NEUTRINOS DON'T APPEAR TO BE
LIKE THOSE OTHER PARTICLES.
238
00:12:38,041 --> 00:12:43,461
EVERY NEUTRINO DETECTED SO FAR
HAD BEEN LEFT-HANDED.
239
00:12:43,463 --> 00:12:44,996
THEY SAMBA ALONE.
240
00:12:44,998 --> 00:12:49,367
HOW, THEN, DOES THE NEUTRINO
GET ITS MASS?
241
00:12:49,369 --> 00:12:52,003
WHAT WE SEE BEHIND US
IS A LEFT-HANDED NEUTRINO.
242
00:12:52,005 --> 00:12:53,805
NOW, WHAT'S INTERESTING IS THAT
243
00:12:53,807 --> 00:12:57,342
WE'VE NEVER SEEN A RIGHT-HANDED
MANIFESTATION OF THE NEUTRINO,
244
00:12:57,344 --> 00:13:00,345
BUT BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT NOW
THE NEUTRINOS DO HAVE A MASS,
245
00:13:00,347 --> 00:13:03,281
IT INDICATES FOR US
THAT THE NEUTRINO MUST HAVE
246
00:13:03,283 --> 00:13:04,449
A RIGHT-HANDED PARTNER.
247
00:13:04,451 --> 00:13:09,053
[ MEN SINGING IN PORTUGUESE ]
248
00:13:09,055 --> 00:13:11,456
Freeman: SOMEWHERE OUTSIDE
THE REACH OF OUR DETECTORS,
249
00:13:11,458 --> 00:13:14,759
THERE SHOULD BE
A RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO
250
00:13:14,761 --> 00:13:17,479
THAT IS PAIRING UP
WITH THE LEFT-HANDED NEUTRINO
251
00:13:17,481 --> 00:13:19,197
TO GIVE IT MASS.
252
00:13:19,199 --> 00:13:23,868
COULD THIS UNDISCOVERED PARTICLE
BE DARK MATTER?
253
00:13:23,870 --> 00:13:26,137
THEY ARE, AS FAR
AS WE CAN TELL RIGHT NOW,
254
00:13:26,139 --> 00:13:27,405
HYPOTHETICAL PARTICLES.
255
00:13:27,407 --> 00:13:28,556
BUT IT'S POSSIBLE THAT
256
00:13:28,558 --> 00:13:30,809
THIS RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO'S
A DARK MATTER.
257
00:13:30,811 --> 00:13:33,111
THEY'RE VERY, VERY WEAKLY
INTERACTING.
258
00:13:33,113 --> 00:13:36,414
THEY'RE A LOT LESS INTERACTING
THAN THE REGULAR NEUTRINOS,
259
00:13:36,416 --> 00:13:38,066
AND THAT'S KIND OF
WHAT THE DARK MATTER IS.
260
00:13:38,068 --> 00:13:40,651
IT'S SOME VERY, VERY WEAKLY
INTERACTING THING
261
00:13:40,653 --> 00:13:42,587
THAT WE HAVEN'T SEEN YET
262
00:13:42,589 --> 00:13:44,556
THAT WAS PRODUCED EARLY ON
IN THE UNIVERSE,
263
00:13:44,558 --> 00:13:46,257
AND THEN IT STICKS AROUND.
264
00:13:46,259 --> 00:13:48,343
Freeman:
THE RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINO
265
00:13:48,345 --> 00:13:49,644
WOULD BE TOO ELUSIVE
TO BE DETECTED
266
00:13:49,646 --> 00:13:53,081
IN CURRENT UNDERGROUND
DARK MATTER SEARCHES.
267
00:13:53,083 --> 00:13:55,299
HOWEVER, ANDR? BELIEVES
268
00:13:55,301 --> 00:13:59,971
THERE MIGHT BE ANOTHER WAY
TO FIND IT -- BY LOOKING UP.
269
00:13:59,973 --> 00:14:03,441
RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINOS
ARE NOT COMPLETELY STABLE.
270
00:14:03,443 --> 00:14:07,545
LIKE RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS,
THEY SOMETIMES FALL APART,
271
00:14:07,547 --> 00:14:12,617
AND AS THEY DO, THEY CREATE
A FLASH OF X-RAY LIGHT.
272
00:14:12,619 --> 00:14:16,087
A VERY IMPORTANT FEATURE ABOUT
RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINOS,
273
00:14:16,089 --> 00:14:17,689
IS THAT THEY CAME TO X-RAYS.
274
00:14:17,691 --> 00:14:19,090
SO ONE WAY TO LOOK FOR
275
00:14:19,092 --> 00:14:21,326
RIGHT-HANDED NEUTRINOS
AS DARK MATTER
276
00:14:21,328 --> 00:14:23,361
IS TO LOOK AT A REGION
OF THE SKY,
277
00:14:23,363 --> 00:14:27,649
AND WE SEE IF THESE GALAXIES
ARE EMITTING X-RAYS.
278
00:14:29,151 --> 00:14:31,886
Freeman: IN FACT, RECENT STUDIES
OF DISTANT GALAXIES
279
00:14:31,888 --> 00:14:34,105
HAVE DETECTED
SOME STRANGE ANOMALIES
280
00:14:34,107 --> 00:14:36,841
IN THE X-RAYS THEY EMIT.
281
00:14:36,843 --> 00:14:38,860
THESE ANOMALIES MIGHT SIGNAL
THE BORDER
282
00:14:38,862 --> 00:14:43,681
BETWEEN THE WORLD OF LIGHT
AND THE SHADOWS.
283
00:14:43,683 --> 00:14:46,334
WHAT'S HAPPENING
IN THAT DARKNESS?
284
00:14:46,336 --> 00:14:48,486
SOME ASTRONOMERS BELIEVE
THEY HAVE FOUND EVIDENCE
285
00:14:48,488 --> 00:14:51,623
OF A COMPLEX SHADOW UNIVERSE...
286
00:14:51,625 --> 00:14:55,159
[ EXPLOSION ]
287
00:14:55,161 --> 00:14:59,197
...WHERE GHOSTLY SUBSTANCES
COALESCE ALL AROUND US,
288
00:14:59,199 --> 00:15:02,133
EVEN INSIDE US.
289
00:15:09,708 --> 00:15:14,712
BUT THEY MAY HAVE OVERSIMPLIFIED
HOW DARK MATTER BEHAVES.
290
00:15:14,714 --> 00:15:16,881
PERHAPS THIS SHADOW UNIVERSE
291
00:15:16,883 --> 00:15:21,452
IS MADE
OF MORE COMPLICATED MATERIAL.
292
00:15:21,454 --> 00:15:25,256
BEFORE WILL DAWSON
BECAME AN ASTROPHYSICIST,
293
00:15:25,258 --> 00:15:28,693
HE WAS
AN OFFSHORE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER,
294
00:15:28,695 --> 00:15:31,729
BUT HE DECIDED TO TAKE OFF
HIS GLOVES AND HARD HAT
295
00:15:31,731 --> 00:15:35,867
TO FOLLOW HIS PASSION
FOR DARK MATTER.
296
00:15:35,869 --> 00:15:41,873
IT WAS A DECISION
THAT HAS HIM JUMPING FOR JOY.
297
00:15:41,875 --> 00:15:45,143
WILL IS ONE
OF THE LUCKY SCIENTISTS
298
00:15:45,145 --> 00:15:48,496
WHO HAS SEEN DARK MATTER'S
TELLTALE FINGERPRINTS,
299
00:15:48,498 --> 00:15:51,316
ITS GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS.
300
00:15:51,318 --> 00:15:54,135
SO ONE OF THE MAJOR CHALLENGES
THAT WE FACE IS
301
00:15:54,137 --> 00:15:57,021
HOW EXACTLY DO YOU MEASURE
WHERE DARK MATTER IS
302
00:15:57,023 --> 00:15:59,524
IF YOU CAN'T SEE IT?
IT DOESN'T EMIT LIGHT.
303
00:15:59,526 --> 00:16:02,527
SO WHAT WE USE IS A TECHNIQUE
CALLED GRAVITATIONAL LENSING,
304
00:16:02,529 --> 00:16:04,429
AND THE BASIC PRINCIPLE
BEHIND THIS
305
00:16:04,431 --> 00:16:06,431
IS THAT UNDER
A NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCE,
306
00:16:06,433 --> 00:16:07,465
A FLAT SPACE-TIME,
307
00:16:07,467 --> 00:16:10,168
LIGHT ALWAYS TRAVELS
IN STRAIGHT LINES.
308
00:16:10,170 --> 00:16:13,738
HOWEVER, WHEN YOU INTRODUCE
A MASS TO THIS SPACE-TIME,
309
00:16:13,740 --> 00:16:17,708
THIS SPACE-TIME GETS CURVED
AND DISTORTED,
310
00:16:17,710 --> 00:16:22,747
AND LIGHT ACTUALLY FOLLOWS
THE CURVATURE OF THAT SPACE.
311
00:16:22,749 --> 00:16:26,617
Freeman: THIS GRAVITATIONAL
DISTORTION OF LIGHT BY MASS
312
00:16:26,619 --> 00:16:28,636
ALLOWS ASTRONOMERS LIKE WILL
313
00:16:28,638 --> 00:16:32,991
TO FIND THE POSITION OF GIANT
COSMIC CLOUDS OF DARK MATTER.
314
00:16:32,993 --> 00:16:36,210
THEY LOOK FOR DOUBLE IMAGES
OF MORE DISTANT GALAXIES
315
00:16:36,212 --> 00:16:42,100
WHOSE LIGHT IS BEING BENT AROUND
EITHER SIDE OF THE CLOUDS.
316
00:16:42,102 --> 00:16:44,402
TWO PARTICULAR CLOUDS
OF DARK MATTER
317
00:16:44,404 --> 00:16:47,372
CAUGHT WILL'S ATTENTION.
318
00:16:47,374 --> 00:16:50,608
THE CLOUDS WERE PART
OF THE BULLET CLUSTER,
319
00:16:50,610 --> 00:16:53,277
A COLLISION
OF TWO GALAXY CLUSTERS
320
00:16:53,279 --> 00:16:57,148
A FEW BILLION LIGHT-YEARS
FROM EARTH.
321
00:16:57,150 --> 00:16:59,083
EACH GALAXY CLUSTER
322
00:16:59,085 --> 00:17:03,771
IS COMPOSED OF HUNDREDS
OR THOUSANDS OF GALAXIES.
323
00:17:03,773 --> 00:17:08,226
WHEN THESE TWO COSMIC GIANTS
COLLIDED...
324
00:17:08,228 --> 00:17:09,560
[ EXPLOSION ]
325
00:17:09,562 --> 00:17:12,830
...THE GALAXIES THEMSELVES MOVED
RIGHT PAST ONE ANOTHER
326
00:17:12,832 --> 00:17:16,501
BECAUSE THEY WERE
MILLIONS OF LIGHT-YEARS APART.
327
00:17:16,503 --> 00:17:18,319
[ REWINDING SOUND ]
328
00:17:18,321 --> 00:17:22,407
BUT THE DIFFUSE CLOUDS
OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM GAS
329
00:17:22,409 --> 00:17:26,811
SURROUNDING THE GALAXIES
BARRELED RIGHT INTO ONE ANOTHER.
330
00:17:26,813 --> 00:17:28,613
THE FORCE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
331
00:17:28,615 --> 00:17:35,186
CAUSED THEIR ATOMS TO EXPLODE
INTO A BULLET-SHAPED INFERNO,
332
00:17:35,188 --> 00:17:38,990
BUT THE DARK MATTER CLOUDS
WERE UNFAZED BY ALL THIS.
333
00:17:38,992 --> 00:17:41,392
THEY SAILED
RIGHT THROUGH ONE ANOTHER.
334
00:17:41,394 --> 00:17:44,262
THEY DIDN'T FEEL THE POWERFUL
FORCE OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
335
00:17:44,264 --> 00:17:46,898
THAT REGULAR MATTER FEELS,
336
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:52,170
ONLY THE INCREDIBLY WEAK FORCE
OF GRAVITY.
337
00:17:52,172 --> 00:17:57,175
WILL WONDERED WHY SUCH
A HUGE PORTION OF OUR UNIVERSE
338
00:17:57,177 --> 00:18:01,045
WOULD BE SO OBLIVIOUS TO WHAT IS
HAPPENING ALL AROUND IT.
339
00:18:01,047 --> 00:18:05,733
IS DARK MATTER
REALLY JUST DUMB MATTER?
340
00:18:05,735 --> 00:18:08,836
WE KNOW THAT IT INTERACTS
VIA GRAVITY,
341
00:18:08,838 --> 00:18:10,054
AND NOW THE QUESTION IS,
342
00:18:10,056 --> 00:18:11,489
IS DARK MATTER
MORE INTERESTING THAN THAT?
343
00:18:11,491 --> 00:18:14,092
IS THE DARK UNIVERSE
MUCH MORE COMPLEX
344
00:18:14,094 --> 00:18:15,760
THAN IT IS AT FIRST SIGHT?
345
00:18:15,762 --> 00:18:19,564
Freeman: WILL FORMED
A COLLABORATION TO FIND OUT
346
00:18:19,566 --> 00:18:21,883
IF THE ACCEPTED INTERPRETATION
OF THE BULLET CLUSTER COLLISION
347
00:18:21,885 --> 00:18:25,603
OVERSIMPLIFIED
WHAT DARK MATTER DOES.
348
00:18:25,605 --> 00:18:26,737
IS THIS THE CLUSTER
349
00:18:26,739 --> 00:18:28,055
THAT HAS THE DARK MATTER
IN THE MIDDLE OR NO?
350
00:18:28,057 --> 00:18:29,924
UH, IT HAS DARK MATTER
IN MIDDLE,
351
00:18:29,926 --> 00:18:31,876
BUT IT'S NOT THE SAME THING
THAT...
352
00:18:31,878 --> 00:18:33,377
Freeman: THE GROUP
IS LOOKING AT MANY MORE
353
00:18:33,379 --> 00:18:34,829
COLLIDING GALAXY CLUSTERS.
354
00:18:34,831 --> 00:18:36,580
THEY WANT TO SEE IF DARK MATTER
355
00:18:36,582 --> 00:18:39,150
ALWAYS PASSES
RIGHT THROUGH ITSELF
356
00:18:39,152 --> 00:18:42,587
AND STAYS LINED UP
WITH ITS ORIGINAL GALAXIES.
357
00:18:42,589 --> 00:18:46,257
Will: AND SO WHAT
WE'RE TRYING TO DO IS MEASURE
358
00:18:46,259 --> 00:18:47,959
WHETHER THERE'S AN OFFSET
BETWEEN THE GALAXIES
359
00:18:47,961 --> 00:18:49,160
AND THE DARK MATTER.
360
00:18:49,162 --> 00:18:50,828
IF WE OBSERVE AN OFFSET,
361
00:18:50,830 --> 00:18:52,563
THEN THAT'S CLEAR EVIDENCE
362
00:18:52,565 --> 00:18:55,299
THAT DARK MATTER
IS INTERACTING WITH ITSELF.
363
00:18:55,301 --> 00:18:57,301
Freeman:
THERE WAS ONE GALAXY CLUSTER
364
00:18:57,303 --> 00:18:59,737
THAT HAD THEIR ATTENTION.
365
00:18:59,739 --> 00:19:03,157
IT WAS LIKE THE BULLET CLUSTER
BUT OLDER AND SLOWER.
366
00:19:03,159 --> 00:19:07,061
SO THEY CALLED IT
THE MUSKET BALL.
367
00:19:07,063 --> 00:19:09,513
THE MUSKET BALL CLUSTER
IS MUCH FURTHER PROGRESSED
368
00:19:09,515 --> 00:19:11,048
IN ITS MERGER PHASE.
369
00:19:11,050 --> 00:19:13,184
THE BULLET CLUSTER
YOU ALMOST SEE RIGHT AFTER
370
00:19:13,186 --> 00:19:15,319
THE TWO CLUSTERS
HAVE PASSED THROUGH ONE ANOTHER,
371
00:19:15,321 --> 00:19:19,790
WHEREAS THE MUSKET BALL CLUSTER
HAS HAD MORE TIME TO SEPARATE.
372
00:19:19,792 --> 00:19:23,728
Freeman: JUST AS A PLATE
OF ITALIAN FOOD HAS SAUCE,
373
00:19:23,730 --> 00:19:26,180
MEATBALLS, AND PASTA,
374
00:19:26,182 --> 00:19:30,301
A GALAXY CLUSTER HAS GAS...
375
00:19:30,303 --> 00:19:32,503
GALAXIES...
376
00:19:32,505 --> 00:19:35,039
AND DARK MATTER.
377
00:19:35,041 --> 00:19:37,658
AND JUST AS
THEORETICAL DISAGREEMENTS
378
00:19:37,660 --> 00:19:40,344
OVER A MEAL CAN GET HEATED,
379
00:19:40,346 --> 00:19:44,582
INGREDIENTS IN A GALAXY CLUSTER
HAVE A TENDENCY TO GET...
380
00:19:44,584 --> 00:19:47,418
A LITTLE MESSY.
381
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:55,074
Advertise your product or brand here
contact www.OpenSubtitles.org today
382
00:20:13,378 --> 00:20:16,597
A GALAXY CLUSTER IS A LOT LIKE
OUR FOOD FIGHT WE JUST HAD.
383
00:20:16,599 --> 00:20:19,650
NOT ONLY ARE THESE GALAXY
CLUSTERS MERGERS VERY MESSY,
384
00:20:19,652 --> 00:20:23,120
BUT THE GALAXIES -- THERE'S JUST
SO MUCH SPACE IN BETWEEN THEM.
385
00:20:23,122 --> 00:20:24,772
THEY'RE A LOT LIKE
THE MEATBALLS
386
00:20:24,774 --> 00:20:26,991
THAT -- THAT JUST PASS
RIGHT ON THROUGH.
387
00:20:26,993 --> 00:20:29,293
THE GAS, HOWEVER, IS A LOT
LIKE THE SAUCE,
388
00:20:29,295 --> 00:20:30,561
WHICH,
WHENEVER WE THREW IT,
389
00:20:30,563 --> 00:20:34,332
A LOT OF IT COLLIDED
AND GOT STUCK IN THE MIDDLE.
390
00:20:34,334 --> 00:20:35,816
AND THE DARK MATTER --
391
00:20:35,818 --> 00:20:37,935
IT'S A LITTLE BIT LIKE THE PASTA
THAT WE WERE DEALING WITH,
392
00:20:37,937 --> 00:20:40,004
WHERE MOST OF THE PASTA
MISSES ONE ANOTHER.
393
00:20:40,006 --> 00:20:41,572
BUT IF YOU LOOK
CLOSELY ENOUGH,
394
00:20:41,574 --> 00:20:43,474
SOME OF THE DARK MATTER
IS INTERACTING,
395
00:20:43,476 --> 00:20:44,992
AND IT MIGHT SLOW DOWN
A LITTLE BIT
396
00:20:44,994 --> 00:20:47,245
WITH RESPECT
TO THE REST OF IT.
397
00:20:51,199 --> 00:20:55,236
Freeman: WHEN DARK MATTER MEETS
DARK MATTER IN THE MUSKET BALL,
398
00:20:55,238 --> 00:20:59,090
WILL'S TEAM FOUND THAT
SOME FORCE BEYOND GRAVITY
399
00:20:59,092 --> 00:21:01,742
APPEARS TO BE AT PLAY.
400
00:21:01,744 --> 00:21:06,631
IF THEY CAN FIND MORE EXAMPLES
TO SUPPORT THIS IDEA,
401
00:21:06,633 --> 00:21:11,836
THEY MAY BE KNOCKING ON THE DOOR
OF THE SHADOW UNIVERSE.
402
00:21:11,838 --> 00:21:15,239
IF WE SEE THE SAME TYPE
OF OFFSET IN THESE OTHER MERGERS
403
00:21:15,241 --> 00:21:17,625
THAT WE'VE OBSERVED
IN THE MUSKET BALL CLUSTER,
404
00:21:17,627 --> 00:21:20,261
IT PROVIDES CLEAR EVIDENCE THAT
DARK MATTER IS SELF-INTERACTING
405
00:21:20,263 --> 00:21:21,712
DURING THE MERGER,
406
00:21:21,714 --> 00:21:26,817
WHICH WOULD THEN MEAN THAT THERE
IS SOME NEW DARK SECTOR FORCE.
407
00:21:26,819 --> 00:21:30,587
Freeman: THEORETICAL COSMOLOGIST
JAMES BULLOCK
408
00:21:30,589 --> 00:21:33,324
IS TRYING TO HELP WILL
UNDERSTAND
409
00:21:33,326 --> 00:21:34,742
WHAT DARK MATTER IS UP TO.
410
00:21:34,744 --> 00:21:37,695
HE IS SIMULATING WHAT
GALAXY CLUSTER COLLISIONS
411
00:21:37,697 --> 00:21:39,063
SHOULD LOOK LIKE
WITH DIFFERENT TYPES
412
00:21:39,065 --> 00:21:42,867
AND STRENGTHS OF FORCES
BETWEEN DARK MATTER PARTICLES.
413
00:21:42,869 --> 00:21:45,536
THE MAIN THING THAT
I'M TRYING TO DO IS INTERPRET
414
00:21:45,538 --> 00:21:48,222
THE KIND OF OBSERVATIONS
THAT -- THAT WILL MAKES.
415
00:21:48,224 --> 00:21:50,074
SO FOR EXAMPLE,
WE CAN SET UP A SYSTEM
416
00:21:50,076 --> 00:21:51,776
OF COLLIDING GALAXY CLUSTERS
THAT ARE ZOOMING
417
00:21:51,778 --> 00:21:52,910
TOWARDS EACH OTHER,
418
00:21:52,912 --> 00:21:55,062
AND WE CAN RUN
THE SIMULATION ONE TIME
419
00:21:55,064 --> 00:21:58,215
WHERE WE TURN THE DARK MATTER
INTERACTIONS OFF COMPLETELY.
420
00:21:58,217 --> 00:22:00,618
AND THEN, WE CAN RUN IT AGAIN,
EXCEPT THIS TIME,
421
00:22:00,620 --> 00:22:02,703
WE DIAL THE DARK MATTER
SELF-INTERACTION UP
422
00:22:02,705 --> 00:22:04,138
AND SEE WHAT HAPPENS.
423
00:22:04,140 --> 00:22:06,424
AND THE QUESTION IS, WHICH ONE
DOES THE UNIVERSE LOOK LIKE?
424
00:22:07,242 --> 00:22:09,243
Freeman: JAMES' SIMULATIONS
ARE SHOWING
425
00:22:09,245 --> 00:22:12,530
THAT DARK MATTER MUST INTERACT
WITH ITSELF,
426
00:22:12,532 --> 00:22:14,231
OTHERWISE OUR UNIVERSE
427
00:22:14,233 --> 00:22:18,135
WOULD LOOK VERY DIFFERENT
THAN IT DOES.
428
00:22:18,137 --> 00:22:21,622
IF DARK MATTER CAN INTERACT
WITH ITSELF,
429
00:22:21,624 --> 00:22:25,142
COULD IT HAVE FORMED
INTO SOLID OBJECTS?
430
00:22:25,144 --> 00:22:29,263
PERHAPS A PARALLEL VERSION
OF THE STARS, PLANETS,
431
00:22:29,265 --> 00:22:30,981
AND UNIVERSE THAT WE KNOW?
432
00:22:30,983 --> 00:22:33,384
WHAT IF THOSE OBJECTS
ARE OUT THERE,
433
00:22:33,386 --> 00:22:35,920
FLOATING INVISIBLY
IN THE DARKNESS
434
00:22:35,922 --> 00:22:39,957
ON A COLLISION COURSE
WITH OUR PLANET?
435
00:22:42,377 --> 00:22:45,096
WHEN YOU LOOK
AT YOUR REFLECTION,
436
00:22:45,098 --> 00:22:48,165
YOU SEE YOURSELF,
BUT IT'S NOT QUITE THE SAME.
437
00:22:48,167 --> 00:22:53,437
YOUR NOSE LOOKS SHIFTED.
YOUR EYES APPEAR UNBALANCED.
438
00:22:53,439 --> 00:22:55,539
SOME PHYSICISTS BELIEVE
THE BIG BANG
439
00:22:55,541 --> 00:22:58,843
CREATED PARTICLES
IN MIRROR-IMAGE PAIRS.
440
00:22:58,845 --> 00:23:01,278
BUT THOSE REFLECTIONS
BECAME SO DISTORTED
441
00:23:01,280 --> 00:23:04,148
THAT THEY'RE BARELY
RECOGNIZABLE.
442
00:23:04,150 --> 00:23:08,302
THOSE MIRROR PARTICLES
COULD BE DARK MATTER.
443
00:23:08,304 --> 00:23:10,054
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN
444
00:23:10,056 --> 00:23:14,392
IF YOU AND YOUR REFLECTION
MADE CONTACT?
445
00:23:18,397 --> 00:23:23,100
ROBERT FOOT
FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE
446
00:23:23,102 --> 00:23:28,522
THINKS DARK MATTER HAS ALREADY
COME HURTLING INTO OUR WORLD.
447
00:23:28,524 --> 00:23:32,309
HE BELIEVES WE MAY HAVE ALREADY
EXPERIENCED IT
448
00:23:32,311 --> 00:23:35,846
BLASTING ITS WAY
INTO EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE...
449
00:23:37,365 --> 00:23:40,367
AND THAT GIANT LUMPS
OF DARK MATTER
450
00:23:40,369 --> 00:23:44,355
COULD BE BURIED BENEATH
THE SURFACE OF OUR PLANET.
451
00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:49,193
ROBERT'S SUSPICION IS BASED
ON THE IDEA
452
00:23:49,195 --> 00:23:52,196
THAT THE UNIVERSE IS
SUPPOSED TO BE SYMMETRICAL.
453
00:23:53,615 --> 00:23:55,783
IT'S SOMETHING
THAT'S EASILY EXPLAINED
454
00:23:55,785 --> 00:23:59,703
IN A GENTLEMANLY GAME
OF LAWN BOWLING.
455
00:23:59,705 --> 00:24:01,071
WHETHER I BOWL
WITH MY RIGHT HAND...
456
00:24:04,242 --> 00:24:07,011
OR WHETHER I BOWL
WITH MY LEFT HAND...
457
00:24:07,013 --> 00:24:08,712
THE EFFECT IS THE SAME.
458
00:24:08,714 --> 00:24:11,015
Freeman: WHEN ROBERT
ACCELERATES THE BOWLS,
459
00:24:11,017 --> 00:24:14,351
THE PHYSICAL FORCE HE EXERTS
HAS THE SAME EFFECT
460
00:24:14,353 --> 00:24:16,320
NO MATTER WHICH HAND HE USES.
461
00:24:17,989 --> 00:24:22,326
THE SAME IS MOSTLY TRUE WHEN
LEFT AND RIGHT-HANDED PARTICLES
462
00:24:22,328 --> 00:24:25,863
INTERACT WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL
FORCES OF NATURE.
463
00:24:25,865 --> 00:24:28,399
WHEN A LEFT-HANDED
AND A RIGHT-HANDED PARTICLE
464
00:24:28,401 --> 00:24:33,904
FEEL THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE,
THEY REACT THE SAME WAY.
465
00:24:35,307 --> 00:24:38,008
THE SAME IS TRUE
FOR THE STRONG FORCE
466
00:24:38,010 --> 00:24:40,978
WHICH BINDS THE NUCLEI OF ATOMS
TOGETHER.
467
00:24:40,980 --> 00:24:43,347
REGARDLESS
OF THE PARTICLES' HANDEDNESS,
468
00:24:43,349 --> 00:24:47,218
THE FORCES SHOULD
AFFECT IT THE SAME WAY.
469
00:24:50,055 --> 00:24:53,557
BUT THERE IS ONE FORCE
THAT DOESN'T OBEY
470
00:24:53,559 --> 00:24:55,860
THE LEFT, RIGHT SYMMETRY --
471
00:24:55,862 --> 00:24:58,879
THE FORCE THAT CAUSES
RADIOACTIVE DECAY --
472
00:24:58,881 --> 00:25:00,564
THE WEAK FORCE.
473
00:25:00,566 --> 00:25:02,149
WITH WEAK INTERACTIONS,
IF I BOWL WITH MY LEFT HAND,
474
00:25:02,151 --> 00:25:04,735
THE BALL HITS THE TARGET.
475
00:25:04,737 --> 00:25:06,737
IF I BOWL WITH MY RIGHT HAND,
476
00:25:06,739 --> 00:25:08,839
THE BALL GOES RIGHT
THROUGH THE TARGET.
477
00:25:10,775 --> 00:25:12,526
Freeman:
ROBERT THINKS THIS ANOMALY
478
00:25:12,528 --> 00:25:16,480
COULD BE A VITAL CLUE
TO UNDERSTANDING DARK MATTER.
479
00:25:16,482 --> 00:25:20,534
IN ORDER TO RESTORE THE SYMMETRY
OF THE UNIVERSE,
480
00:25:20,536 --> 00:25:23,787
WE NEED TO TAKE A HARD LOOK
IN THE MIRROR.
481
00:25:23,789 --> 00:25:26,757
I'M LOOKING IN THE MIRROR.
482
00:25:26,759 --> 00:25:30,961
I'M ALMOST SYMMETRICAL,
BUT I'M NOT QUITE.
483
00:25:30,963 --> 00:25:34,398
PROBLEM IS, MY WATCH --
484
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:36,934
IT'S ON MY LEFT HAND.
485
00:25:36,936 --> 00:25:38,903
IN THE MIRROR,
IT'S ON MY RIGHT HAND.
486
00:25:38,905 --> 00:25:40,955
Freeman:
ROBERT IS LIKE THE WEAK FORCE,
487
00:25:40,957 --> 00:25:44,091
FOREVER STUCK WITH A WATCH
ON HIS LEFT HAND,
488
00:25:44,093 --> 00:25:47,845
BUT HE HAS FOUND A WAY
TO FIX THIS ASYMMETRY --
489
00:25:47,847 --> 00:25:51,916
BY INTRODUCING ANOTHER VERSION
OF HIMSELF.
490
00:25:51,918 --> 00:25:54,218
IMAGINE IF I HAD A TWIN,
491
00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:57,721
AND THIS WATCH
IS NOT ON THE LEFT HAND...
492
00:25:57,723 --> 00:26:01,258
BUT WAS ON THE RIGHT HAND.
493
00:26:04,462 --> 00:26:07,097
Freeman: ROBERT THINKS
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
494
00:26:07,099 --> 00:26:08,532
COULD WORK THE SAME WAY.
495
00:26:08,534 --> 00:26:10,901
TO MAKE THE UNIVERSE
TRULY SYMMETRICAL,
496
00:26:10,903 --> 00:26:12,937
ROBERT AND HIS COLLEAGUES
BELIEVE
497
00:26:12,939 --> 00:26:16,206
THERE MUST BE A MIRROR IMAGE
OF THE WEAK FORCE,
498
00:26:16,208 --> 00:26:22,046
AND IT MUST ACT ON MIRROR IMAGE
PARTICLES CALLED MIRROR MATTER.
499
00:26:23,448 --> 00:26:25,749
EVERY PARTICLE HAS
A TWIN PARTICLE.
500
00:26:25,751 --> 00:26:27,885
JUST LIKE
ORDINARY PARTICLES COUPLE
501
00:26:27,887 --> 00:26:29,553
WITH THEIR LEFT-HANDED SPINS,
502
00:26:29,555 --> 00:26:33,424
MIRROR PARTICLES WILL COUPLE
WITH RIGHT-HANDED SPINS.
503
00:26:34,876 --> 00:26:37,328
Freeman: MIRROR MATTER PARTICLES
WOULD BE STABLE
504
00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:39,964
AND COMPLETELY INVISIBLE TO US,
505
00:26:39,966 --> 00:26:42,366
JUST LIKE DARK MATTER.
506
00:26:42,368 --> 00:26:44,418
SO, IF THEY EXIST,
507
00:26:44,420 --> 00:26:50,224
ROBERT AND HIS COLLEAGUES THINK
THEY COULD BE DARK MATTER,
508
00:26:50,226 --> 00:26:55,045
BUT THEIR EXISTENCE WOULD ALSO
HAVE MUCH LARGER IMPLICATIONS.
509
00:26:55,047 --> 00:26:59,533
IT WOULD MEAN THAT EVERYTHING
IN OUR UNIVERSE IS MIRRORED
510
00:26:59,535 --> 00:27:02,720
IN A REALM WE CAN'T SEE.
511
00:27:02,722 --> 00:27:05,456
SO, IN PRINCIPLE, YOU COULD HAVE
MIRROR STAR FORMATION,
512
00:27:05,458 --> 00:27:06,757
MIRROR SUPERNOVA,
513
00:27:06,759 --> 00:27:10,127
AND BASICALLY EVERYTHING THAT
HAPPENS WITH ORDINARY MATTER
514
00:27:10,129 --> 00:27:12,062
CAN, IN PRINCIPLE,
HAPPEN WITH MIRROR MATTER.
515
00:27:12,064 --> 00:27:15,966
Freeman: MIRROR PLANETS, STARS,
AND GALAXIES
516
00:27:15,968 --> 00:27:18,152
MAY OCCUPY THE SAME SPACE
517
00:27:18,154 --> 00:27:21,505
AS REGULAR MATTER
INSIDE OUR UNIVERSE,
518
00:27:21,507 --> 00:27:25,876
BUT THESE MIRROR STRUCTURES
WOULD BE INVISIBLE TO US.
519
00:27:25,878 --> 00:27:29,863
THEY WOULD PASS RIGHT THROUGH
THE MATTER THAT WE KNOW.
520
00:27:29,865 --> 00:27:31,515
WITHOUT ANY OBVIOUS MEANS
521
00:27:31,517 --> 00:27:34,018
OF INTERACTING
WITH THE SHADOW REALM,
522
00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:36,253
HOW WILL WE EVER KNOW
IF ROBERT IS CORRECT?
523
00:27:36,255 --> 00:27:39,256
THE PROOF OF HIS THEORY
524
00:27:39,258 --> 00:27:42,793
MAY HAVE ALREADY COME CRASHING
TOWARDS EARTH
525
00:27:42,795 --> 00:27:46,997
IN THE FORM
OF A MIRROR MATTER ASTEROID.
526
00:27:48,333 --> 00:27:49,883
WHEN THE SOLAR SYSTEM FORMED,
527
00:27:49,885 --> 00:27:52,703
THERE WAS A MUCH MORE SPREAD OUT
BUNCH OF PARTICLES,
528
00:27:52,705 --> 00:27:54,271
AND IF IT CAPTURED
ENOUGH MIRROR MATTER,
529
00:27:54,273 --> 00:27:55,506
THEN THEY COULD FORM ASTEROIDS,
530
00:27:55,508 --> 00:27:57,758
AND THEY COULD BE THERE
IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM TODAY,
531
00:27:57,760 --> 00:27:59,676
AND OCCASIONALLY
THEY MIGHT STRIKE EARTH
532
00:27:59,678 --> 00:28:01,712
AND LEAD TO ALL SORTS OF
FASCINATING IMPACTED THINGS.
533
00:28:01,714 --> 00:28:04,314
Freeman:
IF A MIRROR MATTER ASTEROID
534
00:28:04,316 --> 00:28:07,017
ONLY RESPONDS
TO THE FORCE OF GRAVITY,
535
00:28:07,019 --> 00:28:10,220
IT WOULD PASS THROUGH
THE SURFACE OF THE PLANET
536
00:28:10,222 --> 00:28:12,122
WITHOUT OUR EVEN KNOWING IT.
537
00:28:12,124 --> 00:28:14,825
BUT ROBERT BELIEVES
THERE IS ONE WAY
538
00:28:14,827 --> 00:28:18,528
THAT MIRROR MATTER
AND REGULAR MATTER CAN INTERACT.
539
00:28:18,530 --> 00:28:21,815
AS MIRROR PHOTON
FROM THE ASTEROID
540
00:28:21,817 --> 00:28:25,669
RUB UP AGAINST ORDINARY PHOTON
ON EARTH,
541
00:28:25,671 --> 00:28:28,539
THE TWO PARTICLES
CAN CREATE FRICTION.
542
00:28:28,541 --> 00:28:29,923
[ EXPLOSION ]
543
00:28:29,925 --> 00:28:34,578
THAT FRICTION WOULD GENERATE
ENOUGH HEAT TO TURN THE ASTEROID
544
00:28:34,580 --> 00:28:39,433
INTO A FIREBALL
AND GRADUALLY SLOW IT DOWN.
545
00:28:39,435 --> 00:28:45,422
EVENTUALLY, THE ASTEROID WOULD
COME TO A STOP INSIDE THE EARTH.
546
00:28:48,326 --> 00:28:51,295
THIS COULD ACTUALLY STOP
THE ASTEROID IN THE EARTH,
547
00:28:51,297 --> 00:28:53,530
AND ALL THE ENERGY
WILL BE RELEASED,
548
00:28:53,532 --> 00:28:55,065
BUT OVER A LONGER DISTANCE.
549
00:28:55,067 --> 00:28:56,633
SO IT -- IT MAY NOT LEAVE
A CRATER,
550
00:28:56,635 --> 00:28:58,218
BUT IT CAN STILL RELEASE
THE ENERGY.
551
00:28:58,220 --> 00:28:59,403
SO IT MIGHT MELT THE GROUND.
552
00:28:59,405 --> 00:29:01,438
Freeman: IN 1932,
553
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:06,476
EXPLORERS FOUND SOME
VERY STRANGE MELTED GLASS
554
00:29:06,478 --> 00:29:10,581
LYING ON THE TOP LAYER OF SAND
DUNES IN THE DESERT OF LIBYA.
555
00:29:10,583 --> 00:29:12,149
THEY LOOKED LIKE
THEY HAD BEEN MELTED
556
00:29:12,151 --> 00:29:14,318
BY THE FIERY IMPACT
OF AN ASTEROID,
557
00:29:14,320 --> 00:29:18,522
BUT THERE'S NO CRATER
TO BE FOUND.
558
00:29:18,524 --> 00:29:20,057
COULD THIS BE A SIGN
559
00:29:20,059 --> 00:29:23,093
OF A RARE MIRROR MATTER ASTEROID
CRASHING INTO EARTH?
560
00:29:23,095 --> 00:29:24,394
THERE'S NO CRATER.
561
00:29:24,396 --> 00:29:26,630
THERE'S NO OBVIOUS
IMPACT EVENT THERE,
562
00:29:26,632 --> 00:29:27,764
BUT IT'S A GREAT MYSTERY,
563
00:29:27,766 --> 00:29:29,533
AND THIS IS --
SEEMS ONE EXPLANATION.
564
00:29:29,535 --> 00:29:32,636
Freeman: MIRROR MATTER
AND MIRROR ASTEROIDS
565
00:29:32,638 --> 00:29:35,139
MIGHT SOUND LIKE
SCIENCE FICTION,
566
00:29:35,141 --> 00:29:37,708
BUT ROBERT CONTENDS
THEY ARE NO STRANGER
567
00:29:37,710 --> 00:29:40,110
THAN ACCEPTING
AN ASYMMETRIC UNIVERSE.
568
00:29:42,297 --> 00:29:45,799
BUT IF THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
IS HEADED TOWARD US,
569
00:29:45,801 --> 00:29:49,119
WE'LL NEED TO KNOW WHERE
IT'S HIDING.
570
00:29:49,121 --> 00:29:53,140
THIS PHYSICIST IS TAKING A SHOT
AT MAKING A MAP OF DARK MATTER.
571
00:29:53,142 --> 00:29:54,358
[ GUNSHOT ]
572
00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:57,461
SHE'S DESIGNING
THE MOST SENSITIVE DETECTOR
573
00:29:57,463 --> 00:29:58,529
EVER DREAMED OF.
574
00:30:04,169 --> 00:30:09,306
THE FIRST SEAFARING EXPLORERS
SET OFF INTO THE VAST OCEANS
575
00:30:09,308 --> 00:30:13,644
WITH NO IDEA WHEN THEY WOULD
MAKE LANDFALL AGAIN.
576
00:30:13,646 --> 00:30:18,182
TODAY, WE CAN MAP OUR GLOBE
TO THE CENTIMETER,
577
00:30:18,184 --> 00:30:20,417
REVEALING WHERE WE ARE
578
00:30:20,419 --> 00:30:24,855
AND EVEN THE SLOW TECTONIC
MOVEMENTS OF CONTINENTS.
579
00:30:24,857 --> 00:30:28,208
OUR MAPS TELL US
THE HISTORY OF OUR PLANET
580
00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:31,662
AND HELP US PREDICT
THE FUTURE.
581
00:30:31,664 --> 00:30:35,499
SO HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND
THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
582
00:30:35,501 --> 00:30:39,269
WITHOUT A MAP OF DARK MATTER?
583
00:30:39,271 --> 00:30:43,624
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PROFESSOR
OF PHYSICS KATIE FREESE
584
00:30:43,626 --> 00:30:47,194
THINKS IT'S ABOUT TIME
THAT WE MADE THAT MAP.
585
00:30:48,046 --> 00:30:49,463
TO DO THIS,
586
00:30:49,465 --> 00:30:54,501
WE NEED TO BUILD A DEVICE TO
TAKE A PICTURE OF DARK MATTER.
587
00:30:56,621 --> 00:30:58,088
[ SWITCH CLICKS ]
588
00:30:58,090 --> 00:31:01,491
I'M SITTING HERE
IN A GIANT CAMERA OBSCURA.
589
00:31:01,493 --> 00:31:05,362
WE'RE LOOKING AT LIGHT COMING
TO US FROM THE SUN OUTSIDE
590
00:31:05,364 --> 00:31:07,331
AS IT PASSES
THROUGH THE TREES,
591
00:31:07,333 --> 00:31:10,701
AND THEN,
IT'S CAPTURED IN A PINHOLE
592
00:31:10,703 --> 00:31:13,036
AND REDIRECTED
ONTO THE SCREEN.
593
00:31:13,038 --> 00:31:16,173
WHAT WE CAN DO HERE
WITH THE CAMERA OBSCURA
594
00:31:16,175 --> 00:31:18,175
IS ALSO LEARN
ABOUT THE DIRECTION
595
00:31:18,177 --> 00:31:20,477
THAT THE LIGHT CAME FROM.
596
00:31:20,479 --> 00:31:23,113
Freeman: ALL DARK MATTER
HUNTING DEVICES TO DATE
597
00:31:23,115 --> 00:31:25,382
HAVE BEEN SIMPLE DETECTORS.
598
00:31:25,384 --> 00:31:28,368
THEY CAN'T TELL
THE PARTICLE'S TRAJECTORIES.
599
00:31:28,370 --> 00:31:30,470
KATIE IS PLANNING TO BUILD
A DEVICE
600
00:31:30,472 --> 00:31:33,423
THAT WILL TRACE THE INCOMING
PATHS OF DARK MATTER
601
00:31:33,425 --> 00:31:37,361
SO SHE CAN MAP
WHERE THEY'RE COMING FROM.
602
00:31:37,363 --> 00:31:41,782
HER DARK MATTER CAMERA HAS
A WHOLE NEW KIND OF LENS --
603
00:31:41,784 --> 00:31:42,983
D.N.A.
604
00:31:42,985 --> 00:31:47,137
WE START WITH QUADRILLIONS
OF D.N.A. STRANDS ATTACHED
605
00:31:47,139 --> 00:31:49,273
TO A THIN PLATE OF GOLD.
606
00:31:49,275 --> 00:31:52,542
THEN WHEN THE DARK MATTER
PARTICLE COMES ALONG,
607
00:31:52,544 --> 00:31:54,378
IT STRIKES THE GOLD PLATE.
608
00:31:54,380 --> 00:31:58,999
THEN, YOUR DARK MATTER PARTICLE
WOULD KNOCK A GOLD ATOM FORWARD
609
00:31:59,001 --> 00:32:01,551
INTO HANGING STRANDS
OF D.N.A.
610
00:32:01,553 --> 00:32:06,690
Freeman: KATIE'S DETECTOR
IS PART PHYSICS, PART BIOLOGY,
611
00:32:06,692 --> 00:32:10,594
AND THE METHOD IT USES
TO FIND DARK MATTER'S PATH
612
00:32:10,596 --> 00:32:13,847
IS A FORM OF FORENSICS.
613
00:32:15,066 --> 00:32:17,834
WE BUILT A MODEL
OF OUR DARK MATTER DETECTOR
614
00:32:17,836 --> 00:32:22,139
WITH THE D.N.A.,
AND IT HAS THREE PARTS.
615
00:32:22,141 --> 00:32:26,009
WE HAVE THE HANGING STRANDS
OF D.N.A.
616
00:32:27,879 --> 00:32:30,681
WE HAVE THE GOLD PROJECTILE,
617
00:32:30,683 --> 00:32:35,352
THE ATOMS THAT HAVE TRAVELED
THROUGH THE D.N.A.,
618
00:32:35,354 --> 00:32:38,722
AND I...AM THE DARK MATTER.
619
00:32:38,724 --> 00:32:40,424
[ CLICK ]
620
00:32:42,160 --> 00:32:43,593
Freeman:
JUST LIKE AN AIMED GUN
621
00:32:43,595 --> 00:32:46,813
PROPELS A GOLD PELLET
ON A PRECISE PATH,
622
00:32:46,815 --> 00:32:49,700
WHEN A DARK MATTER PARTICLE
FLYING IN FROM OUTER SPACE
623
00:32:49,702 --> 00:32:51,635
STRIKES A GOLD ATOM,
624
00:32:51,637 --> 00:32:55,605
IT WILL SEND IT FLYING FORWARD
ALONG THE SAME TRAJECTORY.
625
00:32:55,607 --> 00:32:57,524
[ GUNSHOT ]
626
00:32:58,809 --> 00:33:01,144
AS THE SPEEDING GOLD ATOM TEARS
627
00:33:01,146 --> 00:33:03,613
THROUGH THE QUADRILLIONS
OF D.N.A. STRANDS,
628
00:33:03,615 --> 00:33:08,218
IT SENDS CLEANLY CUT FRAGMENTS
OF D.N.A. TO THE FLOOR.
629
00:33:11,089 --> 00:33:14,424
WELL, THAT WAS FUN,
AND IT WORKED PERFECTLY.
630
00:33:14,426 --> 00:33:16,893
THE GOLD PROJECTILE
CAME IN HERE,
631
00:33:16,895 --> 00:33:20,047
AND WE CAN SEE THAT IT
BROKE THE D.N.A. STRANDS
632
00:33:20,049 --> 00:33:21,498
AS IT MOVED THROUGH.
633
00:33:21,500 --> 00:33:22,949
SO NOW WHAT WE CAN DO
634
00:33:22,951 --> 00:33:26,103
IS TAKE THOSE BROKEN D.N.A.
STRANDS AND ANALYZE 'EM.
635
00:33:26,105 --> 00:33:29,222
FOR EACH ONE
OF THESE STRANDS,
636
00:33:29,224 --> 00:33:32,492
WE KNOW THE ORDER
OF THE D.N.A. NUCLEOTIDES --
637
00:33:32,494 --> 00:33:34,678
THE A, G, C, AND SO ON.
638
00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:36,580
SO WE CAN FIGURE OUT
639
00:33:36,582 --> 00:33:40,984
EXACTLY WHERE THIS SEGMENT
OF D.N.A. WAS BROKEN.
640
00:33:40,986 --> 00:33:42,486
Freeman: AS KATIE ANALYZES
641
00:33:42,488 --> 00:33:44,588
HUNDREDS
OF BROKEN D.N.A. STRANDS,
642
00:33:44,590 --> 00:33:47,124
SHE IS ABLE TO RECONSTRUCT
THE PATH OF THE GOLD ATOM,
643
00:33:47,126 --> 00:33:51,328
AND THUS, THE ORIGINAL PATH
OF THE DARK MATTER PARTICLE.
644
00:33:51,330 --> 00:33:55,732
D.N.A. IS THE PERFECT MATERIAL
FOR THIS KIND OF EXPERIMENT.
645
00:33:55,734 --> 00:33:58,702
THE ACCURACY YOU CAN GET
USING D.N.A.
646
00:33:58,704 --> 00:34:00,270
IS A THOUSAND TIMES BETTER
647
00:34:00,272 --> 00:34:02,756
THAN ANYTHING THAT
WE'VE EVER HAD BEFORE.
648
00:34:02,758 --> 00:34:06,509
Freeman: OVER TIME,
COUNTLESS DARK MATTER PARTICLES
649
00:34:06,511 --> 00:34:09,146
WILL PROPEL
COUNTLESS GOLD ATOMS,
650
00:34:09,148 --> 00:34:12,449
EACH CUTTING A UNIQUE PATH
THROUGH THE D.N.A. FIELD.
651
00:34:12,451 --> 00:34:13,767
FROM THOSE PATHS,
652
00:34:13,769 --> 00:34:16,403
KATIE CAN SLOWLY BUILD UP
A PICTURE
653
00:34:16,405 --> 00:34:20,040
OF WHERE THE DARK MATTER
PARTICLES ARE COMING FROM.
654
00:34:22,360 --> 00:34:25,612
GOING BACKWARDS,
WE CAN FIGURE OUT
655
00:34:25,614 --> 00:34:29,866
THE ANGLE THAT THE GOLD BULLET
CAME IN THROUGH.
656
00:34:29,868 --> 00:34:32,302
SO WE KNOW WHERE
ALL THE DARK MATTER IS
657
00:34:32,304 --> 00:34:35,071
AND WHERE IT'S COMING FROM,
WHAT IT'S DOING...
658
00:34:35,073 --> 00:34:38,825
Freeman: PHYSICISTS ARE GETTING
CLOSER TO DETECTING DARK MATTER
659
00:34:38,827 --> 00:34:42,979
AND TO KNOWING THE SHAPE
OF THE SHADOW UNIVERSE.
660
00:34:43,765 --> 00:34:47,751
BUT COULD THIS SHADOW ITSELF
HAVE A SHADOW?
661
00:34:47,753 --> 00:34:50,070
WE AND THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
662
00:34:50,072 --> 00:34:54,591
COULD BOTH BE CONTROLLED
BY AN EVEN DARKER ENTITY --
663
00:34:54,593 --> 00:34:59,663
ONE THAT EXISTS
BEYOND THE EDGE OF CREATION.
664
00:34:59,665 --> 00:35:01,298
[ CREAKING ]
665
00:35:06,337 --> 00:35:08,905
SPACE PROBES HAVE NOW REVEALED
666
00:35:08,907 --> 00:35:12,993
HOW OUR UNIVERSE LOOKED
RIGHT AFTER THE BIG BANG.
667
00:35:12,995 --> 00:35:15,879
THEY SHOW MATTER AND DARK MATTER
668
00:35:15,881 --> 00:35:19,633
SPREAD AROUND EQUALLY
IN ALL DIRECTIONS,
669
00:35:19,635 --> 00:35:21,985
BUT LOOK A LITTLE CLOSER,
670
00:35:21,987 --> 00:35:25,989
AND THERE APPEARS
TO BE A CRACK IN THE SKY --
671
00:35:25,991 --> 00:35:29,392
A LINE THAT SUGGESTS
672
00:35:29,394 --> 00:35:32,829
ONE SIDE OF THE UNIVERSE
IS DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER.
673
00:35:33,514 --> 00:35:39,519
IS THERE SOMETHING BIGGER OUT
THERE BEYOND WHAT WE CAN SEE?
674
00:35:39,521 --> 00:35:42,706
A SHADOW THAT MOLDS OUR UNIVERSE
675
00:35:42,708 --> 00:35:46,910
AND CONTROLS EVERYTHING
WE KNOW?
676
00:35:51,449 --> 00:35:55,685
DRAGAN HUTERER IS A COSMOLOGIST
AT ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN.
677
00:35:55,687 --> 00:35:58,488
HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST
TO NOTICE
678
00:35:58,490 --> 00:36:00,290
THIS WRINKLE
IN THE UNIVERSAL ECHO
679
00:36:00,292 --> 00:36:04,828
OF THE BIG BANG, CALLED
THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND.
680
00:36:04,830 --> 00:36:07,063
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
681
00:36:07,065 --> 00:36:09,366
IS THE RADIATION LEFT OVER
FROM THE BIG BANG.
682
00:36:09,368 --> 00:36:11,568
SO WHEN THE UNIVERSE
WAS VERY SMALL AND YOUNG
683
00:36:11,570 --> 00:36:13,236
ABOUT 14 BILLION YEARS AGO,
684
00:36:13,238 --> 00:36:15,972
IT WAS LIKE A DENSE SOUP
FILLED WITH PARTICLES.
685
00:36:15,974 --> 00:36:18,508
AS THE UNIVERSE EVOLVED
AND IT GREW BIGGER,
686
00:36:18,510 --> 00:36:20,894
THAT SOUP REALLY
COOLED OFF.
687
00:36:20,896 --> 00:36:23,997
Freeman: TODAY, WE CAN SAMPLE
THE TEMPERATURE
688
00:36:23,999 --> 00:36:28,051
OF THAT PRIMORDIAL RADIATION
ACROSS THE UNIVERSE.
689
00:36:28,053 --> 00:36:29,953
WE TAKE MEASUREMENTS OF
HUGE NUMBERS
690
00:36:29,955 --> 00:36:32,088
OF TINY MICROWAVE PATCHES,
691
00:36:32,090 --> 00:36:35,625
PRETTY MUCH THE WAY WE WOULD DO
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
692
00:36:35,627 --> 00:36:39,262
OF DRAGAN'S FAVORITE PASTIME --
BASKETBALL.
693
00:36:39,264 --> 00:36:42,232
I REALLY LOVE BASKETBALL,
694
00:36:42,234 --> 00:36:43,667
AND BASKETBALL COURT
IS A REALLY GOOD PLACE
695
00:36:43,669 --> 00:36:46,570
TO EXPLAIN THESE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ALIGNMENTS.
696
00:36:46,572 --> 00:36:49,139
HERE ON THE BASKETBALL COURT,
WE HAVE, UH, JIMMY KING,
697
00:36:49,141 --> 00:36:51,191
FORMER UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
BASKETBALL LEGEND,
698
00:36:51,193 --> 00:36:52,876
AND HIS BUDDY WILLIE VANCE.
699
00:36:52,878 --> 00:36:54,578
THEY WILL SHOW US ALIGNMENTS
700
00:36:54,580 --> 00:36:58,448
AND A COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND USING THEIR SHOOTING.
701
00:37:01,419 --> 00:37:04,054
Freeman: LOOKING OUT
FROM THE HOOP ONTO THE COURT
702
00:37:04,056 --> 00:37:06,056
IS A LOT LIKE LOOKING UP
FROM EARTH
703
00:37:06,058 --> 00:37:08,925
TO SEE THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND.
704
00:37:08,927 --> 00:37:13,162
DRAGAN CAN COMPARE THE MADE
AND MISSED SHOTS IN THE GAME
705
00:37:13,164 --> 00:37:17,567
TO THE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS
HE SEES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE.
706
00:37:17,569 --> 00:37:19,336
JUST LIKE WE HAVE
HOT AND COLD SPOTS
707
00:37:19,338 --> 00:37:21,538
IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND FLUCTUATIONS,
708
00:37:21,540 --> 00:37:23,373
WE HAVE MAKES AND MISSES
IN BASKETBALL.
709
00:37:23,375 --> 00:37:28,111
SO, WE CAN REPRESENT EACH MAKE
WITH THE RED
710
00:37:28,113 --> 00:37:29,195
AND MISS WITH THE BLUE.
711
00:37:29,197 --> 00:37:31,981
[ BEEP ]
712
00:37:31,983 --> 00:37:34,050
Freeman:
DRAGAN MAPS THE DISTRIBUTION
713
00:37:34,052 --> 00:37:35,819
OF MAKES AND MISSES
ACROSS THE HALF COURT.
714
00:37:35,821 --> 00:37:38,555
THE RESULTS SHOW
AN EVEN DISTRIBUTION,
715
00:37:38,557 --> 00:37:42,309
ONE THAT'S SYMMETRICAL
ON BOTH SIDES OF THE HALF COURT.
716
00:37:42,311 --> 00:37:45,528
IF JIMMY AND WILLIE HIT A SHOT
FROM ONE SPOT,
717
00:37:45,530 --> 00:37:48,131
THEY CAN PROBABLY HIT
THE SAME SHOT
718
00:37:48,133 --> 00:37:51,234
ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COURT.
719
00:37:51,236 --> 00:37:53,069
SO THE DISTRIBUTION
OF THE MAKES AND THE MISSES
720
00:37:53,071 --> 00:37:54,804
IS ABOUT THE SAME
EVERYWHERE ON THE COURT --
721
00:37:54,806 --> 00:37:57,040
THE SAME NUMBER OF MAKES
VERSUS THE MISSES.
722
00:37:57,042 --> 00:38:00,010
Freeman: THIS IS WHAT DRAGAN
AND OTHER RESEARCHERS
723
00:38:00,012 --> 00:38:03,113
EXPECTED TO FIND IN THE COSMIC
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND --
724
00:38:03,115 --> 00:38:07,083
AN EVEN DISTRIBUTION
OF HOT AND COLD TEMPERATURES
725
00:38:07,085 --> 00:38:09,686
NO MATTER WHERE YOU LOOK
IN THE SKY.
726
00:38:09,688 --> 00:38:13,957
BUT THAT'S NOT AT ALL WHAT
DRAGAN AND HIS COLLEAGUES SAW
727
00:38:13,959 --> 00:38:17,393
WHEN THEY LOOKED MORE CLOSELY
AT THE PATTERN.
728
00:38:17,395 --> 00:38:22,065
THEY FOUND SOMETHING
SO STARTLING, SO DISTURBING,
729
00:38:22,067 --> 00:38:30,473
COSMOLOGISTS HAD NO CHOICE
BUT TO CALL IT THE AXIS OF EVIL.
730
00:38:30,475 --> 00:38:32,275
THESE ALIGNMENTS IN THE SKY
731
00:38:32,277 --> 00:38:34,711
HAD BEEN NOTED
AROUND THE SAME TIME THAT
732
00:38:34,713 --> 00:38:36,730
GEORGE W. BUSH HAD
HIS AXIS OF EVIL,
733
00:38:36,732 --> 00:38:39,816
SO THEY WERE NAMED BY SCIENTISTS
IN ENGLAND, THE AXIS OF EVIL.
734
00:38:39,818 --> 00:38:43,486
WE ARE NOT SURE THE AXIS IS
ACTUALLY EVIL. [ CHUCKLES ]
735
00:38:43,488 --> 00:38:46,790
WHAT WE FOUND ANALYZING CAUSING
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND DATA
736
00:38:46,792 --> 00:38:49,259
WAS INSTEAD, THAT ONE DIRECTION
WAS SPECIAL.
737
00:38:49,261 --> 00:38:52,329
SO, IN BASKETBALL TERMS, IT'S
ALMOST AS IF ONE DIRECTION,
738
00:38:52,331 --> 00:38:54,431
RELATIVE TO THE BASKET,
WERE TILTED.
739
00:38:54,433 --> 00:38:56,483
Freeman:
IF A CORNER OF THE COURT
740
00:38:56,485 --> 00:38:59,536
THAT JIMMY AND WILLIE ARE
PLAYING ON SUDDENLY SHIFTED...
741
00:38:59,538 --> 00:39:03,373
[ CREAKING ]
742
00:39:08,879 --> 00:39:11,715
...SO THAT IT NOW DROPPED OFF
AT AN ANGLE,
743
00:39:11,717 --> 00:39:14,818
IT WOULD MAKE IT HARDER TO MAKE
A SHOT FROM THAT AREA.
744
00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:19,823
THE EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF MAKES
AND MISSES ACROSS THE COURT
745
00:39:19,825 --> 00:39:22,559
WOULD SUDDENLY BE DISRUPTED.
746
00:39:22,561 --> 00:39:26,029
WE SEE MORE BLUE DOTS
IN THE DIRECTION OF THE COURT.
747
00:39:26,031 --> 00:39:27,297
AND SO YOU CONCLUDE
THAT SOMETHING IS OFF
748
00:39:27,299 --> 00:39:31,034
ABOUT
THE BASKETBALL COURT.
749
00:39:31,036 --> 00:39:33,837
Freeman: IF A BASKETBALL COURT
WERE NOT FLAT,
750
00:39:33,839 --> 00:39:36,489
YOU WOULD KNOW
SOMETHING WAS SERIOUSLY WRONG.
751
00:39:37,375 --> 00:39:42,178
DRAGAN FEELS THE SAME WAY
ABOUT THE UNIVERSE.
752
00:39:42,180 --> 00:39:44,647
IN THE COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND FLUCTUATIONS,
753
00:39:44,649 --> 00:39:45,949
WE SEE THAT THE STRUCTURE
754
00:39:45,951 --> 00:39:48,051
OF THE HOT AND COLD SPOTS
IS DIFFERENT,
755
00:39:48,053 --> 00:39:50,370
THAT THEY LINE UP
IN ONE DIRECTION IN THE SKY
756
00:39:50,372 --> 00:39:53,089
DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY DO
IN ALL THE OTHER DIRECTIONS,
757
00:39:53,091 --> 00:39:55,024
AND THAT, MAYBE, TELLS US
THAT SOMETHING IS DIFFERENT
758
00:39:55,026 --> 00:39:57,827
IN THAT SPECIAL DIRECTION
IN THE UNIVERSE.
759
00:39:57,829 --> 00:39:59,863
Freeman:
THE LARGEST HOT AND COLD SPOTS
760
00:39:59,865 --> 00:40:03,967
ARE ALIGNED ALONG AN AXIS THAT
CUTS RIGHT ACROSS THE COSMOS.
761
00:40:03,969 --> 00:40:05,485
THE RESULTS SUGGEST
762
00:40:05,487 --> 00:40:10,206
THAT THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSE
IS SOMEHOW DISTORTED.
763
00:40:10,208 --> 00:40:15,412
BUT WHAT COULD ALTER THE SHAPE
OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE?
764
00:40:15,414 --> 00:40:17,046
WE ARE STILL NOT COMPLETELY SURE
WHAT THE CAUSE IS.
765
00:40:17,048 --> 00:40:18,314
IS IT JUST A FLUKE,
766
00:40:18,316 --> 00:40:22,285
OR IS IT THAT THERE IS A REASON
FROM THE EARLY UNIVERSE?
767
00:40:22,287 --> 00:40:25,138
IT COULD BE, ALSO, THAT
THIS EVIL OF AXIS ALIGNMENTS
768
00:40:25,140 --> 00:40:28,391
ARE CAUSED BY STRUCTURES
THAT WE CANNOT SEE,
769
00:40:28,393 --> 00:40:30,860
AND YET THEY'RE THERE,
770
00:40:30,862 --> 00:40:32,712
AND THEY ARE CREATING
THE ALIGNMENTS.
771
00:40:35,299 --> 00:40:39,169
JUST AS A WORLD OF LIGHT
WAS SHAPED BY DARK MATTER,
772
00:40:39,171 --> 00:40:41,788
THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE
MAY HAVE BEEN SHAPED
773
00:40:41,790 --> 00:40:43,739
BY AN EVEN DARKER ENTITY.
774
00:40:43,741 --> 00:40:47,977
COULD THE SHADOW UNIVERSE
HAVE A SHADOW,
775
00:40:47,979 --> 00:40:53,750
SOMETHING THAT CONTROLS THE VERY
FABRIC OF SPACE AND TIME?
776
00:40:53,752 --> 00:40:56,953
WE USED TO SEE
THE BLACK OF NIGHT
777
00:40:56,955 --> 00:41:02,959
AS THE EPITOME OF NOTHINGNESS,
BUT THE DARKNESS ISN'T EMPTY.
778
00:41:02,961 --> 00:41:05,295
IT'S FULL OF STRANGE MATERIAL
779
00:41:05,297 --> 00:41:09,132
THAT HAS SHAPED OUR UNIVERSE
OF ATOMS AND LIGHT
780
00:41:09,134 --> 00:41:10,967
INTO WHAT IT IS TODAY.
781
00:41:10,969 --> 00:41:14,354
IN TURN, THAT COSMOS
OF DARK MATTER
782
00:41:14,356 --> 00:41:17,774
COULD BE A MERE SPOT
ON THE SURFACE
783
00:41:17,776 --> 00:41:21,227
OF SOME FAR BIGGER PLANE
OF REALITY.
784
00:41:21,229 --> 00:41:25,815
THE SHADOW UNIVERSE COULD EXIST
BEYOND SPACE AND TIME --
785
00:41:25,817 --> 00:41:31,070
A REALM WE CAN NOW ONLY BEGIN
TO DREAM OF UNDERSTANDING.
786
00:41:32,305 --> 00:41:38,660
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787
00:41:38,710 --> 00:41:43,260
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