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(suspenseful music)
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(roaring)
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(suspenseful music)
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Tyrannosaurus Rex, the tyrant lizard king,
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ruled the Earth for barely a million years,
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a blink in the geological eye.
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Then, in a blinding flash, the sovereign and his subjects
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were no more.
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It's hard to overstate the significance of this day.
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It's really the day that set into motion the events
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that make the modern world as we know it.
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(impactful music)
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(roaring)
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(cheerful music)
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Today, T-Rex reigns as a pop culture icon,
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his toothy grin and animal magnetism seduce amateurs
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and experts alike.
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(cheerful music)
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My favorite creature in the history of the planet
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is Tyrannosaurus Rex.
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{\an8}When I was a little kid, I wanted to grow up
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{\an8}to be Tyrannosaurus.
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When I was told I couldn't do that, I decided I would
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study them.
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It's a cliche that people say,
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"Oh, it's the coolest dinosaur," whatever,
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but it really is the coolest.
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Before his glory days,
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T-Rex overcame an unfortunate birth name.
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There were fragments of Tyrannosaurus that had
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in the 1890s that were given the name Manospondylus gigas
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which is the gigantic sponge vertebra.
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Thankfully, that name didn't stick.
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The first fossil to bear his royal title
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was unearthed in Hell Creek, Montana, in 1905.
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Discoverer Barnum Brown called the charismatic creature,
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"My favorite child."
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After 65 million years in a pauper's grave,
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T-Rex was an overnight sensation.
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The New York Times hailed him as the king of all kings
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and the absolute warlord of the earth.
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When it was first found, during those days,
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it just got so much attention.
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The name Tyrannosaurus Rex, too, was a product of genius.
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{\an8}It's the only dinosaur where people actually know
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{\an8}the species name of a dinosaur.
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Ask them about triceratops and other sort of kid favorites,
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they couldn't tell you what species they are,
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but Tyrannosaurus Rex, the king of the tyrant lizards.
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Museums around the world raced to acquire
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and mount their own T-Rex.
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His fearsome pose was so upright that nothing
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could stop him, except the ceiling.
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His early appearance has made a lasting impression.
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Chicago's 1933 World's Fair promoted radio
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and a lumbering T-Rex.
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The New York World's Fair presents
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the grandest spectacle on Earth for 1964 and 1965.
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New York's 1964 pageant featured
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color television and the same old T-Rex.
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Decades of cheesy movies cemented his status
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as a mindless robotic villain.
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(piano playing)
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By the 1980s, the king was clamoring for a makeover.
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Beneath his regal bearing lay the heart of a dandy.
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(piano playing)
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When you look at the group of dinosaurs that T-Rex
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fits into, on one side we have dinosaurs with feathers,
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on the other side we have birds.
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It's simplest to think that T-Rex probably had some type
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of feathers or quills covering its body, which is different
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than how we think of it, right?
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{\an8}And so, T-Rex was both terrifying and fancy (laughs).
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Bio-mechanical studies showed his big tail
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acted as a counterweight.
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And museums finally brought their skeletons
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down to earth.
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(impactful music)
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The new T-Rex was swifter, smarter,
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and deadlier than ever.
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What mighty force could have possibly ended his reign?
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The mystery of his death became the ultimate cold case.
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50 or 60 years ago, people really had no idea
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why the dinosaurs disappeared, and there were all
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these wild ideas, the planet was too hot or too cold,
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they had parasites, mammals ate all their eggs.
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And, you know, this is something that you see in science.
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When you're on the wrong track, your explanations
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tend to get really complicated.
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And then, when you figure something out,
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your explanation becomes very, very simple.
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One explanation created a stir.
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Nobel Prize winning physicist Luis Alvarez
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joined forces with his son, geologist Walter Alvarez.
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They zeroed in on numerous dig sites,
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all with signs of two simultaneous events:
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the end of the cretaceous era
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and abnormally high levels of the element iridium.
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Iridium, extremely rare on Earth, is plentiful on comets
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and asteroids.
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According to the Alvarezes, a massive extra-planetary
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impact had ended the reign of T-Rex.
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Scientists greeted the Alvarez hypothesis
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with widespread ridicule.
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Paleontologists didn't want this great riddle
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of our discipline solved by a couple of outsiders.
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And so, there was a tremendous amount of resistance
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to this idea.
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Paleontologists knew one thing for sure:
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whatever befell the dinosaurs happened gradually,
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over millions of years.
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Sudden extinction smacked of a biblical miracle,
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an outrageous notion.
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And as naysayers pointed out, a cataclysmic impact
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would have left a sizable crater,
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and none could be found.
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Luis Alvarez died in 1988, convinced he was right
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but unable to prove it.
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(impactful music)
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In 1993, the release of Jurassic Park brought dinosaurs
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roaring back to life.
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Its intriguing premise, recreating the reptiles
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from ancient DNA.
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But no DNA has been known to survive more than
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100,000 years, and transforming DNA fragments
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into an entire creature is like turning the words
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"to be or not to be" into the play Hamlet.
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Modern science and popular legend do converge
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on a central fact: T-Rex was the baddest of the bad.
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(roaring)
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Tyrannosaurus is the largest of the meat-eating dinosaurs.
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It had the largest brain of the big meat-eating dinosaurs.
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It had the most powerful bite we've calculated so far
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among dinosaurs.
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It ate the other creatures in its environment.
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And nothing but it ate it.
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And, indeed, we do find Tyrannosaurus bite marks
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on Tyrannosaurus.
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We now have fossilized feces of the T-Rex
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from western Canada.
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It's a large mass.
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It was about a foot and a half in length,
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and it mostly consists of flesh
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and the rest of it is bone, and that bone was crunched up.
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So, clearly, T-Rex just went up to prey,
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took out big chunks, and swalled them whole,
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and digested what it could.
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As T-Rex took his star turn at the multiplex,
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the investigation into his demise accelerated.
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Over a hundred sites worldwide contained spikes
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of iridium, but one was different.
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The Brazos River in Texas also showed signs
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of an ancient tsunami.
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Further analysis detected shocked quarts,
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rock compressed by an enormously powerful impact.
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Core samples in nearby Yucatan, Mexico
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indicated gravity anomalies.
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The inquest rushed to the tiny village of Chicxulub.
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There, ground-penetrating radar exposed a massive
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underground crater.
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Now we had this giant crater, 110 miles across.
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We had the smoking gun, the timing lined up.
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Everything that you would expect to find in that crater
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was there, and I think that, you know,
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for most, me included, really clinched the deal.
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The Alvarezes were vindicated.
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In 1994, telescopes across Earth recorded a haunting
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reenactment of the dinosaur apocalypse
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when the comet Shoemaker-Levi 9 blasted
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into Jupiter.
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(loud explosion)
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Nature had carried out an experiment we never could
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and confirmed the devastating power
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of extraterrestrial impacts.
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Investigators have gone from crime theory
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to smoking gun, and the body
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may soon follow.
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Currently, I'm working in a layer in southern New Jersey
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that's right at the end of the time of the dinosaurs.
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So, it's really hard in geology to say that you have any day
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that occurred 65 million years ago.
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But in the last few years, we've started to pick up
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some proxies for meteor impact in the quarry.
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It's a really interesting idea to think that the one place
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in the world where you can put your finger
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on a fossil individual and say,
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"Hey, that turtle or that crocodile died in that
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"pivotal calamitous day that wipes out the dinosaurs
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"and makes the modern world as we know it"
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is in a pit behind a shopping mall in Southern New Jersey.
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(suspenseful music)
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Tyrannosaurus Rex is among the very last giant dinosaurs.
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There would have been individual Tyrannosaurus Rex
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that may have seen the glow coming over the horizon
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from Mexico.
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The asteroid was six miles across,
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as big as Mount Everest.
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It zoomed 80,000 miles an hour, 50 times faster
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than a bullet.
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(impactful music)
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When it struck, the Earth shook with a billion times
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more force than the nuclear blast at Hiroshima.
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There was a tsunami wave that was probably
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a mile high.
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If you're a T-Rex living in Texas when that meteor hits,
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you might see that coming towards you.
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(roaring)
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Further north, in Montana, in Alberta,
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places like that, the heat is what is going to get you.
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And so for a couple of hours that day, the temperature
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all across the planet heated up well past
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the temperature of the broiler in your oven,
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maybe twice that hot.
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So, if you're living on the surface of the Earth that day,
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you're cooked.
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All of this stuff from the impact, both the asteroid
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and the rock around it, were molten,
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and a lot of that material was sent up not just
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into the atmosphere but into outer space,
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and then rained back down.
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Imagine sitting out there and you have showers,
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dense showers of molten bits coming down on you.
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There would be very little that would have survived that.
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It's really interesting when you look at who survives
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that impact and who doesn't.
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If you have a place to hide that day, it probably
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didn't take that much sediment, maybe only six inches
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of sediment might have been enough to forestall
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the worst of that heat blast.
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But if you can't get underground, then you're doomed.
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(impactful music)
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(kids chatting)
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From out of the ashes, a new creature arose
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to rule the planet.
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Dinosaurs and mammals evolved at about the same time,
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and for the whole 160 million year reign of the dinosaurs,
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our ancestors, the mammals, were basically trying to stay
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out of the way of the dinosaurs during all that time.
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So, if that asteroid doesn't hit, why wouldn't we just
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still be these little mammals trying to stay out of the way
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of dinosaurs.
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That's probably what would have happened.
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So, a really bad day for the dinosaurs.
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Fabulous day for mammals.
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The king was dead,
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and the meek had inherited the earth.
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(music playing)
19724
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