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Dear veterans...
2
00:01:01,400 --> 00:01:04,119
...honoured citizens of Russia.
3
00:01:04,720 --> 00:01:09,351
Worthy comrades, soldiers and sailors.
4
00:01:09,520 --> 00:01:13,309
Sixty-five years ago Nazism was crushed.
5
00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:18,678
The machine that killed whole peoples
was brought to a standstill.
6
00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,877
In nearly every Russian family
somebody is gone...
7
00:01:24,080 --> 00:01:29,553
...or starved to death during the Blockade.
8
00:01:31,640 --> 00:01:35,713
We will never forget the soldiers
who fought on the front.
9
00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:40,471
Or the women
who replaced the men in the factories.
10
00:01:40,880 --> 00:01:44,919
The children who had to
go through such incredible ordeals.
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00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:48,837
They are all war heroes.
12
00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:52,717
Dear veterans...
13
00:01:53,160 --> 00:01:55,151
Sixty-five years ago...
14
00:01:55,760 --> 00:01:58,752
...you fought for our peace and won it.
15
00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:06,831
As a result, now, we can live.
16
00:02:07,960 --> 00:02:11,919
Ve bow deeply before you.
17
00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:16,670
Congratulations...
18
00:02:16,840 --> 00:02:20,117
...on the Day of the Great Victory.
19
00:02:20,560 --> 00:02:22,870
Honour to the Victors!
20
00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:24,674
Hoorah!
21
00:03:32,280 --> 00:03:34,794
Let's switch off the TV.
22
00:03:34,960 --> 00:03:38,316
We've seen enough nonsense like that
in our lifetime.
23
00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:41,040
I absolutely agree.
24
00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:45,194
It's better not to watch
than to watch lies.
25
00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:47,590
Let's switch it off.
26
00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:53,873
It's better to look at an empty screen...
27
00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:58,910
...than at this comedy...
28
00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:02,357
...that is presented
to this half-destroyed country...
29
00:04:02,520 --> 00:04:07,549
...under the pretence of a festivity
and an unheard of achievement.
30
00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:32,679
I am stiff from sitting at home.
31
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I should move about more.
32
00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:50,358
Look at this.
33
00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:54,593
"2010. Sender: The Kremlin, Moscow."
34
00:04:54,760 --> 00:04:56,398
No less.
35
00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:04,639
Congratulations
on the 65th anniversary of the Victory!
36
00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:17,711
"Dear Lenina Dmitrievna..."
37
00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:22,878
"Allow me to congratulate you..."
38
00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:25,429
"..on the 65th anniversary..."
39
00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:29,878
"..of the Great Victory.
And our very best wishes."
40
00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:36,956
"In our country, the Day of Victory..."
41
00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:41,000
"..has always been sacred
to all generations."
42
00:05:41,160 --> 00:05:47,236
"You have gone through
the most terrible afflictions..."
43
00:05:47,400 --> 00:05:52,349
"...and you have saved our mother country
from fascism.”
44
00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:55,239
Well, it wasn't me.
45
00:05:55,600 --> 00:06:02,677
You know, all those medals are,
how shall [ put it...
46
00:06:02,840 --> 00:06:06,834
.0 formal and impersonal.
47
00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:13,190
They write things like:
Your generation has done all that..
48
00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:17,035
...and defended us and what not.
49
00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:22,036
But in fact our generation
simply were the victims.
50
00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:25,080
We were only children.
51
00:06:25,520 --> 00:06:27,511
If you work it out...
52
00:06:27,680 --> 00:06:34,950
I'am 79 now... so I was ten at the time.
53
00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:04,631
The mincemeat is nice.
54
00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:11,200
Why shouldn't it be?
Fresh mince. With onion and milk.
55
00:07:12,320 --> 00:07:15,199
Really nice.
- Yes, it is.
56
00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:18,589
And nice mushrooms.
57
00:07:46,680 --> 00:07:48,751
Hello, all of you.
58
00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:51,309
Come up the stairs.
59
00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:53,998
We'll start our tour...
60
00:07:54,160 --> 00:07:59,030
...in this Museum dedicated to the Blockade
of Leningrad, now St. Petersburg.
61
00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:03,510
This is the military command
of the Soviet Union...
62
00:08:03,680 --> 00:08:07,150
...that was responsible
for the defence of Leningrad...
63
00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:11,029
...during the Great War of the Nation.
64
00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:18,474
Stalin, as Head of State and Supreme
Commander of Soviet forces...
65
00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:23,794
...was responsible for all war fronts,
including that of Leningrad.
66
00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:31,794
Let's look at the map.
Please turn around and watch the board.
67
00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:36,716
During the attack of 8 September 1941...
68
00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:40,350
...the Germans managed to reach
Lake Ladoga from the south.
69
00:08:40,520 --> 00:08:44,673
Then the Germans got as far as Leningrad
and besieged the city.
70
00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:47,195
What does the word blockade mean?
71
00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:48,680
A siege.
72
00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:52,913
How long did the blockade last?
- Nine hundred days.
73
00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:56,994
Correct. I can see you're all
soldiers in the making.
74
00:08:57,480 --> 00:09:01,394
This is Leningrad surrounded
and blocked off by German troops.
75
00:09:01,560 --> 00:09:05,952
The enemy had cut off all the roads
for food supplies.
76
00:09:06,120 --> 00:09:13,117
From the start of the blockade
the city was mercilessly bombed.
77
00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:27,678
After the first bombings
the city was completely surrounded.
78
00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:32,080
Nobody could get in or out.
79
00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:38,795
Hitler wanted to starve the citizens to death.
80
00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:43,431
The situation got worse by the day.
81
00:09:44,440 --> 00:09:48,274
Public transport ceased to function.
82
00:09:48,440 --> 00:09:51,080
There was no electricity anymore.
83
00:09:51,240 --> 00:09:53,550
The water mains froze up.
84
00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:57,315
Food supplies dwindled.
85
00:09:58,360 --> 00:10:00,158
When the winter started...
86
00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:05,235
...thousands of people died
of hunger and cold every day.
87
00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:11,080
Corpses were piled up
in the streets and the houses.
88
00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:28,914
After nearly three years
the Leningrad blockade was lifted.
89
00:10:32,680 --> 00:10:36,150
The survivors of the blockade
were seen as heroes.
90
00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:39,598
But they were forbidden ever again...
91
00:10:39,760 --> 00:10:43,071
...to talk about the horrors of the siege.
92
00:11:11,800 --> 00:11:13,313
Its me.
93
00:11:40,720 --> 00:11:43,633
This is my daddy.
94
00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:53,955
Fortunately he didn't live to see the war.
95
00:11:54,120 --> 00:11:56,031
He was already dead.
96
00:11:56,920 --> 00:12:01,756
And this is our mummy. I'm sitting
on her knee and my sister is next to us.
97
00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:08,389
I'm so glad I've still got these photos.
98
00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:13,956
Otherwise it would be
as if they had never existed.
99
00:12:15,760 --> 00:12:18,798
Here we are drawing, my sister and me.
100
00:12:23,080 --> 00:12:28,075
It says: Lyalenka 8 years. Me 4 years.
101
00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:47,794
There were rumours going round
even then...
102
00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:54,514
...that mummy and my sister hadn't been
buried, but were lying in the courtyard.
103
00:12:54,680 --> 00:12:59,629
That they hadn't even been taken
to the mortuary.
104
00:13:04,880 --> 00:13:08,714
I don't even know where they are buried.
105
00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,633
In amass grave, but where?
106
00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:46,271
Today, the ever decreasing group
of survivors of the blockade...
107
00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:51,037
...have united in organisations.
108
00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:59,150
These flowers are on behalf
of the association...
109
00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:02,472
...Citizens of the Blockaded Leningrad'.
110
00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:31,720
Hello? No.
111
00:14:32,480 --> 00:14:35,154
This is the Association
of Blockade Survivors.
112
00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:39,359
We are not giving information today.
Please ring again after the holidays.
113
00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:44,675
It is rather busy here, you see.
114
00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:51,080
Hello? Yes.
115
00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:54,798
I know.
- What day is that?
116
00:14:54,960 --> 00:14:58,840
Stop stammering. You're aman, aren't you?
117
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,718
Thanks for your kind thoughts.
They moved us.
118
00:15:04,880 --> 00:15:07,235
Goodbye.
119
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:09,232
I am going to the town hall now.
120
00:15:23,520 --> 00:15:26,239
Tell me, do you see yourself
as a victim?
121
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:31,429
Avictim?
My parents died during the siege.
122
00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:34,160
I wouldn't wish that on anyone.
123
00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:38,314
I was left on my own, a child.
That makes me a victim.
124
00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:42,110
But give me areal answer
to the question.
125
00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:44,396
Are you a victim, yes or no?
126
00:15:44,560 --> 00:15:46,949
Not now of course, but back then I was.
127
00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:49,589
We didn't think about
whether we were victims.
128
00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:52,957
We worked day and night
for the fatherland and Stalin.
129
00:15:53,120 --> 00:15:56,795
I will never take off my Stalin medal...
130
00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:59,998
...because itisn't true
what they say about him now.
131
00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:03,516
Tanks were driving past with the slogan
'For the Fatherland and Stalin'.
132
00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:05,717
This was the slogan in our minds.
133
00:16:05,880 --> 00:16:08,998
That's how it was and it strengthened us.
134
00:16:10,240 --> 00:16:12,436
Stalin is Stalin.
135
00:16:13,160 --> 00:16:18,633
Stalin was our hero. Our leader.
136
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:25,274
Stalin was our shining example in those days.
137
00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:28,637
His name was with us night and day.
138
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:31,474
In the songs.
- Yes.
139
00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:35,713
We made human pyramids and shouted
'Long live Stalin!'
140
00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:53,834
Through her informers,
the Secret Service has managed...
141
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:56,594
...Io obtain the following information:
142
00:16:56,760 --> 00:17:00,196
In connection with the problematic
food distribution...
143
00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:05,673
...the population, especially women,
have increasingly negative emotions.
144
00:17:06,720 --> 00:17:10,600
Document 10068,
145
00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:12,674
Top Secret.
146
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:17,280
Report of the USSR Secret Service,
Leningrad Department.
147
00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:21,196
13 December 1941.
148
00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:28,479
The anti-Soviet sentiments among the
population can be summed up as follows:
149
00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:34,316
A. The situation in Leningrad is hopeless.
The blockade cannot be broken.
150
00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:37,235
The citizens will die of starvation.
151
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:41,997
B. In December all food supplies
will have been finished.
152
00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:45,312
Then the city will be handed over
to the Germans.
153
00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:47,949
C. When the city has surrendered...
154
00:17:48,120 --> 00:17:50,475
.the food supply situation will improve.
155
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,233
D. We should not be afraid of the Germans...
156
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:58,189
...but of the chaos
caused by our own leaders.
157
00:18:18,560 --> 00:18:22,952
In the Badaev warehouses...
158
00:18:23,280 --> 00:18:30,118
...all of the city's food supplies were stored.
159
00:18:30,280 --> 00:18:32,510
Enough for a whole year.
160
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:36,474
And the first bombs that fell...
161
00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:41,671
. fell precisely on those warehouses.
162
00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:48,591
That's how the hunger siege
of Leningrad started.
163
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:54,511
People went to the warehouses...
164
00:18:54,680 --> 00:18:59,470
...to try and find some edible stuff...
165
00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:02,712
...under the sand and the soot.
166
00:19:02,880 --> 00:19:06,589
They would clean it at home...
167
00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:11,311
...and cook it so they'd have
something to eat.
168
00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:14,393
They were shot by our own police.
169
00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:22,278
The authorities never mentioned it
and the papers didn't report it.
170
00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:28,789
Nothing like: "Did you know that
the Badaev warehouses were bombed..."
171
00:19:28,960 --> 00:19:32,555
"..and all the food destroyed?"
Nobody said it out loud.
172
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:35,389
There were rumours.
173
00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:38,634
But the radio didn't say anything.
174
00:19:38,920 --> 00:19:44,871
There were no news broadcasts
in which it was mentioned.
175
00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:49,432
The news was always about our victories.
176
00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:54,993
We didn't even know
that the city was surrounded.
177
00:19:56,160 --> 00:20:01,189
Or how many prisoners of war
the Germans had taken.
178
00:20:01,360 --> 00:20:07,675
No, we only heard what battles we had won.
179
00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:12,391
Victory is not just a visitor to our land.
180
00:20:12,560 --> 00:20:16,633
Victory is always lord and master here.
181
00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:56,396
It wasn't totally unexpected, of course.
182
00:20:56,560 --> 00:21:02,431
But we thought it wouldn't be hard to win.
We thought that it would be dead easy...
183
00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:04,432
...that we could handle them.
184
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:10,152
But the German tanks approached
at such speed...
185
00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:15,349
...that one of them even...
186
00:21:15,520 --> 00:21:19,798
It was unexpected.
Really unexpected.
187
00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:23,590
Not only for the population,
but for the whole government.
188
00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:27,675
I am not an eyewitness of course...
189
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:31,515
...but we now know...
190
00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:34,911
...that the army wasn't prepared for this.
191
00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:39,233
The famous military scout called Sorge...
192
00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:45,032
...told Stalin that the German army
was at the border.
193
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,316
But Stalin didn't believe him.
194
00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:51,189
Our army was not at the border.
195
00:21:51,360 --> 00:21:53,874
Only at the fort of Brest.
196
00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:56,634
And with far too few men.
197
00:21:56,800 --> 00:21:59,030
Ha, a discussion on the blockade.
198
00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:01,635
No, the question was...
199
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:05,509
...whether it was unexpected for everybody,
including Stalin.
200
00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:07,717
Why bring Stalin into it?
201
00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:11,032
Because he heard from Sorge...
202
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:16,274
For us it was unexpected, yes.
They were here so fast.
203
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:20,150
We were just surrounded.
204
00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:24,996
We were stuck in Leningrad
like in a fortress.
205
00:22:26,280 --> 00:22:29,796
Opinions differ on that, too.
People are saying...
206
00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:32,952
Why talk about people's opinions?
207
00:22:33,120 --> 00:22:37,000
The citizens had to defend the city.
There was no real army.
208
00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:39,754
They were old people and children.
209
00:22:39,920 --> 00:22:44,198
Without any weapons they defended the city,
and that's the truth.
210
00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:47,239
Without any weapons...
211
00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:43,594
Come on then.
212
00:23:45,240 --> 00:23:47,197
What have you...
213
00:23:47,880 --> 00:23:52,078
Are those fish scales?
214
00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:05,515
When I'm dead,
please contact Larisa Wasilewna.
215
00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:25,159
My sister went to school...
216
00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:28,199
...until the school was closed.
217
00:24:28,360 --> 00:24:33,753
At school she got some watery soup.
218
00:24:33,920 --> 00:24:38,198
With a bit of sediment.
219
00:24:39,320 --> 00:24:44,679
She drank from the soup,
and took the sediment home...
220
00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:49,757
...in ajar for the three of us.
221
00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:54,080
She was already quite big then.
222
00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:59,355
Everybody was fond of her.
She was a clever pupil.
223
00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:04,515
She had a boyfriend.
He cried when he heard she was dead.
224
00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:08,389
Jurochka Ivanov...
225
00:25:13,680 --> 00:25:16,672
I didn't leave my bed at all.
226
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:19,795
[twas terribly cold.
227
00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:27,630
One day mummy went outside
and then she fell.
228
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:32,070
When she was brought in...
229
00:25:32,880 --> 00:25:35,838
...they put her into my bed with me.
230
00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:39,273
Because it was nice and warm
with me in there.
231
00:25:40,080 --> 00:25:46,156
I could keep her warm with my body.
232
00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:53,552
My sister wanted to go outside
to get water. But she fell...
233
00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:56,599
...and mummy said: Don't go.
234
00:25:56,760 --> 00:25:59,195
So she sat by the stove.
235
00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:04,193
But the little oil lamp went out.
236
00:26:04,360 --> 00:26:09,673
She leaned forward to look for the matches...
237
00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:11,877
.in the dark.
238
00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:15,510
She was feeling around for them...
239
00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:18,035
...Irying to find them...
240
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:20,589
...and then she fell off the chair.
241
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:23,711
And that wasiit.
242
00:26:23,880 --> 00:26:26,679
We hadn't noticed.
243
00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:30,720
We called her: Lyalenka!
244
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:34,794
At first she reacted, but then it stopped.
245
00:26:36,360 --> 00:26:41,878
And Lyalenka was no more. Then mummy
said: I've got nothing left to live for.
246
00:26:42,040 --> 00:26:45,032
They were always so close.
247
00:26:45,680 --> 00:26:48,433
And I was always clamouring for attention.
248
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:53,117
I was so badly behaved then.
249
00:26:54,520 --> 00:26:57,160
I used to dream that
among the toys...
250
00:26:57,320 --> 00:27:00,233
...would find a biscuit or something.
251
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:03,836
Al thought about was food.
252
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:07,550
I couldn't be stopped.
253
00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:10,109
And I'm still the same.
254
00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:14,952
Because I'm soft in the head,
or so they say.
255
00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:20,071
And then...
256
00:27:21,360 --> 00:27:25,513
I forget what ...
- What happened to your mother?
257
00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:32,313
When she said she had nothing left
to live for, I asked: What about me?
258
00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:35,552
But she said carelessly:
259
00:27:35,720 --> 00:27:39,554
"You can go and live with our neighbour.”
260
00:27:39,720 --> 00:27:43,679
"Or go to an omphanage.
Whatever you like."
261
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:47,836
Afew days later she died.
262
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,550
I imitated her signature.
263
00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:54,360
She died on 1 February.
264
00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,635
But I got her bread tokens for that month.
265
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:01,394
I signed her name in her place.
266
00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:07,192
I still use mama's signature today.
267
00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:14,270
When she was dead
I stayed for another six days...
268
00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:16,590
...In one bed with her.
269
00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:23,316
So, that was it.
270
00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:49,990
Secret Service, Leningrad Region.
271
00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:52,153
Top Secret.
272
00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:58,555
Report on the situation
on 25 December 1941,
273
00:28:59,640 --> 00:29:01,870
As aresult of the food shortage...
274
00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:05,556
...the number of deaths has increased.
275
00:29:06,320 --> 00:29:08,231
The death rate is as follows:
276
00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:12,553
In October: 6,199 people.
277
00:29:12,720 --> 00:29:16,998
In November: 9,183 people.
278
00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:22,712
In the first 25 days of December:
39,073 people.
279
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:29,191
Between 1 and 10 December
9,541 people.
280
00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:36,391
Between 11 and 20 December
18,447 people died.
281
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:43,877
Between 21 and 25 December
11,085 people died...
282
00:29:59,840 --> 00:30:06,155
In December it first happened that people
dropped down dead of starvation.
283
00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:10,553
They'd be walking along the street,
fall over, and freeze.
284
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,711
[twas a very cold winter.
285
00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:21,032
Temperatures went down to minus 30.
286
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,352
The dead bodies were collected by lorries.
287
00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:27,713
People died at home as well.
288
00:30:27,880 --> 00:30:30,076
But that wasn't visible.
289
00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:33,312
Epidemics were a great worry
because of it
290
00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:39,158
So it was decided that we all had to...
291
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:43,359
...have awash in the public baths, just once.
292
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:47,753
All women came naked into the bathroom.
293
00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:56,434
Vwhen I saw these women,
I suddenly realised I looked like them.
294
00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:01,230
They weren't people.
295
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:07,712
They were live skeletons wrapped in skin.
296
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:13,077
We dragged a little bucket along the floor...
297
00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:17,029
...towards the tap...
298
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:19,999
. filled it with water to wash ourselves...
299
00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:22,834
...and dragged it back again.
300
00:31:23,840 --> 00:31:25,558
All those women did that.
301
00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,071
One after the other.
302
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:37,110
That's how it went.
303
00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:43,675
I'll be all right again in a minute.
304
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:51,320
Public Bath No 43
305
00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:08,557
The sound I most remember?
306
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:14,957
There's one sound I've never forgotten.
307
00:32:15,120 --> 00:32:20,911
Aman comes stumbling towards me.
I'm going in his direction.
308
00:32:21,160 --> 00:32:25,119
I am all swollen up
and can hardly keep my eyes open.
309
00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:31,310
He tries to say something,
but I don't understand him.
310
00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:37,271
He falls into a mound of snow
and doesn't get up again...
311
00:33:05,320 --> 00:33:08,233
Acroaking sound bubbles up from him.
312
00:33:08,400 --> 00:33:10,516
They were his last words.
313
00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:12,239
I don't know.
314
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:14,789
I can't say those words.
315
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:18,715
They weren't words, but noises.
316
00:33:18,880 --> 00:33:20,791
I can't...
317
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:24,672
It's difficult for me to talk about it.
318
00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:29,154
The papers didn't write about it.
319
00:34:29,320 --> 00:34:32,551
You never heard about it on the radio.
320
00:34:33,680 --> 00:34:37,389
It's difficult to say what was stronger:
321
00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:41,269
The government's ban on talking about it...
322
00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,990
...or the wish of the people themselves...
323
00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:48,232
...to repress these dark memories.
324
00:34:51,880 --> 00:34:58,149
I can still see images from those days...
325
00:34:58,320 --> 00:35:01,950
...but I can't seem to talk about them.
326
00:35:02,120 --> 00:35:06,990
I have no explanation for it.
327
00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:10,549
But it's a burden.
328
00:35:10,720 --> 00:35:14,759
Because I was dying, but I stayed alive.
329
00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:19,710
And someone else died,
someone exactly like me.
330
00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:21,917
And I survived.
331
00:35:22,920 --> 00:35:27,756
That thought still paralyses me.
332
00:35:29,520 --> 00:35:31,511
That's a burden.
333
00:35:43,200 --> 00:35:47,592
"We ate cat meat today."
334
00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:51,196
"We caught the cat of the Terski family..."
335
00:35:51,360 --> 00:35:55,274
"..stewed it and made soup of it"
336
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,230
"The meat tumed out to be.."
337
00:36:00,280 --> 00:36:02,476
"..very tasty."
338
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:05,632
The cat meat turned out to be tasty.
339
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:07,950
I even have an admission to make.
340
00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:14,196
I thought at the time:
After the war I will also eat cat meat.
341
00:36:14,360 --> 00:36:21,039
But in the end I never did.
342
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:26,149
My mother as well as my grandparents
were teachers...
343
00:36:26,360 --> 00:36:29,796
...and lived in the school
next to the cemetery.
344
00:36:31,080 --> 00:36:34,675
The Shuvalov Cemetery,
where the metro station is now.
345
00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:37,116
But that is of no importance.
346
00:36:37,280 --> 00:36:41,319
When I went out of the house
I saw the corpses.
347
00:36:41,480 --> 00:36:45,917
They weren't buried
because the ground was frozen.
348
00:36:46,080 --> 00:36:48,993
They were just dumped at the cemetery.
349
00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:53,677
And those bodies...
you couldn't even see if it was a person.
350
00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:57,515
The body would be wrapped up, like this.
351
00:36:58,320 --> 00:37:03,394
If the body was lying like this,
you would see bloody stains here.
352
00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:07,394
People cut away the cloth
and carved off the flesh.
353
00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:10,678
And if the body was lying the other way up...
354
00:37:10,840 --> 00:37:15,357
...the cloth and the flesh
would be cut away here.
355
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,312
I could easily see the red stains.
356
00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:21,994
There was no blood, because it was freezing.
357
00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:26,393
You only saw that something
had been cut off, like skin.
358
00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:30,030
You didn't see cloth but flesh.
359
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:31,599
Or this flesh here.
360
00:37:31,760 --> 00:37:34,878
They said that people who cut off the flesh...
361
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:39,591
...sold it on the black market as meatballs.
362
00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:41,876
Made of human flesh.
363
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:56,037
But perhaps the people she saw
had died on the operating table.
364
00:37:56,200 --> 00:38:03,550
They may have been people who had
died in hospital and been taken away.
365
00:38:03,720 --> 00:38:08,317
It's hard to say.
You can interpret it differently.
366
00:38:08,480 --> 00:38:12,553
When the blockade was over
and we returned from the evacuation...
367
00:38:12,720 --> 00:38:18,989
.l saw my classmates again.
368
00:38:19,160 --> 00:38:22,198
In the class photograph
they painted out the others:
369
00:38:22,360 --> 00:38:26,194
"He got eaten. She died. He was evacuated.”
370
00:38:27,240 --> 00:38:33,475
I never saw it myself, so I don't talk about it.
371
00:38:33,640 --> 00:38:36,758
I only know from hearsay.
372
00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:39,753
Perhaps it's true, perhaps it isn't.
373
00:38:47,080 --> 00:38:51,551
Document 457. Top Secret.
374
00:38:51,720 --> 00:38:57,557
To: Comrade Beria.
Secret Service. Moscow.
375
00:38:59,240 --> 00:39:04,360
On 17 December the Secret Service
received a message from Mrs B.
376
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:08,912
It said that her mother V., 56 years old,
has disappeared.
377
00:39:09,080 --> 00:39:13,597
During a house search,
the remains of her body were found...
378
00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:17,151
...as well as human flesh boiled in a pan.
379
00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:23,472
On 22 December the 33-year-old N.
was stopped in the street.
380
00:39:23,640 --> 00:39:27,838
In his suitcase two human legs were found.
381
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:31,436
When questioned,
N. stated that hunger had driven him...
382
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:36,595
.10 go to the cemetery and cut off two legs
for his own consumption.
383
00:39:38,240 --> 00:39:42,598
On 20 December
M. killed a certain W. with an axe.
384
00:39:42,760 --> 00:39:47,038
He cut off her muscles, cooked them...
385
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:49,669
...and ate of them until his arrest.
386
00:39:51,880 --> 00:39:55,953
From the inception of these crimes...
387
00:39:56,120 --> 00:40:01,399
...the State has prosecuted the following
number of individuals in Leningrad:
388
00:40:01,560 --> 00:40:07,192
December 1941: 26 persons.
389
00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:11,957
January 1942: 366 persons.
390
00:40:12,520 --> 00:40:16,354
The first 15 days of February 1942:
391
00:40:16,520 --> 00:40:19,876
494 persons.
392
00:40:22,120 --> 00:40:27,798
The social background
of those convicted is as follows:
393
00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:30,554
1. As to Party membership.
394
00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:35,233
Members and prospective members
of the Communist Party:
395
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:38,313
11 people, 1.24 per cent.
396
00:40:38,720 --> 00:40:42,509
Members of the Youth Organisation:
397
00:40:42,680 --> 00:40:44,751
4 people, 0.4 per cent.
398
00:40:45,280 --> 00:40:49,160
Non-party members: 871 people.
399
00:40:49,320 --> 00:40:53,314
98.51 per cent.
400
00:40:55,320 --> 00:40:57,880
2. As to profession.
401
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:02,116
Workers: 363 people.
402
00:41:02,640 --> 00:41:05,758
Civil servants: 40 people.
403
00:41:05,920 --> 00:41:09,436
Peasants: 6 people.
404
00:42:00,680 --> 00:42:04,514
When [ could go outside again...
405
00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:09,356
...and told people that my mother
and my sister had died...
406
00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:11,431
...they asked:
407
00:42:11,600 --> 00:42:14,274
So how come you are still alive?
408
00:42:15,040 --> 00:42:20,911
Because it was obvious
I'd been nibbling at their rations.
409
00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:27,599
At that time 'nibbling' was a word often used.
410
00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:35,919
And then I came across the cat Stripey.
411
00:42:38,920 --> 00:42:42,231
I used to feed her before the war.
412
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:47,110
My mother would also throw her some food.
413
00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:53,194
And now the cat was hoping, of course,
that I'd give her something.
414
00:43:11,320 --> 00:43:16,349
But my first thought was to eat Stripey.
415
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:22,033
And of course we did.
416
00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:26,751
I held her head
and our neighbour hacked it off.
417
00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:31,835
We had one of those chopping blocks
in the kitchen.
418
00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:35,152
We chopped the cat to bits on that.
419
00:43:35,320 --> 00:43:41,157
She cooked the cat, but I ate all of her.
420
00:43:41,320 --> 00:43:43,755
She said: I can't.
421
00:43:48,440 --> 00:43:52,638
That's the story of the cat.
And of the painting.
422
00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:57,634
It's called: You want to five after all.
423
00:43:58,360 --> 00:44:01,000
Because all three of us wanted to live.
424
00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:04,591
Like in my painting.
425
00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:07,400
And if you have to choose...
426
00:44:09,360 --> 00:44:12,000
...people are just stronger.
427
00:44:12,160 --> 00:44:14,390
She was killed and eaten.
428
00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:19,236
I ate most of her, as it was my birthday.
429
00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:23,198
I turned eleven that day.
430
00:44:57,720 --> 00:45:01,429
Well well, the whole family.
431
00:45:01,600 --> 00:45:02,874
Hello.
432
00:45:03,240 --> 00:45:07,438
Good afternoon.
- Nice to have you here too, Alyona.
433
00:45:08,160 --> 00:45:12,199
Why didn't you tell us
all three of you were coming?
434
00:45:12,360 --> 00:45:15,910
There's awhole herd of us.
435
00:45:21,520 --> 00:45:25,150
What kind of tea?
- Doesn't matter.
436
00:45:25,320 --> 00:45:27,118
There's all kinds.
437
00:45:27,280 --> 00:45:32,798
Daddy wants herbal tea.
Ask him where it is.
438
00:45:32,960 --> 00:45:37,557
He put it in the red fin.
439
00:45:40,280 --> 00:45:43,398
We'll have this one.
- We only drink nice teas.
440
00:45:46,960 --> 00:45:51,511
Only half the people of Leningrad...
441
00:45:51,680 --> 00:45:54,752
...survived the blockade.
442
00:45:54,920 --> 00:45:57,560
That is terrible.
443
00:45:57,720 --> 00:46:05,720
In spite of the blockade,
the Secret Service...
444
00:46:05,960 --> 00:46:10,477
...the so-called KGB,
kept on functioning as usual.
445
00:46:10,640 --> 00:46:16,033
People who had even the slightest criticism...
446
00:46:16,200 --> 00:46:19,875
...of the situation in the city...
447
00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:27,356
...ended up in prison.
Most of them never came out again.
448
00:46:27,920 --> 00:46:30,309
The government made everything
top secret.
449
00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:36,192
It was important
that the people wouldn't know...
450
00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:38,795
...how many people died.
451
00:46:38,960 --> 00:46:43,113
The news from the city should sound militant.
452
00:46:43,280 --> 00:46:45,635
Everybody was a Defender of the City.
453
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:47,711
Everybody was a hero.
- Everybody a hero.
454
00:46:48,640 --> 00:46:52,429
We never lose. We always win.
455
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:58,118
Officially there are always fewer victims
than in reality.
456
00:46:58,280 --> 00:47:01,113
Same as in the Piskarev cemetery.
457
00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:08,277
First people said that half a million
Leningrad civilians were buried there.
458
00:47:08,440 --> 00:47:13,037
Then it was 700,000, and then 900,000.
459
00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:17,956
And now that there's no longer
any fear of persecution...
460
00:47:18,120 --> 00:47:20,270
...they speak of a million people.
461
00:47:23,240 --> 00:47:26,870
The truth was kept well hidden.
462
00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:30,719
And the question is
if we know the truth now.
463
00:47:30,880 --> 00:47:33,474
That's right.
464
00:47:33,640 --> 00:47:38,840
We still don't know what really happened.
There are so many lies about.
465
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,753
Every new leader comes up
with the story that suits him.
466
00:47:41,920 --> 00:47:46,153
In fifty years' time,
our children will kKnow...
467
00:47:46,320 --> 00:47:49,153
...a completely different story
about the war.
468
00:47:49,320 --> 00:47:51,914
Not the story we know now.
469
00:47:53,760 --> 00:47:56,593
This legendary story
of courage and heroism...
470
00:47:56,760 --> 00:48:00,879
...raises delight and admiration
among the younger generation...
471
00:48:01,040 --> 00:48:05,591
...and will forever be etched in the minds
of future generations.
472
00:48:05,760 --> 00:48:11,278
The Heroic City,
is the name that the Soviet people...
473
00:48:11,440 --> 00:48:13,750
...have bestowed on Leningrad
in gratitude.
474
00:48:22,920 --> 00:48:28,074
Heroic City of Leningrad
475
00:48:38,120 --> 00:48:42,751
You know, there was a rivalry
between the two capitals.
476
00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,799
Between Moscow and Leningrad.
- Their leaders.
477
00:48:45,960 --> 00:48:49,316
The heroism shown by the city...
478
00:48:49,480 --> 00:48:53,599
...would linger in people's memories.
479
00:48:53,760 --> 00:48:56,798
And they didn't want that in Moscow, we think.
480
00:48:57,120 --> 00:49:04,993
Clearly, this heroism didn't go down well
with Stalin's friends Malenkov and Beria.
481
00:49:05,320 --> 00:49:09,075
They fed Stalin the story...
482
00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:13,632
...that the Leningrad leaders
were preparing a coup.
483
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:16,633
And Stalin began to doubt.
484
00:49:17,160 --> 00:49:20,630
Then they started the 'Leningrad Case'.
485
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:26,159
It started with the destruction of the Museum
of the Leningrad Blockade.
486
00:49:26,320 --> 00:49:30,917
For many years there was an unspoken ban...
487
00:49:31,840 --> 00:49:35,071
...on mentioning the Leningrad Blockade.
488
00:49:35,240 --> 00:49:39,029
Our parents kept silent.
489
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:43,990
And so we, as children, did the same.
490
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:46,953
It is a controversial subject.
491
00:49:47,120 --> 00:49:53,878
Because there were also many good things
in the Stalin years.
492
00:49:54,040 --> 00:49:59,638
And it was thanks to Stalin
that we won the war.
493
00:49:59,920 --> 00:50:05,438
There were many good things
in our youth and in our country.
494
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:09,116
And they should have been kept.
495
00:50:09,280 --> 00:50:13,592
And the bad should have been corrected.
496
00:50:13,760 --> 00:50:15,751
Stalin didn't do it on his own.
497
00:50:15,920 --> 00:50:21,552
The falling apart of the Soviet Union...
498
00:50:21,720 --> 00:50:25,111
...was very painful for us.
499
00:50:25,280 --> 00:50:27,954
And we will never quite understand.
500
00:50:28,120 --> 00:50:34,639
It wasn't necessary, is what we think.
501
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:36,996
But unfortunately it happened.
502
00:50:37,160 --> 00:50:44,032
Future historians will have to investigate it.
503
00:50:55,040 --> 00:50:58,351
Welcome, Vadim Paviovich.
504
00:50:58,520 --> 00:51:04,869
These are pupils of Lyceum 419, form 8B.
505
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:09,591
We've come to congratulate you on
the 65th anniversary of the Great Victory.
506
00:51:09,760 --> 00:51:13,310
I thank you very much.
507
00:51:13,480 --> 00:51:16,154
Good health to you.
508
00:51:16,320 --> 00:51:21,190
And here is a small present to go with it.
509
00:51:22,040 --> 00:51:24,350
This veteran is standing here...
510
00:51:24,520 --> 00:51:26,955
...eye to eye with future heroes.
511
00:51:28,320 --> 00:51:33,440
And may your family, friends
and acquaintances always love you.
512
00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:39,437
I'd like it of my acquaintances.
My family loves me enough.
513
00:51:40,280 --> 00:51:43,238
Thank you very much.
514
00:51:49,560 --> 00:51:52,632
Can you show us your medals?
- Yes.
515
00:51:54,160 --> 00:52:02,033
I apologise for not having put them on yet.
516
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:08,196
Today I don't feel so very, very...
517
00:52:08,360 --> 00:52:11,716
I'm going to do a bit of boasting.
518
00:52:13,040 --> 00:52:18,718
These medals tell you where I have been.
519
00:52:18,880 --> 00:52:23,590
This is the medal for '65 years of Victory'.
520
00:52:23,880 --> 00:52:29,114
This medal is for the liberation of Belarus.
521
00:52:29,280 --> 00:52:35,151
I took part in Operation Bagration.
522
00:52:35,440 --> 00:52:39,320
I was with the 6th Air Force Brigade
of our army.
523
00:52:40,280 --> 00:52:43,477
I also have the 'Medal of the Blockade'...
524
00:52:43,640 --> 00:52:47,634
.for the citizens of the blockaded Leningrad.
525
00:52:48,800 --> 00:52:51,076
Look, this one.
526
00:52:51,240 --> 00:52:52,992
This medal here.
527
00:52:53,320 --> 00:52:58,759
In the winter of 1942
I had just finished school.
528
00:52:58,920 --> 00:53:02,879
I had to walk to my job.
529
00:53:03,040 --> 00:53:06,556
I walked along a snowed up street...
530
00:53:06,720 --> 00:53:10,600
...and people with corpses would pass me.
531
00:53:10,760 --> 00:53:15,277
They were wrapped in sheets or a cloth...
532
00:53:15,440 --> 00:53:18,114
...and they were dragged along
on kids' sledges.
533
00:53:18,280 --> 00:53:23,070
I counted them as I walked on.
534
00:53:23,240 --> 00:53:28,599
Vhen I'd counted 25,
I knew that I had nearly arrived.
535
00:53:28,760 --> 00:53:30,990
Twenty-five dead bodies.
536
00:53:33,720 --> 00:53:36,838
That's what I remember.
537
00:53:48,640 --> 00:53:53,111
During the Leningrad Blockade
people mostly died...
538
00:53:53,280 --> 00:53:57,672
...of dystrophy.
These are pictures from this time.
539
00:53:57,840 --> 00:54:04,109
Dystrophy emaciates the body.
It's an illness that is...
540
00:54:04,480 --> 00:54:10,920
...dangerous and creeping.
The body is harmed irrevocably.
541
00:54:14,120 --> 00:54:19,115
That is why the death toll remained high
for so long after the winter.
542
00:54:19,280 --> 00:54:21,590
Are you okay?
543
00:54:24,960 --> 00:54:26,280
Hold this for me.
544
00:54:28,440 --> 00:54:31,637
Let's put him on a chair.
545
00:54:33,840 --> 00:54:36,434
It happens during subjects like these.
546
00:54:36,600 --> 00:54:38,750
Especially to emotional types.
547
00:54:41,480 --> 00:54:44,199
Where was I?
548
00:54:44,360 --> 00:54:48,399
What is aspic made from?
549
00:54:48,560 --> 00:54:53,680
From bones with good meat.
At this time it was made from wood glue.
550
00:54:55,400 --> 00:54:58,756
During the famine, people processed...
551
00:54:58,920 --> 00:55:02,390
...horses' reins, belts, gloves, shoes...
552
00:55:02,560 --> 00:55:04,790
...and even machine lubricants.
553
00:55:50,000 --> 00:55:54,153
I am nearly 80, so I don't have long to go.
554
00:55:55,880 --> 00:56:00,875
L'am afraid of the next world.
555
00:56:01,040 --> 00:56:05,876
For I have sinned and I will bum for it.
556
00:56:06,040 --> 00:56:12,753
I once asked a priest this:
557
00:56:14,120 --> 00:56:16,430
Do you know the story...
558
00:56:16,600 --> 00:56:22,152
...that story about the woman
who had two little daughters?
559
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:24,837
One of them died.
560
00:56:25,200 --> 00:56:30,434
She put the little girl on the sill
in between the double window panes.
561
00:56:31,240 --> 00:56:34,312
And there she lay all winter, in the cold.
562
00:56:34,480 --> 00:56:38,439
Her mother kept cutting off
small pieces of her flesh.
563
00:56:38,600 --> 00:56:42,798
She made soup with them
for her other daughter.
564
00:56:42,960 --> 00:56:47,670
It is sinful to eat that meat?
I asked the priest.
565
00:56:47,840 --> 00:56:55,429
Is it forhidden? Or is it love?
566
00:56:56,800 --> 00:56:59,758
Of course I would say: Love.
567
00:56:59,920 --> 00:57:03,595
But he said: Cannibalism is forbidden.
568
00:57:03,760 --> 00:57:08,072
I said: How can you judge...
569
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:12,277
...what is sinful and what is not,
in this world?
570
00:57:12,440 --> 00:57:15,193
I don't understand.
571
00:57:18,280 --> 00:57:21,910
I think it is purely love.
572
00:57:40,240 --> 00:57:45,599
I can't find the photos of my parents
during the blockade.
573
00:57:46,640 --> 00:57:50,190
Nor that photo of me.
574
00:57:50,360 --> 00:57:52,715
Not in the red album?
575
00:57:52,880 --> 00:57:58,193
I also worked as a telegrapher in the Army.
576
00:57:58,360 --> 00:58:01,113
I do have that photo.
577
00:58:02,120 --> 00:58:03,474
This one.
578
00:58:04,640 --> 00:58:07,314
How old were you then?
579
00:58:07,480 --> 00:58:09,551
Nineteen or twenty.
580
00:58:10,800 --> 00:58:12,711
Did you know that photo, Alex?
581
00:58:14,760 --> 00:58:16,637
I've seen it before, yes.
582
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:18,950
When you were very small.
583
00:58:19,120 --> 00:58:22,670
I'm not interested in the war that much.
- Quite right, too.
584
00:58:23,680 --> 00:58:25,557
If I'm honest.
585
00:58:25,720 --> 00:58:29,554
Have you ever talked to your mother
about the blockade?
586
00:58:31,480 --> 00:58:33,869
Never really seriously.
587
00:58:46,720 --> 00:58:51,954
Don't you want to know
what she went through?
588
00:58:54,440 --> 00:59:00,277
I know roughly. She was not in the city
but at the front as a telegrapher.
589
00:59:00,440 --> 00:59:03,034
No, I was in the city,
especially in the Hunger Winter.
590
00:59:03,200 --> 00:59:06,511
You weren't in the city but at the front.
- No.
591
00:59:06,680 --> 00:59:10,674
No, during the siege
I was in the district of Kronstadt.
592
00:59:11,320 --> 00:59:14,312
During that terrible winter.
593
00:59:14,480 --> 00:59:18,155
When people died by the dozens.
594
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:25,391
Only later, in May 1942,
were we evacuated.
595
00:59:25,560 --> 00:59:30,077
You've simply not remembered
when I told you.
596
00:59:30,520 --> 00:59:33,911
It didn't really interest me.
- I understand that.
597
00:59:34,080 --> 00:59:37,072
You were still at school.
598
00:59:38,240 --> 00:59:43,030
We didn't really talk about it at home.
599
01:00:14,800 --> 01:00:17,030
I don't want anything.
600
01:00:22,280 --> 01:00:24,157
Would you like a roll then?
601
01:00:24,320 --> 01:00:27,233
I told you I don't want anything.
602
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:30,836
I've just been told that I've grown fatter.
603
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:32,035
That's a fact.
604
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:37,149
They say I must lose weight.
- But not necessarily today?
605
01:00:37,320 --> 01:00:42,440
Well, I'd better start.
- Try the meat aspic.
606
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:45,274
There's no better aspic than mine.
607
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:50,189
I make it for every party.
608
01:00:52,720 --> 01:00:58,318
In my meat aspic
there's hardly any jelly, only meat.
609
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:10,749
I was looking at your medals,
I don't know them.
610
01:01:10,920 --> 01:01:14,914
Don't you know them?
611
01:01:18,680 --> 01:01:22,310
There are only two of these.
612
01:01:25,920 --> 01:01:28,799
I'll tell you the story.
613
01:01:28,960 --> 01:01:31,713
I was only sixteen.
614
01:01:32,760 --> 01:01:37,630
Our brigade was preparing to break through
the Leningrad Blockade.
615
01:01:38,760 --> 01:01:41,912
When our commander saw me...
616
01:01:42,080 --> 01:01:45,072
...he sent me on leave.
617
01:01:45,240 --> 01:01:48,915
He said: Go and visit your family.
618
01:01:49,080 --> 01:01:52,914
While I was away
our whole brigade was killed.
619
01:02:10,440 --> 01:02:13,398
Honoured veterans...
620
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:16,433
.l propose a toast to Victory.
621
01:02:17,920 --> 01:02:21,197
There you go. To you!
622
01:02:21,360 --> 01:02:26,389
To all warriors of the Great War of the Nation.
623
01:02:36,320 --> 01:02:40,314
I laboured for forty years at this university.
624
01:02:40,960 --> 01:02:45,033
Let's drink to our brave commanders
625
01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:48,716
to those who perished in the snow
626
01:02:49,600 --> 01:02:53,230
to those who struggled
through the bogs around Leningrad
627
01:02:53,400 --> 01:02:57,314
right through enemy fire
628
01:02:57,800 --> 01:03:01,873
to those who struggled
through the bogs around Leningrad
629
01:03:02,040 --> 01:03:05,749
right through enemy fire
630
01:03:06,240 --> 01:03:13,112
We drink to the boys who were
under artillery fire for weeks
631
01:03:13,880 --> 01:03:17,794
We drink to the motherland
we drink to Stalin
632
01:03:17,960 --> 01:03:21,794
We drink and fill our glasses again
633
01:03:21,960 --> 01:03:25,919
We drink to the motherland
we drink to Stalin
634
01:03:26,080 --> 01:03:30,153
We drink and fill our glasses again
635
01:03:59,360 --> 01:04:02,113
Comrades, congratulations
on the Day of Victory!
636
01:04:19,640 --> 01:04:23,634
From 1948 onwards...
637
01:04:23,800 --> 01:04:29,796
...we heard about the Leningrad Case.
638
01:04:29,960 --> 01:04:33,316
That's when the whole thing started.
639
01:04:33,480 --> 01:04:36,950
Then the Museum of the Leningrad Blockade
was destroyed.
640
01:04:37,120 --> 01:04:42,399
All those who had been in authority
in Leningrad in those terrible years...
641
01:04:42,560 --> 01:04:47,873
...were shot or put away in a camp.
642
01:04:49,440 --> 01:04:55,709
It was forbidden to talk about it,
but that was never officially stated, of course.
643
01:04:55,880 --> 01:05:01,796
It was an unspoken ban,
but it was a ban.
644
01:05:01,960 --> 01:05:06,636
There was no ban.
What do you mean we couldn't speak?
645
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:11,431
I was born and bred here.
I worked ever since I was fourteen.
646
01:05:11,600 --> 01:05:13,830
Aban? No.
647
01:05:14,280 --> 01:05:18,717
All over the world there is secret information.
648
01:05:18,880 --> 01:05:25,593
In the United States, information was leaked
through the Internet recently.
649
01:05:25,760 --> 01:05:32,473
It was immediately a scandal.
It happens in every country, you know.
650
01:05:32,640 --> 01:05:38,955
But I remember that
when the Leningrad Case started...
651
01:05:39,120 --> 01:05:45,036
...my father, who had fought
at the Leningrad front, was wondering...
652
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:48,670
...how it was possible
that our army commanders...
653
01:05:48,840 --> 01:05:52,356
...had suddenly become
enemies of the people.
654
01:05:52,520 --> 01:05:55,876
They had defended the city
against the Germans.
655
01:05:56,040 --> 01:05:58,475
They had done a good job.
656
01:05:58,640 --> 01:06:04,318
Suddenly they were enemies of the people.
He couldn't understand that.
657
01:06:04,480 --> 01:06:08,917
We lived in one room,
50l heard everything.
658
01:06:09,080 --> 01:06:14,075
Until his death, my father couldn't believe it.
659
01:06:14,240 --> 01:06:19,474
He was convinced that
their persecution had been unjust.
660
01:06:25,720 --> 01:06:30,840
There were some people
who were in doubt...
661
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:35,119
...but also people who took it to be the truth.
662
01:06:35,280 --> 01:06:38,193
People believed in the leaders: Stalin...
663
01:06:38,360 --> 01:06:41,398
...Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Zhdanov.
664
01:06:41,560 --> 01:06:46,589
Just before he died he talked to me about it.
665
01:06:46,760 --> 01:06:50,799
He died in '67 and he told me a lot.
666
01:06:53,720 --> 01:06:58,874
But it's difficult for me to talk about it.
667
01:06:59,040 --> 01:07:03,591
It was a taboo subject, but he was dying
and he told me everything.
668
01:07:03,760 --> 01:07:07,390
He died of a cancer that he contracted
when he worked...
669
01:07:07,560 --> 01:07:13,556
...in de uranium mines in Murmansk. He'd
been sent there as an enemy of the people.
670
01:07:13,720 --> 01:07:16,712
Deported?
- Yes, deported.
671
01:07:16,880 --> 01:07:21,113
Not 'sent'
- That's what I meant.
672
01:07:21,280 --> 01:07:25,274
What did he tell you?
673
01:07:26,920 --> 01:07:32,199
You know...
- Let's have something positive now!
674
01:07:32,360 --> 01:07:38,276
I'm afraid to repeat it.
No, I don't want to repeat it...
675
01:07:38,440 --> 01:07:41,751
...because they were such horrible words.
676
01:07:43,840 --> 01:07:47,959
Did he believe in the leader?
- No, he didn't.
677
01:07:48,120 --> 01:07:53,115
That was all in the past. But we had
a happy and cheerful future ahead of us.
678
01:07:53,280 --> 01:07:57,638
Nearly all of us here are highly educated.
679
01:07:57,800 --> 01:08:01,077
Agood education was our ambition.
680
01:08:01,240 --> 01:08:05,757
We all worked as engineers.
681
01:08:05,920 --> 01:08:09,038
We think we've had happy lives.
682
01:08:09,200 --> 01:08:11,953
And that's true.
- Certainly.
683
01:08:12,120 --> 01:08:15,670
We're talking about something
that's long gone now.
684
01:08:15,840 --> 01:08:20,835
We are a happy generation.
Ve can be proud of our memories.
685
01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:25,710
We were happy that there
wasn't going to be another war...
686
01:09:46,880 --> 01:09:49,952
Higher, so people can see it.
687
01:09:52,520 --> 01:09:55,194
Move over a bit.
688
01:09:58,520 --> 01:10:01,876
Survivors of the Leningrad Blockade.
689
01:10:47,320 --> 01:10:50,233
Shall I show you?
- Please.
690
01:10:54,800 --> 01:10:56,916
In the other half.
691
01:10:59,600 --> 01:11:01,352
Throw them on the table.
692
01:11:02,560 --> 01:11:05,279
They're insignificant medals.
693
01:11:15,920 --> 01:11:18,958
Look, that's the one.
694
01:11:19,840 --> 01:11:21,672
Yes...
695
01:11:22,080 --> 01:11:24,913
It's faded a bit.
696
01:11:25,080 --> 01:11:27,390
This should be green.
697
01:11:27,880 --> 01:11:31,635
Here, this ribbon.
698
01:11:31,800 --> 01:11:34,838
I got this medal because...
699
01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:39,358
Because she managed not to die
during the blockade.
700
01:11:39,520 --> 01:11:45,516
Because during the blockade
I was in the district of Kronstadt.
701
01:11:45,680 --> 01:11:52,916
In the terrible winter of '41-'42.
702
01:11:53,080 --> 01:11:56,311
Do you ever wear them?
- No. Never.
703
01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:03,312
Why not?
- I don't think it's necessary.
704
01:12:04,520 --> 01:12:08,434
Itisn't necessary. Why should I...
- There's nothing to show off.
705
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:14,232
It is a medal for the victims
of the Stalin regime...
706
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:18,633
...who happened to survive the war.
707
01:12:23,600 --> 01:12:26,274
These medals don't mean anything.
708
01:12:26,440 --> 01:12:30,399
Neither Zoya nor I wanted the medals.
709
01:12:30,560 --> 01:12:34,872
Our local administrators handed them out...
710
01:12:35,040 --> 01:12:38,556
...so that we would vote for them.
711
01:12:39,960 --> 01:12:44,158
Such medals are for people...
712
01:12:44,320 --> 01:12:48,871
Who like to decorate themselves
with hits of tin.
713
01:12:52,400 --> 01:12:54,994
On the front it says:
714
01:12:55,200 --> 01:12:57,430
"For the defence of Leningrad".
715
01:12:57,600 --> 01:12:59,511
That's on the front.
716
01:13:00,960 --> 01:13:04,078
On the back: "For our Soviet Motherland".
717
01:13:04,240 --> 01:13:06,117
And a hammer and sickle.
718
01:13:10,320 --> 01:13:12,630
It's faded by now.
719
01:13:13,840 --> 01:13:15,353
For you.
720
01:14:26,440 --> 01:14:28,511
Hoorah!
721
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:32,031
All together now. One, two...
722
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:38,437
Hoorah for the Heroic City Leningrad!
56995
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