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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:06,400 When life gets hectic, it's really important to relax and unwind. 2 00:00:08,040 --> 00:00:10,920 And one of the best ways to do that is to take a bath. 3 00:00:13,360 --> 00:00:16,800 For me, a bath is a real treat. 4 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:20,719 There's no end of choice as to what you put in it. 5 00:00:20,720 --> 00:00:22,600 I like a bath bomb. 6 00:00:26,560 --> 00:00:30,880 In the 1990s, fizzy bath bombs exploded onto the market. 7 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:34,439 Fragrance-filled... 8 00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:36,639 ..calming or invigorating... 9 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:39,840 ..they bring a different dimension to bath time. 10 00:00:41,480 --> 00:00:44,279 So, to reveal the secrets, and the science, 11 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:46,359 behind their colourful contents, 12 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:50,240 I've come to a factory that's been making them for 27 years! 13 00:00:54,440 --> 00:00:56,479 I'm Gregg Wallace... 14 00:00:56,480 --> 00:00:58,159 Mate! 15 00:00:58,160 --> 00:01:01,199 ..and tonight, I'll be adding a bit of sparkle... 16 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,039 Ha-ha! I think I might end up looking like a glam rock guitarist. 17 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:07,439 ..and hand-crafting with colour... 18 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:09,679 What a lovely job this is. 19 00:01:09,680 --> 00:01:12,040 ..to create a kaleidoscopic bath bomb. 20 00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:16,039 Wahey! 21 00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:17,759 I'm Cherry Healey... 22 00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:18,839 Oh, wow. 23 00:01:18,840 --> 00:01:22,959 ..and I'm in search of ethical ways to trial our bathroom potions. 24 00:01:22,960 --> 00:01:26,799 So, you make human skin in a lab, 25 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:28,840 and that's what you test the products on? 26 00:01:29,960 --> 00:01:31,479 Oh, it's horrible. 27 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:32,959 And historian Ruth Goodman... 28 00:01:32,960 --> 00:01:35,439 Whale regurgitation. 29 00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:38,479 ..concocts a death-defying perfume. 30 00:01:38,480 --> 00:01:41,680 And this is going to keep me safe from the plague. 31 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:50,319 This factory produces 14 million bath bombs every single year. 32 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:52,679 And I'm going to reveal just how they do it. 33 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:54,960 Welcome to Inside The Factory. 34 00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:25,360 This is the Lush factory in Dorset. 35 00:02:26,760 --> 00:02:28,440 And it smells amazing! 36 00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:34,759 Here, they make all sorts of colourful cosmetics, 37 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:38,080 with a passion to manufacture in an eco-friendly way. 38 00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:42,680 665 workers make most of them by hand. 39 00:02:45,720 --> 00:02:48,480 Mate, the colours and the smells. 40 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:51,120 This is proper nice. 41 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:55,239 From fancy floral soaps... 42 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:58,119 ..to products for your body and hair. 43 00:02:58,120 --> 00:02:59,399 But... 44 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:02,719 Personally, I'm not that bothered about shampoo, 45 00:03:02,720 --> 00:03:04,759 but I do enjoy a good bath. 46 00:03:04,760 --> 00:03:08,319 So, today, I'm following production of one of their bestsellers - 47 00:03:08,320 --> 00:03:10,360 the Intergalactic bath bomb. 48 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:17,639 It may sound out of this world, 49 00:03:17,640 --> 00:03:21,119 but my bath bomb starts life far more down to earth. 50 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:25,880 at Intake, where I'm meeting Warehouse Manager Chris Smith. 51 00:03:28,280 --> 00:03:29,879 Hello, Chris. 52 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:32,199 You all right, Gregg? Nice to see you. Good to meet you. 53 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:34,919 So, making a bath bomb, what do we have to start with? 54 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,759 Right now, we actually have a delivery of sodium bicarbonate, 55 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:41,479 which is our main ingredient that helps make our bath bombs fizz. 56 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:43,440 Let's go and see that inside. 57 00:03:45,120 --> 00:03:48,679 The lorry contains six tonnes of sodium bicarbonate, 58 00:03:48,680 --> 00:03:50,599 imported from France. 59 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:53,200 Enough to make 36,000 bath bombs. 60 00:03:54,320 --> 00:03:58,439 And as the super-sized, one-tonne sacks of powder are unloaded, 61 00:03:58,440 --> 00:04:01,200 my bath bomb production begins. 62 00:04:06,600 --> 00:04:08,119 But before we crack on, 63 00:04:08,120 --> 00:04:12,080 I want to know how this ingredient makes my bath bombs fizz. 64 00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:17,479 So, Gregg, this is our sodium bicarbonate. 65 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:19,079 Yeah. What exactly is it? 66 00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:21,239 It's just baking soda. And what's the other one? 67 00:04:21,240 --> 00:04:23,759 So, the other one we've got here is citric acid. 68 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,679 When you use baking soda, you need an acid to help it react to 69 00:04:27,680 --> 00:04:31,559 create carbon dioxide. That gives it the rise and the fluff. 70 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:34,879 In baking, you might use lemon juice. We use citric acid. 71 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:36,719 When that mixes with water, 72 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:39,839 it creates carbon dioxide, that gives it that extra fizz. 73 00:04:39,840 --> 00:04:43,399 The procedure that makes my cake rise is the same procedure 74 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:46,479 that's making your bathwater fizz? It certainly is. 75 00:04:46,480 --> 00:04:49,959 So, here, we have a mix of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. 76 00:04:49,960 --> 00:04:52,160 If you'd like to pour it into the water. 77 00:04:54,200 --> 00:04:55,879 Whoa! 78 00:04:55,880 --> 00:04:57,999 That certainly fizzes. 79 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,960 What you're teaching me here, my friend, is the biz of fizz. 80 00:05:05,320 --> 00:05:08,479 When mixed with water, the two powders dissolve 81 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:12,359 and react to form sodium citrate and carbon dioxide. 82 00:05:12,360 --> 00:05:17,160 And it's the emission of this gas, as bubbles, that creates all the fizz. 83 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:21,919 Thank you very much indeed. 84 00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:23,759 I now know how to make fizz. 85 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:26,159 You're welcome, Gregg. 86 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:29,159 It looks fun, but the bubbles also disperse the colour 87 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:30,520 and scent in the bath. 88 00:05:32,320 --> 00:05:37,159 Sodium bicarbonate has deodorising properties and a softening effect on 89 00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:43,160 hard water, soothing your skin, and creating a super-relaxing bath time. 90 00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:49,999 I do find a good, hot soak is a great way to de-stress 91 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:52,319 after a long, hard day. 92 00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:56,319 But what is that time in the tub actually doing to our body? 93 00:05:56,320 --> 00:05:59,680 Cherry has been dipping her toe into the science. 94 00:06:08,840 --> 00:06:11,079 Now, I love a relaxing soak, too, 95 00:06:11,080 --> 00:06:13,079 but I've been told that a bath 96 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:16,759 can also provide some of the benefits of exercise. 97 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:18,320 Can that really be true? 98 00:06:20,440 --> 00:06:23,839 To find out more, I've come to Loughborough University 99 00:06:23,840 --> 00:06:25,719 to meet Dr Christof Leicht, 100 00:06:25,720 --> 00:06:27,639 who's conducted studies to 101 00:06:27,640 --> 00:06:31,359 investigate how hot baths could help our health. 102 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:33,759 Hi, Christof. Lovely to meet you. Hi, Cherry. 103 00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:37,159 So, you're saying that hot baths can have health benefits? 104 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:39,599 So, we've done lots of research in this area. 105 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:43,479 And, yes, we do get some health benefits by taking hot baths. 106 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:46,399 There's quite a lot of evidence that when people raise their body 107 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:49,079 temperature regularly, they get health benefits from that. 108 00:06:49,080 --> 00:06:51,079 It's like all my dreams come true. 109 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:53,639 But it's not going to be a replacement for exercise. 110 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:56,399 This could be interesting for people who can't exercise, right? 111 00:06:56,400 --> 00:06:59,319 So, people with a disability or people who are frail, 112 00:06:59,320 --> 00:07:01,879 and for them, it will be useful to have another thing 113 00:07:01,880 --> 00:07:03,759 to do if they can't do exercise. 114 00:07:03,760 --> 00:07:07,080 So, would they get the same thing by having a bath? 115 00:07:08,880 --> 00:07:12,719 Regular exercise strengthens the heart and blood vessels, 116 00:07:12,720 --> 00:07:16,959 improving circulation and lowering resting blood pressure. 117 00:07:16,960 --> 00:07:21,279 Christof wants to show me how blood pressure can also be lowered 118 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,759 with hot bathing, by putting my body to the test. 119 00:07:24,760 --> 00:07:27,399 I am a bit nervous, actually. OK... 120 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:30,479 First, he measures my blood pressure at rest... 121 00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:32,119 ..and my heart rate 122 00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:34,000 to help us compare them later. 123 00:07:34,960 --> 00:07:36,119 OK. 124 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:38,919 We also need to measure my core body temperature. 125 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:42,319 And for that, I have to swallow a high-tech thermometer, 126 00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:44,799 hidden inside this pill. 127 00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:46,279 Are you kidding me?! 128 00:07:46,280 --> 00:07:49,199 OK, so, three, two, one. 129 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:50,600 Down the hatch. 130 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:56,599 Oh, God. I'm officially a cyborg. 131 00:07:56,600 --> 00:08:00,240 A receiver will read the transmitter through my body. 132 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:05,159 Let's go. I'm all set for that 30-minute hot bath. 133 00:08:05,160 --> 00:08:06,639 After you. Thank you. 134 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:10,160 But it's not quite the spa experience I had in mind. 135 00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:17,679 Oh, oh! That is pretty hot. 136 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:21,159 The bathwater is a steamy 39 degrees Celsius. 137 00:08:21,160 --> 00:08:22,360 Go in. 138 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:26,240 Oh, my gosh. That is warm. 139 00:08:28,400 --> 00:08:31,880 Two degrees hotter than my usual bathwater at home. 140 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:37,279 I'm sweating. 141 00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:41,279 I'm really hot and starting to get a bit uncomfortable. 142 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:44,560 I can feel the heat getting my heart pumping. 143 00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:47,879 So, what is going on in my body right now? 144 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:49,799 So, your resting heart rate was 62, 145 00:08:49,800 --> 00:08:52,319 and now we're, after ten minutes in the bath only, 146 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:55,399 it's 75, because all the blood of your body will be directed 147 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:57,759 to your skin to try and cool the body. 148 00:08:57,760 --> 00:09:02,399 So, it's having to work really hard to get that blood around my body, 149 00:09:02,400 --> 00:09:05,079 so that it can find somewhere to cool off. That's right. 150 00:09:05,080 --> 00:09:07,559 I feel like it's time to measure my little robot friend. 151 00:09:07,560 --> 00:09:09,479 That's right. I'll read it. 152 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:11,439 So that is 38.13. 153 00:09:11,440 --> 00:09:14,600 Oh. So, you're up by a degree. 154 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:19,879 One degree doesn't sound much, but, for my core temperature, 155 00:09:19,880 --> 00:09:24,560 it's a big increase that my body is working hard to try to correct. 156 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:28,519 Let's get your blood pressure, yeah? 157 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:31,719 So, your blood pressure is now 103 by 50. 158 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:33,679 So, the lower number has gone down, 159 00:09:33,680 --> 00:09:34,999 and the lower number is 160 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:37,879 basically a measure for how open your blood vessels are. 161 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:39,479 So, they're all open now, right? 162 00:09:39,480 --> 00:09:41,199 Your blood rushes to the surface, 163 00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:43,319 and that's quite a decent drop that we find here. 164 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:45,879 So, my blood vessels have all opened... Yes. 165 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:48,639 ..to let the blood through, to go to my skin... That's right. 166 00:09:48,640 --> 00:09:51,559 ..to try and cool it down? That's right. 167 00:09:51,560 --> 00:09:56,919 My blood pressure lowers and my heart rate continues to increase... 168 00:09:56,920 --> 00:09:58,559 106, 107. 169 00:09:58,560 --> 00:10:00,159 108, 109. 170 00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:02,879 ..over the course of the 30-minute bath. 171 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:05,759 Is it time to get out? Let's go. But take it slowly. 172 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:08,999 Sometimes people feel a bit light-headed. 173 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:11,440 I do. I actually do feel a bit light-headed. 174 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:17,200 Whilst I dry off, Dr Christof analyses the data. 175 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:23,119 What did these results show about what's going on inside my body? 176 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:26,120 In the bath, basically, that heart rate goes up... 177 00:10:27,720 --> 00:10:31,239 ..in order to distribute the blood towards the skin's surface. 178 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:33,679 And what's quite interesting as well is the blood pressure. 179 00:10:33,680 --> 00:10:35,719 In the bath, that decreases blood pressure 180 00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:38,039 because all your vessels open up. 181 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:40,399 So, from these results and the research you've done, 182 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:43,719 what would you say is the overall benefit of having a really hot bath? 183 00:10:43,720 --> 00:10:46,399 I think what your results show, quite nicely, was that 184 00:10:46,400 --> 00:10:49,999 decrease in blood pressure. So if you were to repeat these baths 185 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:52,839 three times weekly, over six to eight weeks or so, 186 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:55,479 then even your resting blood pressure could come down. 187 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:57,399 And that's, in general, a very good thing. 188 00:10:57,400 --> 00:10:59,879 High blood pressure is a risk factor for many 189 00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:02,679 cardiovascular diseases like heart-related issues, 190 00:11:02,680 --> 00:11:04,599 stroke and so on. 191 00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:06,639 Can I swap exercise for hot baths? 192 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:08,879 A bath doesn't replace exercise. 193 00:11:08,880 --> 00:11:12,239 It may be a very good solution for people who can't exercise, 194 00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:14,959 for whatever reason, for disability, frailty. 195 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:17,639 But if you can exercise, you should do exercise. 196 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:20,599 So, hot baths cannot replace exercise, 197 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:23,200 but they can be quite good for your heart. Absolutely. 198 00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:28,679 But before you run a really hot bath, 199 00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:32,799 make sure it's not over 39 degrees Celsius. 200 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:36,759 And it's not useful for those with existing low blood pressure, 201 00:11:36,760 --> 00:11:40,280 so check with your GP before you take the plunge. 202 00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:53,719 Here at the factory, I'm hoping to raise the bath-time 203 00:11:53,720 --> 00:11:56,840 heart rate with some fizzy surprises. 204 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:04,039 One tonne of sodium bicarbonate is locked 205 00:12:04,040 --> 00:12:06,240 and loaded onto a giant hopper... 206 00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:11,640 ..in a department they call Ballistics. 207 00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:15,679 So, that's where I'm headed, to prep the explosive 208 00:12:15,680 --> 00:12:19,720 powder for my bath bombs with compounder Paulo Silva. 209 00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:25,159 Mate, you have got a great factory. 210 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:27,559 I've got the best job in the world. Paolo, good to meet you. 211 00:12:27,560 --> 00:12:30,679 Nice to meet you. What is a good bath bomb? 212 00:12:30,680 --> 00:12:33,119 A good bath bomb is going to lift your spirits, 213 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:35,759 make you feel happy, joyful. Mate! 214 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:38,879 That's the most inspirational line I think I've heard in a factory. 215 00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:40,079 Well, I do appreciate that. 216 00:12:40,080 --> 00:12:43,559 So, first, we have to fill our mixer with our main ingredient, 217 00:12:43,560 --> 00:12:45,400 sodium bicarbonate. 218 00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:49,439 Now, I'm going to press a button. Press the button, Paolo. 219 00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:50,960 Press the button. 220 00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:56,839 So, now, vacuum is created and our bicarbonate is coming through 221 00:12:56,840 --> 00:12:58,360 this chute and into our machine. 222 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:04,199 800kg of sodium bicarbonate enter the mixer. 223 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:06,640 Enough to make 6,000 bath bombs. 224 00:13:09,120 --> 00:13:12,440 This factory can use up to 67 tonnes every week! 225 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:16,959 But there's no citric acid for fizz yet. 226 00:13:16,960 --> 00:13:19,200 This is all about creating colour. 227 00:13:22,560 --> 00:13:24,479 Right, it's completely white. 228 00:13:24,480 --> 00:13:26,679 It is. Are we going to add some colour? 229 00:13:26,680 --> 00:13:27,960 Yes, we are. 230 00:13:30,040 --> 00:13:34,000 The factory uses more than 100 unique blends of colour. 231 00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:39,839 My Intergalactic bomb calls for three super-bright pigments. 232 00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:41,279 Blue... 233 00:13:41,280 --> 00:13:42,399 ..pink... 234 00:13:42,400 --> 00:13:44,359 ..and yellow. 235 00:13:44,360 --> 00:13:48,519 The mixes are all made in separate batches, transforming them 236 00:13:48,520 --> 00:13:51,439 from the snow-white sodium bicarb. 237 00:13:51,440 --> 00:13:53,519 Today, we're going to be doing the blue mix. 238 00:13:53,520 --> 00:13:55,759 So, would you kindly... Take a bucket over. 239 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:58,440 ..bring the bucket into our mixer, please? That's heavy. 240 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:04,399 This synthetic pigment is similar to food colouring for home baking. 241 00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:07,960 But for bath bombs, it comes by the bucket-load! 242 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:14,919 Oh! Everything is going from white powder to a turquoise blue. 243 00:14:14,920 --> 00:14:17,159 Yes. And it will just get darker and darker. 244 00:14:17,160 --> 00:14:19,199 Is that right? Yes. 245 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:22,479 Usually, we wouldn't be using this mixer with a lid open 246 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:25,279 but, today, we'll make an exception so that you can have a better 247 00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:27,559 understanding of how our ingredients are mixed. 248 00:14:27,560 --> 00:14:29,799 Through the clouds, you can see it turning colour. 249 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,000 Very smart. Very nice. 250 00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:38,679 120cm-long paddles spin at a leisurely 251 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:41,959 26 rotations a minute to stop clumps forming. 252 00:14:41,960 --> 00:14:46,160 And in just 40 minutes, the dye is fully mixed into the powder. 253 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:50,439 What's the next big bit? 254 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,599 Fragrance. And for that, you're going to go to the fragrance room 255 00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:56,119 to speak with Emma. Emma in the fragrance room. Yes. 256 00:14:56,120 --> 00:14:57,520 Thank you, Paolo. 257 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:07,439 To ensure its bath bombs are sweet-smelling as well as colourful, 258 00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:10,759 the factory has its own perfumier, Emma Vincent, 259 00:15:10,760 --> 00:15:12,560 who has an expert nose. 260 00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:16,799 Emma. Hello. 261 00:15:16,800 --> 00:15:20,159 Can you show me what's going to make up the fragrance in my bath bomb? 262 00:15:20,160 --> 00:15:21,479 I can. 263 00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:24,799 So, the recipe is a secret, but we've got four key ingredients here 264 00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:27,279 that make up the majority of your mix. OK. 265 00:15:27,280 --> 00:15:30,559 White grapefruit oil, vetiver oil, 266 00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:33,319 cedarwood oil and peppermint oil. 267 00:15:33,320 --> 00:15:37,519 Tell me, how do you make an essential oil from a grapefruit? 268 00:15:37,520 --> 00:15:39,359 Well, from the grapefruit, 269 00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:42,119 the essential oil exists in the membrane. 270 00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:45,639 So when you're cooking and you zest your grapefruit, 271 00:15:45,640 --> 00:15:47,559 what you can smell is the essential oil. 272 00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:50,599 So, the fragrance of anything is its essential oil? 273 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:54,159 So, they sort of grate it off and the oil is cold-pressed, 274 00:15:54,160 --> 00:15:57,879 or steam-distilled, and that captures the essential oil 275 00:15:57,880 --> 00:15:59,719 and pulls it out of the plant material. 276 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:04,359 Basically, you are trapping the natural smell of every ingredient. 277 00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:06,039 Mm-hm. Brilliant. 278 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:09,440 20 grapefruits go into this one small bottle. 279 00:16:10,840 --> 00:16:13,999 So, we have grapefruit essential oil. 280 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:15,639 Have a sniff. 281 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:17,359 Oh. Oh, that's good. 282 00:16:17,360 --> 00:16:19,919 You know what that smells like to me? Clean. 283 00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:22,279 Yes. That's clean. Yes. 284 00:16:22,280 --> 00:16:24,159 Well, it's very cleansing on the skin. 285 00:16:24,160 --> 00:16:26,839 So, that's kind of part of what's in the bath bomb, it is 286 00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:29,479 in the design to cleanse your skin when you're in the bath. 287 00:16:29,480 --> 00:16:31,479 Oh! This is good, this. 288 00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:32,799 Right, what's the next one? 289 00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:35,840 Cedarwood, which actually smells like pencil shavings. 290 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:39,679 This Cedarwood Virginian is extracted 291 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:41,239 from the red cedar tree, 292 00:16:41,240 --> 00:16:42,880 native to North America. 293 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:47,319 Oh, hang on a minute. 294 00:16:47,320 --> 00:16:49,479 That's almost like smoke. 295 00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:51,279 Why do you want that smokiness? 296 00:16:51,280 --> 00:16:54,919 It helps with relaxing your muscles within the bath. 297 00:16:54,920 --> 00:16:56,199 Mint. 298 00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:59,879 Let me tell you, mint, I think, is my favourite, favourite herb. 299 00:16:59,880 --> 00:17:02,519 But there's spearmint, of course, and there's peppermint. 300 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:04,119 You've got peppermint. Yes. 301 00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:05,879 Mm! 302 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:08,439 What does mint do for us in the bath, then? 303 00:17:08,440 --> 00:17:09,839 So, it contains menthol. 304 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:12,359 Sniffing it now, you can see it sort of clears 305 00:17:12,360 --> 00:17:17,759 your airways, so it perks you up and gets all those sensories tingling. 306 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:20,439 OK. And now we have vetiver. 307 00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:22,319 A bird's nest? Yeah. Enjoy! 308 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:23,919 SHE LAUGHS 309 00:17:23,920 --> 00:17:25,999 This is actually grown in Indonesia. 310 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:27,559 It looks like long blades of grass, 311 00:17:27,560 --> 00:17:30,599 but you have to take it out of the ground to get the roots. 312 00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:33,799 And that's where the essential oil is. 313 00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:37,959 Vetiver is similar to better-known fragrant plants lemongrass 314 00:17:37,960 --> 00:17:38,999 and citronella. 315 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:40,759 Oh! 316 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:43,039 It's almost a colour in a smell. 317 00:17:43,040 --> 00:17:45,839 It's dark, liquorice, brown. 318 00:17:45,840 --> 00:17:47,759 So it's quite an earthy scent. 319 00:17:47,760 --> 00:17:49,039 It's a warming oil. 320 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:52,119 It will kind of relax all those muscles when you're in the bath. 321 00:17:52,120 --> 00:17:53,480 Oh, how lovely. 322 00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:57,959 All these essential oils are carefully trialled 323 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:00,360 and blended by Emma and her team. 324 00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:03,759 Now, what happens when you mix them all together? 325 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:06,399 We can smell the finished product. 326 00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:08,479 Oh, lovely. 327 00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:09,799 Oh, that's good, that. 328 00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,319 This now smells like a luxurious bath. Mm-hm. 329 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:17,360 I need a large bucket to scent 6,000 bath bombs. 330 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:21,159 Emma, thank you so much. 331 00:18:21,160 --> 00:18:23,319 That was educational and a great deal of fun. 332 00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:25,000 Take this to the mix? Yes, please. 333 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:29,159 One hour and ten minutes into production, 334 00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:33,720 our blue bath bomb mix is ready for me to add my exotic aromas. 335 00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,319 Paolo! I've got something quite special here. 336 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:41,720 Oh, that is amazing. 337 00:18:43,880 --> 00:18:46,599 That is a deep, deep blue, isn't it? 338 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,479 It is like a midnight sky blue, I would say. Yeah. 339 00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:53,560 So it is ready for our fragrance. So if you can, please. 340 00:18:56,520 --> 00:19:00,840 Gram for gram, the fragrance is the most expensive part of the mix. 341 00:19:02,480 --> 00:19:03,959 You're a natural, Gregg. 342 00:19:03,960 --> 00:19:05,479 GREGG LAUGHS 343 00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,400 And it also has the longest-lasting effect. 344 00:19:09,760 --> 00:19:13,039 When you go home on the bus, do people say you actually smell nice? 345 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:14,239 Yes, they do. 346 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:16,039 I get quite a lot of compliments. 347 00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:17,320 Really? Yes, I do. 348 00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:25,479 My bath bomb mix is absolutely full of fragrance, 349 00:19:25,480 --> 00:19:27,879 but Ruth's been investigating a time 350 00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:31,040 when perfume wasn't just about smelling sweet. 351 00:19:36,680 --> 00:19:40,799 Nowadays, a lovely bottle of scent is a simple pleasure, 352 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,759 but here, in Britain, during the 17th century, 353 00:19:43,760 --> 00:19:47,200 perfume was taken deadly seriously. 354 00:19:49,160 --> 00:19:51,439 I'm meeting Professor of Sensory History 355 00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:55,319 at Anglia Ruskin University, Will Tullett, in the beautiful 356 00:19:55,320 --> 00:19:58,799 surroundings of the Chelsea Physic Garden, 357 00:19:58,800 --> 00:20:00,160 founded in 1673. 358 00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:06,919 Aroma's always been important to people, but what is it, 359 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:11,279 specifically, about the 17th century that makes it draw our attention? 360 00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:15,199 Well, firstly, there is a huge influx of new, fragrant plants 361 00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:18,519 and spices and herbs and aromatics that are coming into England 362 00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:20,119 from the colonies, from trade. 363 00:20:20,120 --> 00:20:23,079 And one of the reasons they are doing that is because they're 364 00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:26,319 having to deal with some big issues, one of which is plague. 365 00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:30,959 Over 300 years, outbreaks of plague ravaged Britain, 366 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:33,399 from the Black Death in the 1300s 367 00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:36,400 to the Great Plague of London in 1665. 368 00:20:38,560 --> 00:20:41,199 Although we now believe it was spread by fleas, 369 00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:44,119 at the time, this deadly disease was thought to be 370 00:20:44,120 --> 00:20:47,040 transmitted by foul smells. 371 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:54,519 So, to protect themselves, 372 00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:58,360 people used sweet-smelling herbs to purify the air. 373 00:21:00,560 --> 00:21:04,639 So, I've got rosemary there and lemon balm, and myrtle. 374 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:07,439 So, these are the sorts of plants that people are turning to. 375 00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:08,999 Particularly in periods of plague, 376 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:10,959 stuff like rosemary becomes expensive. 377 00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:13,599 It would be six shillings for a tiny handful - 378 00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,919 which, in today's money, is about sort of £40, £45. 379 00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:19,999 And so you could wear it in your pocket, in your hair. 380 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,159 This is it, then. I've got my myrtle. 381 00:21:22,160 --> 00:21:24,479 Shove it in my hair. There you go. In the 17th century, 382 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:26,959 breathing a smell in is basically like eating it. 383 00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:28,999 You're incorporating it into your body. 384 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,319 If you're surrounded by dead carcasses and stagnant 385 00:21:31,320 --> 00:21:35,039 pools of water and faeces, the worry is that all of those horrible, 386 00:21:35,040 --> 00:21:38,439 putrid materials would cause your body to rot as well. 387 00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:41,639 Whereas nice smells, they help the body to fight back 388 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:45,599 and take the poison of the plague and push it out again. 389 00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:47,759 As well as buying expensive herbs, 390 00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:51,839 the wealthy could afford something rather more fancy. 391 00:21:51,840 --> 00:21:54,159 You might use what's called a pomander, 392 00:21:54,160 --> 00:21:56,639 which is a little ball of perfumed paste, basically. 393 00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,079 And we're going to have a go at making one of those now. 394 00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:02,199 Great. So, we've got a recipe here from Sir Hugh Platt, 395 00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:04,879 who was an agriculturalist and inventor, and he published 396 00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:07,759 this book called The Delights For Ladies, which went through... 397 00:22:07,760 --> 00:22:09,039 "Delights For Ladies." Yeah. 398 00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:11,480 So, I'm making a delight for you, Ruth. 399 00:22:14,360 --> 00:22:18,439 Fragrances came from the natural world in various forms. 400 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:21,519 Our first ingredient is calamus aromaticus, 401 00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:25,520 an exotic powder made from the roots of a fragrant grass common in India. 402 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:28,359 Oh, now, that's a weird smell. 403 00:22:28,360 --> 00:22:29,960 It's almost like smelly socks. 404 00:22:31,320 --> 00:22:34,400 Next is a blend of resins made from dried tree saps. 405 00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:38,239 They'll kind of form the glue that binds it together. 406 00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:41,039 And now we're moving on to some slightly different ingredients. 407 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:43,839 We're moving on to the kind of animal ingredients of the recipe. 408 00:22:43,840 --> 00:22:45,360 "Animal ingredients"? Yeah. 409 00:22:46,920 --> 00:22:49,799 Throughout history, perfume makers used the secretions 410 00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:53,120 from animals to produce long-lasting, powerful scents. 411 00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:56,720 Ambergris gave off a musky smell. 412 00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:00,039 It came from the sperm whale, 413 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:03,919 which expelled it in huge lumps that floated in the ocean. 414 00:23:03,920 --> 00:23:07,280 Our sample has come from the collection of a perfume historian. 415 00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:10,559 In the 17th century, they had no idea what it was. 416 00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:12,959 So, some people thought it was a special mushroom that grew 417 00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:14,279 under the sea, for example. 418 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:16,639 But, today, we know it comes from whales. 419 00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:20,320 One small lump of whale regurgitation. 420 00:23:22,160 --> 00:23:24,079 And we're also going to put some musk, 421 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:26,240 which is a glandular secretion. 422 00:23:27,360 --> 00:23:29,079 Our musk is synthetic, 423 00:23:29,080 --> 00:23:30,519 but historically it 424 00:23:30,520 --> 00:23:32,599 came from the Asian musk deer, 425 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,400 and added a leathery, spicy note. 426 00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:38,759 So, in a sense, 427 00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:42,079 it's just the powerfulness of these scents that made them medicinal. 428 00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:45,679 It's not like each individual plant is doing something separate. 429 00:23:45,680 --> 00:23:48,080 It's just like, because they're strong. Yeah. 430 00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:53,600 The ingredients are heated until they combine into a sticky paste. 431 00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:58,519 If you pick a bit of that off and then roll it in your hands, 432 00:23:58,520 --> 00:24:01,599 into a ball. It's warm. It's not hot. 433 00:24:01,600 --> 00:24:04,039 It's not hot. And there we go. 434 00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:06,479 That's it? That's it, essentially. 435 00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:08,239 We've got our pomander. 436 00:24:08,240 --> 00:24:10,519 How would you describe it? What's your best effort? 437 00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:13,559 That is seriously complex, isn't it? Yeah. Yeah. 438 00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:16,560 I... I... Like, pine and... 439 00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:20,159 ..strawberry and... 440 00:24:20,160 --> 00:24:23,079 I don't know. There's loads going on. 441 00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:26,799 Pomander balls were often carried in a small, decorative globe. 442 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:29,719 We'll just pop it in. Put the top on. 443 00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:31,719 And I suppose if you walk, every time you move, 444 00:24:31,720 --> 00:24:33,959 you're going to make it... Exactly. ..bounce about. 445 00:24:33,960 --> 00:24:37,239 So it jogs the scent, releases a bit more from it around you. Yeah. 446 00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:40,839 It sounds so ridiculous, but I can also see why it made sense 447 00:24:40,840 --> 00:24:43,919 to people at the time, when they hadn't got the modern science. 448 00:24:43,920 --> 00:24:48,599 Good smells will drive away infection, keep you safe. 449 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:52,719 And we shouldn't be too sniffy about these strange early concoctions. 450 00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:54,439 They are, after all, 451 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:56,319 the origins of today's 452 00:24:56,320 --> 00:24:59,640 multi-billion-pound perfume industry. 453 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:11,279 Back at this most fragrant of factories, 454 00:25:11,280 --> 00:25:15,080 I'm enjoying the colours and smells of bath bomb production. 455 00:25:19,360 --> 00:25:21,999 After one hour and 20 minutes, 456 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,720 I'm back with Paolo and his perfumed, bright blue mix. 457 00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:32,079 Now we need to add the fun part of it. 458 00:25:32,080 --> 00:25:34,799 So, I would like you to try this one first, please. 459 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:36,000 Salt? Is it sugar? 460 00:25:38,680 --> 00:25:42,079 That's popping candy. It crackles up and down on your tongue. 461 00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:43,599 It is. Why have you...? 462 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,319 You're not going to put popping candy in it, are you? Yes, we are. 463 00:25:46,320 --> 00:25:48,079 Why? It's just going to make it crackle. 464 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:49,479 Just a little bit of fun. 465 00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:52,399 So, shall I sling that in there now? Do you feel strong? Yeah. 466 00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:53,640 OK. Good. 467 00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:58,319 Used mostly for sweets, 468 00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:00,679 popping candy is solidified sugar 469 00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:03,279 with carbon dioxide trapped inside. 470 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:07,040 They get through nearly ten tonnes of the stuff here every year. 471 00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:10,399 It's cracking as it goes in. 472 00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:11,599 It is. 473 00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:15,280 It will crackle much more once you put it in contact with water. 474 00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:20,079 Anything else, Paolo? Yes. 475 00:26:20,080 --> 00:26:22,439 This ingredient. It's a shimmering lustre. 476 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:24,599 And it's going to look like stars in your bathtub. 477 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:25,719 What's lustre? 478 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:28,799 It's a mineral made to replicate glitter, but it's plastic-free. 479 00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:30,879 Lustre is like glitter without plastic? 480 00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:32,839 Exactly. It is the same effect, 481 00:26:32,840 --> 00:26:35,759 but it's much healthier and is much better for nature. 482 00:26:35,760 --> 00:26:38,799 But doesn't it stick to your body? No, it won't. 483 00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:40,399 I'm not going to have a bath, am I, 484 00:26:40,400 --> 00:26:42,759 and come out looking like I've just landed from Mars? 485 00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:45,239 No. As you can see, it's tiny particles. 486 00:26:45,240 --> 00:26:46,719 It will dissipate in the water. 487 00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:49,719 So this lustre will add a little bit of extra sparkle to our mix. 488 00:26:49,720 --> 00:26:50,959 Most certainly will. 489 00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:54,320 I think I might end up looking like a glam rock guitarist. 490 00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:58,959 This might get a bit messy. 491 00:26:58,960 --> 00:27:00,439 Whoa! 492 00:27:00,440 --> 00:27:02,439 I think you're going to be ready to go out. 493 00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:04,199 That's amazing! 494 00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:06,040 Hooray! 495 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:12,040 GREGG LAUGHS 496 00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:17,599 This gold lustre is a chemically-bonded structure 497 00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:22,159 that includes iron, titanium, and tin oxides, 498 00:27:22,160 --> 00:27:25,160 and will sink as a harmless sediment in water. 499 00:27:27,080 --> 00:27:30,279 Now we just have to close the lid again and wait a little bit, 500 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:32,040 until the mix is ready. 501 00:27:39,080 --> 00:27:40,719 All that lustre, colour 502 00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:44,400 and scent combines with the fizzy base for five minutes. 503 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:53,319 Thank you, my friend. 504 00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:56,319 You have covered yourself in stardust. 505 00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:58,040 Thank you so much, Gregg. 506 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:04,479 After nearly an hour and a half, my blue powder 507 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:06,720 whizzes down a tube into a big tub... 508 00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:10,400 ..ready to be moulded into bath bombs. 509 00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:14,719 But the factory doesn't buy in their moulds. 510 00:28:14,720 --> 00:28:18,119 These clever clogs make them themselves, as sustainably 511 00:28:18,120 --> 00:28:21,920 as possible in the factory's very own moulding department... 512 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:28,320 ..where I'm meeting Moulds Room Manager Patryk Biernat. 513 00:28:29,880 --> 00:28:31,719 Patryk. Hello, Gregg. 514 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:33,359 I need moulds. 515 00:28:33,360 --> 00:28:36,479 You are in the right place, Gregg. That's what we make today. 516 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:38,519 So how many moulds will we make today? 517 00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:41,879 Today, we're going to make about 100,000 of these moulds. 518 00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:44,919 Very good. How many times do you use them? 519 00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:48,039 About five times. Then they can break. 520 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:50,759 So, where is this plastic from? 521 00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:52,199 Recycled plastic. 522 00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:55,279 All our waste, broken moulds - recycled. 523 00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:58,279 You make your new moulds out of old moulds? 524 00:28:58,280 --> 00:28:59,559 Exactly. 525 00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,839 We shred them, process, back to the machine. 526 00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:04,239 Very impressive. 527 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:06,799 That means your moulds never die. 528 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:08,480 Never die. Never die. 529 00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:16,559 The 0.6mm-thick recycled plastic sheet 530 00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:19,359 is heated to 100 degrees Celsius, 531 00:29:19,360 --> 00:29:22,199 making it soft and malleable as it moves into something 532 00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:25,279 called a pressure box. 533 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:27,119 This is where the magic happens. 534 00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:30,119 So, the material goes through the forming station. 535 00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:33,159 This machine is pushing the shape? 536 00:29:33,160 --> 00:29:34,720 Yeah. Fabulous. 537 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,520 Inside the pressure box are rows of aluminium moulds known as dies. 538 00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:51,279 The plastic sheeting is fed above the dies... 539 00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:54,880 ..and a plate pushes down with the force of four bar. 540 00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:59,359 At the same time, air is sucked out from below through 541 00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:02,719 holes in the dies, creating a vacuum, 542 00:30:02,720 --> 00:30:06,600 making 14 perfectly formed moulds every time. 543 00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:13,439 The whole process takes just over a second. 544 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:16,599 As the moulds emerge, they quickly cool and harden. 545 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:21,799 Then blades heated to 60 degrees punch out 14 individual moulds 546 00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:23,840 at a rate of 400 a minute. 547 00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:33,799 Hey! 548 00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:36,079 Hey. Fabulous. 549 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:39,200 That's the box for you, Gregg. You can grab some. 550 00:30:41,720 --> 00:30:44,959 Is that it? I think we are all sorted now. 551 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:47,039 Do you use bath bombs? 552 00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:49,279 Yeah. Every night or once a week? 553 00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:50,599 Once a week. 554 00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:52,199 THEY LAUGH 555 00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:54,239 Thank you, Patryk. That's all you need. 556 00:30:54,240 --> 00:30:55,640 Thank you very much. 557 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:01,640 Moulds done, I'm ready to make my bath bombs. 558 00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:10,079 I can't wait to get in the bath and try them out. 559 00:31:10,080 --> 00:31:14,159 But any product that touches our skin has to undergo some very 560 00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:17,480 serious testing, as Cherry has been finding out. 561 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:25,960 We expect a lot from the lotions and potions in our bathroom cabinet. 562 00:31:26,920 --> 00:31:29,879 We trust that all the products we use have been tested 563 00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:31,039 so that they're safe. 564 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:33,599 Ones like these, with the bunny symbol on, 565 00:31:33,600 --> 00:31:36,599 have had absolutely no animal testing. 566 00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:38,079 But some have. 567 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:40,120 So, what are the alternatives? 568 00:31:42,280 --> 00:31:45,399 I'm in Cheshire to meet Dr Carol Treasure, 569 00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:50,919 founder of biotechnology company XCellR8, to learn about a pioneering 570 00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:55,280 form of animal-free testing - now available to the cosmetics industry. 571 00:31:56,320 --> 00:32:01,839 What we do is we use human cells and human reconstructed tissue, 572 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:04,039 so things like artificial skin. 573 00:32:04,040 --> 00:32:08,039 That is absolutely mind-blowing. 574 00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:10,119 So, you make skin, 575 00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:12,239 human skin, in a lab 576 00:32:12,240 --> 00:32:14,839 and that's what you test the products on? Yes. 577 00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:17,159 Well, that's the coolest thing I've ever heard. 578 00:32:17,160 --> 00:32:19,480 Can you show me how it works? Of course. 579 00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:25,199 So, this is where it all starts. 580 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:29,160 In there, we store hundreds of millions of human skin cells. 581 00:32:30,920 --> 00:32:34,359 Where do you get human skin cells? 582 00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:37,319 They actually come from a tissue bank. 583 00:32:37,320 --> 00:32:41,759 People donate skin when they have cosmetic surgery, for example. 584 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,199 I see. So what does it look like when it comes to you? 585 00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:47,679 It's just a piece of skin in a box, in a special solution, 586 00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:50,479 to keep the skin alive during transport. 587 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:54,999 And what we do is we then use a substance that 588 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:59,159 breaks down the skin into the individual cells by breaking 589 00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,119 the bonds between those cells. 590 00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:06,839 The cells come from the outer layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, 591 00:33:06,840 --> 00:33:12,639 and are stored in liquid nitrogen at minus 196 degrees Celsius. 592 00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:16,359 When the lab needs cells, they are woken up by warming them 593 00:33:16,360 --> 00:33:20,119 to 37 degrees Celsius - body temperature - 594 00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:22,679 turning their storage solution to liquid. 595 00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:24,079 So, can I see them? 596 00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,640 Yes, of course. Let's take a look under the microscope. 597 00:33:30,640 --> 00:33:34,440 Oh, wow. I can see all the tiny, little cells. 598 00:33:35,480 --> 00:33:38,679 That's right. And you can also see it on the screen to the side. 599 00:33:38,680 --> 00:33:40,519 Oh, look! Here we go. 600 00:33:40,520 --> 00:33:42,879 These cells are from the epidermis, 601 00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:45,959 which is the very top layer of the human skin. 602 00:33:45,960 --> 00:33:49,879 Why do you use cells from the epidermis for your research? 603 00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:51,879 Because we want to understand 604 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:55,839 if a cosmetic ingredient or product is causing damage 605 00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:59,999 to the cells of the epidermis, which would lead to skin irritation. 606 00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,280 So, these are human skin cells, just like this? Yes. 607 00:34:05,120 --> 00:34:08,159 Adults have over a trillion skin cells, 608 00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:11,159 and shed millions of them every day. 609 00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:14,279 So, remaining skin cells are constantly dividing to 610 00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:16,559 replace those we lose naturally, 611 00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:21,839 or to help form a healing layer over an injury if our skin is damaged. 612 00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:25,719 Each square centimetre of skin given to the lab provides 613 00:34:25,720 --> 00:34:30,359 more than 250,000 cells, which the XCellR8 team can then grow 614 00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:34,600 using a special pink solution that provides energy and proteins. 615 00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:38,919 We place them into plates like these. 616 00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:42,399 With this lovely cocktail of nutrients, 617 00:34:42,400 --> 00:34:44,639 we then need to expose them to the air, 618 00:34:44,640 --> 00:34:47,039 because our skin is exposed to air. 619 00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:50,439 What happens when they react to the air? What's going on? 620 00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:54,039 These skin cells are essentially trying to cover a wound 621 00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:56,959 and to create a piece of skin. 622 00:34:56,960 --> 00:34:59,879 After 21 days exposed to air, 623 00:34:59,880 --> 00:35:02,199 the cells have multiplied to form 624 00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:06,720 a layer of skin just 0.01 of a millimetre thick. 625 00:35:07,840 --> 00:35:12,080 It's the size of a 5p piece, and transparent. 626 00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:14,879 OK. 627 00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:16,639 Oh, my God, I'm so excited. 628 00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:18,639 And here is the magic product. 629 00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,639 So, is this skin ready for testing? 630 00:35:21,640 --> 00:35:22,800 It is indeed. 631 00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:27,919 The skin cells are so thin, they're virtually invisible 632 00:35:27,920 --> 00:35:29,399 to the naked eye. 633 00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:33,840 They float on the surface of the pink liquid nutrients in the pots. 634 00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:37,439 What are we testing today? 635 00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:40,319 Today, we're going to test a chemical that's widely used 636 00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:42,159 in cosmetics and bath products. 637 00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:43,999 We're looking to discover 638 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:46,520 whether the chemical causes any skin irritation. 639 00:35:47,840 --> 00:35:50,319 The chemical we're testing is commonly used 640 00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:52,560 for bubble baths and soaps. 641 00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:56,079 So, how do you test it? 642 00:35:56,080 --> 00:35:59,919 What Mike's doing now is putting the chemical onto the skin, 643 00:35:59,920 --> 00:36:02,959 and then we're going to incubate it. 644 00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:07,599 The incubator is set at body temperature, 37 degrees Celsius, 645 00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:11,759 to provide optimal conditions for the skin cells to survive. 646 00:36:11,760 --> 00:36:15,920 So, if they die, we'll know it's the fault of the chemical. 647 00:36:17,720 --> 00:36:19,479 So, it's been in the incubator. 648 00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:21,079 What's happening now? 649 00:36:21,080 --> 00:36:24,279 The skin samples are placed into a special dye, 650 00:36:24,280 --> 00:36:27,439 which is converted, by healthy cells, into a purple colour. 651 00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:31,119 So, you can tell if those cells are still alive and thriving, 652 00:36:31,120 --> 00:36:34,159 and happy... Yes. ..because they will convert that dye, 653 00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:36,399 they'll change the colour of the dye? Yes. 654 00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:37,880 That's very clever. 655 00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:40,919 So, we've put the dye on. 656 00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:43,799 And this is what it looks like three hours later. 657 00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:48,079 Right. So, it's purple, which means that the cells are still alive. 658 00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:50,599 Yes. Which means that the chemical is fine. 659 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:51,999 Yes. So, it's great news. 660 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,159 So, this chemical is not an irritant. 661 00:36:54,160 --> 00:36:57,159 It makes total sense to use human skin to look for 662 00:36:57,160 --> 00:36:59,119 human skin irritation. 663 00:36:59,120 --> 00:37:01,759 The animal tests have been around for more 664 00:37:01,760 --> 00:37:03,679 than 80 years now. 665 00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:06,839 So, they're very, very old technology, in addition to the 666 00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:09,679 ethical concerns that we have about those. 667 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:13,799 So, these products, which we buy to make ourselves feel good, 668 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:16,439 not only are we going to know that they're not going to 669 00:37:16,440 --> 00:37:19,519 irritate our skin, but actually we can feel good about them 670 00:37:19,520 --> 00:37:21,839 in every way because we know animals weren't hurt. 671 00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:23,360 Yes, absolutely. 672 00:37:31,960 --> 00:37:35,239 Some of the ingredients at the bath bomb factory are already 673 00:37:35,240 --> 00:37:38,800 tested on human skin cells at the XCellR8 lab. 674 00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:44,559 Just one hour and 50 minutes into production, 675 00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:46,799 both the blue powder and the plastic moulds 676 00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:50,760 I made are arriving at the heart of the factory... 677 00:37:52,880 --> 00:37:56,320 ..the 450 square metre assembly area. 678 00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:04,079 Here, 80 people are dedicated to pressing every single one 679 00:38:04,080 --> 00:38:09,080 of the 14 million bath bombs they produce each year by hand. 680 00:38:12,720 --> 00:38:15,999 My blue powder is joined by 100-kilo tubs of yellow 681 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:20,680 and pink to make the multicoloured Intergalactic bath bomb. 682 00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,280 Aiste Samaite is showing me the art of filling. 683 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:29,519 Aiste? Hello. 684 00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:34,239 You work in a really lovely, smelly, lovely-coloured environment. 685 00:38:34,240 --> 00:38:35,919 You know that? I still love the smell. 686 00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:39,279 I don't think I've ever seen a factory that is this hands-on. 687 00:38:39,280 --> 00:38:40,959 Everybody doing it by hand. 688 00:38:40,960 --> 00:38:43,959 A day, we're making around 30,000 bath bombs. 689 00:38:43,960 --> 00:38:46,839 All by hand? Everything by hand. 690 00:38:46,840 --> 00:38:50,120 I know. We keep telling people. Nobody believes us. 691 00:38:51,520 --> 00:38:53,839 This hand-filling has remained the same 692 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:57,919 since the bath bomb was first invented over 30 years ago. 693 00:38:57,920 --> 00:39:01,440 Today, they make 61 different varieties! 694 00:39:03,840 --> 00:39:07,039 All right, so let's get started laying down our moulds. 695 00:39:07,040 --> 00:39:09,599 Keep them next to each other. 696 00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:12,199 We can get our powders now. 697 00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:16,359 And if you could put, in a bucket, 6.4 kilo, please. 698 00:39:16,360 --> 00:39:18,879 That's a lot, 6.4. 699 00:39:18,880 --> 00:39:20,959 Yay! Amazing! 700 00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:25,479 So now we need to get our citric as well. 701 00:39:25,480 --> 00:39:29,879 This is the citric acid that creates the fizzy explosion in the bath. 702 00:39:29,880 --> 00:39:31,640 Brilliant! 703 00:39:33,320 --> 00:39:36,319 So, we can pour it on a table. 704 00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:40,239 As soon as we put that citric in, we need to crack on straight away. 705 00:39:40,240 --> 00:39:44,239 So, we've got to work fast because, as soon as this acid goes in here, 706 00:39:44,240 --> 00:39:46,359 it's going to start to harden? Yes. 707 00:39:46,360 --> 00:39:48,799 And you're going to start feeling the difference 708 00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,560 in your own hands as well. 709 00:39:52,720 --> 00:39:56,599 The white citric powder is a weak acid. 710 00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:59,799 When combined with the coloured sodium bicarbonate mix, 711 00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:03,799 it reacts to the moisture in the fragrance and colouring, 712 00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:06,559 resulting in a powder that's easier to shape 713 00:40:06,560 --> 00:40:10,880 whilst it's still moist, but will harden up as it dries out. 714 00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,079 What a lovely job this is! Isn't this great? 715 00:40:17,080 --> 00:40:21,839 So, we want to mix till we don't see any white bits left. 716 00:40:21,840 --> 00:40:25,680 It reminds me of playing in a sandpit as a child. 717 00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,559 So, I think our mix is ready, 718 00:40:30,560 --> 00:40:34,079 so we can sprinkle a little bit in each mould. 719 00:40:34,080 --> 00:40:38,799 Wow! Let me, let me, let me, let me! Let me, let me, let me! 720 00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:42,119 Ha-ha, ha-ha-ha! Ha-ha! 721 00:40:42,120 --> 00:40:45,439 We just need to cover all the bottom, 722 00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:48,919 and we need to do the same with the other side as well. 723 00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:51,600 What a lovely job this is! 724 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:57,839 Oh, look at this! 725 00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,079 It's a fabulous thing. 726 00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:02,279 It really isn't precise at all, is it? 727 00:41:02,280 --> 00:41:05,199 You're doing it all by eye? 728 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:07,279 Every bath bomb is made by hand, 729 00:41:07,280 --> 00:41:10,679 and the people making it, so every one is different, 730 00:41:10,680 --> 00:41:13,560 with their different personality and size of hands. 731 00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:24,359 Every single bath bomb is individual? 732 00:41:24,360 --> 00:41:27,319 Yes. Just like people who work here. 733 00:41:27,320 --> 00:41:29,840 Everyone is unique. Exactly. 734 00:41:33,480 --> 00:41:36,479 Another benefit of human hands over machines 735 00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:39,479 is that they can retrain to make new products 736 00:41:39,480 --> 00:41:41,520 as and when they're invented. 737 00:41:43,360 --> 00:41:46,559 OK, so we're going to do exactly the same with the pink. 738 00:41:46,560 --> 00:41:49,399 Just grab a pink and sprinkle it out to cover all the edges 739 00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:53,239 around because that's what's going to create 740 00:41:53,240 --> 00:41:55,639 your Intergalactic colours. 741 00:41:55,640 --> 00:41:58,799 What sort of image are we trying to create with this bomb? 742 00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:02,199 A galaxy. Oh, really, like a night sky? Yes. 743 00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:05,360 So, this is our yellow. Yellow! 744 00:42:07,320 --> 00:42:08,399 I really like this. 745 00:42:08,400 --> 00:42:10,119 This is one of the nicest processes 746 00:42:10,120 --> 00:42:11,679 I've ever done in any factory ever, 747 00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:13,639 honestly. 748 00:42:13,640 --> 00:42:15,559 Right, am I sprinkling again? 749 00:42:15,560 --> 00:42:17,399 Yes, we do exactly the same. 750 00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:20,760 Isn't that lovely? Isn't that absolutely lovely? 751 00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:29,320 Last thing to be added is a lump of white bicarb and citric mix. 752 00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:37,239 So, what effect will that give you, then, if a load of white comes 753 00:42:37,240 --> 00:42:38,839 out at the end? It's going to give you, 754 00:42:38,840 --> 00:42:40,839 like, white stars in the night sky. 755 00:42:40,840 --> 00:42:43,279 Mate, this is bath-time poetry. SHE LAUGHS 756 00:42:43,280 --> 00:42:45,480 You're all little bath artists. Yes! 757 00:42:50,200 --> 00:42:53,239 So, now, our bath bombs are ready, 758 00:42:53,240 --> 00:42:57,559 all we need to do to push them together, create a round shape. 759 00:42:57,560 --> 00:42:59,839 So, this is where our blue comes back in, 760 00:42:59,840 --> 00:43:04,159 just need to secure the sides with a lot of powder. 761 00:43:04,160 --> 00:43:07,079 All right. So, once you're ready, we can just put two halves 762 00:43:07,080 --> 00:43:09,800 and put them together. 763 00:43:11,280 --> 00:43:14,080 Push it till the edges are nicely rounded. 764 00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:17,599 Leave me here, I'm happy here. 765 00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:18,800 This is therapeutic. 766 00:43:19,720 --> 00:43:23,399 That, my friend, is a Gregg Wallace bath bomb. 767 00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:25,079 I am so proud of that! 768 00:43:25,080 --> 00:43:28,799 And it looks amazing. Mate, look! 769 00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:30,560 Perfect. 770 00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:38,000 Each bath bomb weighs around 225g. 771 00:43:39,360 --> 00:43:43,400 One down, just another 48 to complete a tray! 772 00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:47,479 What happens to these now, Aiste? 773 00:43:47,480 --> 00:43:50,879 They are ready to go in our hot room to spend the night. 774 00:43:50,880 --> 00:43:53,879 Thank you. Listen, I really enjoyed that. That smelt nice, 775 00:43:53,880 --> 00:43:56,679 and that was actually good fun and therapeutic. 776 00:43:56,680 --> 00:44:00,120 Thank you very much for your help. 777 00:44:02,560 --> 00:44:06,080 30,000 bath bombs at a time enter the hot room... 778 00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:12,759 ..where they sit at a temperature between 22 and 28 degrees 779 00:44:12,760 --> 00:44:18,400 Celsius, hardening the powder into the shape of the moulds. 780 00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:23,639 And while they rest, I'm off to test a sample 781 00:44:23,640 --> 00:44:26,759 with none other than the bath bomb inventor 782 00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:30,120 and co-owner of the company, Mo Constantine. 783 00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:35,439 Hello, Mo, nice to meet you. Lovely to meet you. 784 00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:37,879 What are we doing here? This looks like fun. 785 00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:39,359 Are we going to test the bombs? 786 00:44:39,360 --> 00:44:40,999 Yeah. Drop it in? 787 00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:42,720 Gently. 788 00:44:45,560 --> 00:44:48,040 Whoa! Look at that for fizz! 789 00:44:52,440 --> 00:44:54,119 What's happening here, Mo? 790 00:44:54,120 --> 00:44:55,479 Now it's in the water, 791 00:44:55,480 --> 00:44:56,879 you're seeing the effect of 792 00:44:56,880 --> 00:45:00,199 the sodium bicarb and citric acid being saturated by the water, 793 00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:02,879 and that causes everything to burst apart. 794 00:45:02,880 --> 00:45:06,999 And then colours start to separate out into 795 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:10,279 one big galaxy of colour. 796 00:45:10,280 --> 00:45:12,999 Right now, I'm getting quite a heady, lovely fragrance. 797 00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:15,199 It's lovely, isn't it? 798 00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:17,919 I've got colours but, also, I can see little sparkles. 799 00:45:17,920 --> 00:45:19,079 It's lovely, isn't it? 800 00:45:19,080 --> 00:45:24,839 Tiny, little sparkles, almost like sunlight reflecting in sea water. 801 00:45:24,840 --> 00:45:27,080 Yes. Yeah, yeah. Very nice. 802 00:45:30,240 --> 00:45:34,479 The fizzing action from the release of carbon dioxide diffuses 803 00:45:34,480 --> 00:45:37,319 the gold lustre, colours and essential oils, 804 00:45:37,320 --> 00:45:42,519 a clever and quirky idea for perking up bath-time. 805 00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:44,679 So where did the inspiration come from? 806 00:45:44,680 --> 00:45:47,679 Well, in 1989, I invented the first bath bomb. 807 00:45:47,680 --> 00:45:49,399 I'd got kids by then, and I knew 808 00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:51,999 that they wanted to have some fun in the bath. 809 00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:54,799 The idea of having a fizzing bath I thought was great, so 810 00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:59,079 I was thinking about things that dissolve in the water, that fizz. 811 00:45:59,080 --> 00:46:01,999 You know, you can get medications that fizz. 812 00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:05,039 Did you get the inspiration from maybe, like, a dissolvable 813 00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:06,279 tablet that you drink? 814 00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:07,839 Did you have a hangover, Mo? 815 00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:10,319 That's what I'm asking. Well, sometimes I wonder. 816 00:46:10,320 --> 00:46:12,039 SHE LAUGHS 817 00:46:12,040 --> 00:46:13,439 So, I started to work in my shed, 818 00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:17,199 and you've got your head down and you're literally just pounding away, 819 00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:21,159 making, pressing, sending out the door, everything. 820 00:46:21,160 --> 00:46:22,839 And we actually got to a point 821 00:46:22,840 --> 00:46:25,519 where, by the time we finished in the shed, we'd got two shops. 822 00:46:25,520 --> 00:46:29,599 So, I was making everything in my shed and then shipping it out. 823 00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:31,639 That's a very inspiring story. 824 00:46:31,640 --> 00:46:34,719 Now, you are the highest authority here, Mo. 825 00:46:34,720 --> 00:46:36,879 Has this bomb passed the test? 826 00:46:36,880 --> 00:46:39,319 Yes, I think you've done a pretty good job. 827 00:46:39,320 --> 00:46:41,240 - HE LAUGHS - Thank you, Mo. OK. 828 00:46:45,880 --> 00:46:50,199 For most of us, running a bath is as simple as turning on the taps, 829 00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:53,519 but Ruth's heading back to a time when filling your tub 830 00:46:53,520 --> 00:46:56,439 could be a treacherous process. 831 00:46:56,440 --> 00:46:59,480 MALE VOICE CHOIR SINGS 832 00:47:09,640 --> 00:47:12,479 Throughout Britain's industrial history, 833 00:47:12,480 --> 00:47:16,519 people took on back-breaking, dirty jobs, 834 00:47:16,520 --> 00:47:20,919 but one type of work in particular was notoriously grimy. 835 00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:23,199 Back in the late 19th century, 836 00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:28,959 coalminers were spending 14 hours a day in underground shafts, 837 00:47:28,960 --> 00:47:33,679 accruing a thick layer of grime and dirt on their clothes, 838 00:47:33,680 --> 00:47:36,639 on their skin and in their hair. 839 00:47:36,640 --> 00:47:41,839 At the peak of coal production in 1913, more than a million miners 840 00:47:41,840 --> 00:47:44,639 were employed across the country, 841 00:47:44,640 --> 00:47:47,279 in pits like this in South Wales. 842 00:47:47,280 --> 00:47:51,439 At the end of a long day, hundreds of men would emerge, blinking 843 00:47:51,440 --> 00:47:56,400 in the daylight, desperate for just one thing - a good wash. 844 00:47:58,920 --> 00:48:01,399 To get the dirt on getting clean, 845 00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:04,239 I'm at the Big Pit National Coal Museum in Blaenavon 846 00:48:04,240 --> 00:48:07,599 to meet former miner-turned-historian 847 00:48:07,600 --> 00:48:08,960 Ceri Thompson. 848 00:48:09,960 --> 00:48:11,799 Ooft! Hello, Ceri, nice to meet you! 849 00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:15,079 Bore da, good morning. And you, too. 850 00:48:15,080 --> 00:48:17,399 So, what did miners do, back in the 19th century? 851 00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:18,759 They'd emerge out of a pit... 852 00:48:18,760 --> 00:48:21,239 They'd walk home, basically, don't they, you know? 853 00:48:21,240 --> 00:48:23,159 They're filthy, their clothes are filthy. 854 00:48:23,160 --> 00:48:25,639 They're probably wet as well, cos there's a lot of water, 855 00:48:25,640 --> 00:48:27,799 especially in some of the earlier mines, 856 00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:29,360 so they've got to get home like that. 857 00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:34,359 But like many working people in the early 20th century, 858 00:48:34,360 --> 00:48:37,279 miners' homes didn't have bathrooms 859 00:48:37,280 --> 00:48:39,400 or even running hot water. 860 00:48:41,080 --> 00:48:45,679 Bathing was a much more basic affair. 861 00:48:45,680 --> 00:48:47,480 Ah-ha! 862 00:48:49,160 --> 00:48:51,319 The famous tin bath. Famous tin bath. 863 00:48:51,320 --> 00:48:54,839 And not exactly what people think of when they think of a bath, 864 00:48:54,840 --> 00:48:57,279 but most of the photographs that we see 865 00:48:57,280 --> 00:49:00,599 the late 19th, early 20th century of miners bath-ing, 866 00:49:00,600 --> 00:49:02,999 it tends to be something a bit smaller. 867 00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:05,079 Right, do you want to fill this full of water? 868 00:49:05,080 --> 00:49:07,399 Well, it's not much good empty, is it? No, not much. 869 00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:09,999 THEY LAUGH 870 00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:13,399 Filling the tin baths with hot water was a job that fell 871 00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:15,519 to the miners' wives. 872 00:49:15,520 --> 00:49:20,999 With no bathroom, the bath was set up in front of the fire. 873 00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:26,159 And after fetching cold water, often from a well, or even rivers, 874 00:49:26,160 --> 00:49:28,599 it had to be heated on the stove, 875 00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:32,239 ready for their husband's return from the pit. 876 00:49:32,240 --> 00:49:35,199 Hang on. That's hot. Oh, my pan's hot, too. 877 00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,239 Fetching the water, boiling the water, keeping it on the go 878 00:49:38,240 --> 00:49:41,159 until your man comes in, it's a lot of work! 879 00:49:41,160 --> 00:49:45,879 There's a whole process in doing this, and it's a heavy process. 880 00:49:45,880 --> 00:49:47,999 You know, it's a dangerous process. 881 00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:49,199 Were there accidents? 882 00:49:49,200 --> 00:49:53,239 The doctor in Aberdare in the 1930s wrote a report on the area 883 00:49:53,240 --> 00:49:56,119 and said it was more likely that a woman would be injured in the 884 00:49:56,120 --> 00:49:58,839 kitchen than her husband would be on the coalface. 885 00:49:58,840 --> 00:50:01,559 Right. A lot of children were scalded in the house. Yeah. 886 00:50:01,560 --> 00:50:02,839 Even in my mother's time, 887 00:50:02,840 --> 00:50:06,639 she remembers children being scalded because of hot water. 888 00:50:06,640 --> 00:50:10,279 ♪ Down yonder green valley where streamlets meander 889 00:50:10,280 --> 00:50:13,079 ♪ When twilight is fading... ♪ 890 00:50:13,080 --> 00:50:15,919 This dangerous daily bathing routine 891 00:50:15,920 --> 00:50:20,520 continued well into the 20th century. 892 00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:24,679 It wasn't until after the First World War 893 00:50:24,680 --> 00:50:27,599 that the Government set up a Royal Commission to investigate 894 00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:30,600 living and working conditions in the coalfields. 895 00:50:33,640 --> 00:50:36,639 As a result, the Miners' Welfare Fund 896 00:50:36,640 --> 00:50:38,159 was set up in 1921, 897 00:50:38,160 --> 00:50:42,359 and they eventually put a levy on coal to fund the provision of 898 00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:45,919 washing facilities at the mines, 899 00:50:45,920 --> 00:50:48,600 known as pithead baths. 900 00:50:50,200 --> 00:50:54,240 The baths here, at Blaenavon, were built in 1939. 901 00:50:57,920 --> 00:51:00,800 The baths are through here. OK. 902 00:51:05,480 --> 00:51:09,280 This is a long way from a tin bath in front of a fire. 903 00:51:10,720 --> 00:51:14,239 Now, you said "baths", but these look like showers to me. 904 00:51:14,240 --> 00:51:17,039 Yeah, they are showers, they were always known as "the baths". 905 00:51:17,040 --> 00:51:19,199 I even call showers "baths" in the house. 906 00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:20,879 Do you really? Yeah. 907 00:51:20,880 --> 00:51:25,199 It must have seemed like such a luxury to have plentiful hot water, 908 00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:27,199 heated by coal-fired boilers, 909 00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:31,160 instantly available after a hard shift down the pit. 910 00:51:32,760 --> 00:51:36,119 So, how many men are bath-ing in here all at once, then? 911 00:51:36,120 --> 00:51:37,999 Well, there's room for just under 912 00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:40,999 100 people, one way or the other, you know? Right, OK. 913 00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:43,799 There was times when the baths was busy that 914 00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:46,039 two people would be bath-ing in the same shower, 915 00:51:46,040 --> 00:51:48,759 but they had to be good mates to do that. 916 00:51:48,760 --> 00:51:52,199 So, this must've made a huge difference, as a working person, 917 00:51:52,200 --> 00:51:54,839 to be able to have this element of cleanliness. 918 00:51:54,840 --> 00:51:57,199 Enormously important. Enormously important 919 00:51:57,200 --> 00:51:59,279 for the miner's wife as well, obviously, 920 00:51:59,280 --> 00:52:02,519 because she's the one that's got to deal with all this stuff now. 921 00:52:02,520 --> 00:52:04,879 You know, these gallons of dirty water, 922 00:52:04,880 --> 00:52:07,800 you're washing it all away, aren't you? 923 00:52:09,680 --> 00:52:12,759 By the time the mines were nationalised in 1947, there 924 00:52:12,760 --> 00:52:16,639 were 366 pithead baths across Britain 925 00:52:16,640 --> 00:52:20,960 giving a good wash to 400,000 miners... 926 00:52:23,200 --> 00:52:26,239 ..and ending the demanding and dangerous practice 927 00:52:26,240 --> 00:52:30,280 of wives preparing the tin bath in front of the fire. 928 00:52:32,880 --> 00:52:36,519 The closure of the last deep coal mine in Britain in 2015 929 00:52:36,520 --> 00:52:39,719 saw the final pithead baths shut. 930 00:52:39,720 --> 00:52:42,799 Life in mining communities was always tough 931 00:52:42,800 --> 00:52:44,159 but, for almost a century, 932 00:52:44,160 --> 00:52:48,559 these palaces of cleanliness brought better health and dignity 933 00:52:48,560 --> 00:52:51,839 to the men who worked so hard to power the nation, 934 00:52:51,840 --> 00:52:55,200 and to the wives who supported them back home. 935 00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:06,959 Thankfully, things have moved on from those old tin baths. 936 00:53:06,960 --> 00:53:10,599 These days, we have the luxury of adding colour, fizz 937 00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:13,560 and fragrance to our bath-time, just for fun. 938 00:53:19,480 --> 00:53:21,479 Here, they make bath bombs with names 939 00:53:21,480 --> 00:53:24,600 like Twilight and Unicorn Poop. 940 00:53:26,720 --> 00:53:30,559 I've mixed, filled and tested my Intergalactic bath bombs, 941 00:53:30,560 --> 00:53:34,520 and now a batch of 3,000 is heading over to Packing... 942 00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:42,720 ..ready for the expert attention of Charlie Cutler. 943 00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:46,799 Charlie? Oh, hello! What do you reckon to them? 944 00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:49,599 They look very good. Would you like to learn how to pack them? 945 00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:50,719 Yeah, I really would. 946 00:53:50,720 --> 00:53:53,599 The first thing we need to do is remove the mould. I know why you 947 00:53:53,600 --> 00:53:57,160 take the moulds off, you recycle them, don't you? Absolutely, yep. 948 00:53:58,680 --> 00:54:01,559 Oh, you've taken all the tops off first? Yep. Wow! 949 00:54:01,560 --> 00:54:04,039 Would you like to pop them in the box? Yeah, yeah, yeah. 950 00:54:04,040 --> 00:54:07,119 So how many go in a box? So, these ones, it's 50 in a box. 951 00:54:07,120 --> 00:54:10,319 Two rows of 25. Why do you pack them naked? 952 00:54:10,320 --> 00:54:12,399 To reduce our waste footprint, 953 00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:15,799 we're selling as much of our products naked. 954 00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:18,479 Do you actually call it "naked", do you? Absolutely! 955 00:54:18,480 --> 00:54:21,079 To be fair, they had see-through costumes on anyway. 956 00:54:21,080 --> 00:54:23,599 THEY CHUCKLE 957 00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:25,679 For a company that makes a ton 958 00:54:25,680 --> 00:54:27,559 of these bombs every day, 959 00:54:27,560 --> 00:54:29,679 nearly everything's hands-on. 960 00:54:29,680 --> 00:54:33,359 Well, we do like to pride ourselves on being handmade. 961 00:54:33,360 --> 00:54:37,279 The balls are tightly packed so they don't get damaged in transit. 962 00:54:37,280 --> 00:54:40,839 If you want to put two more pieces of paper on the top. 963 00:54:40,840 --> 00:54:42,919 And protected by recycled paper, 964 00:54:42,920 --> 00:54:45,319 they have a shelf life of six months. 965 00:54:45,320 --> 00:54:49,039 And then you can seal the box up. 966 00:54:49,040 --> 00:54:50,919 So, we've got one more last thing to do. 967 00:54:50,920 --> 00:54:53,840 We like to put our faces on things, so we had these made for you. 968 00:54:55,080 --> 00:54:57,719 Oh, look at them! Ha-ha! 969 00:54:57,720 --> 00:54:59,279 Look at that, look. 970 00:54:59,280 --> 00:55:01,879 That is fabulous! It's spot-on. 971 00:55:01,880 --> 00:55:03,639 Charlie, you're a star. 972 00:55:03,640 --> 00:55:05,399 Where's this going now? 973 00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:07,759 All ready to go down to Dispatch, down that way. 974 00:55:07,760 --> 00:55:11,959 Thank you, Charlie. Thank you very much indeed. Thank you very much, 975 00:55:11,960 --> 00:55:13,320 it's been a pleasure. 976 00:55:16,520 --> 00:55:19,960 My personalised boxes of bath bombs are finally heading to Dispatch. 977 00:55:24,960 --> 00:55:28,280 It's a huge building, the size of two football pitches. 978 00:55:29,640 --> 00:55:31,399 Even the dispatch smells OK. 979 00:55:31,400 --> 00:55:35,279 This is now my favourite factory, it's official. 980 00:55:35,280 --> 00:55:37,200 I'm meeting up with Chris again. 981 00:55:38,640 --> 00:55:40,319 Hey, Chris. Ah, Gregg. 982 00:55:40,320 --> 00:55:41,839 Good to see you, man! 983 00:55:41,840 --> 00:55:44,119 Good to see you. I have got some top bath bombs here. 984 00:55:44,120 --> 00:55:45,879 Where do you want them? Wonderful. 985 00:55:45,880 --> 00:55:48,159 If you can get it on here for us? 986 00:55:48,160 --> 00:55:49,679 Is that now a complete pallet? 987 00:55:49,680 --> 00:55:53,520 That is a complete pallet ready to send out to our Liverpool store. 988 00:55:59,960 --> 00:56:01,279 Well done, old son. 989 00:56:01,280 --> 00:56:04,119 Come on, let me give you a hand. 990 00:56:04,120 --> 00:56:05,400 Cheers, Gregg. 991 00:56:06,640 --> 00:56:10,440 My pallet of Intergalactic bath bombs is ready for shipping. 992 00:56:12,320 --> 00:56:13,599 The bath bombs I made, 993 00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:15,919 how many of those do you send out every day? 994 00:56:15,920 --> 00:56:18,239 We send out 3,000 of those. 995 00:56:18,240 --> 00:56:19,359 Wow. Seriously? Yep. 996 00:56:19,360 --> 00:56:22,039 Is that one of your...? Is that the bestseller? 997 00:56:22,040 --> 00:56:24,839 That's one of our bestsellers, yes. 3,000 a day? Yeah. 998 00:56:24,840 --> 00:56:28,639 So what's that - five days a week, 15,000 a week? Yeah. 999 00:56:28,640 --> 00:56:32,959 Over our peak season, we send out over 120,000 a week. 1000 00:56:32,960 --> 00:56:34,399 And when's your peak season? 1001 00:56:34,400 --> 00:56:37,879 Our peak season goes from the end of November through December, 1002 00:56:37,880 --> 00:56:39,599 ready for Christmas. 1003 00:56:39,600 --> 00:56:41,639 Wow, that's impressive. 1004 00:56:41,640 --> 00:56:44,479 There's one box that has got some special stickers on it. 1005 00:56:44,480 --> 00:56:47,399 Much sought-after. Limited edition. Collector's item. 1006 00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:49,079 HE LAUGHS 1007 00:56:49,080 --> 00:56:50,999 Somebody, somewhere in the country, 1008 00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:53,839 is going to be having a bath with Gregg Wallace. 1009 00:56:53,840 --> 00:56:55,519 That's a nice-smelling truck. 1010 00:56:55,520 --> 00:56:59,480 Is it ready to go? It's ready to go. Ready? Yeah. Bombs away! 1011 00:57:06,520 --> 00:57:08,679 After 28 hours and ten minutes, 1012 00:57:08,680 --> 00:57:12,920 my bath bombs are heading 266 miles to Liverpool... 1013 00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:18,119 ..and they're transported to more 1014 00:57:18,120 --> 00:57:20,199 than 100 stores across the UK, 1015 00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:22,559 enlivening the bath time of people 1016 00:57:22,560 --> 00:57:25,400 as far as Belfast and Inverness. 1017 00:57:30,280 --> 00:57:33,320 It seems we've all gone crazy for a fizzy bath. 1018 00:57:36,040 --> 00:57:39,719 I have thoroughly enjoyed my time here. 1019 00:57:39,720 --> 00:57:43,159 But what's really surprised me is just how hands-on it is, 1020 00:57:43,160 --> 00:57:45,400 not a single bath bomb made by machine. 1021 00:57:46,560 --> 00:57:50,559 I've never been to a factory that is so fragrant, so colourful, 1022 00:57:50,560 --> 00:57:52,000 and so much fun. 1023 00:58:00,720 --> 00:58:04,239 The factory has come a long way from its first early assembly lines. 1024 00:58:04,240 --> 00:58:06,680 But how did we get from there to here? 1025 00:58:10,080 --> 00:58:12,599 Explore the history, and future, of the factory 1026 00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:15,279 on an interactive timeline. 1027 00:58:15,280 --> 00:58:17,240 Go to... 1028 00:58:20,320 --> 00:58:23,480 ..and follow the links to The Open University. 135641

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