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In this lesson, we'll
examine Oracle's offerings
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at the application level.
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This includes middleware
and programming languages.
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Let's begin by examining
the concept of middleware
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and how it fits in today's
enterprise IT architectures.
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To do this, let's
first examine a little
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about an architecture
that predates middleware
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as it exists today--
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the client-server architecture.
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The client-server configuration,
although it's still used today,
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is an older, more
basic architecture
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in which any given user
executes an application
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by directly connecting
to the source of data.
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So as an example, say we're
running a user desktop
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application that processes
incoming sales order.
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We open our desktop application,
enter our sales data,
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and that data is pushed
to a database server
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where it is stored.
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The user is the client and the
database is the server, thus
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the name client-server.
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This was used for many years.
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But eventually, some
problems began to emerge.
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First and foremost
was the amount of work
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it took to deploy or update
these custom applications
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on the client side.
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If you have a user base of 10
people for your application,
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it's not very serious.
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If you have a user
base of 10,000,
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that's a different matter.
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The second event that
occurred was the advent
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of the worldwide web.
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Companies began moving their
client applications to the web,
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making it easier to
deploy and maintain them.
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When this change
occurred, companies
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began to move away from
the client-server model.
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The architecture that
is more common today
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is the multi-tier
or N-tier model.
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The N-tier model is so
named because it consists
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of a number of separate
tiers that each
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perform a specific function.
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So in the N-tier model, the
user running a sales order
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application is doing
so from a browser
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instead of a
self-contained desktop app.
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The browser
communicates directly
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with the web server, which
presents the application
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as the user sees it.
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The user interacts with the
web server, which passes data
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to the application server.
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This is generally the layer
that hosts the heavy duty
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code, such as Java processing.
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It also communicates directly
with the database server
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to store and retrieve data.
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With the N-tier model, each
tier does a separate job.
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We could refer to the web tier
as the presentation layer,
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the application tier
as the logic layer,
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and the database tier
as the data layer.
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Of course, the
N-tier architecture
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can be structured in
many different ways.
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The web and application
tiers can be combined,
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or each tier may have clusters
of servers working together
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instead of a single server.
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But the basic concept is
one of separation of duties.
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In the N-tier
architecture, we normally
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refer to the web and
application tiers as middleware.
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However, middleware
is a broad term
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and can mean many
different things
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in different types of
software at this tier,
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such as business intelligence,
web caching, content
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management, and
connection pooling.
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But on the whole, the
idea of middleware
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is applications that contribute
to the functioning of the logic
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and presentation layers.
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Oracle began offering middleware
with a product called Oracle
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Application Server, or OAS.
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OAS operated as a standard
application server
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and included an implementation
of the open source Apache web
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server.
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At one point, it was actually
included with the Oracle
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database in version 9.
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Around version 10,
it was split off
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into its own successful product.
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Later, when Oracle
acquired BEA Systems
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and their flagship WebLogic
application server,
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OAS and WebLogic were merged
into the current product--
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Oracle WebLogic.
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Today, Oracle offers
WebLogic bundled
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with a number of other
supporting products
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in the form of Oracle
Fusion Middleware.
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In addition, Oracle
offers literally dozens
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of other types of
middleware products
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that perform these
types of operations
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that we've mentioned.
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Despite the importance
of middleware
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in today's enterprise, all
of the application servers
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in the world can't be useful
without an actual application
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that has been coded
by developers.
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This is where programming
languages come in.
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Many different
languages are used today
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to create applications.
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But one of the most popular is
maintained by Oracle, the Java
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programming language.
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Java was developed at Sun
Microsystems in the 1990s
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and was distributed
and maintained by Sun
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until the company was
acquired by Oracle.
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Since then, Oracle has served
as the steward of the Java
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programming language.
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Java has been and continues to
be a key component in Oracle
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software strategy.
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Even before they
acquired Sun, Oracle
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had integrated Java into
many of their current product
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offerings.
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The Oracle database is
capable of storing Java code
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within the database in the
form of Java stored procedures.
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Oracle's primary installation
program, the Oracle Universal
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Installer, has been a Java-based
product for over a decade.
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Now that Oracle serves
as the steward of Java,
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it's likely that
integration will
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continue for years to come.
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