All language subtitles for S27E06 - Wooden Matches; Tillage Machines; Telescopic Gangways; Mabe Pearls (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track4_[eng]

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:03,896 --> 00:00:06,896 --captions by vitac-- Www.Vitac.Com 2 00:00:06,896 --> 00:00:09,896 Captions paid for by Discovery communications 3 00:00:22,275 --> 00:00:24,793 Narrator: Today on "How it's made"... 4 00:00:52,793 --> 00:00:54,517 Narrator: Controlled use of fire by humans 5 00:00:54,517 --> 00:00:57,137 Dates back Several hundred thousand years, 6 00:00:57,137 --> 00:01:01,379 But the invention of matches Is fairly recent. 7 00:01:01,379 --> 00:01:03,000 The first known use of matches 8 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:06,000 Dates back to the 5th century In northern china. 9 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:08,206 And commercial safety matches Were only invented 10 00:01:08,206 --> 00:01:10,379 In the early 19th century. 11 00:01:13,034 --> 00:01:14,482 You just need to rub A match head 12 00:01:14,482 --> 00:01:19,068 Against the striking strip On the matchbox to start a fire. 13 00:01:19,068 --> 00:01:22,551 Matches come in a variety Of matchbox formats. 14 00:01:25,275 --> 00:01:28,241 A linerboard paper roll Feeds into a machine, 15 00:01:28,241 --> 00:01:29,689 Passing under a hot iron 16 00:01:29,689 --> 00:01:33,103 To reduce the moisture level To 5% or 6%. 17 00:01:34,448 --> 00:01:38,034 An automatic paper roll match Inner box machine like this one 18 00:01:38,034 --> 00:01:41,206 Can produce up To 55,000 liners per hour 19 00:01:41,206 --> 00:01:43,000 Through high-speed die cutting, 20 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:45,931 Folding, gluing, and forming. 21 00:01:45,931 --> 00:01:49,758 The speed of the process Depends on the inner box's size 22 00:01:49,758 --> 00:01:51,551 And on the paper's density. 23 00:01:55,793 --> 00:02:00,655 The machine shoots out Formed inner boxes on a conveyor 24 00:02:00,655 --> 00:02:03,137 At a dazzling rate Of nearly 1,000 liners 25 00:02:03,137 --> 00:02:04,896 Per minute. 26 00:02:07,068 --> 00:02:09,448 The conveyor then Drops the formed liners 27 00:02:09,448 --> 00:02:13,241 Into storage bins. 28 00:02:13,241 --> 00:02:17,034 An automatic sorting machine Files the boxes in single rows 29 00:02:17,034 --> 00:02:19,206 And arranges them upright On the conveyors, 30 00:02:19,206 --> 00:02:21,000 Feeding the filling machine. 31 00:02:24,241 --> 00:02:27,034 In the meantime, a worker Feeds precut inserts 32 00:02:27,034 --> 00:02:30,206 To the outer box machine. 33 00:02:30,206 --> 00:02:32,689 High-speed Die creasing and cutting tools 34 00:02:32,689 --> 00:02:36,310 Automatically fold the inserts. 35 00:02:36,310 --> 00:02:38,551 As the folded liners Run through the rollers, 36 00:02:38,551 --> 00:02:41,689 The machine forms And glues the box skillets. 37 00:02:46,068 --> 00:02:50,068 Each insert Has two striking strips. 38 00:02:50,068 --> 00:02:51,586 In an industrial mixer, 39 00:02:51,586 --> 00:02:56,379 A worker pours gelatin capsules Over potassium chlorate. 40 00:02:56,379 --> 00:02:59,965 Gelatin serves as a binder For the match head compound. 41 00:02:59,965 --> 00:03:01,689 The worker adds hot water 42 00:03:01,689 --> 00:03:04,827 Before he starts the mixer To dissolve the gelatin, 43 00:03:04,827 --> 00:03:07,862 Which combines itself With the potassium powder. 44 00:03:07,862 --> 00:03:10,655 The worker then Adds silica granules, 45 00:03:10,655 --> 00:03:14,551 Which act as A combustion-controlling agent. 46 00:03:14,551 --> 00:03:17,068 He rinses the sides Of the mixer with water 47 00:03:17,068 --> 00:03:20,517 As the compound mixture reduces. 48 00:03:20,517 --> 00:03:23,344 After about 40 minutes, When the mixture is liquid, 49 00:03:23,344 --> 00:03:26,896 The worker adds red coloring As well as other compounds 50 00:03:26,896 --> 00:03:31,206 That make the match head Burn more vigorously. 51 00:03:31,206 --> 00:03:34,310 On the splint production line, A worker inspects a batch 52 00:03:34,310 --> 00:03:36,448 Of splintered aspen wood 53 00:03:36,448 --> 00:03:38,482 Impregnated With ammonium phosphate 54 00:03:38,482 --> 00:03:41,448 To prevent afterglow. 55 00:03:41,448 --> 00:03:43,827 The splints Run over perforated plates 56 00:03:43,827 --> 00:03:47,310 To shake off Any residue or waste. 57 00:03:47,310 --> 00:03:48,758 Then, they go through a machine 58 00:03:48,758 --> 00:03:53,827 Which automatically discards Broken or undersized splints. 59 00:03:53,827 --> 00:03:56,379 The splints now Reach the match-dipping line, 60 00:03:56,379 --> 00:04:01,655 Where the perforated steel match Bar runs down an endless chain. 61 00:04:01,655 --> 00:04:05,000 The automatic feeder inserts Over 2 million splints per hour 62 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:09,034 Into the sockets Of the match bar. 63 00:04:09,034 --> 00:04:13,413 The splints first get A paraffin coating. 64 00:04:13,413 --> 00:04:16,344 While a mixer keeps The match head compound liquid, 65 00:04:16,344 --> 00:04:17,586 The loaded match bar 66 00:04:17,586 --> 00:04:20,689 Lowers the splints To dip their heads in. 67 00:04:20,689 --> 00:04:24,103 After 5 seconds, The match bar moves back up. 68 00:04:24,103 --> 00:04:25,758 And the head compound mixture 69 00:04:25,758 --> 00:04:28,275 Flows down into the mixing pan To be renewed 70 00:04:28,275 --> 00:04:31,103 Before another section Of the match bar moves in. 71 00:04:34,068 --> 00:04:35,586 After dipping, 72 00:04:35,586 --> 00:04:38,517 The splints keep rolling down The match bar chain for drying. 73 00:04:38,517 --> 00:04:42,034 The chain loops up and down For about 1 hour, 74 00:04:42,034 --> 00:04:43,793 Leaving The match head compound time 75 00:04:43,793 --> 00:04:47,827 To dry slowly and thoroughly. 76 00:04:47,827 --> 00:04:49,310 Once the heads are dry, 77 00:04:49,310 --> 00:04:51,896 The finished matches Are ready for packaging. 78 00:04:56,034 --> 00:04:58,068 But first, The filling machine routes 79 00:04:58,068 --> 00:04:59,965 The outer and inner Matchbox liners 80 00:04:59,965 --> 00:05:03,172 Onto parallel conveyors. 81 00:05:03,172 --> 00:05:04,586 On a high-speed line, 82 00:05:04,586 --> 00:05:09,448 The machine can process At least 500 boxes per minute. 83 00:05:09,448 --> 00:05:12,896 The finished matches finally Come off the match bar. 84 00:05:12,896 --> 00:05:16,965 And the filling machine places Them into the inside liner. 85 00:05:16,965 --> 00:05:19,068 At this point, The machine processes 86 00:05:19,068 --> 00:05:22,862 About 200 matches per second. 87 00:05:22,862 --> 00:05:25,034 The filling machine Pushes the inner liner 88 00:05:25,034 --> 00:05:26,862 To the outer skillet. 89 00:05:26,862 --> 00:05:29,655 The machine is calibrated To fill each box 90 00:05:29,655 --> 00:05:31,275 With a set amount of matches 91 00:05:31,275 --> 00:05:35,137 And reject the extra ones. 92 00:05:35,137 --> 00:05:38,034 Filled boxes come out On a packaging conveyor. 93 00:05:40,206 --> 00:05:42,172 You can find them In small cartons, 94 00:05:42,172 --> 00:05:45,586 Medium-sized packages, Or heavy duty crates. 95 00:05:45,586 --> 00:05:48,965 But it takes just a single match To light your fire. 96 00:06:02,896 --> 00:06:05,586 Narrator: a tillage machine is A large tractor-pulled implement 97 00:06:05,586 --> 00:06:08,379 Which tills the soil. 98 00:06:08,379 --> 00:06:11,931 Tillage can refer to deeply Plowing the soil after a harvest 99 00:06:11,931 --> 00:06:15,137 To break up clumps And remove plant remains. 100 00:06:15,137 --> 00:06:17,758 Or it can refer To a shallow turning of soil 101 00:06:17,758 --> 00:06:19,931 To prepare the field For planting. 102 00:06:22,896 --> 00:06:26,758 This tillage machine Is an agricultural multitasker. 103 00:06:26,758 --> 00:06:29,068 Its rotary disk blades Turn the soil 104 00:06:29,068 --> 00:06:31,793 And chop up crop remnants. 105 00:06:31,793 --> 00:06:34,758 The harrow behind the blades Rakes the soil. 106 00:06:34,758 --> 00:06:38,586 Then, the rolling baskets At the rear smooth and level it. 107 00:06:38,586 --> 00:06:41,758 The machine can be fitted With various blades designed 108 00:06:41,758 --> 00:06:45,034 For different soil conditions And crops. 109 00:06:45,034 --> 00:06:47,068 The first machine Flattens the curve 110 00:06:47,068 --> 00:06:50,068 Out of a just-unwound sheet Of steel. 111 00:06:50,068 --> 00:06:53,000 Then, a press Stamps the sheet with a die, 112 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:58,655 Cutting out circular blades Each 4 1/2 feet in diameter. 113 00:06:58,655 --> 00:07:01,586 The steel is a proprietary Formula engineered 114 00:07:01,586 --> 00:07:03,448 To withstand high abrasion 115 00:07:03,448 --> 00:07:04,827 And to be flexible enough 116 00:07:04,827 --> 00:07:09,758 Not to chip when the blades Hit rocks in the soil. 117 00:07:09,758 --> 00:07:12,551 After machining a sharp edge, They heat the blades 118 00:07:12,551 --> 00:07:13,931 And form them in a die, 119 00:07:13,931 --> 00:07:17,379 Simultaneously Quenching with water. 120 00:07:17,379 --> 00:07:20,275 This tempers the steel So that it holds the shape. 121 00:07:22,310 --> 00:07:24,068 After cleaning, The blades 122 00:07:24,068 --> 00:07:26,241 Go through a vat Of water-based paint, 123 00:07:26,241 --> 00:07:28,689 Then a furnace To cure the paint. 124 00:07:28,689 --> 00:07:29,965 The paint coat is simply 125 00:07:29,965 --> 00:07:32,586 To make the blades Look snazzy in the showroom. 126 00:07:32,586 --> 00:07:35,379 Once they actually hit the soil, It wears off, 127 00:07:35,379 --> 00:07:37,827 Which is intended, As bare steel moves 128 00:07:37,827 --> 00:07:41,620 Through the ground More effectively. 129 00:07:41,620 --> 00:07:44,068 Agricultural equipment plants Like this one 130 00:07:44,068 --> 00:07:45,793 Purchase the blades to install 131 00:07:45,793 --> 00:07:48,655 On the tillage machines They manufacture. 132 00:07:48,655 --> 00:07:50,758 This computer-guided Plasma torch 133 00:07:50,758 --> 00:07:53,448 Cuts the flat components Of the machine's frame 134 00:07:53,448 --> 00:07:55,689 Out of a thick steel sheet. 135 00:07:55,689 --> 00:07:58,103 Other parts are cut From steel tubes. 136 00:07:58,103 --> 00:08:00,344 Here, workers use a brake press 137 00:08:00,344 --> 00:08:02,827 To punch holes For assembly bolts. 138 00:08:05,551 --> 00:08:07,551 Once all the frame parts Are ready, 139 00:08:07,551 --> 00:08:11,379 Workers weld them together Into frame sections. 140 00:08:11,379 --> 00:08:13,413 This is the main section. 141 00:08:16,620 --> 00:08:18,793 Here, they're welding A cut-tube part 142 00:08:18,793 --> 00:08:21,172 To a pair of plasma-cut parts. 143 00:08:27,586 --> 00:08:30,275 Once each frame Section is welded, 144 00:08:30,275 --> 00:08:31,931 It goes to the paint room, 145 00:08:31,931 --> 00:08:34,241 Where workers First sandblast the steel 146 00:08:34,241 --> 00:08:37,448 To clean off lubricating oil And other residues. 147 00:08:40,793 --> 00:08:42,724 They spray on primer and paint 148 00:08:42,724 --> 00:08:44,517 And put the frame section In an oven 149 00:08:44,517 --> 00:08:48,241 To simultaneously Bake on both coats. 150 00:08:48,241 --> 00:08:50,758 Given that tillage machine's Work outdoors, 151 00:08:50,758 --> 00:08:52,724 The paint is designed To protect the steel 152 00:08:52,724 --> 00:08:54,724 From sunlight and corrosion. 153 00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:59,206 Next, they install Hydraulic cylinders 154 00:08:59,206 --> 00:09:00,413 On the main frame, 155 00:09:00,413 --> 00:09:02,931 Attaching them With large bolts secured 156 00:09:02,931 --> 00:09:07,758 By washer-and-cotter-pin locking Mechanisms. 157 00:09:07,758 --> 00:09:09,655 The cylinders, made of a steel 158 00:09:09,655 --> 00:09:12,620 That has anticorrosion chemicals Baked into it, 159 00:09:12,620 --> 00:09:14,413 Lift and fold The tillage machine 160 00:09:14,413 --> 00:09:18,000 Before and after use. 161 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:20,620 Workers pump hydraulic fluid Through the cylinders 162 00:09:20,620 --> 00:09:22,379 To test them. 163 00:09:25,689 --> 00:09:28,413 They bolt the other frame Section, called the subframe, 164 00:09:28,413 --> 00:09:30,379 To the front of the main frame. 165 00:09:32,931 --> 00:09:34,655 Then, to the front Of the subframe, 166 00:09:34,655 --> 00:09:36,655 They install a hitch. 167 00:09:36,655 --> 00:09:38,448 This is what connects The tillage machine 168 00:09:38,448 --> 00:09:40,827 To the tractor. 169 00:09:40,827 --> 00:09:43,413 Not only does the hitch Have to be exceptionally strong 170 00:09:43,413 --> 00:09:45,620 To withstand the pull Of the tractor, 171 00:09:45,620 --> 00:09:47,827 It must also be flexible 172 00:09:47,827 --> 00:09:51,000 Because the tillage machine Runs over bumpy terrain. 173 00:09:53,275 --> 00:09:54,586 For the same reason, 174 00:09:54,586 --> 00:09:57,655 The main frame Has two pivoting axles. 175 00:09:57,655 --> 00:10:01,275 Workers install two wheels With tires on each one. 176 00:10:01,275 --> 00:10:04,517 These tires are 3 feet In diameter. 177 00:10:04,517 --> 00:10:06,551 Tires can be larger or smaller 178 00:10:06,551 --> 00:10:09,103 Depending on the overall size Of the machine 179 00:10:09,103 --> 00:10:11,068 And where they're Positioned on it. 180 00:10:13,862 --> 00:10:15,379 Workers now mount the bracket 181 00:10:15,379 --> 00:10:17,379 To which they'll Attach the harrow. 182 00:10:22,862 --> 00:10:24,689 Then, they install the harrow 183 00:10:24,689 --> 00:10:26,793 And the rolling baskets Behind it. 184 00:10:30,827 --> 00:10:32,379 These and many other components 185 00:10:32,379 --> 00:10:34,965 Are mounted With sturdy steel u-bolts, 186 00:10:34,965 --> 00:10:38,482 Plated with zinc For corrosion resistance. 187 00:10:40,758 --> 00:10:43,655 One last time, workers Hook up the tillage machine 188 00:10:43,655 --> 00:10:46,655 To a hydraulic fluid pump For testing. 189 00:10:46,655 --> 00:10:48,620 There are two Hydraulic circuits, 190 00:10:48,620 --> 00:10:51,137 Each activated by a lever. 191 00:10:51,137 --> 00:10:53,379 One folds Or unfolds the machine. 192 00:10:53,379 --> 00:10:56,379 The other raises or lowers it. 193 00:10:56,379 --> 00:11:00,103 This tillage machine is An agricultural triple threat -- 194 00:11:00,103 --> 00:11:02,000 Blades to churn up the ground, 195 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:03,724 Harrow tines To rake it 196 00:11:03,724 --> 00:11:07,482 And heavy steel rolling baskets To level the farming field. 197 00:11:17,931 --> 00:11:21,034 Narrator: gangways bridge The gap between ship and shore 198 00:11:21,034 --> 00:11:24,862 To allow passengers or cargo To be loaded or unloaded. 199 00:11:24,862 --> 00:11:27,000 They're also known As gangplanks, 200 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:28,379 Hearkening back to the days 201 00:11:28,379 --> 00:11:31,206 When these bridges Were simple wood planks. 202 00:11:31,206 --> 00:11:33,241 Today, telescopic gangways 203 00:11:33,241 --> 00:11:35,758 Extend and retract Automatically. 204 00:11:38,482 --> 00:11:41,862 Telescopic gangways can extend Their reach or shorten it 205 00:11:41,862 --> 00:11:43,758 And change the angle, too. 206 00:11:43,758 --> 00:11:47,689 They'll also fold up For compact storage on the ship. 207 00:11:47,689 --> 00:11:49,172 These are gangways 208 00:11:49,172 --> 00:11:53,448 That can adjust To different circumstances. 209 00:11:53,448 --> 00:11:55,758 Each model starts With a computer design, 210 00:11:55,758 --> 00:12:02,517 One that takes an engineer Up to 800 hours to devise. 211 00:12:02,517 --> 00:12:07,000 Once all the details have been Worked out, production begins. 212 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:08,793 Using a crane with air clamps, 213 00:12:08,793 --> 00:12:12,551 They transfer an aluminum plate To a laser cutting station. 214 00:12:12,551 --> 00:12:15,758 The gangway design Has been loaded into a computer 215 00:12:15,758 --> 00:12:16,931 That guides the tooling 216 00:12:16,931 --> 00:12:20,551 To cut out parts According to the plan. 217 00:12:20,551 --> 00:12:22,689 In this case, It cuts out a panel 218 00:12:22,689 --> 00:12:24,724 That will be made Into a framework 219 00:12:24,724 --> 00:12:26,724 For one of the gangway planks. 220 00:12:30,448 --> 00:12:35,034 Workers then serve up the panel To a computerized brake press. 221 00:12:35,034 --> 00:12:39,758 The press bears down on the part To make 90-degree-angle bends. 222 00:12:39,758 --> 00:12:44,482 This transforms the flat panel Into the plank framework. 223 00:12:44,482 --> 00:12:47,758 Next, tools carve Thicker aluminum into hinges 224 00:12:47,758 --> 00:12:51,172 For raising and lowering The gangway. 225 00:12:51,172 --> 00:12:55,103 A drill bores a hole In each hinge for the pin. 226 00:12:55,103 --> 00:12:56,620 With another bit, the machine 227 00:12:56,620 --> 00:12:59,586 Sculpts a countersink profile Around the hole. 228 00:13:01,689 --> 00:13:03,689 They're now ready To assemble the hinges 229 00:13:03,689 --> 00:13:07,551 And other components To the plank framework. 230 00:13:07,551 --> 00:13:11,551 A worker positions a reinforcing Bracket on the framework. 231 00:13:11,551 --> 00:13:14,241 He clamps the bracket To a hollow metal cube 232 00:13:14,241 --> 00:13:17,551 To keep it correctly aligned To the framework. 233 00:13:17,551 --> 00:13:20,931 He welds the bracket To the framework from the inside 234 00:13:20,931 --> 00:13:22,413 And then assembles Another bracket 235 00:13:22,413 --> 00:13:25,862 To the other side. 236 00:13:25,862 --> 00:13:28,379 He slides a metal subfloor Into the top grooves 237 00:13:28,379 --> 00:13:30,275 Of the gangway plank structure. 238 00:13:30,275 --> 00:13:33,172 This subfloor will support Teakwood decking. 239 00:13:35,793 --> 00:13:38,137 He inserts flat bars Between the framework 240 00:13:38,137 --> 00:13:39,482 And the subfloor 241 00:13:39,482 --> 00:13:43,034 To create a space for The installation of the teak. 242 00:13:43,034 --> 00:13:45,344 He welds the rails To the plank structure 243 00:13:45,344 --> 00:13:49,758 And then adds supports For wheels. 244 00:13:49,758 --> 00:13:52,620 The thick welds Look a bit unsightly. 245 00:13:52,620 --> 00:13:55,448 So a worker Grinds the seams smooth. 246 00:13:58,034 --> 00:14:01,000 He also abrades The entire metal structure 247 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:04,137 To give it a brushed texture That paint will adhere to. 248 00:14:07,620 --> 00:14:10,586 Painting is An intensive process. 249 00:14:10,586 --> 00:14:13,655 They prime each gangway plank Body three times 250 00:14:13,655 --> 00:14:15,517 With sandings in between. 251 00:14:18,724 --> 00:14:23,068 They also give the planks Three coats of paint. 252 00:14:23,068 --> 00:14:25,620 This particular gangway Is being custom-made 253 00:14:25,620 --> 00:14:27,344 For a luxury yacht. 254 00:14:31,172 --> 00:14:33,965 After assembling The teak decking to the planks, 255 00:14:33,965 --> 00:14:37,275 A detail person Sands the surface. 256 00:14:37,275 --> 00:14:39,758 This ensures that The synthetic rubber caulking 257 00:14:39,758 --> 00:14:42,655 Between the planks Is flush to the wood. 258 00:14:46,275 --> 00:14:48,413 He caulks the space Between the decking 259 00:14:48,413 --> 00:14:51,896 And the metal plank structure Using more synthetic rubber. 260 00:14:55,724 --> 00:14:58,551 With a putty knife, He scrapes off the excess 261 00:14:58,551 --> 00:15:02,000 And forms a neat, Concave profile. 262 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,896 After a 24-hour cure, He removes the tape 263 00:15:04,896 --> 00:15:06,413 That's protected The metal frame 264 00:15:06,413 --> 00:15:09,068 And wood decking During the caulking process. 265 00:15:11,827 --> 00:15:15,206 They're now ready to assemble The planks into a gangway. 266 00:15:15,206 --> 00:15:18,241 They move the upside-down planks Into position 267 00:15:18,241 --> 00:15:20,724 And then drive thick pins Into the hinges 268 00:15:20,724 --> 00:15:23,000 To attach one plank to the next. 269 00:15:25,172 --> 00:15:27,275 He then installs The hydraulic cylinder 270 00:15:27,275 --> 00:15:30,793 That powers The folding mechanism. 271 00:15:30,793 --> 00:15:34,000 He links it to the hinges With a long, thick pin. 272 00:15:36,724 --> 00:15:38,586 He equips one section Of the gangway 273 00:15:38,586 --> 00:15:40,551 With telescoping hydraulics 274 00:15:40,551 --> 00:15:43,482 That allow the gangway To extend and retract. 275 00:15:46,793 --> 00:15:49,068 He runs the hoses For the hydraulic fluids 276 00:15:49,068 --> 00:15:51,241 Through the gangway Into the cylinder. 277 00:15:51,241 --> 00:15:52,862 And he installs locking valves 278 00:15:52,862 --> 00:15:55,241 To ensure the cylinder Stays in position 279 00:15:55,241 --> 00:15:57,275 When a load is applied. 280 00:15:57,275 --> 00:16:00,517 The gangway is now Completely assembled. 281 00:16:00,517 --> 00:16:03,586 They secure one end In a thick concrete fixture 282 00:16:03,586 --> 00:16:07,103 To simulate the weight Of the yacht it's been made for. 283 00:16:07,103 --> 00:16:10,517 This allows them to fully test The telescoping action 284 00:16:10,517 --> 00:16:12,931 And the load-bearing capacity. 285 00:16:12,931 --> 00:16:14,793 Seven months in the making, 286 00:16:14,793 --> 00:16:17,448 This gangway is now ready To go to any length 287 00:16:17,448 --> 00:16:19,379 To link ship to shore. 288 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:33,448 Narrator: a pearl forms 289 00:16:33,448 --> 00:16:36,793 When a foreign object enters The shell of a living mollusk. 290 00:16:36,793 --> 00:16:39,275 To protect its soft body From irritation, 291 00:16:39,275 --> 00:16:43,758 The animal coats the intruder With layers of iridescent nacre. 292 00:16:43,758 --> 00:16:46,172 Most pearls today Are cultured pearls. 293 00:16:46,172 --> 00:16:50,551 They can be round, oval or, Like mabe pearls, semispherical. 294 00:16:53,137 --> 00:16:56,896 Pearl cultivation started In 13th century china 295 00:16:56,896 --> 00:16:59,241 When people realized They could put foreign objects 296 00:16:59,241 --> 00:17:00,482 Inside mollusks 297 00:17:00,482 --> 00:17:02,413 To encourage nacre growth. 298 00:17:04,896 --> 00:17:07,448 It's the mollusk's species And its home waters 299 00:17:07,448 --> 00:17:10,931 That determine the pearl's shape And color. 300 00:17:13,413 --> 00:17:17,172 Fake pearls have An unnaturally smooth surface. 301 00:17:17,172 --> 00:17:20,896 Natural pearls are slightly Gritty and very delicate. 302 00:17:20,896 --> 00:17:25,172 Even gentle rubbing can remove The precious nacre layer. 303 00:17:25,172 --> 00:17:30,000 Mabe pearls are flat-bottomed, Semispherical cultured pearls. 304 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:31,862 They grow attached To the inner shell 305 00:17:31,862 --> 00:17:33,172 Of a pearl oyster 306 00:17:33,172 --> 00:17:37,068 When a foreign object Is implanted in a shell. 307 00:17:37,068 --> 00:17:42,310 In the nursery, oysters start Their lives as tiny larvae. 308 00:17:42,310 --> 00:17:43,931 When the larvae are big enough, 309 00:17:43,931 --> 00:17:47,620 They can be released outside In the pearl culturing farm. 310 00:17:47,620 --> 00:17:50,206 The farm is actually A big raft structure 311 00:17:50,206 --> 00:17:53,241 That floats on the sea. 312 00:17:53,241 --> 00:17:55,620 Oyster larvae Naturally attach themselves 313 00:17:55,620 --> 00:17:58,758 To natural Or man-made structures, 314 00:17:58,758 --> 00:18:02,517 At which point They start growing their shell. 315 00:18:02,517 --> 00:18:06,551 This net acts as a trap For the developing oysters. 316 00:18:06,551 --> 00:18:09,310 Juveniles are moved To underwater cages, 317 00:18:09,310 --> 00:18:12,344 Where they will grow For several months. 318 00:18:12,344 --> 00:18:15,517 The oyster on the right Is about 6 months old. 319 00:18:15,517 --> 00:18:18,137 In another 6 months, It will be large enough to start 320 00:18:18,137 --> 00:18:23,137 Growing a pearl, Suspended on ropes underwater. 321 00:18:23,137 --> 00:18:24,413 To grow a pearl, 322 00:18:24,413 --> 00:18:29,379 Each oyster must first Receive a plastic nucleus. 323 00:18:29,379 --> 00:18:32,896 Workers use wedges and speculums To keep the shells open 324 00:18:32,896 --> 00:18:34,862 As they work. 325 00:18:34,862 --> 00:18:37,379 They gently move the animal To the side, 326 00:18:37,379 --> 00:18:41,103 Looking for a suitable position For the nucleus implantation. 327 00:18:41,103 --> 00:18:45,896 The nucleus size depends On the size of the oyster. 328 00:18:45,896 --> 00:18:48,275 Following implantation, The oyster 329 00:18:48,275 --> 00:18:53,275 Will start secreting nacre Over the surface of the nucleus. 330 00:18:53,275 --> 00:18:56,206 Workers drill a hole In the oyster's hinge. 331 00:18:56,206 --> 00:18:58,655 This does not hurt the animal. 332 00:18:58,655 --> 00:19:02,758 They fasten each shell to a rope Using stainless steel wire. 333 00:19:04,068 --> 00:19:07,172 Each rope holds between three And five oysters. 334 00:19:10,413 --> 00:19:14,103 They fasten those ropes To the raft structure. 335 00:19:14,103 --> 00:19:16,655 Oysters will spend at least Another year underwater, 336 00:19:16,655 --> 00:19:19,517 Feeding on plankton And growing the pearl. 337 00:19:21,551 --> 00:19:23,068 Every 2 or 3 months, 338 00:19:23,068 --> 00:19:26,931 They remove the oysters From the water to clean them. 339 00:19:26,931 --> 00:19:30,586 Tropical waters are rich in food And teeming with life. 340 00:19:30,586 --> 00:19:32,965 So each oyster Becomes a microhabitat 341 00:19:32,965 --> 00:19:35,517 For smaller plants and animals. 342 00:19:35,517 --> 00:19:38,586 These organisms could prevent The oyster shell 343 00:19:38,586 --> 00:19:42,103 From opening and closing freely, Hampering its feeding. 344 00:19:44,620 --> 00:19:47,344 Using a cleaver knife, They eliminate the thick crust 345 00:19:47,344 --> 00:19:50,827 Of sea moss, barnacles, And other marine organisms. 346 00:19:52,827 --> 00:19:55,517 Once the oysters have grown To a suitable size, 347 00:19:55,517 --> 00:19:59,103 It's time to harvest the pearls. 348 00:19:59,103 --> 00:20:02,241 Using a thin paring knife, She opens the oysters 349 00:20:02,241 --> 00:20:06,344 And removes the animals From their shells. 350 00:20:06,344 --> 00:20:10,448 Mabe pearls are most often used In certain rings or earrings, 351 00:20:10,448 --> 00:20:14,275 Where their dome shape Is desirable. 352 00:20:14,275 --> 00:20:15,551 Using a diamond saw, 353 00:20:15,551 --> 00:20:18,620 They cut the shell Around the pearl. 354 00:20:18,620 --> 00:20:22,172 After cutting, the nucleus Will be removed and replaced 355 00:20:22,172 --> 00:20:26,724 With a mixture of resin To improve strength and luster. 356 00:20:26,724 --> 00:20:29,206 They use a grinding machine To shape the pearl. 357 00:20:29,206 --> 00:20:34,172 Then, they polish it to enhance Its natural beauty. 358 00:20:34,172 --> 00:20:36,413 Jewelers working with pearls Arrange them 359 00:20:36,413 --> 00:20:40,275 According to size and quality. 360 00:20:40,275 --> 00:20:42,103 This artisan is creating a tiara 361 00:20:42,103 --> 00:20:45,586 For an international Beauty pageant. 362 00:20:45,586 --> 00:20:48,620 She uses a magnifying glass To control the quality 363 00:20:48,620 --> 00:20:52,655 Of the various gemstones And pearls. 364 00:20:52,655 --> 00:20:54,103 For other jewelry pieces, 365 00:20:54,103 --> 00:20:59,586 They use spherical pearls, Such as this south sea pearl. 366 00:20:59,586 --> 00:21:02,862 They insert a miniature screw In the hole. 367 00:21:02,862 --> 00:21:06,344 That screw is endowed with A proprietary double-lock system 368 00:21:06,344 --> 00:21:10,310 Which secures the pearl In its setting. 369 00:21:10,310 --> 00:21:12,448 The pearl farmers Have been growing pearls 370 00:21:12,448 --> 00:21:14,758 For three generations. 371 00:21:14,758 --> 00:21:17,931 Today, they farm Three species of oysters 372 00:21:17,931 --> 00:21:22,275 And produce a total of about 25,000 pearls every year. 373 00:21:24,103 --> 00:21:27,241 Even though cultured pearls Require human intervention, 374 00:21:27,241 --> 00:21:29,206 They are all real pearls. 375 00:21:29,206 --> 00:21:32,620 Their color, luster And shape may vary slightly. 376 00:21:32,620 --> 00:21:36,517 But each pearl is unique And naturally beautiful. 30297

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