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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator:
In 1895, ogden bolton jr.
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00:00:55,931 --> 00:00:58,034
Registered one
Of the first patents
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00:00:58,034 --> 00:01:00,206
For an electric bicycle
In the u.S.
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A century later,
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They've become one of the most
Popular electric vehicles
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00:01:04,034 --> 00:01:05,344
In the world.
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Using electricity
To enhance performance,
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The e-bike
Is definitely in the current.
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00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:17,586
These electric three-wheel
Trikes combine ergonomic design
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00:01:17,586 --> 00:01:21,172
With cutting-edge
Mechanical engineering.
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A rechargeable battery powers
The electric engine.
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00:01:25,103 --> 00:01:29,413
The rider sits comfortably
In the ergonomic seat,
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Places his feet on the pedals,
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Releases the parking brake,
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00:01:34,275 --> 00:01:36,000
And takes off.
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The process
Begins with a water jet cutter.
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00:01:40,931 --> 00:01:44,137
It uses ultra-high-pressure
Water and sand
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00:01:44,137 --> 00:01:47,758
To cut parts
Out of a thin aluminum sheet.
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The cutter significantly
Enhances productivity
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00:01:50,517 --> 00:01:52,827
Without sacrificing precision.
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00:01:52,827 --> 00:01:56,172
It can make several parts out
Of a single sheet of aluminum.
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00:02:02,379 --> 00:02:04,000
Parts that are ready
For assembly
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00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:06,896
Go to the cnc brake press
For folding.
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00:02:11,206 --> 00:02:14,034
A stopper positions the piece
On the v die,
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00:02:14,034 --> 00:02:16,310
Where a punch
Comes down to fold it.
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00:02:20,379 --> 00:02:22,310
A worker
Inspects the folded part
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00:02:22,310 --> 00:02:24,689
To make sure
It's ready for assembly.
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00:02:27,965 --> 00:02:32,655
A cnc bender curves aluminum
Extrusion tubes for the frame.
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00:02:34,172 --> 00:02:35,241
This machine has
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00:02:35,241 --> 00:02:37,724
Multidirectional bending
Capabilities
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00:02:37,724 --> 00:02:41,379
And can make multiple bends
To a single extrusion tube.
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00:02:45,068 --> 00:02:49,275
The trike frame assembly process
Starts on a jig.
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00:02:49,275 --> 00:02:51,172
Once all the tubes
Are in place,
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00:02:51,172 --> 00:02:54,655
A welder spot-welds
The aluminum brackets.
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00:02:54,655 --> 00:03:01,482
He welds about 20 spots, bonding
The brackets to the tubes.
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00:03:01,482 --> 00:03:03,275
The tubes bear most of the load
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00:03:03,275 --> 00:03:07,551
While the brackets
Keep the frame aligned.
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00:03:07,551 --> 00:03:10,241
The worker uses
An electric tig-welding torch
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00:03:10,241 --> 00:03:12,379
To complete the welding.
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00:03:12,379 --> 00:03:15,413
He welds at a low temperature
To avoid heat deformation
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00:03:15,413 --> 00:03:18,000
In the metal.
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00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:22,344
A mechanic installs thermoformed
Recyclable abs plastic
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Over the back frame tubes.
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00:03:25,482 --> 00:03:27,137
He assembles the rear wheels,
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Which have a seven-degree
Negative camber angle
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00:03:29,655 --> 00:03:33,482
For better grip and handling.
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00:03:33,482 --> 00:03:35,379
The mechanic mounts
Brake levers,
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00:03:35,379 --> 00:03:39,413
Gear shifters, and handle grips
Onto the steering bar
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00:03:39,413 --> 00:03:41,551
And tightens
The six-point socket nuts
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00:03:41,551 --> 00:03:43,172
With an allen wrench.
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00:03:48,586 --> 00:03:51,931
He applies a structural adhesive
On the drop-out poles
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And in slots located
On the front frame tubes.
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The adhesive provides
The flexibility and strength
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00:03:58,689 --> 00:04:01,655
Needed to keep
The drop-out poles in position.
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00:04:06,379 --> 00:04:10,724
Now, the mechanic assembles the
Front and back frames together.
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00:04:10,724 --> 00:04:12,931
The two frames
Connect under the seat
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00:04:12,931 --> 00:04:16,241
Through an integrated direction
Pivot and suspension system.
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00:04:18,241 --> 00:04:20,896
The mechanic slips the front
Wheel into the drop-out poles
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On the frame.
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00:04:22,689 --> 00:04:28,103
He uses a calibrated torque
Wrench to tight the wheel nut.
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00:04:28,103 --> 00:04:31,965
He assembles the three-cog front
Cassette to the bottom bracket,
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00:04:31,965 --> 00:04:33,896
Then bolts
On the pedal crank arm
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Using
A threaded taper pin system.
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00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:44,793
Next he installs the derailleur
For the nine-gear cassette
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00:04:44,793 --> 00:04:47,344
And bolts
It on with a lock-tight bolt.
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00:04:51,758 --> 00:04:54,931
The compact drivetrain
Makes the trike 15%
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00:04:54,931 --> 00:04:59,103
More energy-efficient than
Regular bicycles or tricycles.
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00:05:05,448 --> 00:05:07,931
A mechanic installs
The disc brake system
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00:05:07,931 --> 00:05:09,655
On the front wheel electric hub
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00:05:09,655 --> 00:05:13,896
And verifies
That it is functioning properly.
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00:05:13,896 --> 00:05:17,482
The seats are made
Of woven synthetic fabric
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00:05:17,482 --> 00:05:18,724
Wrapped around the frame
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00:05:18,724 --> 00:05:21,172
And tightened
With bungee elastics.
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00:05:23,586 --> 00:05:29,034
He locks the removable battery
Pack in place with a key.
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A console indicates levels
Of electrical assistance
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And battery regeneration.
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00:05:34,551 --> 00:05:38,689
This trike's wheel base
Allows it to ride on bike paths.
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When on the road,
Its width takes up more space.
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00:05:43,206 --> 00:05:45,000
The design
Of this electric trike
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Combines stability and safety
For a secure and pleasant ride.
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Narrator: the easiest way
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To treat dry skin
Is to spread on some skin cream.
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It rejuvenates the skin cells
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00:06:07,896 --> 00:06:10,103
And acts
As a protective barrier.
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This is particularly important
In the winter,
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When cold outdoor air
And indoor heating
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Suck the moisture
Out of your skin.
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If you have dry skin,
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It's wise to keep a good supply
Of skin cream on hand.
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It's not just dry air
That makes skin flaky and itchy.
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Cancer treatments can also
Dry out the skin,
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00:06:37,413 --> 00:06:40,896
Along with other medical
Conditions, like diabetes.
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The first ingredient
Is stearic acid.
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It's a wax
Derived from palm tree oil.
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The next ingredient
Is refined lanolin.
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It's blended
With isopropyl myristate,
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A natural oil that helps soften
The stearic acid.
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These ingredients make up what's
Called the oil-soluble phase
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Of the recipe.
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Workers heat the stearic acid
Until it liquefies,
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00:07:08,931 --> 00:07:12,517
Then add the blend of lanolin
And isopropyl myristate
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And keep heating.
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While the oil phase is heating,
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00:07:16,896 --> 00:07:20,896
They prepare the water-soluble
Phase of the recipe.
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The first ingredient is glycerin
Derived from a vegetable source,
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Such as corn.
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They heat and mix it,
Then add purified water.
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They continue heating
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The mixture
To just below the boiling point,
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Add a floral fragrance,
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Then pump the oil phase
Into the bottom of the tank.
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It blends in
With the water phase
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While naturally rising
To the top.
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They gradually lower
The temperature.
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This makes the mixture
Creamy and bright white.
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After an hour of mixing,
The skin cream is ready.
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They pump it
Out of the mixing tank
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00:07:59,206 --> 00:08:02,034
To supply tanks that feed
The filling line.
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00:08:07,482 --> 00:08:10,965
This company packages its skin
Cream in jars
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00:08:10,965 --> 00:08:14,068
For body cream and tubes
For hand cream.
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00:08:18,241 --> 00:08:21,827
Workers unpack boxes
Of plastic jars and line them up
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00:08:21,827 --> 00:08:25,206
On a conveyer belt
That feeds the labeling machine.
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Each jar passes
A photo-eye sensor.
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00:08:28,896 --> 00:08:31,758
This sensor triggers
The machines to spin the jar
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00:08:31,758 --> 00:08:32,965
At the same speed
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00:08:32,965 --> 00:08:35,620
As the adhesive label
Coming off the roll.
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00:08:42,241 --> 00:08:44,068
Workers place the labeled jars
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00:08:44,068 --> 00:08:47,000
Onto a turntable
That feeds the filling machine.
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00:08:50,448 --> 00:08:54,000
Two single-file lanes
Each lead to three nozzles.
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00:08:58,344 --> 00:09:02,724
The machine fills up
To 125 jars per minute,
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00:09:02,724 --> 00:09:06,620
Depositing 12 ounces
Of skin cream into each jar.
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00:09:11,344 --> 00:09:13,172
The two lanes of filled jars
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00:09:13,172 --> 00:09:15,931
Merge as they approach
The capping machine.
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00:09:18,586 --> 00:09:23,206
The caps come down a chute
To the machine's carousel.
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00:09:23,206 --> 00:09:26,655
A device called a timing screw
Correctly positions each jar
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00:09:26,655 --> 00:09:28,172
To receive a lid.
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00:09:31,793 --> 00:09:33,241
The lower part of the machine
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00:09:33,241 --> 00:09:37,379
Holds the jar steady as an arm
Secures the lid in place.
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00:09:42,655 --> 00:09:45,448
The next station on the line
Applies an adhesive label
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00:09:45,448 --> 00:09:47,206
Onto the cap.
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00:09:49,310 --> 00:09:52,275
The jars of body cream
Are ready for sale.
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00:09:52,275 --> 00:09:55,413
This factory also
Packages hand cream in a tube
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00:09:55,413 --> 00:09:57,517
That you can keep
In your purse or pocket.
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00:10:01,517 --> 00:10:02,724
A mechanical arm
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00:10:02,724 --> 00:10:06,620
Places the tubes
On a turntable, cap side down.
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00:10:06,620 --> 00:10:10,034
The bottom of each tube
Is open and ready for filling.
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00:10:17,586 --> 00:10:21,344
A nozzle squirts two ounces
Of skin cream into the tube.
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00:10:25,517 --> 00:10:29,000
Then the machine heats the open
End to soften the plastic,
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00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:30,137
Clamps it shut,
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00:10:30,137 --> 00:10:32,862
Then cools the plastic
To a solid state.
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00:10:37,241 --> 00:10:39,793
When you rub the cream
On your skin,
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00:10:39,793 --> 00:10:41,034
The key ingredients,
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Glycerin and lanolin,
Pack a one-two punch.
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00:10:44,827 --> 00:10:46,586
Glycerin is hydroscopic,
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00:10:46,586 --> 00:10:50,310
Meaning it draws water
From the air to the skin.
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Lanolin smoothes the skin,
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Forming a protective film
To lock in the moisture.
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Narrator:
Patio heaters make it possible
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To dine outside
Even when it's cold.
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00:11:11,137 --> 00:11:13,689
When this outdoor space heater
Is turned on,
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00:11:13,689 --> 00:11:15,862
It creates a circle of warmth.
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00:11:15,862 --> 00:11:18,655
The heater can take the chill
Out of a cold summer evening
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00:11:18,655 --> 00:11:21,896
And extend patio season
Well into the fall.
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It's a chill day,
But not on this patio.
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00:11:31,448 --> 00:11:33,517
It has its own microclimate,
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00:11:33,517 --> 00:11:35,965
One that's warm and toasty.
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00:11:35,965 --> 00:11:39,241
It's all thanks
To the infrared heater overhead.
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00:11:41,862 --> 00:11:43,655
To make a patio heater,
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An engineer first maps
Out the design on a computer.
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00:11:47,172 --> 00:11:49,517
He transfers the design
To cutting equipment,
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00:11:49,517 --> 00:11:52,965
Like this laser.
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00:11:52,965 --> 00:11:54,793
It cuts screw holes and vents
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00:11:54,793 --> 00:11:59,103
Into steel that's covered
By a protective plastic film.
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00:11:59,103 --> 00:12:00,758
The laser also cuts a part
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00:12:00,758 --> 00:12:03,896
That will be shaped
Into the patio heater's housing.
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00:12:09,931 --> 00:12:12,137
After removing the plastic film,
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00:12:12,137 --> 00:12:14,517
A worker places the steel
Between the jaws
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00:12:14,517 --> 00:12:18,241
Of a press brake.
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00:12:18,241 --> 00:12:21,827
It bends the part
To form a rim around the edges.
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00:12:21,827 --> 00:12:26,551
Additional bends give the part
A rounded profile.
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00:12:26,551 --> 00:12:29,137
A laser probe checks
That the worker's fingers
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00:12:29,137 --> 00:12:31,586
Are not getting too close
To the jaws.
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00:12:35,034 --> 00:12:37,448
Once all the parts
Have been cut and shaped,
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00:12:37,448 --> 00:12:42,344
The patio heater
Is ready to be assembled.
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00:12:42,344 --> 00:12:45,034
A worker creates a reflector
That will direct heat
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00:12:45,034 --> 00:12:47,275
Down and out of the unit.
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00:12:50,172 --> 00:12:53,379
Then he attaches an insulator
To the reflector.
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00:12:53,379 --> 00:12:54,620
It will protect the roof
191
00:12:54,620 --> 00:13:00,482
And walls that the heater
Will be mounted to.
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00:13:00,482 --> 00:13:05,137
He inserts the insulator
And reflector assembly.
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00:13:05,137 --> 00:13:07,103
The legs
Of the reflector assembly fit
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00:13:07,103 --> 00:13:09,689
Into the laser-cut holes
In the housing.
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00:13:12,310 --> 00:13:14,965
He temporarily places
The control box cover
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00:13:14,965 --> 00:13:16,620
At the end of the housing.
197
00:13:16,620 --> 00:13:19,896
Then he aligns and welds
A side panel to the housing.
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00:13:25,448 --> 00:13:28,206
He welds a second panel
To the other side.
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00:13:32,482 --> 00:13:35,896
After covering the assembly
With protective plastic again,
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00:13:35,896 --> 00:13:38,379
He grinds down the welded seam.
201
00:13:38,379 --> 00:13:41,758
This gives the patio heater
Unit cleaner edges.
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00:13:45,068 --> 00:13:48,448
He buffs the seams to a low
Sheen using a cloth wheel
203
00:13:48,448 --> 00:13:51,172
And polishing paste.
204
00:13:51,172 --> 00:13:55,344
This makes the seams blend
In with the steel.
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00:13:55,344 --> 00:13:56,896
The burner is next.
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00:13:56,896 --> 00:13:58,275
It's made of steel
207
00:13:58,275 --> 00:14:03,172
But has a ceramic grill
With hundreds of tiny holes.
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00:14:03,172 --> 00:14:04,448
This contoured pattern
209
00:14:04,448 --> 00:14:09,310
Allows heat
To radiate in all directions.
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00:14:09,310 --> 00:14:10,724
He tucks insulation
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00:14:10,724 --> 00:14:15,551
Into the heater body to protect
It from the hot burner.
212
00:14:15,551 --> 00:14:18,931
Then he installs the burner
On top of the insulation.
213
00:14:18,931 --> 00:14:23,275
It fits snugly to the reflector
And insulator framework.
214
00:14:23,275 --> 00:14:26,206
He places a separator
At one end of the burner,
215
00:14:26,206 --> 00:14:29,517
Leaving a space
For a control box and gas line.
216
00:14:31,517 --> 00:14:32,931
He inserts the control box
217
00:14:32,931 --> 00:14:37,068
And connects the gas line
To the burner.
218
00:14:37,068 --> 00:14:38,793
He attaches the spark igniter
219
00:14:38,793 --> 00:14:41,379
And temperature sensor
To the separator.
220
00:14:50,275 --> 00:14:55,655
He secures the burner to
The main assembly with screws.
221
00:14:55,655 --> 00:14:59,034
He tucks the electronic controls
Into the control box
222
00:14:59,034 --> 00:15:01,310
And connects all of the wiring.
223
00:15:10,517 --> 00:15:14,965
He seals the control box with
A metal plate and rubber gasket.
224
00:15:14,965 --> 00:15:18,758
This makes the electronics
Watertight.
225
00:15:18,758 --> 00:15:22,482
Finally, he adds a vented panel
To the top of the controls
226
00:15:22,482 --> 00:15:26,241
And a metal grill
To the rest of the heater.
227
00:15:26,241 --> 00:15:28,827
Over at a test station,
A technician
228
00:15:28,827 --> 00:15:32,275
Powers up the heater
Using a remote-control system.
229
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:39,551
He checks for gas leaks
Or blockages
230
00:15:39,551 --> 00:15:42,896
And confirms
That the temperature
231
00:15:42,896 --> 00:15:45,517
Rises in response to
The remote control's commands.
232
00:15:50,000 --> 00:15:53,000
This patio heater
Has passed all of the tests
233
00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:57,172
And is now ready
For the outside world,
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00:15:57,172 --> 00:16:00,344
Where people are sure to be
Attracted to its warm glow.
235
00:16:14,896 --> 00:16:16,206
Narrator: in the early days
Of the automobile,
236
00:16:16,206 --> 00:16:18,344
Wheels had wood spokes and rims.
237
00:16:18,344 --> 00:16:20,000
But by the 1920s,
238
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,620
Manufacturers began using
More durable materials,
239
00:16:22,620 --> 00:16:24,758
Like iron and steel.
240
00:16:24,758 --> 00:16:28,689
Today, wood-spoke wheels are
Used in classic-car restoration.
241
00:16:35,862 --> 00:16:40,448
In the early 1900s,
Cars had wood-spoke wheels.
242
00:16:40,448 --> 00:16:42,862
When those antique vehicles
Need new wheels,
243
00:16:42,862 --> 00:16:44,896
Collectors turn to wheelwrights.
244
00:16:44,896 --> 00:16:46,827
They can build wood-spoke wheels
245
00:16:46,827 --> 00:16:49,689
Just as it was done
A century ago.
246
00:16:49,689 --> 00:16:51,689
Production starts
With the steel rim
247
00:16:51,689 --> 00:16:53,517
That wraps
Around the wood wheel.
248
00:16:53,517 --> 00:16:57,724
The steel spins
In a lathe as stationary tools
249
00:16:57,724 --> 00:16:59,482
Cut it to the correct profile
250
00:16:59,482 --> 00:17:02,413
And create a lip
For gripping the rubber tire.
251
00:17:04,655 --> 00:17:06,137
A worker measures the rim
252
00:17:06,137 --> 00:17:09,586
To confirm
It's the same as the original.
253
00:17:09,586 --> 00:17:12,310
You can see the difference
The machining has made.
254
00:17:14,517 --> 00:17:17,413
Another member of the team
Measures the moisture content
255
00:17:17,413 --> 00:17:20,172
Of hickory wood
And selects boards
256
00:17:20,172 --> 00:17:23,275
That are sufficiently dried.
257
00:17:23,275 --> 00:17:25,793
He traces a rough pattern
Of a wheel spoke
258
00:17:25,793 --> 00:17:28,103
And cuts
Along the penciled lines.
259
00:17:29,379 --> 00:17:33,724
This gives him a basic shape
To work with.
260
00:17:33,724 --> 00:17:37,689
Next
He selects a more exact pattern.
261
00:17:37,689 --> 00:17:40,620
He clamps this pattern
In a wood carving duplicator
262
00:17:40,620 --> 00:17:44,896
Alongside four
Of the rough spokes.
263
00:17:44,896 --> 00:17:46,965
He follows the contours
Of the pattern
264
00:17:46,965 --> 00:17:48,620
With a tracing wheel.
265
00:17:51,655 --> 00:17:55,724
The tracing wheel moves cutting
Tools that carve the hickory.
266
00:17:55,724 --> 00:18:00,517
This duplicates the profile
Of the wheel spoke pattern.
267
00:18:00,517 --> 00:18:03,413
He sands off marks left
By the cutting tools
268
00:18:03,413 --> 00:18:07,034
And smoothes the surface
Of the newly formed spokes.
269
00:18:07,034 --> 00:18:11,034
Then he secures the spokes
One at a time in a jig.
270
00:18:11,034 --> 00:18:13,724
This steadies the spokes
As he cuts the wider ends
271
00:18:13,724 --> 00:18:15,275
Into a wedge shape.
272
00:18:18,896 --> 00:18:20,655
Together, two wheelwrights
273
00:18:20,655 --> 00:18:23,689
Arrange the spokes
In a wheel formation.
274
00:18:23,689 --> 00:18:27,586
The wedges fit together at
The center like pieces of a pie.
275
00:18:29,862 --> 00:18:31,896
They tighten clamps
To bring the spokes
276
00:18:31,896 --> 00:18:33,620
Into perfect alignment.
277
00:18:35,827 --> 00:18:39,827
One of the wheelwrights inserts
A steel hub in the center hole.
278
00:18:39,827 --> 00:18:42,655
He drills holes
Into the wood and inserts bolts
279
00:18:42,655 --> 00:18:44,586
To secure the steel hub.
280
00:18:48,068 --> 00:18:51,034
Using a tool that's
Like a big pencil sharpener,
281
00:18:51,034 --> 00:18:54,482
He carves the ends
Of the spokes, creating dowels.
282
00:18:57,034 --> 00:18:59,551
Dowels are peg-like fasteners.
283
00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:03,965
He sands the dowels on an angle
284
00:19:03,965 --> 00:19:06,931
To create a gentle slope
In each one.
285
00:19:06,931 --> 00:19:09,551
These slopes make it
Easier to slide the spokes
286
00:19:09,551 --> 00:19:16,137
Into the two-part wood rim.
287
00:19:16,137 --> 00:19:19,482
Using a special tool,
The team stretches the rim
288
00:19:19,482 --> 00:19:22,758
And pulls the spokes
Into position.
289
00:19:22,758 --> 00:19:25,068
Then they insert
The doweled ends of the spokes
290
00:19:25,068 --> 00:19:26,758
Into the holes.
291
00:19:26,758 --> 00:19:28,793
This process is difficult.
292
00:19:28,793 --> 00:19:29,965
One wrong move,
293
00:19:29,965 --> 00:19:33,896
And they could damage the spokes
Or rim.
294
00:19:33,896 --> 00:19:35,551
But thanks to their skill,
295
00:19:35,551 --> 00:19:38,034
The wood-spoke wheel
Comes together.
296
00:19:38,034 --> 00:19:39,758
All of the parts are intact,
297
00:19:39,758 --> 00:19:44,379
And the spokes
Are firmly secured in the rim.
298
00:19:44,379 --> 00:19:47,586
A wheelwright measures the
Circumference of the wood rim
299
00:19:47,586 --> 00:19:50,793
And calculates how much
Will need to be trimmed off.
300
00:19:53,827 --> 00:19:56,689
He shaves down the wheel,
Adjusting the circumference
301
00:19:56,689 --> 00:19:59,551
To the desired dimension.
302
00:19:59,551 --> 00:20:03,793
The wheel must be slightly
Larger than the outer steel rim.
303
00:20:03,793 --> 00:20:07,068
You'll see why next.
304
00:20:07,068 --> 00:20:10,758
They place the steel rim over
An intense gas flame
305
00:20:10,758 --> 00:20:12,965
And cover it
With a piece of metal.
306
00:20:15,103 --> 00:20:19,103
The heat causes the steel rim
To expand.
307
00:20:19,103 --> 00:20:20,724
After about 15 minutes,
308
00:20:20,724 --> 00:20:23,241
The wheelwright
Removes the cover.
309
00:20:23,241 --> 00:20:25,413
He grips the hot rim with tongs
310
00:20:25,413 --> 00:20:28,034
And transfers it
To the wood wheel.
311
00:20:28,034 --> 00:20:29,448
The enlarged steel rim
312
00:20:29,448 --> 00:20:34,103
Fits loosely around the outside
Of the wooden wheel.
313
00:20:34,103 --> 00:20:36,931
They now spray the steel
With cold water.
314
00:20:36,931 --> 00:20:40,172
As the rim cools,
It shrinks to the hickory wood,
315
00:20:40,172 --> 00:20:43,862
Creating a permanent bond.
316
00:20:43,862 --> 00:20:46,137
The wheelwright
Shaves the spokes down
317
00:20:46,137 --> 00:20:48,206
To make them look
More streamlined.
318
00:20:51,413 --> 00:20:53,862
He sands the wood
To enhance the grain.
319
00:20:57,896 --> 00:21:02,586
It took 16 hours
To make this wood-spoke wheel.
320
00:21:02,586 --> 00:21:06,034
It's brand-new, but looks
Like a thing of the past.
321
00:21:18,137 --> 00:21:20,896
If you have any comments
About the show,
322
00:21:20,896 --> 00:21:23,931
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
323
00:21:23,931 --> 00:21:26,206
Drop us a line at...
25953
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