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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications
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Narrator: unlike a grand piano,
An upright piano is vertical,
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So you can place it
Against a wall.
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Uprights come
In various heights.
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The taller ones have longer
Strings and a larger soundboard,
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So their sound is closer to that
Of a grand piano.
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Around four feet tall,
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This is the largest upright
Piano on the market.
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It's designed for those
Who lack the budget or space
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Of a grand piano.
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A piano technician
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Spends several days calibrating
The pre-assembled action stack.
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It has 88 wooden hammers
With heads wrapped in felt.
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Pressing a piano key
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Causes the corresponding hammer
To strike a particular string.
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The string vibrates, producing
A specific musical note.
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A damper stops the string
Vibration a split second later,
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Ending the sound.
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Each key has two slots
Called mortises.
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They are lined
With a felt bushing
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To protect the wood from wear.
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At the back of each key,
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00:02:01,103 --> 00:02:04,034
There's a height adjustment rod
Called a capstan.
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00:02:04,034 --> 00:02:06,620
Each key has an embedded lead
Disc.
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00:02:06,620 --> 00:02:08,655
This disc equalizes the pressure
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That's needed
To play an individual key.
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00:02:11,034 --> 00:02:14,413
Without this pressure
Equalization,
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00:02:14,413 --> 00:02:17,413
You would have
To press harder on the bass keys
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Because their hammers and
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Strings are heavier.
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The soundboard is already
Installed in the piano cabinet
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Under a cast iron frame.
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The technician checks
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The clearance
Between soundboard components.
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00:02:33,724 --> 00:02:36,068
He verifies
That each steel string
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Is properly wound
To a tuning pin at the top,
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Loops over a hitch pin
At the bottom,
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And passes over a wooden bridge
In between.
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After making
Necessary adjustments,
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He measures the pressure
Of each string over the bridge,
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A critical factor
Producing fine tone.
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Then he tunes below the bridge,
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Adjusting string tension
As needed.
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The technician
Assembles the keyboard
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By aligning each key
With corresponding pins
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On the key frame.
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00:03:19,655 --> 00:03:23,827
He uses round spacers called
Punchings to equalize height
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So the black and white keys
Are level.
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00:03:31,482 --> 00:03:34,448
He checks the tightness
Of each key's bushings.
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00:03:34,448 --> 00:03:36,413
If a key needs to be loosened,
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He compresses the bushing
And widens the mortise.
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00:03:43,034 --> 00:03:45,068
Then he installs
The action stack
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Directly above the keyboard,
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Attaching it to bolts
Mounted on the cast iron frame.
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He presses each key a few times
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To make sure
It functions properly.
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If it doesn't,
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He adjusts the capstan
To better strike the key.
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00:04:06,655 --> 00:04:10,551
Then he connects the pedals
To the components they control.
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The right pedal
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Pulls the dampers
Away from the strings
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To let the sound continue.
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The left pedal draws the hammers
Closer to the strings,
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Which reduces the volume
Of the sound.
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Then several more
Calibrations --
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Each hammer
To make sure it moves correct,
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Each backcheck
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So that it doesn't rebound
And strike again.
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And finally, each key
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Is checked to ensure
That the pressing depth
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Is identical
Across the keyboard.
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If a key needs adjustment,
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He adds or removes punchings.
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They come in a range
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Of thicknesses from heavy felt
To ultra-thin tissue paper.
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He plays with different
Combinations until the pressing
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Depth is perfect.
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Now he strikes a tuning fork
To sound an "A"
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And tunes
The corresponding "A" key.
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Then he tunes all the other keys
In relation to that note,
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Tweaking each tuning pin
With a special wrench.
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An assembler completes the piano
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By mounting the remaining
Sections of the cabinet.
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This cabinet is made
Of wood and laminates,
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Coated in high-gloss
Polyester resin --
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An elegant yet simple exterior,
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Enclosing very complex
Internal workings.
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Narrator:
Flags bring strangers together
To support a cause or a nation.
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For many centuries, a flag
Fluttering above the fighting
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Was a visible
Communication signal.
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Flags eventually
Became patriotic symbols
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Away from the battlefield.
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And today there is one for every
Country and almost every cause.
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Flags bring strangers together
To support a cause or a nation.
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Rippling in the breeze,
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Flags have a kinetic energy
That draws people to them.
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At this factory, they make flags
From special polyester.
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It's extra strong,
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But it's also translucent
To make the design
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Visible from both sides.
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A machine unwinds the fabric
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Over rollers
That pull it straight and tight.
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It then enters
A digital printer.
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The first printing head
Lays down the image
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And a second one deepens it.
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Printing in two steps
Keeps the dyes from running.
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The employee
Transfers the printed fabric
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To the next machine.
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He loops it through guide
Rollers and secures the end.
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The flag material travels
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Over a larger cylinder
That's heated to 419 degrees.
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This bakes or fixates the dye
Into the fabric.
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At the wash line,
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A worker aligns the flag
With a sheet of leader fabric
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And trims the end.
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A sewing machine
Stitches the fabrics together
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In a chain lock configuration.
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This seam is tough enough
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To withstand a series
Of wash cycles.
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The first wash
Removes any excess dye
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That wasn't fixated
On the fabric.
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00:08:26,206 --> 00:08:28,551
They add special chemicals
To this wash
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Because ordinary soap
Isn't strong enough.
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00:08:35,931 --> 00:08:37,862
The second bath
Contains chemicals
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00:08:37,862 --> 00:08:41,931
That neutralize
The cleaning substances.
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00:08:41,931 --> 00:08:44,758
Finally, the fabric
Travels through a rinse station
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To remove
The residual chemicals.
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Pressurized rollers
Wring out the water.
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The damp fabric travels
Over steamed heated cylinders
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That dry and iron the fabric.
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The flag material
Winds around rollers
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Before reaching
The cutting table.
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00:09:14,758 --> 00:09:16,344
The worker first cuts out
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00:09:16,344 --> 00:09:19,344
The color code printed
On the side of the fabric.
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She uses a spectrometer
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00:09:25,689 --> 00:09:27,724
To confirm
That the colors are correct
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And haven't faded
During the wash.
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00:09:32,206 --> 00:09:33,655
Then she cuts out the flags
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Using a pair
Of industrial scissors.
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The polyester material is strong
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And doesn't unravel or fray
During the cutting.
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The next worker stitches
A sleeve onto the fabric
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For the banner hardware.
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00:10:07,448 --> 00:10:10,206
She also hems
The other three sides.
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00:10:20,931 --> 00:10:24,344
At another station, a machine
Installs a grommet on the front
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00:10:24,344 --> 00:10:28,827
And a washer on the back
To make an eyelet.
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00:10:28,827 --> 00:10:32,206
An employee inserts
A fiberglass rod in the sleeve
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00:10:32,206 --> 00:10:34,931
And threads a bungee cord
Through the eyelet.
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00:10:38,310 --> 00:10:39,965
He inspects the fit
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00:10:39,965 --> 00:10:44,793
And confirms that the flag
Will withstand strong winds.
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From conception to completion,
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It takes about three days
To manufacture flags.
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Then the sky's the limit.
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Narrator: you can use a wet/dry
Vacuum both inside and out,
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To clean up messes
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00:11:10,758 --> 00:11:13,275
That an ordinary cleaner
Can't handle.
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00:11:13,275 --> 00:11:15,965
This powerful picker-upper
Can suction everything
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00:11:15,965 --> 00:11:19,172
From leaves
To small pieces of wood,
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00:11:19,172 --> 00:11:21,758
And if you remove the filter bag
From the tank,
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00:11:21,758 --> 00:11:23,965
It can vacuum liquids, too.
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A wet/dry vacuum is lightweight,
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Yet can handle
Heavy-duty pickups
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That would ruin
An ordinary vacuum cleaner.
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00:11:37,241 --> 00:11:40,379
Most of the components
Are plastic.
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This machine produces them
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00:11:41,793 --> 00:11:44,620
By shooting molten plastic
Into molds,
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00:11:44,620 --> 00:11:47,586
Then cooling it
To a solid state.
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00:11:47,586 --> 00:11:50,413
A robot
Extracts the finished parts.
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00:11:54,275 --> 00:11:55,620
All the vacuum's parts
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Are injection-molded
Except for the electric motor.
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The motor has two fans.
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00:12:04,034 --> 00:12:07,241
One cools the motor itself
With ambient air
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00:12:07,241 --> 00:12:12,206
And the other creates a vacuum
To suck debris through the hose.
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00:12:12,206 --> 00:12:14,896
The vacuum fan
Is in a separate chamber
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So that liquid never
Comes in contact
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00:12:16,965 --> 00:12:20,482
With the motor's
Electrical components.
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00:12:20,482 --> 00:12:23,551
Workers place the motor
In a plastic housing
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00:12:23,551 --> 00:12:26,379
With the drive shaft
Facing upward.
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00:12:26,379 --> 00:12:29,551
They put a spacer on the shaft,
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00:12:29,551 --> 00:12:34,344
Then mount the vacuum fan,
Securing it with a nut.
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00:12:37,413 --> 00:12:40,620
They close up the housing
With a grid plate.
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00:12:40,620 --> 00:12:44,241
This prevents fingers from
Accidentally touching the fan.
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00:12:52,482 --> 00:12:55,620
They now take the head assembly
To a testing area.
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00:12:58,896 --> 00:13:01,206
They'll run the motor
For up to 10 minutes
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00:13:01,206 --> 00:13:04,000
To make sure everything
Functions correctly.
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00:13:10,724 --> 00:13:14,172
Then they plug it
Into a second test station,
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Which verifies
That there's adequate suction
189
00:13:16,965 --> 00:13:19,413
And no electrical
Short circuits.
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00:13:25,413 --> 00:13:27,000
If everything checks out,
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00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:31,655
They send the head assembly
To the packaging area.
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00:13:31,655 --> 00:13:34,793
There, workers assemble
The rest of the vacuum.
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00:13:41,862 --> 00:13:43,103
At the first station,
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00:13:43,103 --> 00:13:44,965
A press locks the inlet securely
195
00:13:44,965 --> 00:13:47,034
In a hole
At the front of the tank.
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00:13:49,275 --> 00:13:52,724
At the next stop, a worker
Places a package of screws,
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00:13:52,724 --> 00:13:55,689
An instruction manual,
And four casters
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00:13:55,689 --> 00:13:59,827
To be installed by the purchaser
In the tank.
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00:13:59,827 --> 00:14:02,517
Next, workers
Take the head assembly
200
00:14:02,517 --> 00:14:04,862
And add it
To the vac's top cover.
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00:14:10,517 --> 00:14:12,000
They load the vacuum's lid
202
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:17,517
Onto a carousel along
With a pleated paper filter.
203
00:14:17,517 --> 00:14:19,862
The filter prevents dust
And fine debris
204
00:14:19,862 --> 00:14:24,310
From getting
Into the vacuum fan chamber.
205
00:14:24,310 --> 00:14:26,137
Then they mount
The head assembly
206
00:14:26,137 --> 00:14:29,241
On an automated
Screw-driving machine
207
00:14:29,241 --> 00:14:30,862
And place the lid on top
208
00:14:30,862 --> 00:14:33,586
After first removing
The filter.
209
00:14:40,413 --> 00:14:42,689
Once the lid is screwed
To the head assembly,
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00:14:42,689 --> 00:14:44,896
They put the filter back on.
211
00:14:57,137 --> 00:15:00,310
Now they place the assembled lid
Onto the tank...
212
00:15:03,793 --> 00:15:06,413
...And snap down the latches
To secure it.
213
00:15:11,172 --> 00:15:12,689
The final stop on the line
214
00:15:12,689 --> 00:15:16,793
Checks the suction power,
The electrical system,
215
00:15:16,793 --> 00:15:19,931
And makes sure the on/off switch
Works correctly.
216
00:15:22,275 --> 00:15:26,344
If the vacuum passes testing,
217
00:15:26,344 --> 00:15:30,724
A robot picks up the unit
And places it in a retail box.
218
00:15:33,344 --> 00:15:37,931
Workers add extension wands,
A nozzle, and a hose,
219
00:15:37,931 --> 00:15:39,896
Then finally a filter bag
Is added,
220
00:15:39,896 --> 00:15:43,034
Which is only used
When vacuuming up dry debris.
221
00:15:51,275 --> 00:15:55,586
Consumer wet/dry vacs
Come in several tank sizes,
222
00:15:55,586 --> 00:15:58,000
From 1 to 24 gallons.
223
00:16:15,896 --> 00:16:20,172
Narrator: during the medieval
Era, axes were more than tools.
224
00:16:20,172 --> 00:16:21,827
They were terrifying weapons
225
00:16:21,827 --> 00:16:24,689
That could inflict
Very deep wounds.
226
00:16:24,689 --> 00:16:27,172
Today, craftsmen
Still make battle axes
227
00:16:27,172 --> 00:16:29,655
For use
In the entertainment industry.
228
00:16:36,551 --> 00:16:39,655
The medieval battle ax
Was a brutal weapon.
229
00:16:39,655 --> 00:16:40,965
With a single blow,
230
00:16:40,965 --> 00:16:42,655
It could break through
A knight's armor
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00:16:42,655 --> 00:16:46,137
And fatally wound him.
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00:16:46,137 --> 00:16:49,862
To produce an authentic replica
For movies and tv shows,
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00:16:49,862 --> 00:16:52,689
The blacksmith consults
Reference books.
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00:16:55,344 --> 00:16:57,965
He sketches the ax head design
On paper,
235
00:16:57,965 --> 00:17:01,275
Roughing out the details
To the desired scale.
236
00:17:05,379 --> 00:17:08,068
He cleans up pieces
Of old carbon steel,
237
00:17:08,068 --> 00:17:10,620
Which he'll combine
With other metals.
238
00:17:15,275 --> 00:17:20,103
In total, there will be 75 metal
Strips of varying composition.
239
00:17:22,241 --> 00:17:24,275
To complete the mix of metals,
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00:17:24,275 --> 00:17:27,413
He cuts an old blade
Made of nickel steel alloy
241
00:17:27,413 --> 00:17:31,034
Into equally sized strips.
242
00:17:31,034 --> 00:17:34,275
He loads 37 strips into a vice.
243
00:17:37,551 --> 00:17:41,137
He tightens the vice
And tack-welds them together.
244
00:17:43,344 --> 00:17:46,241
He sands the welded stack.
245
00:17:46,241 --> 00:17:50,068
He rubs oil into the stack
To prevent oxidation.
246
00:17:50,068 --> 00:17:54,758
Now, exposed to intense heat,
The metal layers forge together.
247
00:17:56,793 --> 00:18:00,000
He spreads a mix of borax
And other minerals called flux
248
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,241
Onto the surface.
249
00:18:02,241 --> 00:18:03,862
This deters oxidation
250
00:18:03,862 --> 00:18:08,206
As the forging continues
With a pneumatic hammer.
251
00:18:08,206 --> 00:18:09,758
The hammer slams the layers
252
00:18:09,758 --> 00:18:13,689
Together to become
A solid laminated block.
253
00:18:13,689 --> 00:18:17,724
It's ready to be transformed
Into the ax's cutting head.
254
00:18:17,724 --> 00:18:21,172
Repeated strikes pinch the metal
In the center.
255
00:18:21,172 --> 00:18:22,896
He sprinkles the flux mixture
256
00:18:22,896 --> 00:18:26,620
Onto the surface of
The metal form, heats it again,
257
00:18:26,620 --> 00:18:30,310
And folds it into a "C" shape.
258
00:18:30,310 --> 00:18:31,586
After a reheat,
259
00:18:31,586 --> 00:18:34,275
He inserts a layer
Of carbon steel in the center
260
00:18:34,275 --> 00:18:35,482
For the blade.
261
00:18:35,482 --> 00:18:37,862
He hammers the "C" shape flat,
262
00:18:37,862 --> 00:18:40,793
Leaving the pinched section
Round for the handle.
263
00:18:44,793 --> 00:18:48,206
The 75 strips
Have been forged into one.
264
00:18:50,241 --> 00:18:55,551
Next, the power hammer
Refines the handle knob.
265
00:18:55,551 --> 00:18:58,620
He drives a steel stake
Called a tapered drift
266
00:18:58,620 --> 00:19:00,551
Into the center of the knob.
267
00:19:00,551 --> 00:19:04,827
This forms an opening
For inserting the wood handle.
268
00:19:04,827 --> 00:19:06,620
Using the power hammer,
269
00:19:06,620 --> 00:19:12,103
He now flattens the blade end
Of the ax head substantially.
270
00:19:12,103 --> 00:19:14,689
He flares it
To form a cutting edge
271
00:19:14,689 --> 00:19:17,655
And removes the excess
With a plasma cutter.
272
00:19:20,655 --> 00:19:21,689
He saws it off,
273
00:19:21,689 --> 00:19:25,000
And the result is fierce.
274
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:26,758
The ax head has taken shape,
275
00:19:26,758 --> 00:19:30,206
But it needs some refining.
276
00:19:30,206 --> 00:19:33,275
He hammers the handle area
To spread it wider.
277
00:19:36,344 --> 00:19:40,379
And dips the ax head in water
To cool it down.
278
00:19:40,379 --> 00:19:45,000
Then he grinds the blade thinner
Using a belt sander
279
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:48,241
And rinses off the residue.
280
00:19:48,241 --> 00:19:50,896
He grinds it again
To get rid of any hammer marks
281
00:19:50,896 --> 00:19:52,827
Or oxidative scale.
282
00:19:56,965 --> 00:19:59,965
The different metals
React when dipped in acid,
283
00:19:59,965 --> 00:20:04,896
Creating a swirled pattern
On the surface of the head.
284
00:20:04,896 --> 00:20:09,068
The first bath was contaminated,
So he polishes it off
285
00:20:09,068 --> 00:20:14,000
And gives the ax head
Another rinse in clean acid.
286
00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,103
After heat treating
And tempering,
287
00:20:16,103 --> 00:20:21,482
He polishes the face of the ax
And hones the edge.
288
00:20:21,482 --> 00:20:23,862
Next, he grinds spiral grooves
289
00:20:23,862 --> 00:20:26,586
Into a piece of oak
For the ax's handle.
290
00:20:29,275 --> 00:20:30,517
A colleague stains
291
00:20:30,517 --> 00:20:34,000
The entire handle
To accentuate the carved spirals
292
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:36,862
And enhance the grain
Of the wood.
293
00:20:36,862 --> 00:20:38,275
Once it dries,
294
00:20:38,275 --> 00:20:41,655
The blacksmith wedges the ax
Head onto the handle.
295
00:20:41,655 --> 00:20:46,931
A few strikes against
A steel block improves the fit.
296
00:20:46,931 --> 00:20:50,379
Finally, he hammers upholstery
Studs onto the handle
297
00:20:50,379 --> 00:20:51,655
To simulate the rivets
298
00:20:51,655 --> 00:20:57,206
That reinforced the original
Medieval ax handles.
299
00:20:57,206 --> 00:21:01,931
This medieval ax
Is ready for action.
300
00:21:01,931 --> 00:21:03,275
Medieval ax replicas
301
00:21:03,275 --> 00:21:06,620
Are authentic props
For any tv show or movie.
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00:21:07,413 --> 00:21:10,517
Handled carefully,
No one will get hurt.
303
00:21:19,379 --> 00:21:21,586
If you have any comments
About the show,
304
00:21:21,586 --> 00:21:24,620
Or you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
305
00:21:24,620 --> 00:21:26,413
Drop us a line at...
24103
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