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Narrator: in the old days,
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Ranchers used the sound
Of the whip to move cattle.
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Today,
Collectors buy different types
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00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:01,620
As functional works of art
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00:01:01,620 --> 00:01:04,448
While others practice the sport
Of whip cracking,
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Training to compete
In competitions.
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00:01:06,758 --> 00:01:08,206
There are even entertainers
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00:01:08,206 --> 00:01:10,517
Who perform eye-popping tricks
With whips.
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In the world of whip-cracking,
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The best whips are made
Of kangaroo leather
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Because it's 10 times stronger
Than cowhide of equal thickness.
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Modern whips have
Four main parts -- the handle,
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The thong, which is
The flexible, braided portion,
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The fall,
A replaceable strip of leather,
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And the cracker,
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The thin string which amplifies
The sound of the crack.
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After carefully selecting
The hide to be used
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For the specific whip,
They begin
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By trimming away the ragged
Edges of the kangaroo hide
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With a razor-sharp knife.
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This leaves a smooth edge
With which to work.
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They now begin cutting out all
The whip's leather components,
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Most of which have strands
Which they'll later braid.
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The internal construction
Of the whip
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Is made of two layers
Of braiding
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Called plaited bellies.
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Separating each braided layer
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Is a solid piece of leather
Called a bolster.
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It encircles the braided
Belly layer under it.
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Then, covering everything
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Is a final outer layer
Of braiding called the overlay.
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They cut the strands for
The bellies and overlay by hand
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Using a tapering cutter
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That's specially designed
For whip-making.
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The finished overlay and bellies
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Have a flat portion at the top
Called the yoke
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And strands
Tapering continuously
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Along their entire length.
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They stretch each strand
As much as possible
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To ensure the braid
Will be tight and uniform.
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Then, they resize each strand
And bevel its edges.
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This helps the strands
Fit into each other snugly
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And create a smoother,
Gapless braid.
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Then, using a tool
Called a hand splitter,
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They shave the backside
Of each strand
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To a uniform thickness.
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This prevents lumps in the taper
Of the finished whip.
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Next, they take waxed cord
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And tightly bind
A tapered strip of leather
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Around a handle foundation.
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The leather strip
Called the core
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Will extend into the center
Of the thong.
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They attach the first belly yoke
Over the handle and core,
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Then braid the strands
To begin forming the thong.
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This compresses the core
Into a solid, round center.
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Over the braided first belly,
They wrap the first bolster,
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Then attach and braid
The second belly.
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Over that,
They wrap the second bolster,
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Each layer compressing
The ones underneath.
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Then, at last,
The final layer --
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The overlay.
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First,
They lubricate the strands
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With homemade
Animal-fat-based soap.
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This not only enables
A tighter braid,
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The animal fat also conditions
The leather.
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This particular whip
Has a 12-strand overlay,
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But more intricate overlays
Can have as many as 72 strands,
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Forming complex patterns.
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While braiding, it's critical to
See and align the inner layers
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And pull the strands tightly.
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When the thong reaches
The finished length,
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They feed
The end of the braiding
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Through a slit in the next part
Of the whip, the fall.
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They tie the remaining strands
In sequence around the fall,
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Using what's known
As a half-hitch knot.
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Then they seat the fall
Into place
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And trim the loose strands.
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This creates a secure connection
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Between these two sections
Of the whip.
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Now they roll the thong
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Between a hard surface
And a block of marble.
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This compacts the braiding
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And rounds out
The overall shape.
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Then they tie the cracker
Onto the tip of the fall.
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In the old days, they used
Horsehair for the cracker,
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Also known as the popper.
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Nowadays, whip makers are
More likely to use nylon string.
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They wrap a piece of leather
To build a knot foundation
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At the base of the handle.
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For longer and thicker whips,
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They form the knot foundation
With a piece of lead
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To properly balance the whip.
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They fold the yoke from
The overlay over the foundation,
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Then, with a separate strand
Of leather,
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Cover the foundation with what's
Known as a turk's head knot.
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After trimming the knot strands,
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They shape the knot
With a soft mallet,
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Then more rolling.
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Lastly, they apply a coat
Of natural shellac
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To the entire whip.
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This protects the materials
And produces a nice sheen.
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No whip leaves the shop without
A round of hands-on testing
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To make absolutely sure
It's all it's cracked up to be.
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[ whips cracking ]
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Narrator: if you have
A craving for italian
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And there's no restaurant
In sight,
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You can always buy a pizza
From a vending machine --
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Not something
Pre-made and packaged
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That you have to reheat
In the microwave
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But a fresh pizza,
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Made from scratch
Right inside the machine
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And served to you piping hot.
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This automatic
Pizza-making machine
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Produces a fresh pizza
In less than three minutes.
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You simply insert money,
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Then select one of four
Different pizza toppings.
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The machine
Then makes the dough,
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Applies the toppings,
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And bakes the pizza
Right before your eyes.
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When it's ready,
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Your made-to-order
10-inch round meal
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Is ready for pickup
At the exit slot.
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To build the machine,
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They first construct
A three-section steel frame.
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Technicians install
A refrigerator
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In the middle section.
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The fridge houses
Four dispensers,
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One for each
Of the four topping ingredients.
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The machine presses and dresses
The pizza dough
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On a nonstick plate,
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Around which they assemble
A housing.
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A motorized tray moves the plate
In and out of the housing
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To transfer the dough from one
Preparation stage to the next.
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Technicians install
This assembled unit
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Into the left section
Of the frame.
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Next, they install
The dough mixer above it...
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...And just below the mixer,
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A plastic cup
That receives the kneaded dough,
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Then drops it
Onto the press plate.
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Next, the flour dispenser.
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It holds enough flour
To make dough for 100 pizzas.
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Still in the left section,
Behind the flour dispenser,
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They install and load
The tomato-sauce dispenser
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And a bag of water.
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Then, in the right section,
They install the oven
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And, below that,
The pizza exit slot.
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Once everything's hooked up,
A test run.
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The action begins
In the left section.
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The flour dispenser
Releases a dose of flour,
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Which is actually a mix
Of various flours,
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Instant yeast, and salt.
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Then, the water bag releases
A dose of water.
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The mixer blends and kneads
All the ingredients.
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Once the wad of dough is ready,
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It drops from the mixer
Into the cup.
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A descending arm pushes it from
The cup onto the press plate,
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Forming a 4-inch disk.
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Then a large press
Flattens it out to 10 inches,
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The finished pizza size.
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Now the tomato-sauce dispenser
Rotates,
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Squirting tomato sauce
Onto the dough
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In concentric circles.
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Next, the pizza travels
Through the middle section,
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Passing beneath the refrigerator
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To receive
The selected toppings --
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In this case, cheese.
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Then, a large automated spatula,
Called a conveyor plate,
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Moves the pizza
To the right-side section
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Into the machine's
Infrared oven.
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Infrared radiation works faster
Than traditional heating
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Because it cooks food
From the inside out
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Rather than
From the outside in,
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So the pizza bakes
In just one minute.
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The conveyor plate returns,
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Removes the hot pizza
From the oven...
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...And deposits it
In a cardboard tray
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Waiting in the exit slot...
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Cueing flashing lights,
Inviting you to come and get it.
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Once a test run
Produces a perfect pizza,
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The final step
Is to mount the doors
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On this self-service pizzeria.
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Buon appetito.
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Narrator: burning incense
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Is a ritual
As old as time itself.
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It likely began
With the discovery
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That burning certain plants
And tree barks
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Generated pleasant aromas.
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Eventually, people began
Compressing those sweet smells
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Into cone incense
That burned slowly,
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Giving the user
More time to relax.
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Lighting an incense cone
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Can instantly change the mood
In a room.
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As the cone smolders,
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It releases a bouquet of scents
From the powdered flowers,
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Herbs, and other plants
Used to make it.
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The fragrances released
Create a soothing atmosphere.
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An incense cone starts with bins
Of aromatic raw materials,
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00:11:57,448 --> 00:12:01,689
Like dried flower petals,
Spruce-tree needles,
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00:12:01,689 --> 00:12:04,344
And blossoms that have been
Ground to a fine powder
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To release their perfumes.
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00:12:07,965 --> 00:12:09,758
Other ingredients in the bins
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Include tree barks
And tree resins.
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Everything comes from nature.
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The factory
Combines the ingredients
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In various formulations,
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Depending on
The incense-cone recipe.
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The exact amounts in each recipe
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Are closely guarded
Company secrets.
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They follow each recipe
To the letter,
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Measuring all the ingredients
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With a traditional
Balance scale.
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There's no room for error.
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Otherwise,
The product will smell off.
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00:12:49,482 --> 00:12:52,827
This particular blend
Is called forest honey.
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00:12:52,827 --> 00:12:56,172
The combination of ingredients
Includes berries
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And a pungent balsamic
Tree resin called olibanum.
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00:12:59,758 --> 00:13:03,344
The batch should emit
A sweet, woodsy aroma.
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They add buckets of the measured
Ingredients to a mixer
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00:13:08,551 --> 00:13:11,655
And then turn the switch
To activate the auger.
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00:13:11,655 --> 00:13:13,517
The auger spirals
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00:13:13,517 --> 00:13:17,586
To evenly distribute
All the aromatic ingredients.
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00:13:17,586 --> 00:13:20,827
While that's happening,
A worker scoops up something
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00:13:20,827 --> 00:13:22,931
That looks a lot
Like pastry flour
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00:13:22,931 --> 00:13:28,137
But is actually
A plant-based binding agent.
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00:13:28,137 --> 00:13:31,241
He mixes it with cold water
To liquefy the binder.
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00:13:34,482 --> 00:13:36,448
Then, in a separate pot,
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00:13:36,448 --> 00:13:39,310
He adds orange food coloring
To boiling water,
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00:13:39,310 --> 00:13:42,689
And an automated whisk
Mixes thoroughly.
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00:13:42,689 --> 00:13:46,275
He pours the thick binder liquid
Into the orange-colored water.
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00:13:46,275 --> 00:13:52,000
The whisk kneads it
To a pudding-like consistency.
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00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,482
It's thick and sticky,
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00:13:54,482 --> 00:13:57,862
So it's ready to add
To the dried fragrance mix.
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00:13:59,965 --> 00:14:02,517
The auger works it
Into a cakey orange dough
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00:14:02,517 --> 00:14:05,482
That's as malleable as putty.
235
00:14:10,931 --> 00:14:12,896
They'll now use
This two-part die
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00:14:12,896 --> 00:14:16,000
To shape the dough into cones.
237
00:14:19,068 --> 00:14:21,517
The worker manually
Presses the fragrant dough
238
00:14:21,517 --> 00:14:24,310
Into the cavities of the die.
239
00:14:28,034 --> 00:14:30,551
He compacts the dough
With this handy tool.
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00:14:30,551 --> 00:14:32,344
This eliminates air pockets
241
00:14:32,344 --> 00:14:34,344
And ensures the dough
Takes the cone shape.
242
00:14:38,482 --> 00:14:41,620
He levels the bottoms
Of the incense cones
243
00:14:41,620 --> 00:14:44,172
And then opens the die
Carefully.
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00:14:44,172 --> 00:14:46,413
The shapes are soft
And delicate.
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00:14:46,413 --> 00:14:50,241
One false move, and he could
Destroy some of the cones.
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00:14:50,241 --> 00:14:52,586
The cautionary approach
Pays off,
247
00:14:52,586 --> 00:14:55,862
And the cones are intact.
248
00:14:55,862 --> 00:14:57,965
Now it's
Into the drying chamber.
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00:14:57,965 --> 00:15:02,517
The temperature in here is
Around 100 degrees fahrenheit --
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00:15:02,517 --> 00:15:05,758
Hot enough to toughen up
These soft and crumbly cones.
251
00:15:07,724 --> 00:15:10,241
After four days
In the drying chamber,
252
00:15:10,241 --> 00:15:14,310
The incense cones
Have hardened and solidified.
253
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:20,137
The cones
Now bounce along a conveyor
254
00:15:20,137 --> 00:15:24,655
Past an inspector who sorts out
Any defective ones.
255
00:15:24,655 --> 00:15:28,655
The good ones move forward
And tumble down a chute.
256
00:15:28,655 --> 00:15:30,551
They land in a plastic bag,
257
00:15:30,551 --> 00:15:33,068
And a device moves in
To heat-seal it.
258
00:15:33,068 --> 00:15:36,586
An automated counter overhead
Portions out the cones
259
00:15:36,586 --> 00:15:40,448
To ensure the correct number
Is deposited in each package.
260
00:15:40,448 --> 00:15:43,172
After a worker puts the bag
In a box,
261
00:15:43,172 --> 00:15:47,448
An automated device
Folds down the lid.
262
00:15:47,448 --> 00:15:50,482
From start to finish,
It takes about 14 days
263
00:15:50,482 --> 00:15:53,758
To produce a package
Of incense cones.
264
00:15:53,758 --> 00:15:57,241
All that hard work is about to
Go up in sweet-smelling smoke,
265
00:15:57,241 --> 00:16:00,413
Which, of course,
Is the whole idea.
266
00:16:16,103 --> 00:16:17,758
Narrator:
The model jet engine
267
00:16:17,758 --> 00:16:20,103
Is a scaled-down version
Of the real thing.
268
00:16:20,103 --> 00:16:22,137
It's essentially
The same technology
269
00:16:22,137 --> 00:16:24,517
That lifts enormous aircraft
Off the ground
270
00:16:24,517 --> 00:16:26,689
And propels them
Through the sky.
271
00:16:26,689 --> 00:16:28,517
These engines
Were first developed
272
00:16:28,517 --> 00:16:31,275
For model aircraft in the 1980s,
273
00:16:31,275 --> 00:16:35,551
And they created an immediate
Sensation on the runway.
274
00:16:37,758 --> 00:16:40,448
For some
Model-aircraft enthusiasts,
275
00:16:40,448 --> 00:16:43,241
Tiny turbines
Are now the only way to fly
276
00:16:43,241 --> 00:16:46,827
Because they look and sound
Like a real turbo jet.
277
00:16:46,827 --> 00:16:48,448
It's a touch of authenticity
278
00:16:48,448 --> 00:16:52,724
That can allow the imagination
To really take off.
279
00:16:52,724 --> 00:16:55,620
These mini jets start
With the base plate.
280
00:16:55,620 --> 00:16:57,620
It's the piece
That all the other turbine parts
281
00:16:57,620 --> 00:16:59,965
Will be attached to.
282
00:16:59,965 --> 00:17:02,827
Automated tools
Transform a piece of aluminum
283
00:17:02,827 --> 00:17:05,379
Into an aerodynamic shape.
284
00:17:05,379 --> 00:17:07,551
The little blades
Cut into the perimeter
285
00:17:07,551 --> 00:17:11,965
Will act as air foils,
Contributing to lift and thrust.
286
00:17:11,965 --> 00:17:13,275
It takes just minutes
287
00:17:13,275 --> 00:17:16,137
To go from a metal disk
The size of a hockey puck
288
00:17:16,137 --> 00:17:18,689
To a precision part.
289
00:17:18,689 --> 00:17:22,931
Next, a worker laser-welds
The seams of a steal canister,
290
00:17:22,931 --> 00:17:26,655
Creating what looks like
A large can with holes.
291
00:17:26,655 --> 00:17:29,793
This is the jet engine's
Combustion chamber,
292
00:17:29,793 --> 00:17:31,275
Where a mix of fuel and air
293
00:17:31,275 --> 00:17:34,206
Will be ignited
To drive the turbine.
294
00:17:37,655 --> 00:17:41,172
He now inserts a hollow cylinder
Into the base plate
295
00:17:41,172 --> 00:17:43,172
And then presses
A fuel-distribution ring
296
00:17:43,172 --> 00:17:45,827
Into the plate.
297
00:17:45,827 --> 00:17:47,793
With the parts
Correctly aligned,
298
00:17:47,793 --> 00:17:50,827
He places the assembly
In a metal stand.
299
00:17:50,827 --> 00:17:54,137
He dips screws
In a thread-locking compound
300
00:17:54,137 --> 00:17:57,344
And drives them into threaded
Slots in the base plate.
301
00:17:57,344 --> 00:18:01,655
This secures and cements
The base-plate assembly.
302
00:18:04,896 --> 00:18:08,482
He now holds the base-plate unit
Above the combustion chamber
303
00:18:08,482 --> 00:18:11,172
While he inserts
The tiny fuel-delivery tubes
304
00:18:11,172 --> 00:18:13,206
Into the chamber.
305
00:18:13,206 --> 00:18:14,689
He flips the chamber around
306
00:18:14,689 --> 00:18:16,689
To slide the tubes
Further inside
307
00:18:16,689 --> 00:18:18,724
And complete the job.
308
00:18:18,724 --> 00:18:22,103
The stator vane, pressed onto
The other end of the chamber,
309
00:18:22,103 --> 00:18:26,482
Will redirect the flow of gases
To the turbine wheel.
310
00:18:30,620 --> 00:18:33,034
And now the glow plug --
311
00:18:33,034 --> 00:18:36,482
So named because it glows
To ignite the fuel inside.
312
00:18:36,482 --> 00:18:38,620
He pops it into a threaded slot
313
00:18:38,620 --> 00:18:40,310
On the side
Of the combustion chamber,
314
00:18:40,310 --> 00:18:43,172
Which is, by now,
Encased in an outer shell.
315
00:18:43,172 --> 00:18:45,689
Next, he installs
The turbine and shaft,
316
00:18:45,689 --> 00:18:49,689
Sliding the shaft
Into the center cylinder.
317
00:18:49,689 --> 00:18:51,758
He supports the shaft
On both ends
318
00:18:51,758 --> 00:18:53,896
With thrust bearings
And washers,
319
00:18:53,896 --> 00:18:57,000
Pressing the parts into place.
320
00:19:01,896 --> 00:19:03,965
Next is the compressor wheel,
321
00:19:03,965 --> 00:19:08,827
Which pressurizes air
On its way into the chamber.
322
00:19:08,827 --> 00:19:13,034
Once installed, the compressor
Wheel spins at a blurring speed,
323
00:19:13,034 --> 00:19:16,655
And a computer analyzes it
For the slightest vibration.
324
00:19:16,655 --> 00:19:20,379
Any vibration
Will signify an imbalance.
325
00:19:20,379 --> 00:19:23,000
The technician drills away
Tiny bits of metal
326
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:25,379
To lighten the areas
Of imbalance.
327
00:19:25,379 --> 00:19:29,000
The exact spot was pinpointed
By the computer.
328
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:31,758
He gives the compressor wheel
Another spin.
329
00:19:31,758 --> 00:19:34,482
Again, the computer detects
A small imbalance,
330
00:19:34,482 --> 00:19:36,689
And more material
Must be removed.
331
00:19:36,689 --> 00:19:39,241
The process
Is repeated several times
332
00:19:39,241 --> 00:19:42,206
Until the compressor wheel
Is perfectly balanced
333
00:19:42,206 --> 00:19:44,827
And the computer gives it
The green light.
334
00:19:44,827 --> 00:19:47,206
After that,
He balances the turbine wheel
335
00:19:47,206 --> 00:19:49,448
On the other end of the shaft.
336
00:19:49,448 --> 00:19:52,344
This mini jet engine is now
Ready for the starter motor.
337
00:19:52,344 --> 00:19:56,206
He installs it on the shaft
Protruding from the compressor
338
00:19:56,206 --> 00:19:58,103
And anchors it with screws.
339
00:19:58,103 --> 00:20:00,551
Once in place,
It will spin the shaft
340
00:20:00,551 --> 00:20:05,275
Until enough compressed air
Is produced to ignite the fuel.
341
00:20:05,275 --> 00:20:08,137
This plastic tubing
Will deliver gas to the engine
342
00:20:08,137 --> 00:20:10,793
And oil for lubrication.
343
00:20:10,793 --> 00:20:12,206
He adds a little of the oil
344
00:20:12,206 --> 00:20:14,620
For the initial lubrication
Of the bearings.
345
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:18,586
Next, he heats one end
With a lighter.
346
00:20:18,586 --> 00:20:20,620
This makes the plastic supple
347
00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:24,620
So it easily fits
Onto the connector.
348
00:20:27,655 --> 00:20:31,724
He wires the starter to
A battery and tests the motor.
349
00:20:35,620 --> 00:20:36,931
It works...
350
00:20:36,931 --> 00:20:40,931
So he snaps an aluminum cover
Onto the assembly.
351
00:20:43,793 --> 00:20:47,379
This model jet engine
Is ready for the final test.
352
00:20:47,379 --> 00:20:49,137
Locked down in a test box,
353
00:20:49,137 --> 00:20:51,827
They pump fuel into it and
Bring it up to full throttle.
354
00:20:51,827 --> 00:20:54,206
[ jet engine whines ]
355
00:20:54,206 --> 00:20:56,482
Using computerized equipment,
356
00:20:56,482 --> 00:20:58,758
The technician
Monitors the output
357
00:20:58,758 --> 00:21:00,724
And confirms
The engine is producing
358
00:21:00,724 --> 00:21:03,034
An adequate amount of thrust.
359
00:21:03,034 --> 00:21:05,862
That means it's ready to leave
The factory and take flight.
360
00:21:05,862 --> 00:21:09,344
In total,
It takes about six hours
361
00:21:09,344 --> 00:21:11,172
To make a model jet engine,
362
00:21:11,172 --> 00:21:14,793
But after that,
The sky is the limit.
363
00:21:21,758 --> 00:21:24,068
If you have any comments
About the show,
364
00:21:24,068 --> 00:21:26,655
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
365
00:21:26,655 --> 00:21:28,965
Drop us a line at...
366
00:21:31,172 --> 00:21:34,137
--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
367
00:21:34,137 --> 00:21:37,103
Captions paid for by
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