All language subtitles for S13E01 - Hammers; Swiss Cheese; Roller Skates; Coloured Pencils (1080p AMZN WEB-DL x265 Garshasp)_track3_[eng]

Narrator:
The need to hammer things

Goes back to prehistoric times

When early man
Used stones as tools.

The modern hammer evolved

From those first
Crude implements.

But with its forged-steel design
And user-friendly handle,

The hammer of today
Is strikingly different.

No one-hit wonder,

The modern hammer
Is made to endure.

It maintains
Its structural integrity

Despite repeated pounding
And pulling.

It starts
With a thick steel bar.

An automated system loads it
Into an induction furnace

Set at more than
1,800 degrees fahrenheit.

The fierce heat
Makes the steel malleable.

This forge-hammer
Pounds the hot steel

Into a series
Of hammer-shaped compressions.

Then it's into a punch cutter

Which trims the ragged edges
Of the forged steel.

The cutoffs go into a bin
For recycling.

A worker sandwiches
The newly trimmed shape

In a press
That fine-tunes the shape.

The hammer is cooled down
On this revolving rack.

Then they load the hammers
Into a tumbler,

Along with tiny bits of steel --

So tiny, they're hard to see.

But their impact
Will be very noticeable.

As they toss about,

The bits rub off scale
And debris on the hammers,

For an impressive cleanup.

They then clamp the hammer
In a device

That spins it
Against abrasive belts

To contour the striking head.

These belts also bevel
The hammer's head.

It's a safety feature.

The sloped edge is less likely
To chip nails on impact.

Now this jagged cutting wheel

Carves ridges
Into the hammer's head.

The device
Repositions the hammer

So the wheel can cut it
In a different direction

To create a grid.

This surface is less likely
To slip off nails on impact.

Next comes
The tempering process.

The hammers plunge
Into a very hot bath.

Then they dip them
In quenching oil,

Which cools the metal
So quickly, it hardens.

Now it's time
For another polish.

This one makes the steal gleam.

It's the finishing touch.

Next, they assemble
Leather rings in a tray --

25 to each one.

They place plastic rings
At each end

To break up the look

And buttress it
With a pronged metal disk.

They slide the tray
Into a compartment

And insert the end of the hammer
In the rings.

A hydraulic tool
Rams it through them,

Encasing the handle
In a neat wrap

That's comfortable to grasp.

They secure the end
Of the hammer in a clamp,

And then a spinning tool
Flattens the prongs

That protrude
From the metal plate,

Riveting it to the leather wrap.

Then, using a series
Of sanding belts,

They smooth the rough leather
For a seamless finish.

This is a tank of heavy lacquer

In which they immerse
The hammers repeatedly.

When it dries,

The lacquer
Will give the leather wrap

A tough, sleek finish,

And the leather will look like
One textured piece

Instead of many.

For a different kind of handle,

They pour liquid vinyl
On the hammer shaft

That's encased in a mold.

The vinyl adheres to the hammer
As it hardens.

The mold leaves
A dimpling impression

That will make the hammer
Easier to grip.

They grind off
The hardened vinyl spillover

And contour the handle.

These handles are preferred
By some tradesmen

Because the vinyl
Is an antishock material.

They stamp the model number
Onto it.

Paint guns mist the steel
With lacquer

For a little rustproofing.

The hammers then travel
Through an oven,

Which cures the lacquer.

After they stamp
The company logo onto the vinyl,

Each hammer
Is visually inspected.

Only then does it get
A seal of approval.

It takes about a day
To make a hammer,

And with the different
Handle wraps and sizes,

They've really nailed it.

Narrator: the swiss call
This cheese "Fromage d'alpage,"

Which means "Cheese from
The high-mountain pastures."

Master cheesemakers
Retreat to their chalets

High in the swiss alps
To make this special cheese.

These individuals follow
A tradition of cheesemaking

That goes back
To the middle ages.

Fromage d'alpage is produced
By cheesemakers

Who bring their cows high
Into the alps for five months --

To this region
Of gstaad, switzerland.

In the morning, they milk their
Cows for about seven minutes

Using an automatic
Milking machine.

Each cow produces
Around 2 1/2 gallons of milk,

Which contains water,
Protein, and fat.

12 hours later,
He removes the fat,

Which rises to the surface.

He adds a starter culture,

Which helps preserve the milk.

A wood fire then heats the milk
For 20 minutes

At a constant
86 degrees fahrenheit.

He then adds an enzyme
Called rennet

And more starter culture
To the milk.

After about 40 minutes,
These active ingredients

Coagulate the milk
Into cheese curd.

He cuts the solidifying curd
Into smaller pieces.

To maintain an even heat,

He keeps blending the curd
And the liquid together.

He continues mixing
And cutting the curd

Until the active ingredients

Separate the curd
From the liquid,

Called whey.

To make cheese,

He will use
Only the grains of curd.

An electric mixer
Then completes the separation.

He washes his arms
And hands thoroughly,

Because any impurities
In the cheese would ruin it.

After heating the mixture
For 20 minutes again,

The curd is now
The perfect texture

For making cheese.

Using cheesecloth,

They remove the grains of curd.

What started out
As 80 gallons of milk

Will end up producing
Only 66 pounds of cheese.

The cheesemaker stuffs the sack
Of curd into a mold

And works out some of the whey.

He then puts
Three molds filled with curd

Into a wooden press.

And using a wooden block

That distributes
The pressure evenly,

He squeezes out
More of the whey.

To get all the excess liquid
Out of the curd,

He turns each 22-pound piece
Of cheese over

So he can press it again.

Too much liquid in the cheese

Would affect its shape
And quality,

So he does this a few times,

Then leaves them
In the press overnight.

The next morning,
He trims off the excess cheese

Created around the edge
By the pressing mold.

Like every step
In this cheesemaking process,

This work is also done by hand.

He soaks the cheese
In salt water for 24 hours

To conserve, harden,
And intensify its taste.

The cheese then goes through
A salting and maturing process

That lasts six months.

During this time, they flip
Each piece of cheese often

So it ages evenly.

After a final surface cleaning,

They put the 22-pound pieces
On their sides to air-dry.

They'll remain edible
For at least 10 years.

But, of course, you don't
Have to live in the alps

To enjoy the taste
Of swiss cheese.

Narrator: when roller skates
Were invented by the dutch

In the 18th century,

They put a whole new spin
On skating.

Before that, people could
Only skate on iced surfaces,

So the sport had definite
Seasonal limitations.

The wheels
Of those first roller skates

Were wooden spools.

But today's manufacturers

Have come up with some
Better tricks to make them.

Roller skates have improved
By leaps and bounds.

The wheels are made of strong,
Lightweight polyurethane,

So there's nothing
To hold you back.

They start with the shoes.

A die press punches out
Leather patterns,

Called quarters --

Four per shoe.

They place one quarter
Under a foil strip,

And a hot die stamps it

With the manufacturer's
Trademark.

Then, using a template,

They mark the locations

Where components
Are to be sewn...

...Such as these racing stripes.

They stitch them
Onto the leather quarters

In two rows.

The four leather quarters have
Been partially pieced together.

Here, the operator
Finishes the job,

Sewing the shoe's outer layer
To the liner.

She then stitches the rest
Of the liner to the shoe,

While a little blade
On the machine

Trims the excess leather.

Now the roller-skate shoe
Really takes shape,

As she folds the leather in two
And sews the toe.

This machine punches holes

And inserts eyelets
For the shoelaces.

This machine, called a laster,

Glues the shoe to an insole.

They insert a shoe
And insole together

Into the laster.

Its nozzles coat the toe
Of the insole with cement

While pinchers
Pull the leather around it.

Then automated arms press
The leather onto the insole,

Bonding them together.

Another machine then nails

The rest of the shoe
Around the insole,

And a worker
Pounds them in further.

A final laster

Folds the edge
Of the shoe around the heel

And then drives nails into it.

The hot lights of this machine
Activate cement

That's been applied
To an outsole and the shoe body.

This allows the two to adhere.

As the cement dries,

This hydraulic machine
Presses the outsole to the shoe

To aid the adhesion.

They stitch the outsole
To the shoe for reinforcement.

After all, roller-skate shoes

Have to hold up to the rigors
Of the sport.

They insert nails into holes

Of this
Heel-attaching machine...

Then position a fiberboard
And leather heel on it,

Followed by
The roller-skate shoe.

Mechanical drivers thrust
The nails up into the shoe,

Firmly attaching the heel.

An operator then forces
The rubber sole

Against a circular cutter

To remove the excess material.

Next, they screw
A polyurethane toe stop

Into a skate frame.

They drill through holes
In the frame

To make corresponding holes
In the shoe.

They push bolts into the holes.

Then, using a pneumatic
Socket wrench,

They bolt the skate frame
To the shoe.

The bolts are too long,
So they cut them down to size

With a special breakoff tool.

They slide polyurethane cushions
Onto kingpins,

Then install bearings
In the hub of each wheel.

A carousel conveyor
Delivers the wheel and bearings

To a tool
That presses them together.

With the wheels
Now linked by axles,

These skates
Are almost ready to roll.

They mount each wheel assembly
On a kingpin,

Then install
A second cushion ring.

These cushions can be adjusted
By the skater

To change the feel of the skate.

A tweak to the axle
Confirms the wheels spin freely.

It takes about four days

For the experts to make
A pair of roller skates.

That's somewhat less time
Than it takes

For the average person
To master using them.

Narrator: colored pencils
Come in basic color packages

For schoolchildren,

Upgraded sets for architects
And other professionals,

And elaborate collections
Of shades

For the serious artist.

It isn't so much
The color variety

That determines the quality,

But the pigment concentration
In the lead.

The core of a colored pencil

Doesn't actually contain
Any lead.

It's composed of pigments,
Minerals, and binding agents.

This company invented
A unique type of colored pencil.

The lead composition is such
That it allows you

To brush on a bit of water
After you draw

To create the effect
Of watercolor paints.

Colored pencils start
With a combination of pigments.

Every shade has a specific
Pigment recipe.

They produce a large quantity
Of one shade at a time.

Following that color's recipe,

They meticulously weigh

The different portions
Of ingredients.

Then they boil a specific
Quantity of water and additives

And add binding agents --

A secret blend of gums,
Resins, or waxes.

The ingredients expand
In hot water,

Forming a paste.

Workers then mix the pigments
Into this paste.

The next machine processes
The paste into fine chunks,

Intensifying the color.

The chunks move by conveyor belt

With a cylinder
That compresses them,

Then feeds them
Into an extrusion machine.

The extruder squeezes the paste
In a continuous stream

That's the diameter
Of the pencil lead.

In a top-secret process,

The next machine
Chops this long lead

Into pencil-length leads.

But the leads can't write
Just yet.

They're bathed in a vat

Filled with a mixture
Of chemical waxes.

These waxes coat
And impregnate the leads --

In this case, red ones.

Wax is a color-delivery vehicle.

As you write, it rubs off
And adheres to the paper,

Taking pigment with it.

With the leads now finished,

The factory subjects
Random samples

To quality control testing,

Including a break test
And a durability test

In which each lead

Must yield 100 yards of writing.

This company
Makes its pencil bodies

From cedar wood.

This machine carves grooves
For the leads,

Then coats the surface
With a thin layer of glue.

The planks pass under a wheel
That places the leads...

...Then through another machine

That slips a second
Grooved plank on top.

The next machine
Carves the hexagonal shape,

Then slices the pencils apart.

One at a time,

The pencils shoot through a vat
Of colored varnish.

Their exterior is now the same
Color as the lead inside.

Once the varnish dries,

A heat stamp
Burns the company name

And color number into the wood,

Filling the lettering
With colored film.

Then the pencils roll across
An abrasive wheel,

Sharpening as they go.

The unsharpened end
Gets a cap of varnish,

Either in white

Or the same shade
As the pencil lead.

The factory's equipment
Feeds the appropriate colors

To the packaging area.

As the pencils
Slide into their grooved tray,

Workers visually inspect
Each and every one.

From pigments and planks
To an artistic medium,

The story behind the making
Of colored pencils

Is hardly black and white.

--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com

Captions paid for by
Discovery communications

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