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Narrator: valves control
The flow of liquids and gases
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00:00:54,206 --> 00:00:55,517
Through pipes and tubes.
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00:00:55,517 --> 00:00:57,413
They're so much part
Of our lives,
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00:00:57,413 --> 00:00:59,310
We hardly think twice
About them.
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00:00:59,310 --> 00:01:02,000
But a faulty valve in
An airplane or chemical plant
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00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:03,310
Could be catastrophic.
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00:01:03,310 --> 00:01:06,068
Valves must be precision-made
And trouble-free,
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00:01:06,068 --> 00:01:09,068
Whether it's small enough
To fit inside the human body
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00:01:09,068 --> 00:01:10,655
Or as big as a car.
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00:01:14,620 --> 00:01:18,068
Many gate valves use handwheels
To control the flow.
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Turning this wheel
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Opens or closes a gate or wedge
Inside the valve body.
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00:01:27,689 --> 00:01:31,793
This giant 11-ton gate valve
Works the same way.
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It will receive
An internal gate or wedge
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00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:38,034
That starts and stops the flow
Of liquids or gases.
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00:01:38,034 --> 00:01:40,551
First, an automated horizontal
Boring mill
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Prepares the valve body
For assembly
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00:01:42,793 --> 00:01:44,827
And for a controlling mechanism.
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It takes a controlling mechanism
Or motor, not a handwheel,
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00:01:48,379 --> 00:01:55,068
To open and close a wedge
That weighs about 3,300 pounds.
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An automated drill pilot drills
The flange of the valve body.
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00:01:59,689 --> 00:02:01,793
This centers the holes
Used for the bolts
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00:02:01,793 --> 00:02:03,517
That will connect
The valve cover.
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00:02:07,275 --> 00:02:08,931
A technician double-checks
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00:02:08,931 --> 00:02:11,827
To make sure the holes
Are in the right place.
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00:02:11,827 --> 00:02:15,482
Then an automated spade drill
Starts penetrating the flange.
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00:02:15,482 --> 00:02:18,896
Coolant prevents the steel
From heating up
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00:02:18,896 --> 00:02:20,413
And removes steel chips
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00:02:20,413 --> 00:02:23,103
From inside
The perfectly centered holes.
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Meanwhile, the wedge is ready.
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00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:35,724
A propane torch
Preheats the wedge
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00:02:35,724 --> 00:02:38,413
For the plasma-arc
Welding machine.
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This machine hard-faces the
Sealing surface of the wedge,
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00:02:42,310 --> 00:02:45,000
A process
That ensures minimal wear.
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00:02:47,068 --> 00:02:50,344
Hard-facing creates
Three rows of weld beads,
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00:02:50,344 --> 00:02:51,827
Which will be machined smooth.
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00:02:55,034 --> 00:02:57,172
Before installing the wedge,
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00:02:57,172 --> 00:03:00,206
A technician inserts a seat ring
Into the valve body.
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00:03:00,206 --> 00:03:04,000
A seat ring helps ensure
Precision fit with the wedge.
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00:03:07,172 --> 00:03:09,689
The ring fits
Into the grooved body cavity.
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00:03:09,689 --> 00:03:12,758
Then the technician sets another
Seat ring into place.
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00:03:15,965 --> 00:03:17,655
Before the wedge goes in,
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A semiautomatic welding machine
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Welds the two seat rings
Into place
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Using a rotating positioner.
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00:03:24,862 --> 00:03:28,206
Then a lapping machine
Inserted into the valve body
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00:03:28,206 --> 00:03:31,448
Polishes each seat ring
To guarantee their finish
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Is flat and smooth.
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00:03:37,931 --> 00:03:41,000
Next, a crane
Lowers the machined wedge
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00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:42,413
Into the body cavity.
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00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:48,724
Using a gauge, a technician
Verifies the gap.
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00:03:48,724 --> 00:03:51,172
He repeatedly checks
To see what adjustments
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The wedge may need
To ensure a tight shutoff.
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00:03:58,793 --> 00:04:01,413
Another technician
Installs a sealer gasket
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To prepare the valve body
For the cover or bonnet.
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00:04:07,068 --> 00:04:09,689
Now he begins final assembly.
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A fully adjusted wedge
With the stem attached
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Fits perfectly
In between the two seat rings.
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This stem will connect
To the controlling mechanism
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00:04:20,827 --> 00:04:22,793
That opens and closes the valve.
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00:04:26,517 --> 00:04:28,068
A crane lowers the bonnet
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With attached yoke assembly
Onto the body.
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00:04:32,034 --> 00:04:34,275
Its studs fit exactly
Into the holes
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00:04:34,275 --> 00:04:37,655
That were drilled into
The valve's flange at the start.
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00:04:43,413 --> 00:04:46,965
A technician readies all the
Bolts for machine tightening.
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00:04:46,965 --> 00:04:50,068
Then he greases
The top part of the stem.
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He lowers the controlling
Mechanism onto the stem,
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And he screws it into place
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Until it's flush with the yoke,
The top part of the bonnet.
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00:05:03,379 --> 00:05:04,724
A technician then bolts
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00:05:04,724 --> 00:05:07,413
The controlling mechanism
Onto the yoke.
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00:05:08,379 --> 00:05:11,206
Finally, another technician
Spray-paints
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The fully assembled gate valve
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00:05:12,793 --> 00:05:15,724
With a protective coat of
Corrosion-resistant paint.
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00:05:17,620 --> 00:05:20,655
Precision-made gate valves
Are expertly crafted.
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00:05:20,655 --> 00:05:22,827
They come in all shapes
And sizes
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And are equipped
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With controlling mechanisms
Or handwheels.
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From refineries
And nuclear power plants
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00:05:32,620 --> 00:05:35,448
To submarines
And aircraft carriers,
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Gate valves are helping
Our world run safely.
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00:05:53,344 --> 00:05:55,379
Narrator: the health benefits
Of eating fish
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Are always under study.
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Today, it's said that most fish,
Like sardines,
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Are a good source
Of vitamins, minerals,
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And omega-3 fatty acids.
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If you want to make healthy
Eating choices,
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You need to stay informed,
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So seeing how these little guys
End up on your kitchen table
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Is a good way to start.
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Sardines from the pacific
Coastal waters off of costa rica
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Are freshly packaged
In a variety of tasty flavors.
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It starts when sardines
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Are put into a vat of icy water
To keep them fresh.
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The temperature of the fish
Must be kept
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Below 41 degrees fahrenheit
To avoid spoiling.
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The fresh sardines
Then go through a machine
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That deposits the fish
Onto sorting lanes.
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Each lane
Allows a certain sized fish
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To fall through the gap
Onto a chute below.
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Sorted as small,
Medium, or large,
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The fish drop
Into the proper container.
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Then workers load
A specific size of sardine
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Into a machine
That removes the scales.
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00:07:13,344 --> 00:07:16,000
Removing the scales
Takes 3 to 11 minutes,
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Depending on the size
Of the fish.
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00:07:18,551 --> 00:07:21,965
Once done, there is
No mistaking a sardine
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With or without scales.
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Workers then place
Descaled sardines onto trays
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That take them
Into a cutting machine.
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They arrange the sardines
On the trays
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In such a way that blades
Inside the machine
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Will cut off the heads
And tails.
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A look inside
The cutting machine
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Shows how it removes
The heads and tails
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And sends them
On their separate ways.
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It also cuts open and cleans out
The bodies of the sardines
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And readies them for packaging.
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00:08:01,620 --> 00:08:04,413
The packing cans travel
By conveyor to a work station,
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With their bottom side up
And open.
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00:08:10,206 --> 00:08:14,206
They fill the cans manually
To decrease the possibility
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Of introducing foreign matter
Into them.
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00:08:24,827 --> 00:08:27,379
The worker
Draws on his experience
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To estimate the required weight,
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Then stuffs and trims the fish
To fill the cans one by one.
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To be sure each can
Is exactly the right weight,
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He weighs and adjusts
The amount in each tin.
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In only a matter of minutes,
He completes a set of cans.
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00:08:53,965 --> 00:08:56,689
Then another worker
Turns the set over
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00:08:56,689 --> 00:08:59,724
And sends the open-bottom cans
Into an oven
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00:08:59,724 --> 00:09:03,551
That cooks the sardines at about
212 degrees fahrenheit.
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00:09:05,793 --> 00:09:08,344
After cooking
For about 25 minutes,
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A worker turns the set of cans
Over again
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00:09:11,241 --> 00:09:15,620
And transfers them
Onto a conveyor system.
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All the cooked sardines
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Gradually funnel
Into a single file,
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00:09:18,965 --> 00:09:20,482
And depending on the product,
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A filling machine
Treats them to oil
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00:09:23,586 --> 00:09:26,758
Or a specific flavor
Of tomato sauce.
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00:09:30,172 --> 00:09:33,103
The filling machine overfills
The cans with sauce,
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00:09:33,103 --> 00:09:35,172
But a flute hidden
Inside the machine
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Removes just enough sauce
To put the lids on properly.
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00:09:45,172 --> 00:09:48,310
The machine pressure-seals
The lids onto the cans
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So that when they exit
The machine, they're airtight.
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00:09:52,275 --> 00:09:56,103
The traveling cans then enter
A machine that washes them
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00:09:56,103 --> 00:10:00,206
In about 194-degree water
And makes them spotless.
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00:10:04,344 --> 00:10:06,241
Pallets of cans then go
Into a chamber
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00:10:06,241 --> 00:10:09,103
That sterilizes the product
To keep it fresh.
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00:10:12,068 --> 00:10:14,551
Then the cans
Go into a labeling machine
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00:10:14,551 --> 00:10:16,827
That applies a thin coating
Of glue
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00:10:16,827 --> 00:10:19,655
And precut paper labels
Onto each one.
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00:10:21,896 --> 00:10:25,000
The finished product
Comes out of the machine
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00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:27,241
With an attractive
Full-color label,
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00:10:27,241 --> 00:10:29,000
Ready to ship to the customer.
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00:10:33,620 --> 00:10:36,137
Sardines come in a variety
Of flavors
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00:10:36,137 --> 00:10:37,896
With easy-to-open packages
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00:10:37,896 --> 00:10:40,724
That maintain the freshness
Of the fish.
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00:10:53,827 --> 00:10:56,413
Narrator: ancient civilizations
Tried to forecast the weather
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00:10:56,413 --> 00:10:58,724
By observing cloud patterns
Or even using astrology.
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00:10:58,724 --> 00:11:00,000
Today, we rely on instruments
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00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:02,172
Like the barometer
Or the barograph,
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00:11:02,172 --> 00:11:04,310
Which automatically records
On paper
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The variations
In atmospheric pressure.
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00:11:06,551 --> 00:11:08,689
High pressure
Indicates good weather.
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00:11:08,689 --> 00:11:11,000
Low pressure
Means bad weather is likely.
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00:11:14,344 --> 00:11:17,068
This barograph
Has three main parts --
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The recording arm,
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00:11:18,448 --> 00:11:21,586
The cells that react
To atmospheric pressure,
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00:11:21,586 --> 00:11:23,034
And a rotating drum.
170
00:11:23,034 --> 00:11:24,689
To make the drum's lid,
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00:11:24,689 --> 00:11:28,620
A die-press operator stamps out
A 3½-inch disk
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00:11:28,620 --> 00:11:30,931
From a long strip of brass.
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00:11:30,931 --> 00:11:33,310
He cleans off the grease
From the die press
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00:11:33,310 --> 00:11:36,827
And places the disk on another
Press to form an edge.
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00:11:40,793 --> 00:11:42,206
To make the drum,
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00:11:42,206 --> 00:11:45,758
He cuts a 4-inch-long cylinder
From a brass tube.
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00:11:47,965 --> 00:11:52,379
Next, he places the drum on an
Arm that rotates at high speed.
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00:11:52,379 --> 00:11:56,793
He etches fine lines
Into the brass using steel wool.
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00:12:01,586 --> 00:12:04,068
Thanks to
A handy rotating device,
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00:12:04,068 --> 00:12:07,482
All the drums get an even
Coating of protective lacquer
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00:12:07,482 --> 00:12:09,275
So the brass doesn't corrode.
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00:12:12,275 --> 00:12:15,034
The barograph's mechanism
Rests on a solid brass plate
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00:12:15,034 --> 00:12:19,103
That's 8½ inches long
By 5 inches wide.
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00:12:19,103 --> 00:12:21,689
A worker greases each one
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00:12:21,689 --> 00:12:23,827
And then places them on a press
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00:12:23,827 --> 00:12:26,862
That punches out the holes
For the fastening screws.
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00:12:28,517 --> 00:12:31,551
Next, he places the plate
In a metal holder
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00:12:31,551 --> 00:12:34,172
And buffs it with a rotating
Polishing brush.
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00:12:34,172 --> 00:12:36,586
He applies wax to the brush
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00:12:36,586 --> 00:12:39,241
To help achieve
A perfect mirror finish.
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00:12:46,655 --> 00:12:49,241
Now workers use a fine grade
Of sandpaper
192
00:12:49,241 --> 00:12:50,758
To polish the solid brass arms
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00:12:50,758 --> 00:12:52,931
That will hold the working parts
In place.
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00:12:55,517 --> 00:12:58,034
Then they line them up
On a board
195
00:12:58,034 --> 00:13:00,758
And buff them
With a polishing brush.
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00:13:00,758 --> 00:13:03,551
How do they get those parts
So shiny?
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00:13:03,551 --> 00:13:07,241
By washing off any machine
Grease before polishing them.
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00:13:08,793 --> 00:13:11,620
Putting the barograph together
Is precision work.
199
00:13:11,620 --> 00:13:13,758
Laid out before the assembler
200
00:13:13,758 --> 00:13:16,482
Are all the working parts
She will need.
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00:13:16,482 --> 00:13:19,965
She begins with an arm,
Inserts a brass screw,
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00:13:19,965 --> 00:13:24,482
Then sets in a second arm and
Attaches them to the baseplate.
203
00:13:28,793 --> 00:13:32,275
These hollow metal cells
Are the key to the mechanism.
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00:13:32,275 --> 00:13:35,000
Air pressure makes them
Expand and contract.
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00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:37,241
The barograph records
This movement
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00:13:37,241 --> 00:13:39,827
To measure
High and low pressure systems.
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00:13:43,034 --> 00:13:46,275
The cell stack is put in place
On the baseplate.
208
00:13:48,655 --> 00:13:50,172
Then they add the lever system
209
00:13:50,172 --> 00:13:52,482
That connects the recording arm
To the paper.
210
00:13:52,482 --> 00:13:56,034
This lever system
Connects to the arm,
211
00:13:56,034 --> 00:13:58,344
Raising and lowering it
So the felt pen at the tip
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00:13:58,344 --> 00:14:00,689
Can record changing
Air-pressure levels
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00:14:00,689 --> 00:14:02,793
On the drum's rotating chart.
214
00:14:05,172 --> 00:14:09,137
The assembler inserts tiny pins
To hold it together.
215
00:14:14,931 --> 00:14:18,551
Inside the drum's base is
A battery-driven quartz clock,
216
00:14:18,551 --> 00:14:21,379
Which maintains
A steady rate of rotation.
217
00:14:24,827 --> 00:14:27,413
Now she wraps the chart
Around the drum
218
00:14:27,413 --> 00:14:30,793
And attaches a brass clip
To hold it in place.
219
00:14:30,793 --> 00:14:34,241
The drum rotates once
Over a seven-day period,
220
00:14:34,241 --> 00:14:38,482
So slowly that the movement
Is invisible to the naked eye.
221
00:14:38,482 --> 00:14:40,896
There's a gear system
Inside the drum,
222
00:14:40,896 --> 00:14:43,517
Which rotates it
Once it's set on the axle.
223
00:14:43,517 --> 00:14:45,896
A brass screw holds it in place.
224
00:14:46,931 --> 00:14:50,206
Now the worker puts the
Mechanism on a mahogany base.
225
00:14:50,206 --> 00:14:52,310
She screws it into place,
226
00:14:52,310 --> 00:14:55,482
Then covers it with a glass
And mahogany housing.
227
00:14:55,482 --> 00:14:58,206
Brass hinges
And a closing mechanism
228
00:14:58,206 --> 00:15:02,172
Hold the housing firmly in place
And provides easy access.
229
00:15:06,241 --> 00:15:08,689
A quality controller
Places the barograph
230
00:15:08,689 --> 00:15:12,586
Into a pressure-sealed chamber
To check its accuracy.
231
00:15:12,586 --> 00:15:15,000
He compares
The barograph's recordings
232
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:16,758
To gauges outside the chamber
233
00:15:16,758 --> 00:15:19,034
That measure the changes
In air pressure
234
00:15:19,034 --> 00:15:21,068
That he applies
Inside the chamber.
235
00:15:21,068 --> 00:15:23,620
This weekly chart
Shows hour-by-hour recordings
236
00:15:23,620 --> 00:15:27,620
Of air-pressure variations
Measured in hectopascals,
237
00:15:27,620 --> 00:15:31,172
A unit of atmospheric pressure.
238
00:15:31,172 --> 00:15:34,586
Barographs are available
In a variety of designs,
239
00:15:34,586 --> 00:15:38,000
From modern to traditional brass
And mahogany models
240
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:40,586
That any sailor
Would be proud to own.
241
00:15:53,379 --> 00:15:55,413
Narrator:
Parenthood has many joys,
242
00:15:55,413 --> 00:15:57,517
But a dirty diaper
Isn't one of them.
243
00:15:57,517 --> 00:15:59,896
And that's why we have
Disposable diapers.
244
00:15:59,896 --> 00:16:03,758
They were first introduced
In the 1940s for travel use.
245
00:16:03,758 --> 00:16:07,068
It took several years
For the idea to catch on.
246
00:16:07,068 --> 00:16:10,793
But when it did,
Diaper duty was never the same.
247
00:16:15,344 --> 00:16:17,517
Many would say
Disposable diapers
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Represent a change
For the better,
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Helping parents make the best
Of a messy business.
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They start with superabsorbent
Polymer particles,
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Which drop
Into a forming chamber.
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Pulp unwinds
Into the same chamber.
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A spray of water helps suppress
Any static electricity
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That could interfere
With processing.
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Inside, the pulp mixes
With the polymer particles.
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The result is this fluffy
Absorbent material
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That will be the diaper core.
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This rotating drum
Has a vacuum
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That shapes the fluffy material
Into padding.
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Another vacuum drum
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Then merges the padding
To a moving web of fabric.
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Guides fold the fabric
Around the padding,
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And a hot adhesive seals it.
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At this debulking station,
Rollers compress the padding,
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Making the diaper core
Slim enough
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To comfortably fit a baby.
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A cylindrical cutter
Slices the diaper core to size.
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At another station,
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Plastic film winds around guides
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And merges with another stream
Of fabric.
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Machinery
Glues the layers together
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To form the diaper's back side.
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Next, equipment pulls
Elastic bands
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Into other layers of fabric
To make leg cuffs
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And outer gathers on the top
Portion of the diaper.
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The elastic will ensure
The diaper fits snuggly,
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Preventing leaks.
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Each diaper will be equipped
With a set of these front tabs
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Punched out
By this rotating die.
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This cylinder applies
Stretch side panels
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To the top part of the diaper,
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Which has the leg cuffs
And gathers.
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The absorbent core now meets up
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With the back side
Of the diaper.
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And then the other layers
Come together and adhere.
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A computerized system
Monitors the assembly.
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Incredibly, it takes less
Than a quarter of a second
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For all the layers
Of the disposable diaper
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To be assembled.
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The diapers
Now travel past guides
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That fold down the tabs
And side panels.
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The diapers are then cut
Into individual units.
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Again, belted rollers compress
The completed diapers.
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Paddles then fold them in half.
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Conveyor belts relay the folded
Diapers to a carousel.
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Finger paddles separate them
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And position them for packaging.
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Sensors count the diapers
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As they move toward
Compression arms
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That squeeze
The required number together.
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A pusher swoops in
To slide the diapers into a bag.
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Vacuum arms
Open the bags right on cue.
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Hot bars seal the package
Full of diapers.
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It then moves down the line
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To be packed into boxes
For shipping.
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Each disposable diaper
Has a phenomenal capacity
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To absorb liquid,
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And the key
Is those polymer particles.
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They act as tiny gel sponges,
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Expanding to hold many times
Their weight in fluid.
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Cut open a wet diaper,
And you'll discover the liquid
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Has turned the solid particles
Into gel.
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The proof is in the weighing.
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For example,
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This dry diaper comes in
At about an ounce and a half.
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When wet,
It weighs over 18 ounces.
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And that's the bottom line.
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If you have any comments
About the show,
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Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
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Drop us a line at...
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--captions by vitac--
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