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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications, llc
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Narrator:
In the 18th century,
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00:00:53,620 --> 00:00:57,344
Anatomical models became widely
Used for educational purposes.
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00:00:57,344 --> 00:01:00,241
However, they were unique pieces
Carved in wax,
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Which made them
Expensive and fragile.
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00:01:02,758 --> 00:01:05,379
Today, they're made of
Plastic-based resin
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00:01:05,379 --> 00:01:08,482
And are found in medical
Schools, doctors' offices,
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Even art schools.
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00:01:13,965 --> 00:01:17,965
This model of a human torso
Has 20 removable parts.
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The front, sides, and back
All provide different views
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00:01:22,137 --> 00:01:24,551
Of the body's inner
And outer structure.
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Workers cast
Each part of the model
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00:01:31,793 --> 00:01:35,448
Using a plastic-based
Polymer resin.
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00:01:35,448 --> 00:01:38,758
They pour the resin into nickel
Molds of the different parts,
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00:01:38,758 --> 00:01:41,827
Like this skullcap mold...
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Or this heart mold.
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Then they join the two molds
That make up each part
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And clamp them shut.
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The molds go into a gas oven
Set to 437 degrees fahrenheit.
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As the heat
Penetrates the molds,
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00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:06,310
The resin evenly coats
The entire inner surface.
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00:02:06,310 --> 00:02:10,034
After about 10 to 12 minutes,
They come out piping hot.
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Workers spray them with water
To cool them down
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00:02:12,413 --> 00:02:16,655
Before they unclamp the mold
And release the warm casting.
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00:02:23,034 --> 00:02:26,000
Here are some shoulder muscles
Fresh from their mold...
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...The cross-section
Of a heart...
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An arm...
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...And a leg that workers
Set to cool into shape
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On a form
Made of heat-resistant gypsum.
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Using a needle,
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A worker punctures the resin
To release trapped air
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So the part doesn't shatter.
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00:02:53,137 --> 00:02:55,000
Then he drills small holes
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For the pins that will hold
The parts together.
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00:02:59,758 --> 00:03:03,655
Each part is hand-painted
To single out key features.
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An artist carefully paints in
The veins in blue on this leg...
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And then uses yellow
For the nerve endings...
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And red for the arteries.
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Even the toenails
Get some color.
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Before they can assemble
The model,
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Workers must first insert
Metal pins into each part.
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They help attach the parts
To one another.
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00:03:37,931 --> 00:03:40,517
Now the artist can finish
Painting in the arteries
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On this shoulder muscle.
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The gray areas
Indicate the ligaments.
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00:03:48,931 --> 00:03:51,275
Next, she turns her attention
To the head,
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Painting in the eyes first
To give the figure some life.
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It's all in the details.
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00:04:09,275 --> 00:04:12,275
This final touch really makes
The eyes come alive.
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The parts go into a warm oven
For about 15 minutes
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To soften the plastic.
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This makes them
Easier to assemble.
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Here, a worker lowers
The model's head
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Onto a metal pin
Set in the torso.
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She puts the brain inside
The model's skull
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And covers it with the skullcap.
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00:04:40,793 --> 00:04:43,344
Next, she adds muscles
To an arm,
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Guiding the pin into a hole
On the adjoining part.
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She adds the bicep, a muscle
That helps flex the hand...
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And, finally, the deltoid,
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The muscle that lifts the arm
At the shoulder joint.
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She tapes up the arm
To keep all parts together
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As she attaches it to the torso.
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Nickel-plated hooks
And fasteners
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Hold the removable parts
In place on the assembled model.
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00:05:22,206 --> 00:05:28,206
This life-size muscular figure
Measures in at 4 1/2 feet.
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It has 45 separate parts,
All anatomically correct.
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The human body -- truly
An extraordinary structure.
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Narrator:
The jukebox actually started out
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As a memo-recording device
For executives.
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That phonograph recorder
Was invented by thomas edison
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Back in the 19th century.
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00:06:01,482 --> 00:06:04,310
It evolved into
A coin-operated music machine
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00:06:04,310 --> 00:06:07,000
Because music
Is a lot more fun to dance to
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Than the boss' orders --
"Take a memo."
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Put a coin in the slot and
People will dance to your tune.
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00:06:21,965 --> 00:06:24,517
Records replaced
The phonographic cylinder
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Early in the 20th century.
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Amplifiers were added
In the 1930s
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And gave the big box
A big sound.
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In the 1980s,
Compact discs came along,
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Putting a different spin
On the jukebox.
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With those smaller discs,
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Manufacturers could pack
A lot more music into a machine.
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Now compact-disc technology
Is becoming outdated,
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And the latest jukeboxes
Contain computers
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That download songs
From the internet.
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To make a modern jukebox,
They start with the door.
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They sandwich a red panel
With swirled designs on it
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Between layers of plastic.
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The assembler aligns them,
Then screws them together.
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He snaps the jukebox name
Into a snazzy piece of plastic,
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00:07:34,896 --> 00:07:36,413
Then fits it
In one of the cutouts
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In the front of the door.
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Next, he installs aluminum
Framework around the door.
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He supports it at the corners
With metal brackets.
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He screws a little metal wheel
On the latch
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00:07:56,551 --> 00:07:59,551
So the door
Will open and close smoothly.
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00:07:59,551 --> 00:08:04,310
He mounts the touch screen
In the big cutout on the door.
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00:08:04,310 --> 00:08:08,172
He strings wiring for lighting
Around the perimeter of the door
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00:08:08,172 --> 00:08:10,931
And fastens two long panels
Equipped with l.E.D. Lights
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To the back.
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00:08:21,344 --> 00:08:24,172
He plugs in the lights
For a test,
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00:08:24,172 --> 00:08:26,862
And it proves this door
Is flashy enough
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For the entertainment biz.
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He runs plastic trim
Along the perimeter of the door
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And screws a long metal hinge
To one side of it.
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This jukebox door
Is now complete,
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And the rest is an inside job.
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The assembler installs
An exhaust fan
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In the jukebox cabinet.
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He screws an audio amplifier
To the back wall.
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The wireless router
That allows the jukebox
To connect to the internet
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Goes in next.
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00:09:03,172 --> 00:09:05,172
He mounts
The power-supply system
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To the sidewall of the cabinet.
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He tucks the computer
Into a lower corner of the box.
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00:09:11,379 --> 00:09:15,689
The power transformer for the
Amplifier goes on the back wall.
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00:09:17,862 --> 00:09:19,931
He installs
An audio-control system
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00:09:19,931 --> 00:09:21,448
Just below the transformer.
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00:09:24,896 --> 00:09:28,137
He connects the amplifier
To the audio-control system,
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00:09:28,137 --> 00:09:32,896
And then he wires
The computer to the router.
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He hooks up
A communication system
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That passes information between
All the devices in the jukebox.
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00:09:42,965 --> 00:09:46,931
And he installs a transformer
For the speaker system.
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00:09:48,137 --> 00:09:50,689
Now the jukebox
Is ready for the showpiece --
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00:09:50,689 --> 00:09:53,689
That light-studded door
With the touch screen.
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He screws the door's long hinge
To the cabinet.
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00:10:06,689 --> 00:10:09,206
He inspects his installation job
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And determines
No adjustments are needed.
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So he fastens the bill box
To the back of the door...
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00:10:16,931 --> 00:10:21,620
And installs the computer
Hard drive in the cabinet.
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00:10:21,620 --> 00:10:24,827
And, finally, the money test.
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00:10:24,827 --> 00:10:27,344
He feeds the jukebox some cash
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00:10:27,344 --> 00:10:30,896
And makes musical selections
To check its function.
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At the jukebox factory,
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When the job is done,
It really is party time.
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Narrator: on their own,
Dipped in salsa or guacamole,
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Or topped with chili
And melted cheese,
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Tortilla chips are the
Quintessential mexican snack,
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Even though they're actually
An american invention.
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In the late 1940s,
A los angeles tortilla factory
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00:11:06,827 --> 00:11:09,758
Began cutting and frying
Leftover tortillas,
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00:11:09,758 --> 00:11:12,068
Selling
The first tortilla chips.
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When the chips are down,
They usually go fast.
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Tortilla chips
Start out as raw yellow corn.
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The supplier cleans the kernels
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00:11:25,413 --> 00:11:28,931
And dries them
To a moisture content of 14%,
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00:11:28,931 --> 00:11:31,413
Then ships them
To the chip factory.
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00:11:33,275 --> 00:11:37,413
There, the corn goes into large
Stainless-steel cooking kettles
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Filled with
Almost-boiling water.
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Workers then add lime,
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An ingredient that does
Many things.
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It's antibacterial, it gives
The corn a parched flavor,
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00:11:49,448 --> 00:11:52,241
It helps loosen the hull --
The kernel's shell --
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So it will come off later on,
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00:11:54,827 --> 00:11:57,620
And lets moisture
Penetrate the kernel.
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Each cook kettle contains
More than 650 pounds of corn
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00:12:05,689 --> 00:12:10,103
And almost 200 pounds
Of water and lime combined.
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Next stop is a soak tank.
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The cooked corn
Sits there for 12 hours
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To further absorb water.
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Once the moisture content
Hits 45%
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00:12:19,655 --> 00:12:22,206
And the hulls
Are soft and loose,
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00:12:22,206 --> 00:12:26,724
A pumping system
Moves the corn to the washer.
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00:12:26,724 --> 00:12:28,000
This machine strains the water
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00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:30,724
So that what's left
Is just soft, hydrated corn.
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00:12:34,758 --> 00:12:36,931
The next stop is the tumbler,
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A rotating drum
With perforated walls.
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00:12:39,931 --> 00:12:43,241
Water jets
Blow off the loose hulls.
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00:12:45,448 --> 00:12:48,793
The corn travels on a conveyor
From the tumbler to the mill.
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00:12:52,413 --> 00:12:55,724
An auger feeds the corn
Into a stone grinder.
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00:12:55,724 --> 00:12:59,931
It literally pulverizes the
Corn kernels between two stones,
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Producing a soft corn dough
Called masa.
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The masa exits the mill
Through a narrow nozzle
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That shapes the dough
Into a thin sheet.
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The sheet
Then runs through rollers
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That have triangular dies
On their surface.
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The triangles move into an oven
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Heated to
644 degrees fahrenheit.
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They spend just
16 seconds inside,
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00:13:34,482 --> 00:13:36,241
But that's enough time
To dry the dough
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To the point where it won't
Break apart when handled.
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00:13:38,448 --> 00:13:41,620
The heat also traps tiny pockets
Of moisture in the dough,
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Creating little blisters.
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This gives the tortilla chips
Their trademark bumpy texture.
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From the oven,
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00:13:50,689 --> 00:13:54,689
A conveyor belt transports
The triangles to the fryer.
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00:13:54,689 --> 00:13:58,379
The corn oil
Is 360 degrees fahrenheit.
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00:13:58,379 --> 00:14:02,517
They take just 55 seconds
To fry into chips.
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00:14:06,620 --> 00:14:09,068
A mesh conveyor belt
Then lifts them out.
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00:14:09,068 --> 00:14:13,896
As they leave, the excess oil
Drains back into the fryer.
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00:14:13,896 --> 00:14:15,517
At the next stop,
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00:14:15,517 --> 00:14:18,655
Augers feed nacho-flavor
Seasoning into a tumbler.
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00:14:18,655 --> 00:14:22,034
The seasoning's main ingredients
Are powdered cheddar,
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00:14:22,034 --> 00:14:25,896
Parmesan and romano cheeses,
And spices.
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00:14:25,896 --> 00:14:28,068
Nozzles spray the chips
With corn oil
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00:14:28,068 --> 00:14:29,724
To make the surface adhesive.
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00:14:29,724 --> 00:14:32,793
Then the seasoning tumbles on
And sticks.
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00:14:39,827 --> 00:14:41,655
After exiting the tumbler,
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00:14:41,655 --> 00:14:44,275
The chips travel
To the packaging department.
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00:14:48,137 --> 00:14:51,758
Chutes route them
To different packaging machines.
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00:14:56,137 --> 00:14:57,827
The packaging equipment
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00:14:57,827 --> 00:15:01,310
Represents technical
Choreography at its finest.
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00:15:04,379 --> 00:15:07,586
Each machine
Has 14 bucket-shaped scales.
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00:15:07,586 --> 00:15:11,655
When there's enough for
One package, a trap door opens.
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00:15:11,655 --> 00:15:13,827
The chips drop
Just as a forming device
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00:15:13,827 --> 00:15:17,034
Shapes a piece of foil
And plastic film into a bag.
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00:15:22,379 --> 00:15:24,931
The chips land in the bag.
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00:15:24,931 --> 00:15:28,379
Then a heat sealer immediately
Closes the top and cuts it free
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00:15:28,379 --> 00:15:32,310
While simultaneously sealing
The bottom of the next bag.
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00:15:37,310 --> 00:15:41,103
From bucket to bag to bowl.
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00:15:54,758 --> 00:15:57,413
Narrator: it takes a spark
To get your motor running.
215
00:15:57,413 --> 00:15:59,827
The spark plug was invented
In the 19th century
216
00:15:59,827 --> 00:16:01,965
To fire
The internal-combustion engine.
217
00:16:01,965 --> 00:16:04,241
There are usually several
In an engine,
218
00:16:04,241 --> 00:16:06,413
And they fit
Into the cylinder head.
219
00:16:06,413 --> 00:16:08,137
When the plugs are all working,
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00:16:08,137 --> 00:16:11,068
It means your trip
Will have a good start.
221
00:16:15,655 --> 00:16:19,068
The spark plug produces what
Looks like a mini lightning bolt
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00:16:19,068 --> 00:16:22,586
To ignite the gas
That runs your car.
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00:16:24,206 --> 00:16:25,586
To make spark plugs,
224
00:16:25,586 --> 00:16:29,000
They blend alumina ceramic
Powder and other ingredients
225
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:30,137
With water.
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00:16:30,137 --> 00:16:32,241
After a thorough mixing,
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00:16:32,241 --> 00:16:34,793
The milky-looking brew
Drains into a big dryer,
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00:16:34,793 --> 00:16:37,241
Which converts it
Back to powder.
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00:16:39,379 --> 00:16:41,068
The powder funnels into a mold.
230
00:16:41,068 --> 00:16:42,689
It closes to press the powder
231
00:16:42,689 --> 00:16:45,034
Into the shape
Of spark-plug insulators,
232
00:16:45,034 --> 00:16:48,862
And a binding ingredient in the
Mix helps them keep their shape.
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00:16:50,551 --> 00:16:54,275
An automated system
Loads them onto mandrels
234
00:16:54,275 --> 00:16:58,137
That spin the ceramic insulators
Against a grinding wheel.
235
00:16:58,137 --> 00:17:00,689
It grinds them
Into a more graduated shape
236
00:17:00,689 --> 00:17:03,758
And does a very precise job.
237
00:17:05,586 --> 00:17:08,068
These ceramic shapes
Are quite fragile,
238
00:17:08,068 --> 00:17:11,000
And they'll need to be baked
In order to harden.
239
00:17:13,172 --> 00:17:16,724
But first, a tester
Double-checks the measurements
240
00:17:16,724 --> 00:17:18,793
With a laser tool.
241
00:17:21,482 --> 00:17:23,586
Then they bake
In this very hot kiln
242
00:17:23,586 --> 00:17:25,172
Until they're extremely hard.
243
00:17:25,172 --> 00:17:28,000
This takes up to 24 hours.
244
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:30,586
While the insulators
Are in the kiln,
245
00:17:30,586 --> 00:17:34,000
Tools ram steel through
Shaped cavities called dies.
246
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,241
They're essentially
Punching out shells
247
00:17:36,241 --> 00:17:38,793
That will be
The spark-plug casings.
248
00:17:42,793 --> 00:17:45,689
Other tools bore into
The upper part of the shells
249
00:17:45,689 --> 00:17:47,758
To give them
A hexagonal profile.
250
00:17:47,758 --> 00:17:49,586
This will later enable mechanics
251
00:17:49,586 --> 00:17:53,793
To wrench them
Into a vehicle's engine block.
252
00:17:53,793 --> 00:17:56,689
More tooling
Contours the spark-plug shells,
253
00:17:56,689 --> 00:17:59,689
And the result
Is quite a transformation.
254
00:18:01,206 --> 00:18:04,965
A conveyor now shuttles
The spark-plug shells forward,
255
00:18:04,965 --> 00:18:07,689
As nickel-alloy wire
Unwinds overhead.
256
00:18:07,689 --> 00:18:11,068
An automated welder
Fuses the wire to the shells.
257
00:18:11,068 --> 00:18:14,241
This wire will serve as the
Spark plug's ground electrode,
258
00:18:14,241 --> 00:18:16,896
And it will be bent towards
A firing electrode later.
259
00:18:16,896 --> 00:18:19,758
The space between them
Will contain the spark.
260
00:18:26,413 --> 00:18:29,827
Ridged rollers carve threads
In the steel shells
261
00:18:29,827 --> 00:18:32,655
So they can be screwed
Into the engine block.
262
00:18:35,241 --> 00:18:40,103
The shell then gets
A protective silvery finish.
263
00:18:40,103 --> 00:18:42,620
The ceramic insulators
Are now out of the kiln,
264
00:18:42,620 --> 00:18:46,137
And it's time
To roll on the insignia.
265
00:18:46,137 --> 00:18:48,586
The insulators then brush by
A rubber wheel
266
00:18:48,586 --> 00:18:53,310
That coats them with glaze
As a protective finish.
267
00:18:53,310 --> 00:18:57,310
They install center electrodes
In the insulators,
268
00:18:57,310 --> 00:18:58,896
And powder funnels into them
269
00:18:58,896 --> 00:19:01,310
To fill the space
Around the electrodes.
270
00:19:01,310 --> 00:19:04,793
The powder is a mix
Of glass and metal.
271
00:19:04,793 --> 00:19:08,379
Automated prongs
Compress it in the insulators.
272
00:19:12,068 --> 00:19:14,137
Grippers then insert
The terminal studs
273
00:19:14,137 --> 00:19:16,172
Into the insulator.
274
00:19:16,172 --> 00:19:18,517
The stud will act
As the electrical connection
275
00:19:18,517 --> 00:19:21,448
To the center electrode.
276
00:19:21,448 --> 00:19:23,965
The insulators
Now go into an oven.
277
00:19:23,965 --> 00:19:27,931
The black powder melts around
The studs and center electrodes
278
00:19:27,931 --> 00:19:30,758
To seal them
Inside the insulator cavity.
279
00:19:34,965 --> 00:19:39,310
Nozzles squirt oil onto the
Metal shells to lubricate them.
280
00:19:39,310 --> 00:19:42,206
The insulators funnel
Into the grip of robots
281
00:19:42,206 --> 00:19:44,241
Which will install them
In the shells.
282
00:19:44,241 --> 00:19:47,551
They slide in easily
Because of the lubrication job.
283
00:19:50,517 --> 00:19:52,137
Tools called shrinking punches
284
00:19:52,137 --> 00:19:54,379
Apply an electrical current
To each shell
285
00:19:54,379 --> 00:19:57,206
To fit it tightly
To the insulator.
286
00:20:01,275 --> 00:20:03,724
A robot positions the assembly
Right side up
287
00:20:03,724 --> 00:20:05,724
With the side electrode
Protruding,
288
00:20:05,724 --> 00:20:09,137
Then bends that side electrode
Towards the center one.
289
00:20:14,758 --> 00:20:16,758
The robot
Then collects the spark plugs
290
00:20:16,758 --> 00:20:19,172
And sends them down the line.
291
00:20:22,482 --> 00:20:24,517
It's time for an inspection.
292
00:20:24,517 --> 00:20:28,620
She looks for imperfections
In the glaze, the inscription,
293
00:20:28,620 --> 00:20:30,724
And the nickel plating.
294
00:20:30,724 --> 00:20:33,551
She measures the space
Between the two electrodes
295
00:20:33,551 --> 00:20:36,206
Before sending them over
To the packaging department.
296
00:20:38,379 --> 00:20:40,379
And now these spark plugs
297
00:20:40,379 --> 00:20:44,551
Are ready to keep your engine
Firing on all cylinders.
298
00:20:54,137 --> 00:20:56,275
If you have any comments
About the show
299
00:20:56,275 --> 00:20:59,000
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
300
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,482
Drop us a line at...
24512
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