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--captions by vitac--
Www.Vitac.Com
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Captions paid for by
Discovery communications, llc
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Narrator:
Today on "How it's made"...
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Ice-cream cones...
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...Tent trailers...
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...Shoe polish...
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...And pliers.
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The ice-cream cone is
The original edible container.
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Invented over a century ago,
It adds crunch
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00:00:59,344 --> 00:01:01,793
To the melt-in-your-mouth taste
Of ice cream.
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And it's one container that
Doesn't end up in the trash can,
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So you could say it adds
A bit of virtue
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00:01:07,310 --> 00:01:09,724
To the guilty pleasure
Of the double scoop.
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The first ice-cream cones
Were rolled waffles.
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And today's cones are simply
Modern versions of that.
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Waffle-cone batter starts
With a lot of dark brown sugar.
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Caramel coloring is added...
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Along with some secret
Flavoring ingredients.
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Water is piped into the blender.
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It's ice cold to keep the batter
From getting too sticky.
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A computer controls
The addition of flour
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From a tank on the floor above.
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Vegetable oil is added
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As a giant beater mixes
All the ingredients.
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The batter then flows
Out of the blender
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And into a refrigerated tank.
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00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:04,655
An agitating blade
Keeps the blend
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At the consistency
Of pancake batter.
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00:02:10,172 --> 00:02:13,103
Next, nozzles deposit batter
Onto baking plates
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00:02:13,206 --> 00:02:16,517
That look
Like moving waffle irons.
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Top plates flip down,
And the baking plates roll
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Through a glass heated oven
For a quick bake.
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The top plates lift up,
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Revealing the cooked
Waffle patties.
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00:02:36,620 --> 00:02:40,379
Automated arms help transfer
The patties to rolling tools.
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The tools grab the patties
And twist them into cones.
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The cones fall down a chute
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And ride an open elevator
Up and down to cool and harden.
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00:03:05,965 --> 00:03:08,758
The waffle cones
Slide down another chute
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00:03:08,862 --> 00:03:11,379
And move into lanes
On a conveyor.
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00:03:11,482 --> 00:03:15,275
Automated fingers help
Guide them into paper jackets.
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A computer with a camera eye
Counts the cones
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And sends a message to a machine
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That stacks them
In the right increments.
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Here, a technician
Activates a device
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That pushes on a ball
Inside a cone
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To test the cone's
Breaking point.
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Looks like this waffle cone can
Hold up to some heavy licking.
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00:03:41,137 --> 00:03:43,137
Over
In the sugar-cone department,
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The baking-plate system
Is designed differently.
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00:03:46,034 --> 00:03:50,655
It makes patties that are
Fan-shaped and have a flat edge.
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This shape,
Along with a firmer batter,
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Means sugar cones are stronger
Than waffle cones,
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So they're a more popular choice
For hard ice cream.
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00:04:02,965 --> 00:04:06,344
Packers stack the cones
In styrofoam trays.
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00:04:06,448 --> 00:04:09,379
Then the packages travel
Through a curtain
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Of high-density,
Polyethylene film.
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00:04:14,068 --> 00:04:17,793
A heated sealer
Finishes the wrapping job.
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00:04:17,896 --> 00:04:20,655
An x-ray machine sends
Information about the contents
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00:04:20,758 --> 00:04:22,793
To a computer
That counts the cones
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00:04:22,896 --> 00:04:25,137
And alerts inspectors
To any problems.
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00:04:28,103 --> 00:04:31,275
Next, automated arms
Pick up cartons and open them
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So the packs of cones
Can be inserted.
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00:04:37,551 --> 00:04:40,448
But there's still one more
Cone variety in the works --
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Colorful cake cones.
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Cake cones are less sugary
Than other varieties
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00:04:44,896 --> 00:04:47,206
And have a more
Cake-like texture.
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Batter is pumped
Into upright molds.
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Cake cones are shaped
Differently
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From waffle and sugar cones,
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00:04:53,413 --> 00:04:56,413
Because they have flat
Rather than pointed bottoms.
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Metal cores plunge into
The molds to complete the shape.
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00:04:59,896 --> 00:05:03,310
This action also enhances
The cake cone's flaky texture.
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00:05:05,758 --> 00:05:09,793
The cones are baked as they pass
By a gauntlet of gas heaters.
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00:05:09,896 --> 00:05:13,551
Then it's down a chute and off
To the packaging station.
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Unlike the other cones,
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Cake cones come out flaky
And crispy
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Without a cooling-down period.
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A mechanical arm
Picks up paper sleeves
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And drops them
In front of the cones.
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These cones are now on their way
To an ice-cream stand near you,
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Where they'll be used to scoop
Up ice cream lickety-split.
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When we return,
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Building a tent trailer
From the bottom up.
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Narrator:
Tent trailers allow you
To travel without reservations.
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Who needs a hotel
If you can park the pop-up?
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Besides, you don't get fresh air
And campfires at a hotel.
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Tent trailers have been around
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Since the early part
Of the 20th century.
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And you could describe them
As an overnight success.
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Today's tent trailers
Are equipped
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With modern conveniences
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That would make anyone
A happy camper.
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Workers begin production
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By welding tubular steel
Components together
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00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:36,827
To establish a solid framework.
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00:06:40,206 --> 00:06:43,413
Once it's painted, plumbed,
And partially wired,
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Wheels are bolted into place.
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The water-storage tank
Goes in next.
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00:06:52,448 --> 00:06:55,068
Then aircraft-grade steel cables
Are strung
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00:06:55,172 --> 00:06:57,482
From corner posts
To a central bar.
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This bar is called
A "Whiffletree."
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00:07:03,551 --> 00:07:05,068
Cranking up the whiffletree
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00:07:05,172 --> 00:07:07,862
Will cause the cables
To lift the corner posts,
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00:07:07,965 --> 00:07:09,586
Raising the trailer's roof.
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00:07:12,896 --> 00:07:15,000
The trailer is wheeled
To the next station,
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00:07:15,103 --> 00:07:17,448
Where workers lower
A vinyl-covered wooden floor
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Onto the chassis...
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00:07:20,379 --> 00:07:23,689
And secure it with screws.
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00:07:23,793 --> 00:07:26,310
Then they connect a cluster
Of wires
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00:07:26,413 --> 00:07:29,241
To those already installed
On the chassis
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00:07:29,344 --> 00:07:32,724
To run things like kitchen
Appliances and stereos.
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00:07:32,827 --> 00:07:35,896
The interior front wall
Is riveted to steel bulkheads
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00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:38,413
And the trailer chassis.
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More wiring is threaded
Through the bulkheads
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To the trailer's side lights,
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And then the exterior panel
Is installed.
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Workers slide the roadside panel
Over the lift posts
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00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:52,517
And secure it.
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00:07:52,620 --> 00:07:55,896
The curbside exterior panels
Come in two pieces
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00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:59,793
To create a space
For the trailer door.
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00:07:59,896 --> 00:08:02,379
Corner molding completes
This assembly.
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00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:06,655
Next, workers move inside
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00:08:06,758 --> 00:08:10,034
And install the framework
For some bench seating.
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00:08:10,137 --> 00:08:12,931
They install the lower cabinetry
For the kitchenette,
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00:08:13,034 --> 00:08:14,896
Then join it
To the upper cabinet
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00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:17,137
With a long, metal hinge
For easy pivoting.
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00:08:21,103 --> 00:08:24,172
A mini fridge is inserted
In the lower cabinetry,
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00:08:24,275 --> 00:08:27,000
And this folding kitchenette
Is complete.
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00:08:29,655 --> 00:08:33,206
This is the pull-out platform
For one of the mattresses.
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00:08:33,310 --> 00:08:37,103
It slides into channels
In the exterior walls.
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00:08:37,206 --> 00:08:41,172
But there's a lot more work to
Do before anyone can take a nap.
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The trailer's tent is made
Out of water-resistant fabric.
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00:08:48,965 --> 00:08:51,103
The five sections
Are sewn separately,
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00:08:51,206 --> 00:08:53,793
Then zipped together
At an inspection station.
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00:08:58,310 --> 00:09:02,000
Inspectors scrutinize
Every seam for flaws.
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00:09:05,724 --> 00:09:07,724
Once the tent passes inspection,
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00:09:07,827 --> 00:09:11,000
It's fit onto the trailer
One section at a time.
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00:09:12,965 --> 00:09:15,275
Now it's time
For a little roofing.
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00:09:17,689 --> 00:09:19,137
The trailer's roof is made
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00:09:19,241 --> 00:09:21,517
By sandwiching together
Many materials.
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00:09:21,620 --> 00:09:24,137
And that takes a lot
Of industrial adhesive.
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00:09:24,241 --> 00:09:27,482
The glue is rolled
Onto these plywood slats.
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00:09:29,517 --> 00:09:34,275
These foam insulation boards
Also get a generous coating.
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00:09:34,379 --> 00:09:36,034
Workers place the glued foam
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00:09:36,137 --> 00:09:38,586
Onto the roof's fiberglass
Outer skin.
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00:09:38,689 --> 00:09:41,758
They position the wooden slats
Along the perimeter
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00:09:41,862 --> 00:09:45,034
And add bands of metal
For more reinforcement.
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00:09:45,137 --> 00:09:48,000
The final layer
Is vinyl-coated plywood.
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00:09:48,103 --> 00:09:51,068
It will be the ceiling
Of the trailer.
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00:09:51,172 --> 00:09:54,862
A large roller compresses
The glued layers together.
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00:09:59,965 --> 00:10:03,206
After grooves and notches
Have been cut into the roof,
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00:10:03,310 --> 00:10:04,655
It's wired up,
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00:10:04,758 --> 00:10:07,862
And 12-volt interior lights
Are installed in the ceiling.
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00:10:09,931 --> 00:10:11,931
Trim is added
To the roof's edges
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00:10:12,034 --> 00:10:14,586
Along with a gasket
To keep it watertight.
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00:10:17,310 --> 00:10:21,206
The roof's flaps are folded
In a tray-like configuration,
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00:10:21,310 --> 00:10:23,137
And the corners are capped.
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00:10:23,241 --> 00:10:27,241
Workers are now ready to raise
The roof and install the tent.
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00:10:27,344 --> 00:10:28,965
The assembly is inserted
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00:10:29,068 --> 00:10:31,551
Into grooves
In the trailer ceiling
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Using a pneumatic hammer.
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00:10:37,689 --> 00:10:40,896
This tent trailer is now ready
To pop up anywhere.
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It can accommodate
A small family
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And is equipped to feed them
Outdoors or inside.
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It even comes
With a screen door,
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00:10:51,862 --> 00:10:55,034
Because you never know when
Adventure will come knocking.
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Coming up, a production line
You can really take a shine to.
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Narrator:
Mud and scuffing have long been
The bane of shoes and boots.
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In mediaeval times, wax was used
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To soften and waterproof
Leather footwear.
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But it had a dull finish.
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It wasn't
Until the early 20th century
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With the invention
Of shoe polish
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That footwear
Really started to shine.
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All it takes is a bit of polish
And a lot of elbow grease.
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00:11:38,827 --> 00:11:42,344
A vigorous brushing
Can enhance the job
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00:11:42,448 --> 00:11:46,206
And help transform shoes
From drab to fab.
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Shoe polish starts
With mineral spirit solvent
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And different combinations
Of carnauba wax.
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The waxes go into a melter,
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Where they're heated
To 260 degrees.
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00:12:13,379 --> 00:12:15,413
The mixture cooks
For 15 minutes,
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00:12:15,517 --> 00:12:18,103
While beaters keep everything
Blended together.
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00:12:22,206 --> 00:12:25,068
This is dye fluid
In a deep-black shade.
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00:12:25,172 --> 00:12:28,655
In another tank, the dye fluid
And waxes are added
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00:12:28,758 --> 00:12:31,758
To the solvent blend.
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00:12:31,862 --> 00:12:35,724
Agitators mix it
For three minutes.
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00:12:40,793 --> 00:12:43,413
Tin-container bottoms
Tumble down a chute
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And up a magnetic conveyor belt.
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00:12:45,551 --> 00:12:49,172
A worker flips the tins
Right-side up
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00:12:49,275 --> 00:12:51,931
Then pushes them
Onto another conveyor.
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00:12:55,137 --> 00:12:58,000
Once they're lined up,
They're ready to be filled.
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00:13:01,655 --> 00:13:05,379
Automated arms space the tins as
They arrive at the filling head.
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00:13:07,275 --> 00:13:09,758
The filling heads inject hot,
Liquid shoe polish
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00:13:09,862 --> 00:13:11,655
Into the tins.
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00:13:13,931 --> 00:13:18,241
The polish is precisely doled
Out so there is no spillover.
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00:13:21,275 --> 00:13:24,068
The polish now needs
To solidify,
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00:13:24,172 --> 00:13:27,724
So the tins travel
Through a cooling tunnel.
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00:13:27,827 --> 00:13:31,413
When they emerge,
The polish is a thick paste.
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00:13:36,896 --> 00:13:39,379
Workers perform
A breaking-strength test
202
00:13:39,482 --> 00:13:42,896
To be sure the final product
Has the right consistency.
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00:13:50,758 --> 00:13:53,448
The polish-filled tins
Now funnel onto a conveyor
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00:13:53,551 --> 00:13:55,206
That merges with a lid feeder.
205
00:13:58,103 --> 00:14:01,413
The feeder lowers the lids
Onto the tins.
206
00:14:08,413 --> 00:14:10,931
A compression wheel
Presses the lids in place
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00:14:11,034 --> 00:14:13,172
With just the right amount
Of force.
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00:14:17,896 --> 00:14:20,517
And this polish is now ready
To shine.
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00:14:25,586 --> 00:14:29,344
There's a different packaging
System for liquid shoe polish.
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00:14:29,448 --> 00:14:32,620
A blow molding machine
Forces hot air into plastic
211
00:14:32,724 --> 00:14:34,068
To form containers.
212
00:14:34,172 --> 00:14:37,896
Then the mechanized rack
Holding the containers rotates
213
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,827
And places the newly formed
Bottles on another conveyor.
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00:14:46,689 --> 00:14:50,034
It moves them under a flame,
Which melts the rough edges.
215
00:14:50,137 --> 00:14:52,827
Revolving conveyors move
Under filling heads,
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00:14:52,931 --> 00:14:56,000
Which pump in liquid polish.
217
00:15:01,551 --> 00:15:04,931
Workers insert valves
Into applicators.
218
00:15:10,103 --> 00:15:12,310
Then this machine
Press-fits the applicators
219
00:15:12,413 --> 00:15:14,793
Onto the polish-filled
Containers.
220
00:15:19,103 --> 00:15:21,000
Using hydraulic pressure,
221
00:15:21,103 --> 00:15:25,241
Another machine snaps clear
Domes onto the applicators.
222
00:15:27,551 --> 00:15:31,793
Rollers affix labels
Onto both sides of the bottles.
223
00:15:35,655 --> 00:15:38,482
The bottles then move
Through an inspection station.
224
00:15:38,586 --> 00:15:42,689
A mirror helps workers
Scrutinize the labeling job.
225
00:15:42,793 --> 00:15:45,724
A technician now takes
A preliminary reading
226
00:15:45,827 --> 00:15:48,172
Of the gloss on some leather.
227
00:15:48,275 --> 00:15:50,517
He applies some paste polish
228
00:15:50,620 --> 00:15:52,827
And rubs it in
With a horsehair brush.
229
00:15:52,931 --> 00:15:54,586
He takes another reading,
230
00:15:54,689 --> 00:15:58,586
And the gloss on this leather
Has increased by a factor of 2,
231
00:15:58,689 --> 00:16:01,034
Which means this polish
Passes muster
232
00:16:01,137 --> 00:16:06,310
And is ready to add some
High luster to your footwear.
233
00:16:06,413 --> 00:16:08,620
When we return,
Plier production --
234
00:16:08,724 --> 00:16:10,896
The gripping truth.
235
00:16:15,965 --> 00:16:17,896
Narrator: pliers date back
To around 2,000 b.C.
236
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,275
Ancient drawings show greek gods
With pliers at the forge.
237
00:16:21,379 --> 00:16:23,793
Today,
Forgers still make pliers,
238
00:16:23,896 --> 00:16:26,655
But these days,
They use automated tools
239
00:16:26,758 --> 00:16:27,931
To shape the metal.
240
00:16:28,034 --> 00:16:30,827
Without them,
A lot of electricians, plumbers,
241
00:16:30,931 --> 00:16:33,827
And mechanics
Would be out of a job.
242
00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:41,206
Pliers have three basic parts --
Handles, a rivet, and jaws.
243
00:16:43,517 --> 00:16:45,137
All the parts are made
From steel
244
00:16:45,241 --> 00:16:47,655
That metal workers forge
Into shape.
245
00:16:52,655 --> 00:16:55,517
First,
A powerful electric furnace
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Heats the steel red hot
In just a few seconds.
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Then a metal worker
Sets one sizzling rod at a time
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On a forming die.
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A massive die forger
Hammers the rod against the die
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With tons of force.
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It takes up to four strikes
On separate impressions
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For the rod to acquire
The die's shape.
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Then the forging is placed
Onto a press
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That trims off any excess steel.
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Two forged rods are needed
To make one pair of pliers.
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This pair will be for gripping,
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So the next step is to machine
The teeth into the jaws.
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Workers set the plier halves
Into the broaching machine.
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Its tiny cutters,
Dozens of them,
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Shave away steel
Under a shower of lubricant.
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When the cutters pull away,
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The jaw of each plier half
Now has a nice set of teeth.
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The factory must heat-treat
The steel to harden it,
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A process called "Austempering."
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The plier halves travel
Through a gas-fired furnace
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For about 2 hours
At a blazing 1,500 degrees.
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Then the steel is dunked
In salt water
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To cool rapidly and evenly.
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The teeth on these pliers will
Have to take a lot of abuse,
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So they get
A laser-heat treatment
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00:18:34,103 --> 00:18:36,965
To make them even harder
And more durable.
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Now the pliers are ready
For assembly.
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For gripping pliers, a worker
Inserts a single piece ribbon
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And joins the two halves.
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He then sets the joint
Onto a machine
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That spins at high speed,
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Generating the force
And friction needed
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To set the rivet.
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Cutting pliers are also
Held together with a rivet,
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But the setting process
Is different.
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The parts go into a press that
Applies both heat and pressure
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To secure the rivet firmly.
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00:19:16,827 --> 00:19:19,206
Next, workers insert
The cutting pliers
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Between two stone
Grinding wheels.
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00:19:21,551 --> 00:19:24,620
Again, lubricant prevents
The steel from overheating
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00:19:24,724 --> 00:19:26,793
As the wheels
Wear down the rivet
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00:19:26,896 --> 00:19:29,551
Until it lies flush
With the plier surface.
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00:19:34,068 --> 00:19:36,241
The cutting pliers go
Into a gas oven
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For another two hours
Of heat treating,
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00:19:38,724 --> 00:19:40,551
A process called "Martempering."
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00:19:46,137 --> 00:19:48,793
When they come out,
They cool in an oil solution
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00:19:48,896 --> 00:19:53,206
Rather than the salt solution
That cools the gripping pliers.
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00:19:53,310 --> 00:19:56,103
Steel is a finicky material,
So it's critical
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00:19:56,206 --> 00:19:59,206
To manage the heat-treating
Process meticulously.
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00:19:59,310 --> 00:20:01,793
Otherwise,
The metal will be substandard.
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00:20:01,896 --> 00:20:05,551
After heat-treating, the pliers
Go into a bath of rust inhibitor
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That helps protect the steel
From corrosion
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And lubricates
The riveted joints.
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00:20:11,206 --> 00:20:14,862
A robotic arm runs one pair
Of pliers at a time
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00:20:14,965 --> 00:20:16,413
Against a grinding belt,
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Polishing all surfaces except
The handles for a sleek finish.
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00:20:26,482 --> 00:20:30,724
Then a laser engraves the
Company logo and product number.
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Automated bars now lower
Hundreds of pliers handle deep
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Into a tank containing
Liquid vinyl.
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No messy drips here.
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00:20:41,931 --> 00:20:44,758
Before dipping,
The factory heat the pliers
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To help this coating stick
To the steel.
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Next, the pliers go
Into an oven.
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The heat hardens
The protective coating,
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Cushioning the handles
So they're easier on the hands.
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Whatever their shape or size,
Pliers are a toolbox essential
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For anyone looking
To ply their trade.
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If you have any comments
About the show,
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00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,517
Or if you'd like to suggest
Topics for future shows,
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00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:20,275
Drop us a line at...
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