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Mozart - otherworldly genius.
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Childlike naif.
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Divine gift from God.
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Serene marble bust of
transcendent perfection.
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APPLAUSE
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'Or even a bowl of perfectly
smooth chocolate.
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'All of it
the stuff of myth and legend.'
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Mozart, you see, was a human being
just like you and me.
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Except he could express
the pain and pleasure,
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00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:39,400
the joy and darkness of
being human more completely
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00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:42,920
and more humanly
than any other composer.
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00:00:42,920 --> 00:00:48,000
'His music isn't merely perfect
or beautiful or genius,
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'it's visceral...'
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MUSIC: Sinfonia Concertante
In E-Flat Major, K 364
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'..violent...
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'..avant-garde
and powerfully expressive.'
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MUSIC: Violin Concerto No 5
In A major, K 219
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And it was written by a composer and
a person who's still modern today,
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someone who made mistakes
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and who tried unbelievably hard
to make them right.
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Welcome to The Joy Of Mozart.
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Vienna put up this statue in 1896.
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It's a monumental fiction about
Mozart's life and music,
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an excrescence of marble,
bronze and golf leaf
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that turns Mozart into
a hyper-romantic genius,
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someone literally and figuratively
above the rest of humanity,
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someone different from us.
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It's ludicrous.
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So what we have to do
for Mozart's sake and our own
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is take him off the plinth.
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It was a strange revelation the
first time I heard Mozart's music.
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I spent years trying to explain why
Mozart's A major symphony, K 201,
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affected me so deeply
when I heard it played by
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the Scottish Chamber Orchestra
at the age of seven.
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MUSIC: Symphony No 29
In A Major, K 201
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I do know, though, it wasn't about
beauty or perfection,
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it was about exactly the opposite.
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'To try to find my Mozart,
the one who explains who I am,
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'I'm starting at the end,
here in Vienna,
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'where he lived for the last
ten years of his life from 1781.'
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In a house on this spot
on the 5th December 1791,
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Mozart died
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and at the same moment, something
else was born - the Mozart myth.
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The myth becomes powerful
because people want to believe it.
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I don't think you should
dismiss the myths
46
00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:06,320
simply because they are
factually not completely true.
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They tell us an enormous amount about
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what we want to believe
about great composers,
49
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about inspiration,
50
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about people who die young, about
people whose work is unfinished.
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00:03:20,920 --> 00:03:25,040
And some of these myths
are absolutely reflected in fact.
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Mozart the child prodigy was a fact.
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Born in Salzburg in 1756,
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he composed over 600 pieces
of catalogue music
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in a life lasting a mere 35 years,
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starting at the tender age of five.
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The infant genius was
mythologised most vividly
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in Hollywood's Oscar-gobbling movie
Amadeus.
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00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:54,840
This lavish biopic imagined
all the tricks that Wolfgang
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and his sister were made to perform
by their father Leopold
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as he paraded them
around the courts of Europe,
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travelling from country to country
by carriage.
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'By the age of ten,
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'Mozart had already written some
astonishing sonatas and symphonies.'
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It's a powerful story
that could've applied to
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so many artists that here they are,
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divinely inspired geniuses
whose worth is not recognised
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and they are continually exploited
by people who take advantage of them.
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It makes him appear at once human
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because of this innocence
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but divine because his music
comes from another source.
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Maybe it was unprecedented,
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this talent to come from wherever
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and for it to be so perfect
and just to come out like that
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and to write these works
at such a young age. Mm.
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'Mozart's favourite string
instrument was the viola.
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00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:07,520
'It's musician Lawrence Power's,
too.
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00:05:07,520 --> 00:05:10,440
'He's often played Mozart's
Sinfonia Concertante,
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'written in response to the
composer's early experiences
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00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:16,920
'of adult life with its
disappointments and tragedies.'
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00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:23,480
It's a big responsibility
when you play this music,
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unlike any other music,
I don't know why but it's...
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There's an extra level of
sort of adrenaline and nerves
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when dealing with that music.
85
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His mother had just died
while he was away,
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he was looking for employment,
he didn't find employment,
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he was looking for a wife,
who turned him down,
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and I'm sure he would've
performed this with his father.
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And I think there's some sort of
role there, that, you know,
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that the viola has this wonderfully
sort of conciliatory role, you know,
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it's always sort of
looking after the violin,
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who's somehow more worried
and questioning.
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MUSIC: Sinfonia Concertante
In E-Flat Major, K 364
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00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:07,680
You already start to feel that
the viola's sort of answering
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in a very sort of fatherly way.
96
00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:27,360
And the conversation becomes
sort of heartbreaking at points,
97
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you know, it's very special.
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It's this sense of dialogue
in that piece, I think,
99
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that sort of makes it his
first sort of mature piece.
100
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Why do you think that Mozart
wanted to play the viola himself
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00:07:12,640 --> 00:07:16,120
as opposed to the violin
or even the cello?
102
00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:19,280
It's a very sort of emotional-
sounding instrument, I think,
103
00:07:19,280 --> 00:07:21,840
you know, it's very close
to the speaking voice,
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it has a certain amount of,
you know,
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pathos to it just naturally. Even
when you tune a viola, it has that.
106
00:07:38,240 --> 00:07:40,160
I mean, I was thinking
on the way here,
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he was 22 when he wrote Concertante,
which is obviously a masterpiece,
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you know, I can't sort of
get my head around that. Mm.
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I mean, it opens up lots of
questions, not just musical.
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'Another stubborn Mozart myth
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'is that his music was written
down perfectly first time
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'as if dictated directly by God.
113
00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:06,960
'I met Professor Cliff Eisen
in the British Library
114
00:08:06,960 --> 00:08:11,720
'to discover first-hand
the scribbled, scratchy truth.'
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00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:13,160
Have a look at this then,
116
00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:18,120
this is the final page of Mozart's
own manuscript of the Hunt Quartet,
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00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:21,240
which is the B-flat major,
Kochel rating 458.
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00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:24,920
Now, look, this is the
most defiant crossing out,
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this goes beyond a mistake.
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00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:30,240
He didn't want anyone to see. Even
through all this cross-hatching,
121
00:08:30,240 --> 00:08:32,480
you could hardly see what
he's trying to rub out.
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This is actually a passage
that was meant to be inserted
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earlier in the piece
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and then decided that he didn't want
that insertion after all
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so it represents three, if not more,
attempts to kind of go through
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the piece and decide what works
and what doesn't work.
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He's changing his mind, you know,
he's making things up.
128
00:08:48,440 --> 00:08:51,520
He's not always sure. Far from
being always sure, he's not.
129
00:08:51,520 --> 00:08:55,000
In fact, many other pages in these
six quartets dedicated to Haydn
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reveal the same thing.
131
00:08:56,400 --> 00:09:00,320
All of these documents that
are spread around us are treated
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00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:04,520
and have been treated for
close on 200 years as relics
133
00:09:04,520 --> 00:09:08,400
that we don't interrogate in any way
to find out more about the person
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00:09:08,400 --> 00:09:11,040
or more about the times
and yet they aren't relics,
135
00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:14,360
they're living documents of a
variety of different processes
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and a variety of different times,
places, activities
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00:09:18,400 --> 00:09:20,840
that Mozart was involved with.
138
00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:27,200
One of the most touching documents
in all of Mozart's life
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is that Thematic Catalogue
where he writes out
140
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the beginnings of his pieces
from 1784 onwards,
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and the touching thing
about that document,
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which is in the British Library
and it can be seen,
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is not the list of works
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but the fact that when
you get to the end of it,
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there are pages and pages
of empty, unfilled staves.
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"The thematic catalogue of all of
my works from February 1784 until
the month..."
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And he's left a space for the year.
148
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He's written one, because he wasn't
sure if this was going to be still
the 17th...the 18th century
149
00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:04,720
or indeed the beginning of the 19th
century.
150
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And then a full stop. Which of
course he never finishes, he died in
1791.
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So the first page then is the first
list of pieces.
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He lived to complete... He lived to
fill in 29 of the 40 or so pages.
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Here's the very final page.
154
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Now, in a way the most obviously
moving thing about what happens is
the empty pages.
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Look at the empty staves of the
pieces he wouldn't write.
156
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This doesn't conjure up for me
the last moments of Mozart
157
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and the idea that it's some kind of
testamentary page.
158
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The other thing that I'm impressed
with
159
00:10:47,680 --> 00:10:50,880
is what people want to make of this.
160
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Right? It becomes one of the living,
surviving artefacts
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of the fact of Mozart's premature
death.
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00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:04,240
I-I-It conjures up this...
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00:11:04,240 --> 00:11:09,680
this story that we want to believe,
this idea of a life cut off.
164
00:11:09,680 --> 00:11:11,600
But, Cliff, what's the problem with
this?
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Clearly, look, just turning to this
page of the next canto,
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this is a life unfinished, it
doesn't matter how we play it.
167
00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:20,760
To take the idea of what we might
feel about it out of the equation,
168
00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:23,760
you know, this was a life cut short,
this clearly was a life cut short.
169
00:11:23,760 --> 00:11:26,320
No, no, I don't mean in any way
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to diminish the impact of
Mozart's premature death
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and all of the perfectly natural
feelings
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and wishes and desires and hopes
and aspirations that we might have
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that were unfulfilled because of it.
174
00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:41,760
Rather, I think what I'm saying is
that Mozart becomes reified,
175
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Mozart becomes removed from...
176
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This is just... This is a great
heroic, mythical story in some ways.
177
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And so we then are afraid to approach
Mozart,
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because of the power of this story.
Because he's not like us?
179
00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:59,320
He's not like us. He's not like us
180
00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:03,600
and yet that seems like such an
uncommonsensical thing.
181
00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:07,040
And it's an idea we don't attribute
to other artists.
182
00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:10,560
We've discussed, you know,
Shakespeare was a real person,
183
00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:13,680
Leonardo was a real person,
they were all real people,
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but somehow Mozart...
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became not an engaged, living,
genuine human being any more.
186
00:12:26,040 --> 00:12:29,440
BELL RINGS
'And here is the myth made real.
187
00:12:29,440 --> 00:12:34,600
'These chocolate Mozart balls are
the tip of the Mozart myth-berg,
188
00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:38,280
'Mozart reified into little
gold-wrapped confections
189
00:12:38,280 --> 00:12:40,760
'and the sound of saccharine
190
00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:44,000
'in this soupy recording of Eine
Kleine Nachtmusik.
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00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:47,320
'Lovely!'
192
00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:49,000
TILL CHINGS
193
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,560
It occurs to me what these things
actually are, they're...
194
00:12:52,560 --> 00:12:56,200
They're transubstantiations of
the Mozartian myth,
195
00:12:56,200 --> 00:12:58,720
people literally want to eat a piece
him.
196
00:12:58,720 --> 00:13:02,880
So the question is, of course, what
they in fact taste like.
197
00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:06,320
Erm...rather nice dark chocolate on
the outside.
198
00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:12,360
Incredibly sweet. Marzipan and
praline.
199
00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:15,880
Mm. Really quite sickly, in fact.
200
00:13:15,880 --> 00:13:20,080
These are really the confectionery
embodiment of sentimentality.
201
00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:23,200
I mean, I'm going to finish it,
obviously.
202
00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:27,320
Mm. Not bad.
HE LAUGHS
203
00:13:27,320 --> 00:13:32,200
I think Mozart himself would have
been a) astonished, but b) really
chuffed...
204
00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:36,560
SHE LAUGHS
..to know that for perpetuity
205
00:13:36,560 --> 00:13:39,600
he was going to be in a chocolate
ball.
206
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:42,160
That would have amused him on many
levels.
207
00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:47,440
Erm...or that all this...sort of
tackiness, actually,
208
00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:49,280
I think he would have loved it.
209
00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:53,480
BIKE BELL RINGS
'But there's a bitterness in that
sweetness too.
210
00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:55,440
'Mozart may have been born in
Salzburg,
211
00:13:55,440 --> 00:14:00,120
'but the city treated him as no more
than a hired hand when he was there.
212
00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:07,960
'It was only on the 50th anniversary
of his death in 1841,
213
00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:10,360
'that they claimed him as their own.
214
00:14:10,360 --> 00:14:13,600
'Salzburg erected this statue in his
honour in the old market,
215
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,120
'which they renamed
the Mozartplatz.'
216
00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:23,720
That I think was the beginning
of the Mozart industry.
217
00:14:23,720 --> 00:14:28,600
And after that, you know, it has
just steamrollered and
steamrollered.
218
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:32,640
And it's almost as if they're
atoning for all those years
219
00:14:32,640 --> 00:14:35,560
when they behaved so badly to him.
220
00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,640
We can't be completely sure what
Mozart looked like,
221
00:14:39,640 --> 00:14:43,520
but we can be sure that he didn't
look like this.
222
00:14:43,520 --> 00:14:47,840
This, though, is the single most
reproduced image in today's world
223
00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:50,440
of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
224
00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,920
This is the face of Mozart balls.
225
00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:59,640
And the balls here really is to do
with the relationship between image
and reality.
226
00:14:59,640 --> 00:15:02,000
Contemporary accounts of Mozart say
that he was small,
227
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,680
that he was pockmarked, that he
had a large nose,
228
00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:06,960
that he had protruding eyes.
229
00:15:06,960 --> 00:15:11,880
None of that is reflected in this
Errol Flynn airbrushing that's going
on here.
230
00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:14,400
The one thing I think I am pretty
certain of
231
00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:19,840
is that if Mozart were to see this,
the face of a more than five billion
euro industry of the Mozart brand,
232
00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:22,480
he would simply say, "Who the hell
is this guy?!"
233
00:15:22,480 --> 00:15:24,280
CHURCH BELL CHIMES
234
00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:31,760
And look, Vienna's got in on the
act just as much as Salzburg.
235
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:35,240
Nice wigs, guys.
236
00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:44,480
NEEDLE SCRATCHES
I can't take this any longer.
237
00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:46,880
I can't stand the Mozart industry,
238
00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:51,680
not just because it airbrushes his
image, but because it airbrushes
his music
239
00:15:51,680 --> 00:15:54,240
and how we think about what it
sounds like.
240
00:15:54,240 --> 00:15:57,000
The industry wants you to believe
that Mozart is a superficial,
241
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:00,640
sentimentalised, nostalgic courtly
entertainer,
242
00:16:00,640 --> 00:16:04,080
but that's the exact opposite of
what he spent his whole life doing.
243
00:16:04,080 --> 00:16:08,720
He was trying to express the full
range of human expression,
ambiguities, doubts.
244
00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:11,760
He confronts us with all of that
in our essential humanity
245
00:16:11,760 --> 00:16:15,200
and all of this is a betrayal.
246
00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:16,480
# Come and rock me, Amadeus
247
00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:19,120
# Amadeus, Amadeus, Amadeus
248
00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:21,520
# Amadeus, Amadeus, Amadeus
249
00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:25,640
# Amadeus, Amadeus...Amadeus
250
00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:27,240
# Come and rock me, Amadeus... #
251
00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:30,960
But popular culture doesn't just
promote an easy-listening Mozart,
252
00:16:30,960 --> 00:16:33,640
in the early '80s, Austrian
performer Falco
253
00:16:33,640 --> 00:16:36,760
turned him into a New Romantic
Hells Angel.
254
00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:38,320
# Come and rock me, Amadeus. #
255
00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:41,680
But for Paul Morley, after a
lifetime immersed in the pop
industry,
256
00:16:41,680 --> 00:16:44,320
there's no need to turn Mozart into
anything,
257
00:16:44,320 --> 00:16:46,920
just take Wolfgang on your own
terms.
258
00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:53,760
I realised that this music that I'd
previously ignored or reviled
259
00:16:53,760 --> 00:16:55,880
because it sounded quaint or
peculiar,
260
00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:58,640
or because I didn't understand it,
was actually really radical
261
00:16:58,640 --> 00:17:01,360
and, actually, mostly where the
avant-garde had gone.
262
00:17:01,360 --> 00:17:04,400
The avant-garde, oddly, had gone into
the past,
263
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,640
you know, "Well, let's try Mozart,
then,"
264
00:17:06,640 --> 00:17:10,160
because it's this all the time, it's
souvenirs,
265
00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:14,440
it's the past, it's quaint. So how
did you get past that?
266
00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:16,600
Because Mozart has had the odd
toehold here and there.
267
00:17:16,600 --> 00:17:18,560
I'm thinking of Falco's Rock Me
Amadeus.
268
00:17:18,560 --> 00:17:21,080
I'm thinking of the fact that this
bust or a version of it
269
00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:24,520
is on the desk of Mr Garrison in
every episode of South Park.
270
00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:28,200
The chocolate box, tinkly, powdered
wigs, child genius. Yeah.
271
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:30,480
And I realised of course that
everybody makes up a Mozart.
272
00:17:30,480 --> 00:17:32,400
I'll make up my own Mozart.
273
00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:34,160
I'd strip away everything.
274
00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:36,880
I'd strip away this, I'd strip away
the cute pictures,
275
00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:39,000
I'd strip away the academic side,
276
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,080
I'd even strip away the music to
an extent and just begin again.
277
00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:45,400
And there was a way that I could
begin again I found very quickly,
278
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,640
which was something I found very
contemporary, very modern and very
abstract, which was the K-numbers.
279
00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:54,360
Ah, yes, the K-numbers,
280
00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:56,720
the chronological catalogue of
Mozart's works
281
00:17:56,720 --> 00:18:00,280
as documented by this man,
Ludwig von Kochel,
282
00:18:00,280 --> 00:18:03,720
70 years after the composer's death,
283
00:18:03,720 --> 00:18:07,560
from K 1, a minuet for piano written
when Mozart was five,
284
00:18:07,560 --> 00:18:12,720
to K 626, the requiem unfinished on
his death only 30 years later.
285
00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:17,080
ACTOR SIGHS
286
00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:19,480
The K-numbers in a way was my way
of coming into it
287
00:18:19,480 --> 00:18:21,800
like it was a little like Factory
Records,
288
00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:24,800
you know, a catalogue of amazing
moments.
289
00:18:27,320 --> 00:18:31,360
And I would get to, say, a piano
quartet, and that would be, say, 491,
290
00:18:31,360 --> 00:18:33,400
and then I would start to wonder...
493.
291
00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:36,760
493, OK. And then I would start to
wonder, "What's around it, then?"
292
00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:39,920
And what I found startling and which
really blew my mind
293
00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:41,600
is that if you just go one way or the
other,
294
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:44,360
which means it was written
more or less at the same time,
295
00:18:44,360 --> 00:18:47,880
on one side you have, say... Correct
me again, Tom, because I'm not good
on the titles.
296
00:18:47,880 --> 00:18:49,760
..you'd get Marriage Of Figaro. 490.
297
00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:54,200
OK, and on the other side... Oh, my
God! ..you get a concerto. Maybe 24?
298
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:58,320
491 is the piano concerto. But isn't
that amazing?
299
00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:06,920
Doing the K-numbers is not unlike
300
00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:09,880
watching an entire series of Breaking
Bad over a weekend.
301
00:19:09,880 --> 00:19:12,040
You can do the K-numbers in a week.
302
00:19:12,040 --> 00:19:15,200
You know, I can do them very quickly,
actually, quite a few.
303
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:17,960
And if there was a way... And I throw
it back to you, Tom, again
304
00:19:17,960 --> 00:19:21,320
of explaining that the K-numbers to
an extent is like binge watching.
305
00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:24,160
It's that exciting! You know, for me
some of the K-numbers,
306
00:19:24,160 --> 00:19:26,480
they are like a great series of Game
Of Thrones.
307
00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:35,720
'K 219 is his fifth and I think
his finest violin concerto.
308
00:19:38,760 --> 00:19:42,200
'But it's not the numbers that
excite violinist Nicola Benedetti,
309
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:44,200
'it's the wildness
of that solo part,
310
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:48,800
'the different characters he's
creating in just a few seconds of
music.'
311
00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:51,360
To me it sounds like so much...
312
00:19:51,360 --> 00:19:55,160
enjoyment in his ability to create
these voices.
313
00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:59,280
He's just toying with the listener,
with...
314
00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:00,960
He's constantly working out,
315
00:20:00,960 --> 00:20:05,760
"How can I make this as varied as
possible, as expressive as
possible?"
316
00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:08,440
And...enjoying it.
317
00:20:08,440 --> 00:20:12,160
You...you can sense the almost
euphoria.
318
00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:14,320
And I answer...
319
00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:18,520
So it's the same material, but mine
is instantly feminine.
320
00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:20,520
And then...
321
00:20:20,520 --> 00:20:23,280
And then again low. And then...
322
00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:43,960
It's really very extreme.
You couldn't play this...
323
00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:45,600
HE HUMS MELODY
324
00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:47,440
No, well... Like...nicely?
325
00:20:47,440 --> 00:20:50,920
It can't be nice? Some...some do.
HE LAUGHS
326
00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:54,520
I just don't ever hear Mozart like
that, ever.
327
00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:58,000
Erm...I just don't.
328
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:00,000
I don't hear in his voice.
329
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:01,840
I don't hear in his character.
330
00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:04,400
There's too much natural wildness.
331
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,360
Erm...and I think...
332
00:21:07,360 --> 00:21:11,920
I think Mozart with caution is
just not doing him justice.
333
00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:14,760
I actually nearly hyperventilate.
334
00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:18,320
No, what's the thing when you stop
breathing? It's the opposite of
that?
335
00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:19,960
Yeah, you kind of asphyxiate.
Right.
336
00:21:19,960 --> 00:21:22,720
I stop breathing, that's what I
do... Right.
337
00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:26,480
..during the development of this
second movement. The slow movement?
338
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:29,720
The slow movement of the A Major
Concerto, his last concerto,
339
00:21:29,720 --> 00:21:33,120
to me is just one of the most...
340
00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:43,600
And now...
341
00:22:05,040 --> 00:22:07,160
And here's when I stop breathing.
342
00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:43,640
You have long held notes in the
winds.
343
00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:47,440
And now syncopation.
344
00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:53,040
And at the end of it all...silence.
345
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:56,400
From the whole orchestra.
346
00:23:00,280 --> 00:23:01,680
And then back.
347
00:23:03,120 --> 00:23:05,360
And it is just the most...
348
00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:08,480
It's just so shocking and it
literally takes your breath away,
349
00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:11,040
it doesn't matter how many times
you hear it.
350
00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:16,480
One of the most unexpected and just
glorious developments of a second
movement...ever.
351
00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:25,840
'From the sublime to the holy.
352
00:23:25,840 --> 00:23:28,680
'This is Salzburg Cathedral with its
five organs,
353
00:23:28,680 --> 00:23:34,120
'which Mozart would have played, and
where much of his early sacred music
was first performed.
354
00:23:36,880 --> 00:23:40,800
'It's grand, yes, but only
occasionally inspired.
355
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:46,160
'The teenage Mozart had to write
what Prince-Archbishop Colloredo and
his court demanded.
356
00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:48,160
'Not a recipe for commitment.'
357
00:23:50,120 --> 00:23:53,920
So what of Mozart's relationship
with Catholicism, with God?
358
00:23:53,920 --> 00:23:56,520
Well, I think it's possible that
Salzburg
359
00:23:56,520 --> 00:24:01,400
turned Mozart away from the
institutions of the church and of
writing sacred music.
360
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:06,600
It was in his unfulfilling years
here working for Archbishop
Colloredo in Salzburg
361
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:11,600
that Mozart wrote the vast majority
of his church music, because he had
to.
362
00:24:13,880 --> 00:24:18,040
In fact, in his later life there
are just two major sacred works,
363
00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:20,520
both astonishing masterpieces -
364
00:24:20,520 --> 00:24:22,600
but he didn't finish either of them.
365
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:24,520
There was the Mass in C minor,
366
00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:27,880
composed with soprano solos
for his wife Constanze to sing
367
00:24:27,880 --> 00:24:31,240
when they came to Salzburg in 1783,
368
00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:33,880
for the only
time in their lives together,
369
00:24:33,880 --> 00:24:36,080
to meet Wolfgang's father Leopold,
370
00:24:36,080 --> 00:24:39,360
who had disapproved of their
marriage, and his sister Nannerl.
371
00:24:39,360 --> 00:24:41,200
The C minor Mass was first
performed here
372
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:45,280
at St Peter's
on the 26th October 1783.
373
00:24:46,680 --> 00:24:52,800
SOPRANO: # Christe
374
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:58,960
# Eleison, eleison
375
00:25:00,120 --> 00:25:05,440
# Christe
376
00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:14,280
# Christe eleison
377
00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:26,960
# Eleison
378
00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:34,440
# Eleison, eleison
379
00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:44,800
# Eleison... #
380
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,520
Magnificent though it is, what
audiences then and now
381
00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:53,040
hear and heard in the Mass in C
minor is only an incomplete torso.
382
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:56,720
Mozart for some reason couldn't
complete the Mass in C minor,
383
00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:58,760
and he never returned to it either.
384
00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:00,680
And then, there's the Requiem,
385
00:26:00,680 --> 00:26:06,000
unfinished notoriously at Mozart's
death on 5th December 1791,
386
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:08,080
parts of which were
performed for the first time
387
00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:11,440
here at St Michael's Church
in Vienna, conducted by his friend,
388
00:26:11,440 --> 00:26:16,600
the librettist of The Magic Flute,
Emanuel Schikaneder,
just five days after he died.
389
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:22,320
CHOIR: # ..dona eis, Domine
390
00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:30,240
# Et lux perpetua
391
00:26:30,240 --> 00:26:35,160
# Et lux perpetua
392
00:26:35,160 --> 00:26:38,240
# Luceat
393
00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:49,600
# Luceat eis... #
394
00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:56,720
I had real problems with
the religious music,
395
00:26:56,720 --> 00:26:59,360
because I think Mozart himself
had problems with it.
396
00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:03,280
I mean, think of his religious music
and think how unreligious it is.
397
00:27:03,280 --> 00:27:11,160
# ..hymnus, Deus, in Sion... #
398
00:27:11,160 --> 00:27:14,440
His earlier pieces
are not that good.
399
00:27:14,440 --> 00:27:17,640
Get to the C minor Mass...
400
00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:20,760
Written for Constanze, in Salzburg.
Absolutely. Unfinished...
401
00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:23,840
Unfinished.
I mean, it starts off like an epic -
402
00:27:23,840 --> 00:27:26,760
you think, "This is going to be
colossal."
403
00:27:26,760 --> 00:27:29,520
And it gradually runs out of puff.
404
00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:32,440
The same with the Requiem.
405
00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:33,800
What is it?
406
00:27:39,480 --> 00:27:49,920
# Requiem aeternam... #
407
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:53,000
Is that about a relationship with
God, Catholicism...? What is that?
408
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:57,440
I think it's to do with
enlightened thought,
I think it's to do with Freemasonry.
409
00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,040
I think Freemasonry is
410
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:02,600
a much more important
411
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,800
kind of centrifugal
environment for Mozart.
412
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,760
I think the religion is much
more superstitious,
413
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:16,840
it's more Masonic,
it's more rational.
414
00:28:16,840 --> 00:28:21,520
Mozart has a tremendous fear
of authority, a fear of dread.
415
00:28:23,320 --> 00:28:27,080
He can't really subscribe to the
whole theological package.
416
00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:30,960
MUSIC: Symphony No 34 in C
417
00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:40,520
'Mozart the Mason was a humanist
at heart,
418
00:28:40,520 --> 00:28:45,680
'and his music is
a consecration of humanity in all
its messy, joyous ambiguity.
419
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:51,280
'I think that's closer
to his true spirituality
420
00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:53,960
'than his relationship with
organised religion.'
421
00:29:00,080 --> 00:29:02,200
BELLS PEAL
422
00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,040
Beautiful, isn't it?
423
00:29:04,040 --> 00:29:07,320
But I think there's something
claustrophobic about Salzburg -
424
00:29:07,320 --> 00:29:11,600
it's hemmed in on three sides
by the fortress and by the mountains
425
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:15,360
that surround it,
and I think Mozart felt that sense
of claustrophobia too.
426
00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:19,760
Ultimately this was a place he had
to escape - from his employer,
Archbishop Colloredo,
427
00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:23,080
from his father Leopold,
and his family too.
428
00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:26,840
Born in Salzburg maybe, but Mozart
the musician, the composer,
429
00:29:26,840 --> 00:29:30,240
was formed everywhere else -
in Paris, in London,
430
00:29:30,240 --> 00:29:33,760
in Milan, in Mannheim,
in Munich, and above all in Vienna.
431
00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:36,160
Mozart had to get out.
432
00:29:36,160 --> 00:29:37,560
SOUND OF COACH AND HORSES
433
00:29:45,080 --> 00:29:49,360
MUSIC: Overture to
Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail
434
00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:52,080
'Mozart arrived in Vienna in 1781,
435
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:55,200
'determined to rewrite
the musicians' rule book.
436
00:29:57,920 --> 00:30:01,520
'He probably performed here,
in the Sala Terrena.'
437
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:06,400
After years of needling
and frustration,
438
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:08,760
Mozart made the astonishingly
self-confident decision
439
00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:12,160
to become a freelance composer
independent of any court -
440
00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,040
a completely new phenomenon
in Vienna.
441
00:30:15,040 --> 00:30:17,840
He knew he had as much
honour as any nobleman,
442
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:20,720
so why shouldn't he be their equal
rather than their lackey?
443
00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:27,520
Now, this really is the key moment
of Mozart's adult life.
444
00:30:27,520 --> 00:30:31,520
His path towards personal
and musical fulfilment
445
00:30:31,520 --> 00:30:34,600
and emancipation from Salzburg,
from his father,
446
00:30:34,600 --> 00:30:39,840
towards new kinds of expression
and his marriage to Constanze Weber,
had begun.
447
00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:46,440
'This building was a symbol
of Mozart's self-confidence,
448
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,720
'the grandest of the 14 apartments
in Vienna that he lived in.
449
00:30:49,720 --> 00:30:51,360
'He was the only composer
at the time
450
00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:54,880
'who could afford to live
WITHIN Vienna's city walls -
451
00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:58,320
'in demand as teacher, performer,
impresario,
452
00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:03,200
'as well as husband, father,
pet owner and billiard player.
453
00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:09,840
'This house would have thrummed
and thrilled with noise
454
00:31:09,840 --> 00:31:12,160
'all day and all night.
455
00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:15,360
'It's also the place where some of
Mozart's most important compositions
456
00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:18,120
'were heard
for the very first time.'
457
00:31:56,520 --> 00:31:58,280
On the second day
of his father's visit here
458
00:31:58,280 --> 00:32:01,360
on the 12th February 1785, there was
459
00:32:01,360 --> 00:32:03,600
a performance
of incredible significance
460
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:06,680
that probably happened on the
floorboards I'm standing on...
461
00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:08,920
the first three of six quartets
462
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:12,040
that Mozart would dedicate
to Joseph Haydn.
463
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:14,840
Haydn came here to watch
this performance -
464
00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:19,520
Leopold Mozart
played one of the violin parts
and Mozart himself played the viola.
465
00:32:26,320 --> 00:32:29,480
These string quartets meant
so much to him as a composer,
466
00:32:29,480 --> 00:32:31,840
as a human being, that he
spent three years refining them.
467
00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:39,200
It's hard to imagine
the effect of hearing that music
468
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,640
for the first time, but we do
have Joseph Haydn's reaction.
469
00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:44,680
He said simply to Leopold,
470
00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:49,040
"Your son, before God,
is the greatest composer
I have ever known."
471
00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:54,640
Fine...
472
00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:57,000
'Kristian Bezuidenhout's
living room in London
473
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:58,800
'is dominated by an instrument
474
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:01,200
'that also came to define
Mozart's life
475
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:04,760
'as both composer and performer -
the fortepiano,
476
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:09,520
'a much more intimate
and colourful instrument
than the modern-day grand.
477
00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:15,040
'The piano as a piece of equipment
had evolved during
Mozart's short life,
478
00:33:15,040 --> 00:33:20,480
'and he in turn would fulfil
its as yet unrealised potential.
479
00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:24,040
'We just have to get this one
fully operational.'
480
00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:27,360
So I tend to lift the pedal
just to be sure... But there it is.
481
00:33:28,520 --> 00:33:32,760
This is the piece of equipment
that might best serve
482
00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:34,920
the unbelievably mercurial
483
00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:38,720
and highly changeable surface texture
of Mozart's music
484
00:33:38,720 --> 00:33:41,320
better than any other piece
of equipment I'd ever played.
485
00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,560
I started learning pieces on it,
486
00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:47,360
and that was a fascinating journey -
487
00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:50,880
to kind of go to zero and delete
the preconceptions that we have
488
00:33:50,880 --> 00:33:52,760
from the world of playing
the modern piano
489
00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:56,200
and start working on a piece
on this piece of equipment
490
00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,800
and see what it tells us
about Mozart's playing,
491
00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,680
his conceptions of sound,
his approach to the piano,
492
00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:05,880
and how all of this is
so deeply linked on every level.
493
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:07,240
333...
494
00:34:07,240 --> 00:34:09,720
MUSIC: Piano Sonata No 13
In B-Flat Major
495
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:14,800
This is where all this stuff happens.
496
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:17,080
MUSIC: Piano Sonata No 5
In G Major
497
00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:19,520
283...
498
00:34:21,720 --> 00:34:23,600
A piece like 282...
499
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,120
MUSIC: Piano Sonata No 4
In E-flat Major
500
00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:45,840
Mozart is one of these amazing people
who bridges an incredible...
501
00:34:45,840 --> 00:34:49,000
bridges an incredible gap,
historically speaking,
502
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:53,280
and is at a sort of fascinating
kind of crossroads
503
00:34:53,280 --> 00:34:55,560
in terms of instrumental equipment.
504
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:57,880
This is an action
505
00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:01,640
that requires
a lot of Fingerspitzengefuhl -
506
00:35:01,640 --> 00:35:06,880
I mean, fingertip sensitivity.
Lots of finger work, hand delicacy.
507
00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,720
There isn't much of this kind of,
you know, smashing
508
00:35:09,720 --> 00:35:14,840
and upper body activation
that you might see on the Steinway.
509
00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:18,280
Mozart grew up with an unbelievably
precise keyboard technique.
510
00:35:18,280 --> 00:35:20,680
When you want to write beautiful
music, you write it here.
511
00:35:20,680 --> 00:35:23,280
HE PLAYS A DELICATE THEME
512
00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:25,200
When you're trying to express
true trauma...
513
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:26,800
HE PLAYS A DRAMATIC FLOURISH
514
00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:29,840
..you do it down there.
515
00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:33,080
I will say that this is a slightly
later instrument than the one Mozart
516
00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:35,840
was writing about
when he writes to his dad,
517
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:38,840
and there are a lot of modifications
in an action like this -
518
00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:42,640
this is a real prototypical
Walter piano from the 1780s.
519
00:35:42,640 --> 00:35:46,320
The action remains essentially
unchanged until the beginning of
the 19th century.
520
00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:48,240
It's a coming
together of technology,
521
00:35:48,240 --> 00:35:50,560
with what he can do as a composer
and who he is as a person,
522
00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:54,440
all of those things come together.
Yeah. It's a magic moment.
523
00:35:55,960 --> 00:35:58,720
The other thing about it that's
so extraordinary is Mozart's
524
00:35:58,720 --> 00:36:02,120
gift at predicting these
kind of blockbuster trends.
525
00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:04,960
In the decade from '81 to '91,
526
00:36:04,960 --> 00:36:11,600
the piano becomes THE most
important solo instrument
for public consumption, essentially.
527
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:15,120
I mean, it eclipses all other
equipment in this period
528
00:36:15,120 --> 00:36:18,800
as the number one way to make your
name as a massive virtuoso, really.
529
00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:23,320
From that point forward, he really
writes exclusively for the piano.
530
00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:25,040
He somehow gets a new
piece of equipment
531
00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:27,640
and understands immediately what
makes it tick.
532
00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:31,760
MUSIC: Piano Sonata No 11 in A major
533
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:39,040
'Mozart's own piano -
the one he played in Vienna -
534
00:36:39,040 --> 00:36:43,880
'is now in Salzburg in a large
apartment where the Mozart family
once lived.
535
00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:47,400
'It's now a museum,
where I can literally hear
536
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:50,280
'the ghost of the actual sounds
that Mozart created -
537
00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:53,600
'with the help of its head
of research, Ulrich Leisinger.'
538
00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:58,040
Ulrich, this is Mozart's
Vienna piano -
539
00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:01,040
the piano that he had with him
from virtually the time
540
00:37:01,040 --> 00:37:03,320
he moved to Vienna
until the end of his life.
541
00:37:03,320 --> 00:37:08,360
Just thinking about what he played
on this instrument
and the music that happened here -
542
00:37:08,360 --> 00:37:11,200
it's just an astonishing thought,
really.
543
00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:14,840
Whatever we have from Mozart -
if we have the portraits,
they are not photographic,
544
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:17,680
if we have the letters,
Mozart tells us some things
545
00:37:17,680 --> 00:37:21,480
but he conceals others, and from time
to time he's not telling the truth,
546
00:37:21,480 --> 00:37:25,440
but the instrument IS telling
the truth about Mozart's music -
547
00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:28,280
at least about the keyboard music -
and so we can really learn
548
00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:32,280
a lot from carefully looking
and listening to this instrument.
549
00:37:32,280 --> 00:37:34,360
This is really the instrument
550
00:37:34,360 --> 00:37:37,880
where all these great piano concertos
were conceived,
551
00:37:37,880 --> 00:37:41,800
where they got
their premiere performances
552
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:45,120
and many follow-up performances
during Mozart's lifetime,
553
00:37:45,120 --> 00:37:49,480
and so it's really a big stroke
of luck that this instrument
554
00:37:49,480 --> 00:37:54,080
has survived
in almost original shape.
555
00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:56,280
This isn't a concerto.
No, this is a sonata.
556
00:37:56,280 --> 00:38:00,720
No, it should not be a problem.
I am not Kristian Bezuidenhout...
557
00:38:01,720 --> 00:38:04,000
MUSIC: Piano Sonata No 13
In B-Flat Major
558
00:38:23,240 --> 00:38:25,840
Mozart obviously loved
this instrument -
559
00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:29,200
I mean, it was his constant
companion for that decade in Vienna.
560
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:31,840
He would have had enough money to
replace it if he'd wanted to -
561
00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:36,280
I mean, why did he stick with this
Anton Walter instrument, its maker,
562
00:38:36,280 --> 00:38:37,960
why did he love it so much?
563
00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:41,800
Apparently it was one of the best
instruments that Walter ever built.
564
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:45,120
It's one of the earliest
of his fortepianos,
565
00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:51,560
and it has a very easy action,
a very even action,
566
00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:57,760
and when Leopold visited his son
in 1785 he wrote to his daughter
567
00:38:57,760 --> 00:39:02,400
that this very instrument was carried
out of the house practically
every other day,
568
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:06,840
set up in a theatre here,
in a concert hall there,
in a private place there
569
00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:12,440
and that Mozart was practically
giving a concert every other night.
570
00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:14,600
MUSIC: Fantasia No 3 In D
571
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:25,840
Wunderschon.
572
00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:43,000
'For Mozart, music was part of
a bigger world of ideas,
573
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:45,200
'of culture, of feelings, of people,
574
00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:47,640
'and that was true in his
earlier life too,
575
00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:50,240
'in Salzburg as well as in Vienna.'
576
00:39:50,240 --> 00:39:53,000
The thing is, when Mozart was
back in Salzburg,
577
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:56,040
when he came back from his travels,
especially as a teenager,
578
00:39:56,040 --> 00:39:59,120
he was part of a wider social
and cultural scene here.
579
00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:02,400
He used to socialise with the
family who owned this cafe,
580
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:05,600
used to play billiards with them
upstairs and dance with them.
581
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:06,760
Parties, basically.
582
00:40:06,760 --> 00:40:08,520
Now, it's inconceivable to me
583
00:40:08,520 --> 00:40:11,440
that Mozart, as a supremely
intelligent young man,
584
00:40:11,440 --> 00:40:15,000
wouldn't have been talking to
his friends about his frustrations
585
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:16,840
with his employment in Salzburg,
586
00:40:16,840 --> 00:40:20,000
about the poor quality of
the musicians here, and maybe also
587
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:23,360
the new political ideas that were
emerging all over Europe.
588
00:40:23,360 --> 00:40:26,080
Mozart, in other words,
was part of cafe culture.
589
00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:36,160
'Nicholas Till thinks that Mozart's
intellectual curiosity is
590
00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:39,520
'a crucial part of how we should
hear and think about his music.'
591
00:40:41,560 --> 00:40:44,640
If you look at his library,
er, it's not large,
592
00:40:44,640 --> 00:40:46,720
he didn't own a huge number of books.
593
00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:53,400
But the books he owned were really
quite current, contemporary thinking.
594
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:57,400
Mozart is hanging out with the...
595
00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:03,160
the Austrian Empire's
Education Minister once a week.
596
00:41:03,160 --> 00:41:06,840
He's going round to his house,
erm, playing music.
597
00:41:06,840 --> 00:41:11,520
Van Swieten was
a very keen music lover,
598
00:41:11,520 --> 00:41:15,000
introduced Mozart to
Bach and Handel's music.
599
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:17,280
So, this...
600
00:41:17,280 --> 00:41:21,200
He's right in the heart of the
most progressive aspects of
601
00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:23,040
Viennese life at that time.
602
00:41:24,720 --> 00:41:29,040
'And at that time Europe was in a
foment of pre-revolutionary fever,
603
00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:33,640
'which Mozart caught in his opera
The Marriage of Figaro, in 1786.'
604
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:48,720
In the kind of coffee house culture
and the intellectual culture
605
00:41:48,720 --> 00:41:50,480
that Mozart was part of then,
606
00:41:50,480 --> 00:41:54,120
I mean, do you think he was
sympathetic to the ideals of
607
00:41:54,120 --> 00:41:55,920
the French Revolution?
608
00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:57,960
Do you think Mozart was
fundamentally
609
00:41:57,960 --> 00:41:59,840
a kind of revolutionary?
610
00:41:59,840 --> 00:42:02,080
Well, of course, we can't project...
611
00:42:02,080 --> 00:42:05,480
The French Revolution happens
right at the end of his life.
612
00:42:08,520 --> 00:42:11,880
But, yes, both at a personal level,
613
00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:17,320
he felt that it was wrong that
certain kinds of people had
614
00:42:17,320 --> 00:42:21,160
power and control over someone like
him that they had, and that would
615
00:42:21,160 --> 00:42:25,200
have translated into the broader
political agenda of the period.
616
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:28,160
MUSIC: Se Vuol Ballare
from The Marriage Of Figaro
617
00:42:42,560 --> 00:42:48,520
# Il chitarrino le suonero, si
618
00:42:48,520 --> 00:42:51,160
# Le suonero, si
619
00:42:51,160 --> 00:42:53,800
# Le suonero. #
620
00:42:56,280 --> 00:42:59,800
'Mozart singlehandedly
dragged opera kicking,
621
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:03,680
'and singing, into the present day
by hijacking a high art form,
622
00:43:03,680 --> 00:43:07,320
'taking it away from gods and kings,
and handing it over to the lives of
623
00:43:07,320 --> 00:43:11,480
'ordinary people and their
complicated, chaotic relationships.
624
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:18,800
'He put his own life,
and the lives of people he knew,
625
00:43:18,800 --> 00:43:21,040
'onstage for all to see.
626
00:43:21,040 --> 00:43:23,000
'Servants became heroes
627
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:26,680
'and women were written with a
unique empathy and understanding.
628
00:43:29,760 --> 00:43:31,240
'That's no surprise.
629
00:43:31,240 --> 00:43:34,960
'Mozart fell in love with,
married or wrote music for
630
00:43:34,960 --> 00:43:37,040
'three of the Weber sisters -
631
00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:39,120
'Aloysia, Constanze and Josepha.'
632
00:43:39,120 --> 00:43:42,800
I think we should be extremely
grateful that he was surrounded
633
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:47,440
by all these fantastic women who...
who could sing and could portray,
634
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:49,960
because one thing with Mozart also,
635
00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:52,680
if you read his letters
and everything,
636
00:43:52,680 --> 00:43:55,200
he really wanted people
to be sincere.
637
00:43:58,720 --> 00:44:02,080
'Cosi Fan Tutte, with an original
text by Lorenzo Da Ponte,
638
00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:04,800
'is about a quartet of lovers.
639
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:08,080
'The boys are persuaded to test
their beloveds' fidelity.
640
00:44:10,680 --> 00:44:14,480
'And the result is confusion
and turmoil for all four of them,
641
00:44:14,480 --> 00:44:16,080
'including Fiordiligi.'
642
00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:22,680
MUSIC: Per Pieta
from Cosi Fan Tutte
643
00:44:43,880 --> 00:44:51,280
# D'un alma amante... #
644
00:44:51,280 --> 00:44:56,200
When she struggles, she realises
that she has actually fallen,
645
00:44:56,200 --> 00:45:01,120
but she's just desperately trying to
hold on to the love for Guglielmo.
646
00:45:01,120 --> 00:45:05,680
I think Per Pieta is just one of
the most amazing arias to actually
647
00:45:05,680 --> 00:45:09,400
show that, but she always
comes back to, always,
648
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:12,000
always comes back to this,
that she feels ashamed,
649
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:15,800
that she has this, you know,
massive shame that she has, you know,
650
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:19,280
gone towards Ferrando
rather than staying constant.
651
00:45:42,640 --> 00:45:43,880
'It's about us.'
652
00:45:43,880 --> 00:45:47,360
It is about normal people - they are
fighting, they are, you know,
653
00:45:47,360 --> 00:45:52,440
they are in love, they are arguing,
it's just about normal life.
654
00:45:52,440 --> 00:45:55,680
They are betraying,
they are being betrayed, they are...
655
00:45:55,680 --> 00:46:00,080
So it's basically like he's just
making an opera about
656
00:46:00,080 --> 00:46:04,400
everyday situations,
which I think that's why
657
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:08,800
it's so easy to take to heart,
you know, take to your heart.
658
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:13,880
# Deh vieni, non tardar
659
00:46:13,880 --> 00:46:18,080
# O gioja bella
660
00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:23,760
# Vieni ove amore per... #
661
00:46:23,760 --> 00:46:27,440
'I remember once when I was doing
Susanna in Berlin, and I just felt'
662
00:46:27,440 --> 00:46:30,040
as if everything
just parted away from me,
663
00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:31,920
and I was just sitting there.
664
00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:34,880
I could almost see myself
as an out-of-body experience,
665
00:46:34,880 --> 00:46:36,160
and when I looked down,
666
00:46:36,160 --> 00:46:38,960
I realised that Barenboim had
stopped conducting,
667
00:46:38,960 --> 00:46:40,760
and he was just sitting like this,
668
00:46:40,760 --> 00:46:44,560
and that's the moment
when you realised that Mozart music,
669
00:46:44,560 --> 00:46:49,080
when everything is right,
when everyone feels the same,
670
00:46:49,080 --> 00:46:50,560
it just becomes one body.
671
00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:53,840
And I'm sure that the audience
felt it, the orchestra felt it,
672
00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:57,800
I felt it, and we all sang
and did the same thing,
673
00:46:57,800 --> 00:47:00,440
the whole theatre were just
there in that moment.
674
00:47:00,440 --> 00:47:02,160
That's one of the most, like...
SHE GASPS
675
00:47:02,160 --> 00:47:04,640
..experiences that
I've ever had in my life.
676
00:47:06,400 --> 00:47:12,040
What's different in the Mozart
operatic women is, as I say,
677
00:47:12,040 --> 00:47:17,120
is this tremendous sort of
emotional veracity, and, er,
678
00:47:17,120 --> 00:47:19,960
and a sympathy for them.
679
00:47:26,080 --> 00:47:29,320
The Countess in
The Marriage Of Figaro,
680
00:47:29,320 --> 00:47:32,640
I mean, she... Again, it's
another of these places in Mozart
681
00:47:32,640 --> 00:47:37,040
that gives you so many different
feelings somehow. How does he do it?
682
00:47:37,040 --> 00:47:39,480
Well, the first time we meet her,
as you say, er,
683
00:47:39,480 --> 00:47:45,480
we meet her in soliloquy, just
telling us again in a very short,
684
00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:49,080
slow, 90-second aria,
very difficult to sing...
685
00:47:50,840 --> 00:47:54,320
..that her life is really ghastly.
I mean, her husband is...
686
00:47:54,320 --> 00:47:57,320
Two years, she's only been
married a couple of years,
687
00:47:57,320 --> 00:48:01,600
and already her husband is
bonking every woman on the estate,
688
00:48:01,600 --> 00:48:04,480
and is behaving appallingly to her,
689
00:48:04,480 --> 00:48:08,120
and she's isolated and miserable,
690
00:48:08,120 --> 00:48:11,120
and although she has
a wonderful best friend
691
00:48:11,120 --> 00:48:13,200
in her maidservant Susanna,
692
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:16,000
she's essentially alone,
693
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:20,080
and there is really nothing more
lonely than Porgi, Amor.
694
00:48:20,080 --> 00:48:22,760
MUSIC: Porgi, Amor
from The Marriage Of Figaro
695
00:48:37,880 --> 00:48:45,640
# Al mio duolo
696
00:48:45,640 --> 00:48:53,120
# A'miei sospir! #
697
00:48:56,800 --> 00:48:59,280
Women loved him and he loved women,
698
00:48:59,280 --> 00:49:03,120
and we can certainly
see that in his operas.
699
00:49:03,120 --> 00:49:08,360
What I don't want to do, however, is
overstress this at all, because he
700
00:49:08,360 --> 00:49:12,240
was also a really good bloke, and he
had a lot of good bloke friends too.
701
00:49:12,240 --> 00:49:15,600
I mean, the whole Masonic thing,
after all, was like, you know,
702
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:17,560
the ultimate men's club!
703
00:49:31,560 --> 00:49:34,640
'In Salzburg, there's another
piece of Vienna that Mozart's
704
00:49:34,640 --> 00:49:36,200
'birthplace has uprooted...
705
00:49:38,880 --> 00:49:40,680
'..a little hut that looks like
706
00:49:40,680 --> 00:49:42,720
'something out of
a German fairy tale.
707
00:49:44,840 --> 00:49:49,160
'And funnily enough, it's where an
operatic fairy tale came to life.'
708
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:53,440
This is Das Zauberflotenhauschen -
709
00:49:53,440 --> 00:49:57,040
The Magic Flute Hut,
where, in the summer of 1791,
710
00:49:57,040 --> 00:49:59,840
Mozart wrote The Magic Flute
in Vienna in the grounds
711
00:49:59,840 --> 00:50:02,680
of the Freihaustheater,
where the opera would have
712
00:50:02,680 --> 00:50:05,520
its first performance on the
30th of September that year.
713
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:13,520
He would write on a little
clavichord in there
714
00:50:13,520 --> 00:50:15,760
and he'd invite the singers in
to try out things,
715
00:50:15,760 --> 00:50:19,040
what aria he was going to write for
Josepha Weber, his sister-in-law,
716
00:50:19,040 --> 00:50:21,320
who was singing the part of
the Queen of the Night,
717
00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:22,560
and the rest of the cast.
718
00:50:22,560 --> 00:50:25,320
And really the experience of
The Magic Flute for Mozart
719
00:50:25,320 --> 00:50:27,680
was being part of an
artistic collective.
720
00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:31,120
He was simply one part of
this huge, popular, populist
721
00:50:31,120 --> 00:50:36,080
and Masonic theatrical mishmash,
glorious theatrical hybrid that is
722
00:50:36,080 --> 00:50:38,680
The Magic Flute,
and this is where it happened.
723
00:50:50,120 --> 00:50:52,840
And as if by magic here is
the Queen of the Night's
724
00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:55,040
Act II Aria, the one that goes...
725
00:50:55,040 --> 00:50:56,680
HE WHISTLES
726
00:50:56,680 --> 00:50:58,960
I can't even whistle that high!
HE WHISTLES
727
00:50:58,960 --> 00:51:02,200
MUSIC: Queen Of The Night's Aria
from The Magic Flute
728
00:51:04,280 --> 00:51:06,240
HE WHISTLES
729
00:51:09,280 --> 00:51:13,240
# Wenn nicht durch dich
730
00:51:13,240 --> 00:51:20,480
# Sarastro wird erblassen! #
731
00:51:20,480 --> 00:51:22,920
See, the thing about this is,
you know, he...
732
00:51:22,920 --> 00:51:24,800
He was writing
absolutely specifically
733
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:26,320
for his sister-in-law here.
734
00:51:26,320 --> 00:51:29,200
Only Josepha, only the Weber girls
could get up that high,
735
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:31,600
and, erm, well,
I can't even whistle there.
736
00:51:34,480 --> 00:51:38,120
'Salzburg also houses the delicate
instrument on which Mozart
737
00:51:38,120 --> 00:51:39,920
'composed The Magic Flute -
738
00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:42,160
'his tiny treasured clavichord.'
739
00:51:44,240 --> 00:51:47,120
Clavichords were meant for
private use.
740
00:51:47,120 --> 00:51:50,520
They do not carry,
the sound doesn't carry,
741
00:51:50,520 --> 00:51:53,840
and I'll show it to you
because it's really remarkable.
742
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:58,960
If you open the lid
we see a small paste in,
743
00:51:58,960 --> 00:52:01,080
and Constanze Mozart tells us that...
744
00:52:01,080 --> 00:52:03,520
This is Constanze Mozart's
handwriting?
745
00:52:03,520 --> 00:52:05,560
This is Constanze's handwriting,
746
00:52:05,560 --> 00:52:09,840
and she tells us that her husband
had composed The Magic Flute,
747
00:52:09,840 --> 00:52:13,280
the Requiem and the Freemason Cantata
on this very instrument
748
00:52:13,280 --> 00:52:15,280
during the last months of
his life.
749
00:52:15,280 --> 00:52:17,160
So small was this instrument,
750
00:52:17,160 --> 00:52:19,400
it'd be quite possible to
carry it to the hut,
751
00:52:19,400 --> 00:52:20,920
the Zauberflotenhauschen,
752
00:52:20,920 --> 00:52:24,640
where he composed much of The Magic
Flute in the summer of 1791?
753
00:52:24,640 --> 00:52:28,040
Definitely.
This may weigh some 40lbs, 50lbs,
754
00:52:28,040 --> 00:52:30,600
so you can really take it with you.
755
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:33,680
It's easy to tune so it's
a very practical instrument
756
00:52:33,680 --> 00:52:37,200
for this purpose, and if you should
carefully open the lid...
757
00:52:39,280 --> 00:52:40,920
What does it sound like, Ulrich?
758
00:52:40,920 --> 00:52:43,160
I know it's a quiet sound
but what does it sound like?
759
00:52:43,160 --> 00:52:45,160
MUSIC: Papageno's Aria
from The Magic Flute
760
00:53:03,760 --> 00:53:06,520
'And in this same room,
there's the most moving,
761
00:53:06,520 --> 00:53:08,440
'honest likeness of the composer.'
762
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:16,440
This is as close as we have
to a real-life picture of Mozart.
763
00:53:16,440 --> 00:53:19,400
This is really as close
as we're going to get to what
764
00:53:19,400 --> 00:53:20,880
he actually looked like.
765
00:53:26,080 --> 00:53:28,920
It was painted from life around 1789
766
00:53:28,920 --> 00:53:32,440
by Mozart's brother-in-law,
Joseph Lange.
767
00:53:32,440 --> 00:53:36,520
It's an encounter with a real,
as opposed to airbrushed,
768
00:53:36,520 --> 00:53:38,400
idea and image of Mozart.
769
00:53:38,400 --> 00:53:41,240
His hair is loose,
there's no wig here.
770
00:53:41,240 --> 00:53:45,240
You can't see pockmarks on his skin
but there's grey in the hair.
771
00:53:45,240 --> 00:53:48,880
This is a really tender picture of
who this musician,
772
00:53:48,880 --> 00:53:50,120
who this composer was.
773
00:53:54,240 --> 00:53:56,280
This picture's usually called
unfinished
774
00:53:56,280 --> 00:53:58,800
but in fact you can see
very close up that the head
775
00:53:58,800 --> 00:54:02,520
and shoulders are really a complete
little portrait of Mozart.
776
00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:17,200
'Violinist Paul Robertson has a
relationship with Mozart's music
777
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:19,160
'that most of us will never have,
778
00:54:19,160 --> 00:54:20,440
'hopefully,'
779
00:54:20,440 --> 00:54:22,480
'an appreciation that can come
780
00:54:22,480 --> 00:54:25,200
'only from the outer limits of
life itself.'
781
00:54:27,920 --> 00:54:29,560
I used to, as it were,
782
00:54:29,560 --> 00:54:32,280
preach the idea that music should be
783
00:54:32,280 --> 00:54:34,240
played to people in coma,
784
00:54:34,240 --> 00:54:38,600
and, er, I remember a lovely lady
whose husband fell into a coma
785
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:40,120
played his favourite piece,
786
00:54:40,120 --> 00:54:42,640
which was the slow movement of
the Mozart Clarinet Quintet.
787
00:54:42,640 --> 00:54:46,080
She very kindly used our recording,
as it happened. And he recovered,
788
00:54:46,080 --> 00:54:50,800
he came round into consciousness
during the course of that movement.
789
00:54:50,800 --> 00:54:55,200
And my family, when I was in coma,
erm, were playing the same piece.
790
00:54:55,200 --> 00:55:00,280
It was a drug-induced coma that then
became an out-of-reach coma,
791
00:55:00,280 --> 00:55:03,680
so I was not actually,
strictly speaking, alive.
792
00:55:03,680 --> 00:55:07,160
So they played me Mozart
and I was responding.
793
00:55:07,160 --> 00:55:11,200
So I didn't actually have the
registration of listening to Mozart.
794
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:14,040
I mean, to be honest, what I was...
795
00:55:14,040 --> 00:55:17,360
well, what I was hearing was
an Indian,
796
00:55:17,360 --> 00:55:21,720
beautiful Indian female voice singing
ragas with exquisite microtones.
797
00:55:21,720 --> 00:55:22,920
Would you remember?
798
00:55:22,920 --> 00:55:25,640
Oh, I remember that most distinctly,
it was so beautiful.
799
00:55:25,640 --> 00:55:27,960
And do you remember it
as if it were a performance
800
00:55:27,960 --> 00:55:29,520
or as if it was happening or...?
801
00:55:29,520 --> 00:55:31,440
Oh, it was almost
more real than life.
802
00:55:36,200 --> 00:55:40,240
Paul, I've spent a lot of this film
thinking about Mozart's humanity,
803
00:55:40,240 --> 00:55:44,840
and how that's expressed
in the music, how grounded it is,
804
00:55:44,840 --> 00:55:46,440
and how grounded he is,
805
00:55:46,440 --> 00:55:50,720
but can we talk also about a
transcendence in Mozart's music,
806
00:55:50,720 --> 00:55:52,640
and if so, what might it be?
807
00:55:53,640 --> 00:55:57,920
Erm, he, despite all the mythology,
808
00:55:57,920 --> 00:56:01,880
he strikes me as being what
we might call "supra-normal".
809
00:56:01,880 --> 00:56:05,800
You know, he wasn't just normal,
he was what normal ought to be.
810
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:09,640
You know, anyone who could be
playing billiards, drinking coffee,
811
00:56:09,640 --> 00:56:13,800
writing a great symphony at the
same time, caring about his family
812
00:56:13,800 --> 00:56:19,120
and their aspirations,
also longing for independence.
813
00:56:19,120 --> 00:56:22,200
Er, this is a very
high-functioning man indeed
814
00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:25,760
caught in a particular web of
history, as we all are.
815
00:56:25,760 --> 00:56:28,360
So the transcendence
is more than just musical,
816
00:56:28,360 --> 00:56:32,360
I think it actually runs
throughout and across his life.
817
00:56:32,360 --> 00:56:36,240
There are these beautiful
individuals, sometimes weird
818
00:56:36,240 --> 00:56:43,200
and wacky individuals, who just have
a whole range of abilities, skills,
819
00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:48,160
insights, cognitive function,
that are always going to be
820
00:56:48,160 --> 00:56:53,080
something we just get a crick in the
neck looking cos it's so elevated.
821
00:56:53,080 --> 00:56:55,800
He began to prove that a
composer could actually live
822
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:58,880
an independent creative life.
823
00:56:58,880 --> 00:57:01,120
Now that takes a
different kind of genius
824
00:57:01,120 --> 00:57:06,120
because that's imaginative in terms
of conceiving of a state of life
825
00:57:06,120 --> 00:57:09,200
that is beyond the one
that you currently know.
826
00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:12,880
What would he be doing now?
You know, Mozart now?
827
00:57:12,880 --> 00:57:18,640
My own belief is he'd probably be
writing for, erm, computer games,
828
00:57:18,640 --> 00:57:24,200
because I suspect that he would be
drawn to the most creative area,
829
00:57:24,200 --> 00:57:28,960
probably the most lucrative area,
and the place where he really needed
830
00:57:28,960 --> 00:57:32,200
to exercise all his skill
to the very extreme.
831
00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:39,960
'After his death -
832
00:57:39,960 --> 00:57:43,560
'researchers have put forward
over 100 potential causes -
833
00:57:43,560 --> 00:57:45,960
'Mozart's body was interred in
a mass grave,
834
00:57:45,960 --> 00:57:47,920
'unmarked and unremarkable.
835
00:57:49,040 --> 00:57:52,520
'This wasn't the romantic fate of
an artist misunderstood or
836
00:57:52,520 --> 00:57:56,760
'undervalued, but common practice in
Joseph II's Vienna, the result of
837
00:57:56,760 --> 00:58:00,440
'liberal reforms to show that
in death all men are equal.
838
00:58:03,280 --> 00:58:07,520
'Vienna put up this statue to Mozart
here in St Mark's Cemetery,
839
00:58:07,520 --> 00:58:12,680
'where he was buried somewhere
on 7th December 1791.
840
00:58:12,680 --> 00:58:14,760
'But it can only ever be
a best guess
841
00:58:14,760 --> 00:58:16,800
'as to where his bones
actually are.'
842
00:58:20,920 --> 00:58:24,400
I like the fact that Mozart's
grave can never become
843
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:26,720
a fetish for memorial
in the way that
844
00:58:26,720 --> 00:58:31,160
Oscar Wilde's, Jim Morrison's or
Ludwig van Beethoven's are.
845
00:58:31,160 --> 00:58:34,920
We may not know where his body
finally came to rest
846
00:58:34,920 --> 00:58:37,000
but we do know where his music is
847
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:41,240
thanks to its virtuosity of empathy,
of compassion, of humanity.
848
00:58:41,240 --> 00:58:44,320
Mozart's music rightly belongs
in the bodies,
849
00:58:44,320 --> 00:58:48,400
the minds and the imaginations of
anyone who loves it.
74574
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